Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
ACCoRD
UIA ACCoRD oN
RECommENDED
INTERNATIoNAL
STANDARDS oF
PRoFESSIoNALISm
IN ARCHITECTURAL
PRACTICE
ACCoRD
UIA ACCoRD oN
RECommENDED
INTERNATIoNAL
STANDARDS oF
PRoFESSIoNALISm
IN ARCHITECTURAL
PRACTICE
Contents
7
Preamble
Introduction
11
13
Principles of Professionalism
15
15
15
16
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
23
Policy Issues
25
Appendix A
27
Recommended Guidelines
29
33
37
41
47
59
63
64
69
74
79
83
89
97
Other Documents
99
Reference List
ractice of Architecture
P
Architect
Fundamental Requirements of an Architect
Education
Accreditation/Validation/Recognition
Practical Experience/Training/Internship
Demonstration of Professional Knowledge and Ability
Registration/Licensing/Certification
Procurement
Ethics and Conduct
Continuing Professional Development
Scope of Practice
Form of Practice
Practice in a Host Nation
Intellectual Property and Copyright
Role of Professional Institutes of Architects
Building Project Delivery Systems
ccreditation/Validation/Recognition
A
Practical Experience/Training/Internship
Demonstration of Professional Knowledge and Ability
Registration/Licensing/Certification of the Practice of Architecture
Procurement Qualification Based Selection
Ethics and Conduct
Continuing Professional Development
Scope of Practice
Form of Practice
Practice in a Host Nation
Intellectual Property and Copyright
Role of Professional Bodies
Building Project Delivery Systems
Preamble
As professionals, architects have a primary duty of care to the
communities they serve. This duty prevails over their personal interest
and the interests of their clients.
In a world where trade in professional services is rapidly increasing
and architects are regularly serving communities other than their own,
the International Union of Architects believes that there is a need for
International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural Practice.
Architects who meet the standards defined in this Accord will, by virtue
of their education, competence and ethical behavior, be capable of
protecting the best interests of the communities they serve.
Introduction
The UIA Council established the Professional Practice Commission and
approved its program in 1994. Following some 25 months of intensive
activity by the Commission during the 1993-1996 triennium, the UIA
Assembly unanimously adopted the first edition of the Proposed UIA Accord
on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural
Practice in Barcelona, Spain in July 1996. By this action of the UIA
Assembly, the Accord was established as policy recommendations to guide
the ongoing work of the UIA and the UIA Professional Practice Commission.
The first edition of the Accord was transmitted to all member sections of
the UIA with the request for their comments and cooperation in the further
development of the policy framework for presentation to the XXI UIA
Assembly in Beijing, China, in 1999. The 1997-1999 Professional Practice
program focused on responding to comments and recommendations
received from Council members, UIA member sections, and members of the
Commission on the Accord and its policies. The first edition of the Accord
was modified in response to those comments and as a result of Commission
debate of the policy issue guideline documents being developed to flesh out
the bare bones policy framework of the Accord.
The Accord and guidelines recognize the sovereignty of each UIA member
section, allow flexibility for principles of equivalency, and are structured to
allow for the addition of requirements reflecting local conditions of a UIA
member section.
It is not the intention of the Accord to establish obligatory standards set by
negotiated agreements between competing interests. Rather, the Accord
is the result of the co-operative endeavor of the international community
of architects to objectively establish standards and practices that will best
serve community interests. The Accord and Guideline documents are
intended to define what is considered best practice for the architectural
profession and the standards to which the profession aspires. These are
living documents and will be subject to ongoing review and modification
as the weight of opinion and experience dictates. Whilst respecting the
sovereignty of UIA member sections, they are invited and encouraged to
promote the adoption of the Accord and the Guidelines and, if appropriate,
seek the modification of existing customs and laws.
It is intended that the Accord and guidelines will provide practical guidance
for governments, negotiating entities, or other entities entering mutual
recognition negotiations on architectural services. The Accord and guidelines
will make it easier for parties to negotiate recognition agreements.
Themost common way to achieve recognition has been through bilateral
agreements, recognized as permissible under Article VII of the GATS.
There are differences in education and examination standards, experience
requirements, regulatory influence etc., all of which make implementing
recognition on a multilateral basis extremely difficult. Bilateral negotiations
will facilitate focus on key issues relating to two specific environments.
However, once achieved, bilateral reciprocal agreements should lead to
others, which will ultimately extend mutual recognition more broadly.
The Accord begins with a statement of Principles of Professionalism,
followed by a series of policy issues. Each policy issue opens with a
definition of the subject policy, followed by a statement of background and
the policy.
The XXI UIA Assembly in Beijing, China unanimously adopted the Accord in
June 1999. A copy of the Resolution of Adoption is attached as Appendix A.
UIA Accord on
Recommended
International Standards
of Professionalism in
Architectural Practice
10
11
Principles of Professionalism
Members of the architectural profession are dedicated to standards of professionalism, integrity, and competence,
and thereby bring to society unique skills and aptitudes essential to the sustainable development of the built
environment and the welfare of their societies and cultures. Principles of professionalism are established in legislation,
as well as in codes of ethics and regulations defining professional conduct:
Expertise
Architects possess a systematic body of knowledge, skills, and theory developed through education, graduate and
post-graduate training, and experience. The process of architectural education, training, and examination is structured
to assure the public that when an architect is engaged to perform professional services, that architect has met
acceptable standards enabling proper performance of those services. Furthermore, members of most professional
societies of architects and indeed, the UIA, are charged to maintain and advance their knowledge of the art and
science of architecture, to respect the body of architectural accomplishment, and to contribute to its growth.
Autonomy
Architects provide objective expert advice to the client and/or the users. Architects are charged to uphold the ideal
that learned and uncompromised professional judgment should take precedence over any other motive in the pursuit
of the art and science of architecture.
Architects are also charged to embrace the spirit and letter of the laws governing their professional affairs and to
thoughtfully consider the social and environmental impact of their professional activities.
Commitment
Architects bring a high level of selfless dedication to the work done on behalf of their clients and society. Members of
the profession are charged to serve their clients in a competent and professional manner and to exercise unprejudiced
and unbiased judgment on their behalf.
Accountability
Architects are aware of their responsibility for the independent and, if necessary, critical advice provided to their
clients and for the effects of their work on society and the environment. Architects undertake to perform professional
services only when they, together with those whom they may engage as consultants, are qualified by education,
training, and/or experience in the specific technical areas involved.
The UIA, through the programs of its national sections and the Professional Practice Commission, seeks to establish
principles of professionalism and professional standards in the interest of public health, safety, welfare, and culture,
and supports the position that inter-recognition of standards of professionalism and competence is in the public
interest as well as in the interest of maintaining the credibility of the profession.
The principles and standards of the UIA are aimed at the thorough education and practical training of architects so
that they are able to fulfill their fundamental professional requirements. These standards recognize different national
educational traditions and, therefore, allow for factors of equivalency.
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Policy Issues
Practice of Architecture
Definition
The practice of architecture consists of the provision of professional services in connection with town planning and
the design, construction, enlargement, conservation, restoration, or alteration of a building or group of buildings.
These professional services include, but are not limited to, planning and land-use planning, urban design, provision of
preliminary studies, designs, models, drawings, specifications and technical documentation, coordination of technical
documentation prepared by others (consulting engineers, urban planners, landscape architects and other specialist
consultants) as appropriate and without limitation, construction economics, contract administration, monitoring of
construction (referred to as supervision in some countries), and project management.
Background
Architects have been practicing their art and science since antiquity. The profession as we know it today has
undergone extensive growth and change. The profile of architects work has become more demanding, clients
requirements and technological advances have become more complex, and social and ecological imperatives have
grown more pressing. These changes have spawned changes in services and collaboration among the many parties
involved in the design and construction process.
Policy
That the practice of architecture as defined above be adopted for use in the development of UIA International
Standards.
Architect
Definition
The designation architect is generally reserved by law or custom to a person who is professionally and academically
qualified and generally registered/licensed/certified to practice architecture in the jurisdiction in which he or she
practices and is responsible for advocating the fair and sustainable development, welfare, and the cultural expression
of societys habitat in terms of space, forms, and historical context.
Background
Architects are part of the public and private sectors involved in a larger property development, building, and
construction economic sector peopled by those commissioning, conserving, designing, building, furnishing, financing,
regulating, and operating our built environment to meet the needs of society. Architects work in a variety of situations
and organizational structures. For example, they may work on their own or as members of private or public offices.
Policy
That the UIA adopt the definition of an architect as stated above for use in developing UIA International Standards.
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Background
In August 1985, for the first time, a group of countries came together to set down the fundamental knowledge and
abilities of an architect (*). These include:
Ability to create architectural designs that satisfy both aesthetic and technical requirements,
and which aim to be environmentally sustainable;
Adequate knowledge of the history and theories of architecture and related arts, technologies,
and human sciences;
Knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the quality of architectural design;
Adequate knowledge of urban design, planning, and the skills involved in the planning process;
Understanding of the relationship between people and buildings and between buildings and
their environments, and of the need to relate buildings and the spaces between them to human
needs and scale;
An adequate knowledge of the means of achieving environmentally sustainable design;
Understanding of the profession of architecture and the role of architects in society, in particular
in preparing briefs that account for social factors;
Understanding of the methods of investigation and preparation of the brief for a design project;
Understanding of the structural design, construction, and engineering problems associated with
building design;
Adequate knowledge of physical problems and technologies and of the function of buildings so
as to provide them with internal conditions of comfort and protection against climate;
Necessary design skills to meet building users requirements within the constraints imposed by
cost factors and building regulations;
Adequate knowledge of the industries, organizations, regulations, and procedures involved in
translating design concepts into buildings and integrating plans into overall planning;
Adequate knowledge of project financing, project management, and cost control.
The revised UNESCO/UIA Charter for Architectural Education was adopted by the UIA General Assembly in July
2005. The Charter includes the following language related to both the development of curriculum for architectural
education and the acquisition of the following capabilities.
That the following special points be considered in the development of the curriculum:
Awareness of responsibilities toward human, social, cultural, urban, architectural, and environmental values,
as well as architectural heritage.
Adequate knowledge of the means of achieving ecologically sustainable design and environmental
conservation and rehabilitation.
Development of a creative competence in building techniques, founded on a comprehensive understanding
of the disciplines and construction methods related to architecture.
Adequate knowledge of project financing, project management, cost control and methods of project delivery.
Training in research techniques as an inherent part of architectural learning, for both students and teachers.
That architectural education involves the acquisition of the following capabilities:
5.A. DESIGN
Ability to engage imagination, think creatively, innovate and provide design leadership.
Ability to gather information, define problems, apply analyses and critical judgement and formulate
strategies for action.
Ability to think three-dimensionally in the exploration of design.
Ability to reconcile divergent factors, integrate knowledge and apply skills in the creation of
a designsolution.
5.B. KNOWLEDGE
B1. Cultural and Artistic Studies
Ability to act with knowledge of historical and cultural precedents in local and world architecture.
Ability to act with knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the quality of architectural design.
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Policy
That the UIA adopt a statement of fundamental requirements as set out above as the minimum basis for development
of UIA International Standards and seek to ensure that these particular requirements are given adequate emphasis
in the architectural curriculum. The UIA will also seek to ensure that the fundamental requirements will be constantly
kept under review so that they remain relevant as the architectural profession and society evolve.
(* Cf. Derived from Directive 85/384/EEC of the Commission of the European Communities)
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Education
Policy
That graduates of architecture will be required to have completed at least 2 years of acceptable experience/training/
internship prior to registration/licensing/certification to practice as an architect (but with the objective of working
towards 3 years) while allowing flexibility for equivalency.
Definition
Architectural education should ensure that all graduates have knowledge and ability in architectural design, including
technical systems and requirements as well as consideration of health, safety, and ecological balance; that they
understand the cultural, intellectual, historical, social, economic, and environmental context for architecture; and
that they comprehend thoroughly the architects roles and responsibilities in society, which depend on a cultivated,
analytical and creative mind.
Background
In most countries, architectural education is conventionally delivered by 4-6 years full-time academic education at a
university (followed, in some countries, by a period of practical experience/training/internship), though historically
there have been important variations (part-time routes, work experience etc.).
Definition
Every applicant for registration/licensing/certification as an architect is required to demonstrate an acceptable level
of professional knowledge and ability to the relevant national authority.
Background
Policy
In accordance with the UIA/UNESCO Charter for Architectural Education, the UIA advocate that education for
architects (apart from practical experience/training/internship) be of no less than 5 years duration, delivered on
a full-time basis in an accredited/validated/recognized architectural program in an accredited/validated/recognized
university, while allowing variety in their pedagogic approach and in their responses to local contexts, and flexibility
for equivalency.
Accreditation/Validation/Recognition
The public is assured of an architects knowledge and ability only after he or she has acquired the requisite education
and practical experience/training/internship, and demonstrated minimum knowledge and ability in the comprehensive
practice of architecture. These qualifications have to be demonstrated by examination and/or other evidence.
Policy
That the acquired knowledge and ability of an architect have to be proven by providing adequate evidence.
This evidence must include the successful completion of at least one examination at the end of the practical
experience/training/internship. Necessary components of professional practice knowledge and ability that are not
subject to an examination have to be proven by other adequate evidence. These include such subjects as business
administration and relevant legal requirements.
Definition
This is the process that establishes that an educational program meets an established standard of achievement.
Its purpose is to assure the maintenance and enhancement of an appropriate educational foundation.
Background
Validated criteria and procedures for accreditation/validation/recognition by an independent organization help to
develop well integrated and coordinated programs of architectural education. Experience shows that standards
may be harmonized and promoted by regular, external monitoring, in some countries, in addition to internal quality
assurance audits.
Policy
That courses must be accredited/validated/recognized by an independent relevant authority, external to the university
at reasonable time intervals (usually no more than 5-years), and that the UIA, in association with the relevant national
organizations of higher education, develop standards for the content of an architects professional education that
are academically structured, intellectually coherent, performance-based and outcome-oriented, with procedures
that are guided by good practice.
Practical Experience/Training/Internship
Definition
Practical experience/training/internship is a directed and structured activity in the practice of architecture during
architectural education and/or following receipt of a professional degree but prior to registration/licensing/certification.
Background
To complement academic preparation in order to protect the public, applicants for registration/licensing/certification
must integrate their formal education through practical training.
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Registration/Licensing/Certification
Definition
Registration/licensing/certification is the official legal recognition of an individuals qualification allowing her or him to
practice as an architect, associated with regulations preventing unqualified persons from performing certain functions.
Background
Given the public interest in a quality, sustainable built environment and the dangers and consequences associated
with the development of that environment, it is important that architectural services are provided by properly qualified
professionals for the adequate protection of the public.
Policy
That the UIA promote the registration/licensing/certification of the function of architects in all countries. In the public
interest, provision for such registration/licensing/certification should be by statute.
Procurement
Definition
The process by which architectural services are commissioned.
Background
Architects (through their codes of conduct) uphold the interests of their clients and society at large before their
own interests. In order to ensure they have adequate resources to perform their functions to the standards
required in the public interest, they are traditionally remunerated in accordance with either mandatory or
recommended professional fee-scales.
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There are international rules, such as the General Procurement Agreement (WTO) and the EU Services Directive,
that aim to guarantee the objective and fair selection of architects. However, there has been an increasing tendency
recently to select architects, for both public and private work, on the basis of price alone. Price-based selection forces
architects to reduce the services provided to clients, which in turn compromises design quality and therefore the
quality, amenity and social/economic value of the built environment.
Fundamental Requirements of an Architect and in future variations thereof. In the meantime, the UIA must monitor
the developments in continuing professional development for registration renewal, recommend guidelines among all
nations to facilitate reciprocity and continue to develop policy on this subject.
Policy
Scope of Practice
To ensure the ecologically sustainable development of the built environment and to protect the social, cultural, and
economic value of society, governments should apply procurement procedures for the appointment of architects that
are directed to the selection of the most suitable architect for projects. Conditional upon adequate resources being
agreed among the parties, this is best achieved by one of the following methods:
Architectural design competitions conducted in accordance with the principles defined by the
UNESCO-UIA international competitions guidelines and approved by national authorities and/or
architectural professional associations.
A qualification based selection (QBS) procedure as set out in the UIA guidelines;
Direct negotiation based on a complete brief defining the scope and quality of architectural services;
Definition
This is the provision of design and management services in connection with land-use planning, urban design,
and building projects.
Background
As society has evolved, the creation of the urban and built environment has become more complex. Architects
have to deal with an increasingly wide range of urban, aesthetic, technical, and legal considerations. A coordinated
approach to building design has proved to be necessary to ensure that legal, technical, and practical requirements
are met and that societys needs and demands are satisfied.
Policy
That the UIA encourage and promote the continuing extension of the boundaries of architectural practice, limited only
by the provisions of codes of ethics and conduct, and strive to ensure the corresponding extension of the knowledge
and skills necessary to deal with any extension of boundaries.
Definition
A code of ethics and conduct establishes a professional standard of behavior that guides architects in the conduct
of their practices. Architects should observe and follow the code of ethics and conduct for each jurisdiction in which
they practice.
Background
Rules of ethics and conduct have as their primary object the protection of the public, caring for the less powerful and
the general social welfare, as well as the advancement of the interests of the profession of architecture.
Form of Practice
Definition
The legal entity through which the architect provides architectural services.
Background
Policy
The existing UIA International Code of Ethics on Consulting Services remains in force. Member Sections of the UIA
are encouraged to introduce into their own codes of ethics and conduct the recommended Accord Guidelines and a
requirement that their members abide by the codes of ethics and conduct in force in the countries and jurisdictions
in which they provide professional services, so long as they are not prohibited by international law or the laws of the
architects own country.
Traditionally, architects have practiced as individuals, or in partnerships or in employment within public or private
institutions. More recently, the demands of practice have led to various forms of association, for example: limited
and unlimited liability companies, cooperative practices, university-based project offices, community architecture,
although not all are allowed in all countries. These forms of association may also include members of other
disciplines.
Policy
Definition
That architects should be allowed to practice in any form legally acceptable in the country in which the service
is offered, but always subject to prevailing ethical and conduct requirements. The UIA, as it deems necessary,
will develop and modify its policies and standards to take account of alternative forms of practice and varied local
conditions where these alternatives are thought to extend the positive and creative role of the architectural profession
in the interests of society.
Continuing Professional Development is a lifelong learning process that maintains, enhances, or increases the
knowledge and continuing ability of architects.
Background
More and more professional bodies and regulatory authorities require their members to devote time (typically at least
35 hours per year) to maintaining existing skills, broadening knowledge, and exploring new areas. This is increasingly
important to keep abreast with new technologies, methods of practice, and changing social and ecological conditions.
Continuing professional development may be required by professional organizations for renewal and continuation of
membership.
Policy
That UIA urge its member sections to establish regimes of continuing professional development as a duty of
membership, in the public interest. Architects must be sure they are capable of providing the services they offer,
and codes of conduct must oblige architects to maintain a known standard in a variety of areas described under the
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Definition
Practice in a host nation occurs when an individual architect or corporate entity of architects either seeks a
commission or has been commissioned to design a project or offer a service in a country other than his/her/its own.
Background
There is an interest in increasing the responsible mobility of architects and their ability to provide services in foreign
jurisdictions. There is also a need to promote the awareness of local environmental, social, and cultural factors and
ethical and legal standards.
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Policy
Architects providing architectural services on a project in a country in which they are not registered shall collaborate
with a local architect to ensure that proper and effective understanding is given to legal, environmental, social,
cultural, and heritage factors. The conditions of the association should be determined by the parties alone in
accordance with UIA ethical standards and local statutes andlaws.
Definition
Building project delivery systems are defined as the contractual relationships between the project client and the other
parties involved in the design, documentation and construction of the building.
Background
Definition
Intellectual property encompasses the three legal areas of patent, copyright, and trademark. It refers to the right
(sometimes guaranteed under the law of some nation states) of designers, inventors, authors, and producers, to their
ideas, designs, inventions, works of authorship, and the identification of sources of products and services.
Background
While many countries have some legal protection covering the architects design, that protection is often inadequate.
It is not unusual for the architect to discuss ideas and concepts with a prospective client, subsequently not be hired,
and later find that the client has used the architects ideas with no recompense. The intellectual property of architects
is, to some extent, protected by international regulations. In the context of the GATS, this is the agreement on traderelated aspects of intellectual property rights, including trade in counterfeit goods (TRIPS). The World Copyright
Convention of September 16, 1955 is also of international significance. In Europe, the Revised Berne Agreement
of 1886 is binding in most states.
Traditionally building project delivery systems have involved architects in the role of the project clients agent, with
responsibility for the design, documentation and administration of the building contract agreement.
Under many current and emerging building delivery systems the architect no longer acts as the agent of the project
client. Therefore it is important that the role, responsibilities and constraints placed on architects in providing their
services under different building project delivery systems are clearly understood.
Policy
Architects should maintain high standards of professionalism and service under all forms of building project delivery
systems.
Policy
That the national law of a UIA member section should entitle an architect to practice his/her profession without
detriment to his/her authority and responsibility, and to retain ownership of the intellectual property and copyright
of his/her work.
Definition
Professions are generally controlled by a governing body that sets standards (e.g. of education, ethical rules, and
professional standards to be observed). The rules and standards are designed for the benefit of the public and not
the private advantage of the members. In some countries, certain types of work are reserved to the profession by
statute, not in order to favor members but because such work should be carried out only by persons with requisite
education, training, standards and discipline, for the protection of the public. Institutes have been established for
the advancement of architecture, promotion of knowledge and--by ensuring that their members perform to a known
standard--protection of the public interest.
Background
Depending on whether a country has protection of title or function, (or both, or neither), the role and responsibilities
of professional institutes varies considerably. In some countries, the statutory bodies also represent the profession;
in others, these functions are separate.
It is customary for members of professional institutes to be expected to maintain a known standard. This is achieved
by adhering to codes of conduct promulgated by the professional institutes, and fulfilling other requirements of
membership, e.g. continuing professional development.
Policy
In countries where professional institutes do not exist, the UIA should encourage members of the architectural
profession to form such institutes in the public interest.
Professional Institutes should seek to ensure that their members adhere to the UIA international standards, the
minimum requirements of the UIA-UNESCO Architectural Education Charter, and UIA International Code of Ethics
and Conduct; keep up to date their knowledge and skills as required by the list of Fundamental Requirements
(both current, and as they evolve in the future); and generally contribute to the development of architectural culture
and knowledge as well as the society they serve.
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appendix a
RESOLUTION OF ADOPTION (Number 17) OF THE UIA ACCORD ON RECOMMENDED INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS ON PROFESSIONALISM IN ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE
Adopted by the XXI UIA Assembly
Beijing, China, July 28, 1999
The Assembly unanimously resolved that it adopts the Second Edition of the UIA Accord on Recommended
International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural Practice as an advisory document intended to be used by
member sections in setting and reviewing their own standards. The Accord and Guidelines will also make it easier
forUIA member sections to negotiate mutual recognition agreements.
The Assembly asks that the Accord be transmitted to all UIA member sections with the request for their cooperation
and participation in the further development of this policy framework for presentation at the XXII UIA Assembly
(Berlin 2002).
The Assembly recognizes the mandate of Council to adopt Accord Policy Guideline documents and commend them
tothe UIA member sections.
The Assembly recognizes that there are differences in the cultures, practices and conditions in different member
sections and encourages the member sections to use the documents as advisory documents intended to be adapted
to local conditions.
The Assembly acknowledges that the sovereignty of each UIA member section must be respected in negotiations
of mutual recognition agreements and notices that the guidelines are intended to allow flexibility for principles
ofequivalency and reciprocity and are structured to allow for the addition of requirements reflecting local conditions
of aUIA member section.
The Assembly authorizes the UIA President and Secretary General to submit the Accord to the World Trade
Organization, to other interested institutions and organizations as the basis for mutual recognition negotiations and
tothe Government of a country on the specific request of the UIA member section of the country in question.
The Assembly requests that the Professional Practice Commission analyze all the comments expressed during
theGeneral Assembly during its meeting in Prague (October 1999) in order to check on whether or not it is opportune
to integrate them in the documents approved by the Beijing Assembly.
The Assembly authorizes the UIA Council to develop a policy to communicate the Accord and Guideline documents
tointerested parties.
The Assembly recommends to UIA member sections that following the use of these Standards, they inform the
Commission Secretariat of their experience, in order that it can be taken into account for the improvement and
evolution of these basic documents.
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Recommended
guidelines
The first four Accord Policies Practice of Architecture, Architect, Fundamental Requirements of an Architect
and Education - were viewed as being fully developed and therefore did not require the development of supporting
Recommended Guidelines.
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Introduction
Accreditation of educational programs in architecture, whether sought voluntarily by the educational institution
or exacted by relevant authorities, seeks primarily to ensure, in the public interest, that the standards attained by
succesful graduates of the program are adequate with regard to the design, technical, and professional skills and
ethical formation required for competent architectural practice. The principles in any accreditation policy permit
flexibility of approach while ensuring independent standards for the accrediting body and the pursuit and maintenance
of high standards in educational endeavor and in the accrediting process itself. The critical criteria in a satisfactory
educational program involve thorough assessment in accordance with previously defined and agreed criteria, by a
group of assessors external to the school of architecture who are competent by training and experience to evaluate
architecture programs and make recommendations for their direction or modification. External assessors may
be appointed by the state in which the architectur program is run, by an independent professional architectural
organization, nominated as external examiners by the school of architecture itself, or by some other satisfactory
method. The system of appointing the assessor may vary depending upon whether the educational institution is
publicly or privately run. An independent relevant authoritiy can comprise representatives of a professional body, such
as an institute or chamber of architects, or a nongovernmental organization of architects or schools of architecture;
it can be a national or state government, or its delegated representatives, or an organization of external examiners.
The process of validation of programs will occur periodically, and a satisfactory method of accreditation will involve
the review of the work of all students passing through a school of architecture on at least one occasion during their
educational program. Recognizing the differences between governance of public and private institutions, consistency
must be provided both in the accreditation/recognition/validation process and the end result. Accreditation procedures
vary depending on whether the education programs in question are proposed for establishment, recently set up and
not previously accredited, or the subject of proposed change. In every instance, the assessors will be provided with
documentation in advance of their visit to the school; review examination papers and scripts, studio programs and
studio work; course syllabus and examples of course work; and meet with students and staff. They may also look at
the pedagogic, professional, and research output of the faculty/staff. On conclusion of such review, the assessors will
provide the school with a program report that will make recommendations for accreditation and may make suggestion
for changes in the educational program or impose conditions for accreditation.
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of no less than five years duration,principally delivered on a full-time basis in an accredited architectural program in
anaccredited/validated university, while allowing flexibility for equivalency. In some countries,education is followed
by aperiod of practical experience/training/internship. During thiseducation and training process, the levels of ability
reached by the student of architecture in thefundamental requirements listed will advance in line with the progress
of the students study, andvalidation of the relevant educational program will take account of the varying levels
ofattainment reasonably to be expected at the appropriatemoments.
The knowledge and abilities required of architects have changed and will continue to change toreflect societys
expectations. The UIA will review its Recommended Guidelines for the AccordPolicy on Accreditation/Validation/
Recognition from time to time to ensure its continualrelevance.The relative weighting ascribed to the different
criteria listed and the relative degree of importanceof skill to be attained will vary from country to country and
from time to time. In differentcountries, for reasons of tradition and deliberate choice, educational institutions
may themselvesascribe different weighting to the various criteria, which, in turn, will be influenced by the
precisemissions generally untertaken by architects within that country. In every instance, the educationalprogram
will be based on a syllabus that will incorporate topics and subjects derived from orcomparable to those listed. The
accreditation criteria will include a review of the syllabus. Thesyllabus will vary depending on the stage of studies,
whether at intermediate or final examinationlevel and whether before or after any period of practical training.
2. Methods of Accreditation
Accreditation is carried out by properly constituted authorities that are independent of the institution housing
the program to be accredited. Accrediting authorities must be competent by way of training and experience.
This will indicate that persons untertaking accreditation workhave experience in architectural design, practice,
ethical standards, and training. Frequently an accreditation panel will comprise nominees of more than one of
the types of organizations listed and, in every instance, involves accreditation by established members of the
architecturalprofession. This will help promote both objective evaluation and a broad and inclusive view of
architecture. In every instance, when educational institutions participate in accreditation procedures, theeducational
institiution cannot participate in the procedure for accrediting its own program.Recommended Guidelines for
theAccord Policy
30
brief description of the parent educational institution, with a statement of factors within the national,
A
regional, and urban context that influence the nature of the educational institution;
A brief description of the history of the course;
The philosophical approach, mission, and vision to architectural education;
An indication of any characteristics in the background of students that influence the direction
of courses offered;
A summary of academic staff profile, including nonteaching activities and other duties including research,
publications, professional work, and community involvement;
A statement of physical resources, including studios, teaching space and equipment, laboratory and
workshops, library facilities and resource centers, computers, and information systems;
A note of decision-making networks and management structure;
A complete description of the academic program, including a description of the program framework,
requirements to complete the program, and other requirements for graduation; lecture syllabi; details of studio
programs; and copies of course handbooks;
Statistical information on student enrollment numbers, numbers of graduations, staff numbers, and the staff/
student ratio;
A self-appraisal by the school of its education policy--taking account, where appropriate, of reports provided by
previous accreditation boards and discussing development since any previous accreditation--to cover issues
in external examiners reports, changes in resource provisions, critical evaluaton of course objectives, special
features of the course, and other relevant matters.
The accrediting authority visits the educational institution and reviews the program in situ. During the visit, an
exhibition of work completed by students over a period of at least 12 months prior to the visit will be helpful. Such
exhibition should comprise a range of studio work, with programs attached for each year of the course arranged
as far as possible to show the development of the curriculum throughout the program. A range of the written and
drawn work in each year of the program should be exhibited so that the level of attainment of students in each of
the areas as set out as fundamental requirements for an architect can be assessed. Presented work should include a
representative sample of studio portfolios and examination scripts for the highest, average. and lowest pass grades in
each subject, and these should be complemented by records of examination and assessment results for all years of
the course in all subject areas. When inspecting the educational program in situ, the accrediting authority may wish
to untertake meetings and discussions with the program teachers, including the head of the school or department,
studio and specalist staff, and external examiners. The authority may also talk with students of the program, both
as a body and/or individually. Subject for discussion as part of the assessment process might include methods of
educational assessment; the content of project work and lecture courses; and the relation of lecture courses to
project work, the use of specialist teachers, and future developments.
5. Reporting Procedures
An accrediting authoritiy will provide a written report on the educational program on conclusion of the visit to the
program. Such a report will validate and supplement the written information provided by the educational institution
and convey the accrediting authoritys view of the quality of education in terms of student performance in the
course under review. Procedures might include methods of ensuring such report is free from factual error, is treated
confidentially, and is seen by all relevant parties. An accrediting report will normally recommend accreditation of the
educational program for a fixed period of no more than five years duration.
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Guidelines
1. Period of practical experience/training/internship
The experience set out below should be demonstrated prior to applying forregistration/licensing/certification and
should be gained over the period defined in the AccordPolicy. At least half of that period should occur following the
basic academic prerequisites and inany case should not imply a reduction of the academic period referred to under
the AccordEducation Policy.
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o provide interns with the opportunity to acquire basic knowledge and skill in the practice of architecture;
To ensure the practices, activities, and experience of interns is recorded by a standard method;
To enable interns to attain a broad range of experience in the practice of architecture.
3. Categories of experience
An intern should receive practical experience and training under the direction of an architect in at
least half of the areas of experience nominated under each of the following four categories:
3.1 Project and Office Management
Meeting with clients
Discussions with clients of the brief and the preliminary drawings
Formulation of client requirements
Pre-contract project management
Determination of contract conditions
Drafting of correspondence
Coordination of the work of consultants Office and project accounting systems
Personnel issues
3.2 Design and Design Documentation
Site investigation and evaluation
Meetings with relevant authorities
Assessment of the implications of relevant regulations
Preparation of schematic and design development drawings
Checking design proposals against statutory requirements
Preparation of budgets, estimates, cost plans, and feasibility studies
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33
5. Supervisors
Interns should gain their experience under supervision. Supervisors are to be registered or licensed architects in the
jurisdiction in which the internship is undertaken, and will either be the employer or the architect to whom the intern
reports during each recorded period of experience.
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35
Introduction
Professional learning involves both study in an academic institution at university level and structured, monitored
and assessed experience in the workplace. The demonstration of professional knowledge and ability may require
collaboration between education and practice, and between the academic institute and qualified practicing architects.
The broad list of knowledge and abilities is published in the UIA/UNESCO Charter on Education and in other
Guidelines. Levels of learning vary, from an awareness, to an understanding to an ability to do a particular
professional task. Some subject areas are usually learned in the university environment, while others are often learned
while working in an architects office or in other areas of the built environment.
Methods of assessment of knowledge and ability vary. University courses may be examined by a critical assessment
of project work, written documents, multiple choice or essay examinations, and in other ways. Experience in aspects
of professional practice may be examined through the evaluation of case studies, the assessment of learning
experience recorded in a record of professional practice (logbook), in written and design examinations, and/or in a
professional interview with experienced members of the profession. The appropriate mix of techniques will vary from
country to county based on institutional structures and other cultural differences. However, it is important that the
title architect is only conferred upon individuals who can demonstrate the successful completion of a university
level academic program and a period of assessed practical training or the equivalent.
There is a view that architecture is an holistic discipline. The ability to assess and integrate a range of knowledge
and skills is often assessed through the design studio. The aim of the studio is both to develop skills in producing
an appropriate and attractive design and also to learn and demonstrate skills, for example, of critical reasoning and
architectural professional judgment.
2. Internship/Professional Experience
Accord policy identifies the need for a period of monitored and assessed professional experience prior to registration
Techniques for the examination of professional experience vary widely among jurisdictions. In many countries it
takes the form of recording the time spent in an office under the supervision of an architect. In some jurisdictions
the emphasis is now shifting to systems which assess and record learning outcomes, rather than just time spent.
Techniques for recording learning may include monitored and assessed logs of candidate activity, critical case studies
of paradigm projects, case studies of projects undertaken by the candidate, examinations of professional practice
knowledge and ability, and/or interviews with experienced professional practice examiners.
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37
In some jurisdictions an assessment of knowledge and ability takes place in the form of a centrally administered
written paper, examination, specific design exercises and/or an interview with professional practice examiners.
Professional experience should be assessed to determine learning outcomes in accordance with UIA
recommendations. Centrally administered assessment systems should avoid imposing unnecessarily complex or
redundant systems on students. In countries which have validated and broadly compatible academic professional
programs, the UIA favors a final examination/assessment providing its scope is restricted to areas which have not
already been assessed through other means, whether prior to the award of a recognized academic qualification
in architecture, or through assessed professional experience. In countries which have a broad range of academic
courses which may not be externally validated by the profession, the UIA favors a comprehensive final professional
examination/assessment which tests core knowledge and ability as well as professional maturity. All candidates
for registration must submit to an assessment of professional knowledge and ability or be able to demonstrate the
equivalent of a qualification achieved in their home jurisdiction.
Architectural education and professional training must undergo continuous change and review if it is to keep
pace with the changing nature of practice and expectations of the public. Concern with sustainability, health and
safety, and access for the disabled are all examples of education and practice, which have changed significantly
in a decade. The scope and method of demonstrating competency must be reviewed regularly if it is not to risk
stagnating development within the profession. Overly prescriptive competence guidelines which are not reviewed
regularly run the risk of discouraging vitality and innovation in architectural education. Overly vague guidelines
provide little in the way of consumer protection in determining the scope or level of competence that the public
may expect from a practicing architect.
The UIA recommends that in order to ensure contemporary relevance a comprehensive review of the criteria and
procedures for accreditation/validation of architectural education and professional training should take place about
every 5 years.
4. Learning Outcomes
Competency relates mainly to knowledge and ability which are relevant irrespective of where or when an
architect practices, as reflected in the adoption of the UIA/UNESCO Charter on Education. However, there are
differences in the knowledge base, which is required for competent practice at a particular time or location. For
example, while an awareness of the existence of contract law may be globally relevant to architects in practice,
the knowledge of a particular countrys legal system may by domain specific; while an understanding of lateral
stability is global in its relevance, knowledge of geo-technical conditions and methods for design against
earthquakes may be domain specific.
The UIA believes that the demonstration of professional competence should focus on the development of general and
transferable knowledge and skills, for these are the learning outcomes which remain relevant to the professional over
time and irrespective of the location of practice. The need for continuing professional development is acknowledged
by the UIA and the architects code of conduct usually requires that architects should only undertake commissions
where the required knowledge and ability are present. The UIA does not favor the re-examination of knowledge and
ability, which have already been examined.
uring and at the end of the period of academic professional study, marked by the award of
D
academic degrees;
At the end of the professional experience period; and/or
Through a final examination which, depending on the character of previous assessments, may
be of a general nature or restricted to domain specific knowledge.
dopt standards for competency, such as those recommended by the UIA, other multinational
A
documents, or an internationally compatible national standard;
Assess standards of competency of academic achievement in architecture, internship/
professional experience, and domain specific knowledge, either through participation in or
through the receipt of recommendations from an independent accreditation/validation agency.
The scope and standard of competency at all stages of an architects education and professional training should be
subject to regular accreditation/validation by an objective panel which can sanction programs and report its findings to
registration bodies/professional institutes.
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39
Introduction
Registration/Licensing
Certification Registration/licensing/certification is the official legal recognition of an individuals qualification allowing
her or him to practice as an independent architect, associated with regulations preventing unqualified persons from
performing certain functions. Given the public interest in a high-quality, sustainable built environment and the dangers
and consequences associated with the construction industry, it is important that architectural services are provided
by properly qualified professionals in order to provide adequate protection for the public. Registration/licensing/
certification is based on minimum standards of competency relative to education, experience, and examination to
ensure that the public interest is served. Occupational licensure is an exercise of the states inherent police power
to protect the health, safety, and welfare of its citizens. Five generally accepted criteria indicate when licensure is
appropriate:
1) unregulated practice of the occupation poses a serious risk to a consumers life, health, safety, or economic
w
ell-being and the potential for harm is recognizable and likely to occur;
2) the practice of the occupation requires a high degree of skill, knowledge, and training;
3) the functions and responsibilities of the practitioner require independent judgment and the members of the
o
ccupational group practice independently;
4) the scope-of-practice of the occupation is distinguishable from other licensed and unlicensed occupations;
5) the economic and cultural impact on the public of regulating this occupational group is justified. The practice of
a rchitecture meets these classic criteria.
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41
Title registration means individuals must still meet specific qualifications criteria, but only the use of the title is
controlled. Individuals who do not have the title may continue to perform the services. Title registration should confer
only a protected title. A title bill should not affect the scope of that groups practice or permit those individuals to do
anything they were not already legally entitled to do. (NOTE: Title registration is called certification in most states.
The word licensing, though often used as an umbrella term for state regulation, is used by most states to
mean practice regulation.) Title registration is intended to provide a means that the public can use for distinguishing
trained/qualified practitioners or providers of a service from untrained or unqualified individuals. Title registration
does not prevent other less qualified individuals from providing the services; it simply establishes a measuring stick
against which their qualifications can be judged. Title registration is considered appropriate when no serious threat to
the public is involved, but consumers may be confused and misled about providers qualifications. Title registration
achieves the goal of enabling the public and consumers of services to differentiate, with minimal cost to the state
and consumers, trained, qualified individuals from those who are untrained. With title registration, those individuals
who do not meet the registration requirements are not deprived of their livelihoods. These individuals can continue to
provide services; they are simply constrained from using a protected title.
3.1 Degree
An applicant for registration should be required to hold an accredited professional degree in architecture. The UIA
recommends that the UIA/UNESCO Charter for Architectural Education be established as the minimum criteria for
architectural education.
1. Definition
1.1 Practice of Architecture
For the purpose of a registration statute, the definition of the practice of architecture should be the definition adopted
by the UIA in the Accord on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in Architectural Practice: The
practice of architecture consists of the provision of professional services in connection with town planning and the
design, construction, enlargement, conservation, restoration, or alteration of a building or group of buildings. These
professional services include, but are not limited to planning; strategic and land-use planning; urban design; provision
of preliminary studies, designs, models, drawings, specifications, and technical documentation; coordination of
technical documentation prepared by others as appropriate and without limitation (consulting engineers, landscape
architects, and other specialist consultants); construction economics; contract administration; monitoring of
construction (referred to as supervision in some countries); and project management.
This definition of the practice of architecture covers the wide variety of services that architects normally furnish and
for which they are specifically trained and in which they are required to demonstrate professional competency. In
some jurisdictions where the education and training and competency standards are more narrowly drawn, the UIA
Accord definition may need to be amended to reflect these narrower standards. No person should be permitted to
engage in the practice of architecture unless registered or otherwise permitted to practice under the registration
statute. No person should be permitted to use the title architect or otherwise represent to the public that he or she
is an architect unless he or she is registered to practice architecture. In some instances, state statutes may exempt
various categories of related design professionals from the purview of the statute to the extent that the exercise of
their profession may incidentally involve them in the practice of architecture. It is important that these exemptions
be carefully thought out to serve as a means for setting off other legitimate design activities from the practice of
architecture. In many jurisdictions, engineering registration laws permit the engineer to design structures as well as
a multitude of other projects. The architectural profession is often restricted by law to designing only buildings and
ancillary facilities for human habitation. The UIA advocates that statutes regulating the profession of architecture
should not unduly narrow the scope of practice and should recognize that architects, through their practices, express
the roots of a societys cultural and aesthetic values through the architecture they design.
42
I f the applicants background includes any of the foregoing, the registration agency should be allowed,
notwithstanding, to register the applicant on the basis of suitable evidence of reform.
43
4. Reciprocity Procedure
The statute should make provision for registering nonresident applicants in addition to the provisions outlined in the
section 3, Qualifications for Registration, and to any provisions in the statute providing other forms of reciprocity.
he person having the practice of architecture in her or his charge is herself or himself a general partner,
T
if a partnership; a director, if a limited liability company; or a director, if a corporation, and registered to
practice in that jurisdiction. The statute should empower the registration agency to require, by regulations,
any partnership, limited liability or unlimited company, or corporation practicing architecture in that state
to file information concerning its officers, directors, managers, beneficial owners, and other aspects of its
business organization on such forms as the agency prescribes.
Every nonresident applicant seeking to practice architecture in a jurisdiction should be registered, if the applicant:
olds a current and valid registration issued by a registration authority recognized by mutual recognition
H
agreement by the jurisdiction;
Files an application with the jurisdiction, on a form prescribed by the jurisdiction, containing such information
satisfactory to the jurisdiction concerning the applicant as the jurisdiction considers pertinent.
olds a current and valid registration issued by a registration authority recognized by mutual recognition
H
agreement by the jurisdiction;
Notifies the board of the jurisdiction in writing that (a) he or she holds a current valid registration issued
by a registration authority recognized by mutual recognition agreement by the jurisdiction but is not
currently registered in the jurisdiction and will be present in the jurisdiction for the purpose of offering to
render architectural services, (b) he or she will deliver a copy of the notice referred to in (a) to every potential
client to whom the applicant offers to render architectural services, and (c) he or she shall apply immediately
to the board for registration if selected as the architect for a project in the jurisdiction. The applicant should be
prohibited from actually rendering architectural services until he or she has been registered.
olds a current and valid registration issued by a registration authority recognized by mutual recognition
H
agreement by the jurisdiction;
Notifies the jurisdiction in writing that he or she is participating in the competition and holds a current and valid
registration issued by a registration authority recognized by mutual
recognition agreement by the jurisdiction;
Undertakes to apply to the jurisdiction for registration immediately on being chosen as an architect
for the project.
.1 An owner who proceeds to have constructed a project having as its principal purpose human occupancy
6
or habitation shall be deemed to be engaged herself or himself in the practice of architecture unless she or he
has employed an architect to perform at least minimum construction administration services, including
periodic site visits, shop drawing review, and reporting to the owner and building official any violations of
codes or substantial deviations from the contract documents that the architect observed.
6
.2 It shall be the project design architects obligation to report to the registration jurisdiction and to the
building official if he or she is not engaged to provide construction administration services described in
Paragraph 1, above.
6
.3 A registration jurisdiction may waive these requirements with respect to a particular project or class
of projects if it determines that the public is adequately protected without the necessity of an architect
performing the services described in Paragraph 6.1.
5. Form of Practice
If architectural services are provided by corporate entities, they should be required to be under the effective control
of architects and required to conform to and maintain the same professional standards of service, work, and conduct
as individual architects. A majority of member sections responding to the UIA Professional Practice Commission
questionnaire indicated that their states permitted the practice of architecture in partnerships and conventional
corporate forms. The restrictions placed on corporate practice and the newer limitedliability company are often
onerous. The great variety of these restrictions suggest that a guideline is needed to seek a reasonable, international
provision respecting firm practice while assuring the public of the integrity of architectural services performed.
44
.1 Although violation of the architectural registration statute by unregistered persons should be a crime,
7
the registration agency should also be authorized, after a hearing, to impose civil fines of up to a stated
amount and to issue orders to cease against unregistered persons and persons aiding and abetting
unregistered persons. The registration agency as well as the governments attorney general and other
local law enforcement authorities, should be authorized to seek injunctions against practice by unregistered
persons and the aiding or abetting of such practice, and judicial enforcement of civil fines imposed by the
registration agency.
.2 All plans, specifications, and other technical submissions prepared in the course of practicing architecture
7
( as defined in Guideline 1) required to be filed with the state of local building or public safety officials should
be sealed by an architect. If state law provides certain exceptions to the general requirement that technical
submissions be sealed, then the person filing the technical submissions should specify on them the state law
exempting the preparation of those technical submissions. Any permit issued on the basis of technical
submissions not complying with these requirements shall be invalid.
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t least two-thirds of the general partners, if a partnership; or two-thirds of the directors, if a limited liability
company or a corporation, are registered under the laws of any state or country to practice architecture;
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Foreword
The UIA Policy on the procurement of architectural services states:
To ensure the ecologically sustainable development of the built environment and to protect the social, cultural and
economic value of society, governments should apply procurement procedures for the appointment of architects
that are directed to the selection of the most suitable architect for projects. This is best achieved by one of the
following methods:
Architectural design competitions conducted in accordance with the principles defined by the UNESCO-
UIA international competitions guidelines and approved by national authorities and/or architectural
professional associations;
A qualification based selection (QBS) procedure as set out in the UIA guidelines;
Direct negotiation based on a complete brief defining the scope of architectural services.
Guidelines for architectural competitions are available from the UIA directly or from UIA member sections.
This is the Guideline document that provides clients with a tried and tested method of selecting an architect for those
projects on which an architectural competition is not to be held.
This method enables the selection of the best available architect, at the right price.
Architects are selected by many methods that range from international competitions to chance meetings at social
functions.
This Guide provides a tried and tested method that will enable a client to appoint an architect confident in the
knowledge that they have selected the best available consultant at the right price.
Qualification Based Selection (QBS) was developed originally in the United States of America following federal
government legislation (known as the Brooks Bill) requiring that architects and engineers be selected on the basis
of qualification and capability rather than price.
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47
Selection of an architect
Step 1 Selection
In appointing an architect, a client should be guided by one primary considerationthe qualifications of the firm for
the specific project to be undertaken. In short, selecting an architect should be by the same criteria that apply to
choosing a physician or other reputable professionalmost importantly skill, reputation, rapport, past performance,
technical competence and commitment to the clients interests. The selection of the architect will have a major
bearing on the quality of the resultant project. A quality project can be defined as one that meets or exceeds the
needs and expectations of the client.
Introduction
48
The objective in Step 1 is to create a short list of three to five firms or individuals most qualified to perform the
work, based on a preliminary scope of work and project specific evaluation criteria and then, to determine the firm
most qualified under the specific proposed project circumstances with which negotiations will then be conducted to
establish a contractual arrangement. This step enables the client to communicate to the architect what is expected
from them and what is to be accomplished. It also enables the architect to respond accordingly, with focused
Statements of Qualifications. These qualifications are evaluated and ranked by the clients selection committee, with
the goal of selecting the firm or individual most qualified for the project.
lients name and contact person (clearly identified as the only person to contact for information on the project),
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mailing address, telephone and fax number, as appropriate.
Project name (identification) and location.
Project outline, including intended size, function, capacity and other general anticipated requirements
( i.e. renovation, modernisation, demolition, additions, new construction, energy, land use and site selection
considerations).
Descriptions of completed studies, surveys and/or preliminary feasibility work relevant to the project and
available to the firms which will be responding.
Anticipated project target dates, including completion of design work, beginning of construction and planned
project completion date.
Requirements for further feasibility studies or program planning prior to design and construction, if appropriate.
Description of any other projects in process or planned for the same site or time frame, which may affect the
scope of work.
Description of architect selection process.
Additional or unique requirements/considerations.
Anticipated time line for project completion.
Project budget.
As appropriate, other items may be added to provide general guidance to the interested firms and meet the needs of
the client. All services the client wishes the architect to provide, including feasibility studies, program development,
design, construction coordination and budget development, should be generally outlined.
49
50
The client may also decide to interview representatives of each short-listed firm. Technical proposals may not
be needed if interviews are held. These interviews give the client the opportunity to compare the firms creative
approaches to the design process, as well as their interpretation and understanding of the project.
Almost as important, interviews give the client an important insight into each firms management style and
communications abilities. For this reason, the client should require that all short-listed firms send principals, as well as
the key architects and other professionals who will be responsible for the work, to these interviews.
51
have been evaluated (Form QBS2). This system provides a documented record of the selection process as support
for the committees actions, which is important.
The selection committee should take time to achieve the ranking and selection by consensus rather than just by majority
vote. One reviewer, however, should not be permitted to unduly influence the outcome of the selection process.
After the ranking of firms is completed, a memo should be prepared and mailed to all firms who participated in
the interview process. The memo should list in alphabetical order all short-listed firms and the order in which the
committee ranked them. It is customary for clients to provide this information as a courtesy to the firms.
Step 2 Definition
Introduction
The top ranked firm from Step 1 is then invited to participate in Step 2 of the process (use Forms QBS3 and QBS4).
The objective of Step 2 is to understand the clients needs and expectations and to jointly define the scope of the
project, the services required and the contract form. During this phase, the client will be able to explain the needs and
objectives of the project more fully. The architect will be able to respond and make suggestions, based on experience
and gain a better understanding of the clients needs and expectations.
Additionally, this phase gives access to the advice and expertise of the top-ranked firm in developing the most
appropriate scope of the proposed work. This phase also provides the next chance to evaluate if the top-ranked
firm will make a good team member. If the client is unable to reach agreement with this firm as to the scope of the
project, they may move back to the beginning of Step 2 with the next highest ranked firm on the list.
Step 3 Appointment
Introduction
In circumstances where fees are not determined by law or some other mandatory system, Step 3 is one of the major benefits
of the QBS process, for it is here that the client is able to appoint the architect on the basis of an acceptable fee.
Given the important nature of the services and growth of litigation, the client and the architect should enter into a
written agreement. The parties may wish to use the standard forms of agreement that have been developed by the
local or national professional association of architects.
Architects Fees
The selected architect is both a professional and a business person in providing design services. An architect not only
provides highly technical services and acts as the clients agent, but must also recover all costs and earn a fair profit to
remain in business. The common law of business balance prohibits paying a little and receiving a lot. The purpose of
this section is to explain how the architect charges, so clients will be fully informed when they enter into negotiations
to establish a fair and reasonable price for professional services.
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After the most qualified firm has been selected and a detailed scope of services has been agreed upon, an acceptable
fee should be negotiated. To assist in this process, set out below are several different methods that architects use for
charging fees.
Percentage Fees
This is a very common method of charging fees. The architect charges a percentage of the cost of the building
(usually the cost on completion). The advantage of a percentage fee basis is that a fee agreement can be reached
at the earliest possible time, even before the value or extent of the building work is known. It is normal for the fee
to change with the cost of the work so if, for example, the client increases the size of the job, the architects fee will
increase proportionately.
Similarly, if the final cost of the building is less than the estimate, the architects fee would be reduced. It should be
noted, however, that if the architect has completed design work to the clients instructions and they then reduce the
size of the project, the client may be charged additional fees for redesign work.
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Form QBS1
Qualifications evaluation form
Form QBS2
Qualifications evaluation summary form
To the following model, the client should add or delete questions as appropriate for the clients specific situation. It
is suggested that the weights and values assigned be on the same scale as those used for interviewing short-listed
firms, which the client will do later.
Highest number = most value
Rating column = 15 points
Weight column = 110 points
Form QBS2, on the following page, is provided for the person in charge of the selection committee to summarise the
results of the process, narrow the number of firms that submitted qualifications down to the number desired for a
short list (firms to be interviewed).
To be used by the selection committee chairman to compile the evaluation results of all statements of qualifications.
Note: Enter the grand total for each firms qualifications (from the respective evaluation sheets for comparative
purposes) to select three to five most qualified firms to be interviewed.
Firms
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Reviewer 1
Reviewer 2
Reviewer 3
Qualifications evaluation
Reviewer 4
Client ______________________________________________________________________________________
Contact Person ______________________________________________________________________________
Project Description __________________________________________________________________________
Architect _______________________________________________ Evaluation ID No ______________________
Address ___________________________________________________________________________________
Suburb _____________________________________________ State _________ Postcode _________________
Telephone ( ____ )___________________________ Facsimile ( ____ ) ____________________________________
Reviewer 5
Reviewer ___
Reviewer ___
Grand Totals
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Firms history and resource capability to perform required services
Evaluation of assigned personnel
Related experience (as appropriate):
a. Design services
b. Technical documentation
c. Contract administration
d. Studies
e. Other
Project methodology
Approach to quality management
Familiarity with local area geography and facilities
Ability to relate to project requirements
Analysis of subjective statements (one page) applicable to the
project as required on the request for qualifications
Reference check (evaluation transfer from reference check form)
Rating
(15)
Weight
(110)
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
x
=
Total
List the top-ranked firms as the short-listed firms to be interviewed.
GRAND TOTAL______________
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Form QBS3
The interview: issues and score sheets
Form QBS4
Group interview evaluation form
For use by person in charge of the interviews to compile all scores of architectural firms participating in the interview
process.
Note: Enter the grand total for each firm as recorded by each interviewer on the interview score sheet.
Firms invited to an interview for the above project should be prepared to speak to the following issues during the
course of their interview. Questions can be expanded as appropriate. The interviewer should determine the number of
possible points to be awarded in each category.
1
Categories
Design Approach/Methodology
(Client may evaluate firm or individuals creativity and problem solving ability.)
Possible
Points
Consultant/In-House Resources
(Client may evaluate firms abilities and importance of consultant or in-house
support services.)
Approach to Quality
(Client may evaluate firms methods of developing a quality project.)
10
Method of Charging
(Client may evaluate firms method of determining fees. Compensation
statements or fee bids are NOT required.)
11
12
Reference Check
Points
Awarded
Firm A
Firm B
Firm C
Firm D
Firm E
Interviewer 1
Interviewer 2
Interviewer 3
Interviewer 4
Interviewer 5
Interviewer _______
Interviewer _______
Grand Totals
Interviewer _________________________________ Firm ___________________________
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57
Form QBS5
Possible questions for referees for whom the architect has completed projects
How many projects have you done with this architect?
Was the design of the finished job what you expected? If not, was it better or worse?
Did your architect listen to what you said?
How important was your budget? Was it more important than:
finishing on time?
the quality of the job?
Did the job come in on budget? If it exceeded the budget do you believe that the architect bore any
responsibility?
Did the architect perform on time? If not, in what respect did the architect fail?
If the architect administered the building contract:
Did the builder perform on time? If not, could the architect have done any more to obtain timely performance?
Was the quality of the builders work acceptable? If not, could the architect have done any more to obtain
good quality work?
Did the architect have a good businesslike relationship with you?
Did the architect have a good businesslike relationship with other members of the project team and with
authorities controlling the building?
Did you feel you could trust the architects:
honesty?
judgement?
If not, why?
Introduction
At the meeting of the commission in Washington in December, 1998, there was broad agreement that the amended
code evolving from the Barcelona meeting should be put to the Assembly in Beijing for adoption as the Accord
Guidelines for Ethics and Conduct for subsequent adoption by member sections within their own codes. The drafting
panel, drawing on principles and policies articulated in the accord and the codes of ethics and conduct from member
sections around the world, recommend to the council and assembly the following:
Preamble
Members of the architectural profession are dedicated to the highest standards of professionalism, integrity, and
competence, and to the highest possible quality of their output, and thereby bring to society special and unique
knowledge, skills, and aptitudes essential to the development of the built environment of their societies and cultures.
The following are principles for the conduct of architects in fulfilling those obligations when undertaking a consulting
service. They apply to all professional activities, wherever they occur. They address responsibilities to the public,
which the profession serves and enriches; to the clients and users of architecture and the building industries, who
help to shape the built environment; and to the art and science of architecture, that continuum of knowledge and
creation which is the heritage and legacy of the profession and of society.
1.1 Standard: Architects shall strive to continually improve their professional knowledge and skill in areas
relevant to their practices.
1.2 Standard: Architects shall continually seek to raise the standards of aesthetic excellence, architectural
education, research, training, and practice.
1.3 Standard: Architects shall, as appropriate, promote the allied arts and contribute to the
knowledge and capability of the building industries.
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1.4 Standard: Architects shall ensure that their practices have appropriate and effective internal procedures,
including monitoring and review procedures, and sufficient qualified and supervised staff such as to enable them
to function efficiently.
1.5 Standard: Where work is carried out on behalf of an architect by an employee or by anyone else acting
under an architects direct control, the architect is responsible for ensuring that that person is competent to
perform the task and, if necessary, is adequately supervised.
3.6 Standard: Architects shall not undertake professional work unless the parties have clearly agreed in
riting to the terms of the appointment, notably:
w
Scope of work;
Allocation of responsibilities;
Any limitation of responsibilities;
Fee or method of calculating it;
Any provision for termination.
3.7 Standard: Architects shall be remunerated solely by the fees and benefits specified in the written
agreement of engagement or employment.
3.8 Standard: Architects shall not offer any inducements to procure an appointment.
Architects have obligations to the public to embrace the spirit and letter of the laws governing their professional
affairs, and should thoughtfully consider the social and environmental impact of their professional activities.
2.1 Standard: Architects shall respect and help conserve the systems of values and the natural and cultural
heritage of the community in which they are creating architecture. They shall strive to improve the environment
and the quality of the life and habitat within it in a sustainable manner, being fully mindful of the effect of their
work on the widest interests of all those who may reasonably be expected to use or enjoy the product of
theirwork.
3.9 Standard: Architects shall observe the confidentiality of their clients affairs and should not disclose
confidential information without the prior consent of the client or other lawful authority; for example, when
disclosure is required by order of a court of law.
3.10 Standard: Architects shall disclose to clients, owners, or contractors significant circumstances known
to them that could be construed as creating a conflict of interest, and should ensure that such conflict does
not compromise the legitimate interests of such persons or interfere with the architects duty to render impartial
judgement of contract performance by others.
2.2 Standard: Architects shall neither communicate nor promote themselves or their professional services in
false, misleading or deceptive manners.
2.3 Standard: An architectural firm shall not represent itself in a misleading fashion.
2.4 Standard: Architects shall uphold the law in the conduct of their professional activities.
Architects have an obligation to uphold the integrity and dignity of the profession, and shall in every circumstance
conduct themselves in a manner that respects the legitimate rights and interests of others.
2.5 Standard: Architects shall abide by the codes of ethics and conduct and laws in force in the countries and
jurisdictions in which they provide or intend to provide professionalservices.
2.6 Standard: Architects shall as appropriate involve themselves in civic activities, as citizens and
professionals, and promote public awareness of architectural issues.
Architects shall pursue their professional activities with honesty and fairness.
4.2 Standard: An architect shall not take as a partner and shall not act as a co-director with an unsuitable
person, such as a person whose name has been removed from any register of architects otherwise than at
his own request or a person disqualified from membership of a recognised body of architects.
4.3 Standard: Architects shall strive, through their actions, to promote the dignity and integrity of the
60
3.2 Standard: Architects shall perform their professional work with due skill care and diligence.
3
.3 Standard: Architects shall carry out their professional work without undue delay and, so far as it is within
their powers, within an agreed reasonable time limit.
.4 Standard: Architects shall keep their client informed of the progress of work undertaken on the clients
3
behalf and of any issues that may affect its quality or cost.
.5 Standard: Architects shall accept responsibility for the independent advice provided by them to their
3
clients, and undertake to perform professional services only when they, together with those whom they may
engage as consultants, are qualified by education, training, or experience in the specific areas involved.
rofession, and to ensure that their representatives and employees conform their conduct to this standard, so
p
that no action or conduct is likely to undermines the confidence of those for and with whom they work and so
that members of the public dealing with architects are protected against misrepresentation, fraud, and deceit.
4.4 Standard: Architects shall, to the best of their ability, strive to contribute to the development of
architectural knowledge, culture, and education.
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5.4 Standard: Architects shall not, when offering services as independent consultants, revise a fee quotation
to take account of the fee quoted by another architect for the same service in order to protect the client and
society from unscrupulous under-resourcing by an architect.
5.5 Standard: The architect shall not attempt to supplant another architect from an appointment.
5.6 Standard: Architects shall not enter any architectural competitions that the UIA or their member sections
have declared to be unacceptable.
5.7 Standard: Architects shall not when appointed as competition assessors subsequently act in any other
capacity for the work.
5.8 Standard: Architects shall not maliciously or unfairly criticise or attempt to discredit another architectswork.
5.9 Standard: The architect shall, on being approached to undertake a project or other professional work upon
which he/she knows or can ascertain by reasonable inquiry that another architect has a current appointment with
the same client for the same project or professional work, notify the other architect.
.10 Standard: Architects shall, when appointed to give an opinion on the work of another architect, notify the
5
other architect, unless it can be shown to be prejudicial to prospective or actual litigation to do so.
5.11 Standard: Architects shall provide their associates and employees with a suitable working environment,
compensate them fairly, and facilitate their professional development.
5.12 Standard: Architects shall ensure that their personal and professional finances are managed legally
and prudently.
.13 Standard: Architects shall build their professional reputation on the merits of their own service and
5
performance and should recognise and give credit to others for professional work performed.
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A. Project Management
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65
Based on construction documents prepared, the architect prepares contract documents for selection of a contractor.
The architect assists the client in the selection of the contractor to be awarded the project. The architect arranges a
formal agreement between the contractor and theclient.
S
ite analysis
Identification of objectives and conditions
Conceptual planning
F. Construction Phase
To assure quality of the project documented in the contract document, the architect clarifies design
intention and observes site works done by the Contractor, clarifies design intention, issues
instructions, authorizes payments to the contractor.
D. Design
C
onfirmation of requirements and conditions
Design and production of construction documents
Design presentation for clients approval
E. Procurement
S
election of construction procurement
Processing of construction procurement
Assist of construction contract award
F. Contract Administration
S
upport for property management
Support for maintenance of building
Post occupancy inspection
An architects services are not limited to the above listed core services. UIA recognizes that there are various services
in the different jurisdictions - such as urban planning, historical restoration, renewal of existing buildings and many
other services wherever architects are capable to carry out these services based on appropriate education, training
and experience.
Project flow
With various participants in a project, any type or size of the project proceeds by following basic phases described
below while solving complex problem of the Project. Every project has different conditions. Project flow presented
here is merely the benchmark for the individual project to identify the various deviations within the essential flow of
the project.
G. Handover Phase
With completion of the project, the architect inspects final quality of the project for conformity
with the contract document and checks to confirm that all statutory approvals have been obtained.
The architect arranges a formal handover of the project from the contractor to the client.
I. Other Services
The services listed below are not necessarily excluded from the core services. Some jurisdictions
accept some of these services as core services, taking into consideration that the architects are
appropriately qualified to perform these services for clients and the public.
i ) Feasibility Studies
ii) Preparation of design requirements (program)
iii) Building survey (inspection)
iv) Negotiations (e.g. land-use/zoning conversions)
v ) Delay and protracted Services
vi) Special presentations for sales and advertisement brochures
vii) Life cycle planning
viii) Land-use/town planning
ix) Urban design
x) Facilities management
xi) Landscape design
xii) Interior design
xiii) Graphics and signage design
xiv) Acoustic design
xv) Lighting design
xvi) Specialist detailing (e.g. curtain walling)
xvii) Building energy studies
xviii) Cost consultancy services
xix) Building codes services
x x) Materials/equipment services
x xi) Environmental studies
x xii) Construction management services
x xiii) Support for art works
x xiv) Project management services
x xv) Accessibility services
x xvi) Dispute resolution (Mediation, Arbitration, Expert Witness)
x xvii) Historical restoration
x xviii) Renewal of existing building
x xix) Post occupancy evaluation
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67
68
69
The following list categorizes several major Forms of Practice prevailing at the present moment. Less common forms
of practice are classified as Specialized Forms of Practice and non-profit making organizations are classified as
Other Forms of Practice
A) Basic Major Forms of Practice
Sole Proprietorship
Unlimited Partnership
Unlimited Company
Limited Partnership
Limited Company
A) Specialized Forms of Practice
Group Practice
Collaborative Practice
Consortium
Community Practice
University Based Project Office
Subsidiaries / Affiliates of Corporation
Multi-Disciplinary Practice
A) Other Forms of Practice
Government
Quasi-governmental bodies / Institutional Bodies
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otwithstanding the above provision, the following conditions shall apply regardless of the form mentioned
N
above:
n unlimited/limited corporation/company shall have the same rights and shall be subject to the same
A
obligations in respect of the fiduciary, confidential and ethical relationships with each client of the
corporation/company that exist at law between a registered architect and his/her client.
A registered architect who has the control and management of the business of a unlimited / limited
corporation/company or a licensed partnership shall be subject to the same standards of professional
conduct and competence in respect of such services as if he / she was personally supplying the
architectural services.
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Appropriate professional indemnity insurance should be secured for the particular circumstances of the
consortium.
The entities of a consortium shall also abide by the prevailing conditions and other legal aspects of
government in the local jurisdiction where a consortium is formed.
B.4. Community Practice
Refers to practices working directly with the community. It may take any form of practice as mentioned in (A),
and the objectives may not necessarily be profit making, although it may function similarly to any other forms of
business association. The owner of the practice is normally the community itself with the management function
conducted by registered architects and associated professionals. Sometimes the registered architects will
have ownership as well. It is suggested that the professional liability should rest with the registered architects,
whereas commercial risk should rest with the practice, which includes a fair share by the community.
B.5. University Based Project Office
Refers to a unit within a university, which offers professional advice in specialty areas such as energy
conservationetc, which also give students hands on experience. The form and ownership shall follow the
guidelines set by the local jurisdiction as well as the university within which it is set up. The ownership should
be held jointly by the University and registered architects ordinarily resident in the local jurisdiction. Professional
liability should be the responsibility of the registered architects, while commercial liability should rest with the
University, or as agreed between the University and the registered architects. Due to the relatively specialized
nature, educational benefits, and in many instances profit making not being the sole objective, it is appropriate
for such practices to define their scope of services in more specific terms and secure appropriate professional
indemnity against commercial risks.
B.6. Subsidiaries/Affiliates of Corporation
A company, which is solely owned by another corporation.
A subsidiary/affiliate practice may consist of any form, or combination of the basic forms of practice as
stated in (A) for the purpose of providing architectural services.
The relationships and responsibilities of the practice in relation to the Holding Corporation, as well
as among all other affiliates within the same Holding Corporation shall be defined and agreed. The
architectural subsidiary/affiliate shall ensure that all responsibilities, liabilities, work appointment, conduct,
etc. with the Holding Corporation and other affiliates are clearly agreed and defined under those prevailing
conditions in the local jurisdiction. Appropriate professional indemnity insurance should be secured for the
particular circumstances of the architectural entity.
The entities of subsidiaries/affiliates shall also abide by the prevailing conditions and other legal aspects of
government in the local jurisdiction where a consortium is formed.
In the event where architects within governmental bodies are required to perform and provide architectural
services as a separate entity, the prevailing laws and conditions governing the various forms of practice shall be
abided by accordingly.
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C.1. Government
Organizations within the government rendering architectural services using public funding for the use of the
general public. This will include organizations such as the public works department, local authorities, or the like.
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TABLE 1
Recommended Standards of Form of Practice
Basic Form of
Ownership
Practice
Composition
Responsibility
of Board of
omission
Directors
For
For
A person who is
A person
A person
management
practice
responsible
who is
who is
for criminal
responsible
responsible
matters
for
administrative
matters
Sole Proprietor
Registered
Registered
Registered
Registered
Registered
Registered
Registered
Architect
Architect
Architect
Architect
Architect
Architect
Architect
Unlimited
Registered
Registered
Registered
Registered
Registered
All Unlimited
Registered
Partnership
Architect
Architect
Architect
Architect
Architect
Partners
Architect
as
as
as
as
as
as
Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited Partner
Unlimited
Partner
Partner
Partner
Partner
Unlimited
Registered
Registered
Registered
Registered
Registered
All Unlimited
Registered
Company
Architect as
Architect as
Architect as
Architect as
Architect as
Company
Architect as
Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
Members
Unlimited
Company
Company
Company
Company
Company
Company
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Partner
Limited
The majority
The majority
Registered
Registered
The registered
The registered
The registered
Corporation
of shares are
of the board
architect
architect
architect in
architect in
architect in
Limited
desired to
of directors
charge of the
charge of the
charge of the
Partnership
be owned by
are desired to
project.
project.
project.
Limited
registered
be registered
Company
architects.
architects.
The most
The most
The most
responsible
responsible
responsible
person in charge
person in
person in
of practice.
charge of
charge of
practice.
practice.
responsible
The most
The most
person in charge
responsible
responsible
of
person in
person in
management/
charge of
charge of
Corporation
management/
management/
manmanagement/
Corporation
Corporation
The most
Corporation
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Introduction
In most jurisdictions architects must be registered, licensed, or certified in order to practice architecture. Practice
in a Host Nation covers the situation when individual architects or corporate entities of architects have been
commissioned to design projects in a country in which they are not registered, licensed, or certified. The UIA
recognizes the need for the responsible mobility of architects and their ability to provide services in foreign
jurisdictions. It is the goal of the UIA that an architect recognized by the relevant authority of the nation/state in any
UIA member section should be recognized as being able to be registered, licensed, or certified through bilateral or
multilateral agreements and be able to establish in those nation/states as an architect by the relevant authorities
in the nations/states of all UIA member sections. The UIA also recognizes a need to promote the awareness of
local environmental, social, and cultural factors and ethical and legal standards. To this end, the UIA Assembly has
approved the Second Edition of the UIA Accord on Recommended International Standards of Professionalism in
Architectural Practice. While the Accord and related Policy Guidelines are intended to define best practice for the
architectural profession and the standards to which the profession aspires, they are also intended to make it easier for
interested parties to negotiate mutual recognition and/or free trade agreements allowing portability of architectural
credentials and/or services. The long established UIA International Code of Ethics on Consulting Services
requires that every consultant from a foreign countryshall associate and work harmoniously with consultants or
professionals of the country where the project is located.
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2. Where there is no mutual recognition or free trade agreement between the relevant authorities of the host
country and that of the foreign architects country:
.2 Promptly after being selected as architect for a project in which a foreign architect is to be involved, the
2
local architect should be required to provide a document to the relevant authority establishing the local
architects relationship with the foreign architects to include their qualifications, and a description of the
specific project for which this arrangement has been made.
2
.3 Foreign and local architects should make sure that in their collaboration they both have the necessary
expertise and experience to meet the needs of the project.
2
.4 Professional services rendered by the associated architects should jointly and severally be rendered by the
foreign and qualified local architects involved in the project.
2
.5 In any documents and when claiming credit for the project, the local architect and the foreign architect
shall accurately represent their respective responsibilities on the project.
2
.6 Upon request from a local relevant authority, it is expected that the foreign relevant authority of the UIA
member section will agree to confirm the status of the foreign architect as suggested in paragraph 2.1.
2
.7 A foreign architect should be required to agree to follow the laws, codes of ethics and conduct, building
codes, etc. of the local jurisdiction.
. Where a mutual recognition agreement exists between the relevant authorities of two
3
countries, this guideline is not relevant.
.8 Foreign and local architects forming collaborations should be required to enter into formal, fair and
2
equitable agreements that uphold the ethical standards of the UIA. Numerous model documents and books
have been developed that cover the principles involved and issues to be considered when developing an
agreement between collaborating architects.
oreign architects registered/licensed/certified by a relevant authority in their own countries but not in
F
the host country should be admitted individually and permitted to practice in association with registered/
licensed/certified local architects, in accordance with local laws and practices.
Foreign architects coming from nation/states that do not have relevant authorities dealing with issues of
registration/licensing/certification should be required to be subjected to the registration/licensing/
certification standards in force in the nation/states where the projects are located.
A foreign architect should not be permitted to enter into an arrangement to provide services in another
jurisdiction without the meaningful and substantial participation and contribution of a local architect in the
provision of the design, documentation and contract administrative services of the project. Foreign
architects entering an international competition in a country where they do not hold a license should be
required to enter into such an arrangement only when they win the competition and are commissioned to
proceed with the project.
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Preamble
Architectural services are characterised by the intellectual capacity of the architect. Qualified architects are capable
of developing creative building solutions by applying their knowledge and skill to a consideration of the clients
requirements. The ideas and concepts created by the intellectual activity of architects are the products, which enables
them to practice as architects. The importance of this creative intellectual endeavour requires that it have strong
protection. Protection of -intellectual property rights guarantee that others cannot exploit the intellectual effort of
architects and other creators of original works. This protection provides an incentive for further creative and innovative
development in architecture for the benefit of clients and the public. This fact is essential for cultural improvement
in architecture, which becomes more and more important in a globalized world in order to allow people to identify
themselves with their built environment. Intellectual Property means the rights resulting from intellectual activity in the
industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields, such as copyright rights, patent rights and others. As opposed to property
of things, intellectual property covers the intellectual effort. Intellectual property is a general term made further concrete
in patent law, copyright law or trade mark law. Copyright covers specifically the intellectual effort regarding an artistic
creation as opposed to the intellectual effort regarding the development of a pure technical process or object, which can
only be protected under patent law. Copyright protects the interest of authors in relation to their creations and grants
them the exclusive right of using their creations. To provide services successfully in foreign countries architects must
have the assurance that their intellectual property in their creative works are protected. Therefore it is important that
intellectual property is protected in all countries to provide the necessary security for architects to confidently provide
the best service to their clients. In this aspect the UIA Guideline on Practice in a Host Nation plays an important role in
furthering cross-border services while protecting the intellectual property of architects.
Guideline
The following Guideline attempts to define the key concepts, issues and common eventualities relating to intellectual
property rights in the field of architecture. These include definitions of author and the works that are subject to
copyright and issues such as moral rights, protection, ownership and enforcement.
1. Author
1.1 Initial Ownership
The author of a work is the person who created that work, and is presumptively the owner of the copyright in
the work. An author is always a natural person. Corporations, businesses or public entities may, however, own
copyright of a work when the work is made under a consultancy agreements (See 1.2) or if the authors agree to
assign their rights, provided that this is regulated in the relevant national copyright law.
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2. Protected works
Copyright protects original works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible form of expression. The fixation need
not be directly perceptible so long as it can be communicated with the aid of a machine or device. No publication
or registration or other action is required to secure copyright. Copyright is secured automatically when the work is
created for the first time.
2.1 Architectural works
Protected works under this guideline are original architectural works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium
of expression, which represent a personal and original intellectual creation. Novelty, ingenuity, or aesthetic
merit are not qualifying criteria for protected works. The necessary standard of originality requires only that
the work owes its existence to the efforts of the author and is not merely a copy of a pre-existing work.
Copyright protection extends only to documented or built works and not to ideas, procedures, methods of
operation or mathematical concepts as such, because these works might be protected under the relevant
technical protection rights such as patent rights. Copyright protection can cover any kind of architectural work.
2.2 Protection of specific architectural works
2.2.1 Documentation of architectural designs.
Documentation of architectural designs and buildings either in electronic or hardcopy form can be protected
under copyright. Apart from the plans, drawings, schemes, etc. of the object as a copyright protected work,
the object itself can be protected, if realized in three dimensions. This refers also to works of town planning
and urban design.
2.2.2 Expert opinions, specifications and other documents
The given form of representation of expert opinions, specifications and other documents can be protected
under copyright, if they represent a personal creation. The protection does not cover the content of the
document but only the form of representation, in order to distinguish copyright from technical protection rights
such as patent right.
2.2.3 Buildings
A building can be protected under copyright, assuming the design fulfils the requirements of a personal
creation of originality (See above 2.1). Similarly, parts of buildings or the combination of buildings can be
protected as well as the newly creative assembled combination of already known elements as an ensemble.
Style, taste, aesthetic value or fashion are of no importance to the question, if the work has the necessary
creative character. Any building or architectural work can be protected under copyright-.
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issue of infringement of copyright only arises, if a unique concept of a building, an extravagant technical detail or an
extraordinary appearance of a building is copied. The mere influence of existing architectural works on the design of
new - architectural works does not constitute an infringement of copyright.
Droit Moral/ Moral Rights
The so-called moral rights include the right of attribution and the right of integrity in the protected works.
These rights provide for recognition of authorship and protection of the works against violations.
3.1 Right to publish architectural work
Subject to the laws relating to privacy authors of architectural works should enjoy the exclusive right to
publish their work. This right applies to architects only in a limited way because in general they have no
say in the - publication of the building they design for the client. However, the architect should have the power
to decide if, when and how plans and pictures of his work are going to be published. In addition designs
entered in architectural competitions should only be published and exhibited in accordance with the conditions of
the competition or with the specific approval of the author. Works produced by students in the course
of their studies should only be published and exhibited as required for the purpose of scholarly evaluation and
criticism. Students work should not be published for other reasons without the consent of the student. The use
of a copyrighted work for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or
research should not be an infringement of copyright. The use for such purposes is sometimes referred as the
fair use exception to copyright protection. There are reasonable limitations on such fair use; which has the
effect of reducing the authors market for the copyrighted work
3.2 Recognition of authorship
Authors should have the right to put their name on their work and to have the work attributed to them when it is
published. This recognition is especially important for sketches, plans and other documents, but it applies also
to the built facility. Even though a copyright notice is not a condition of copyright protection, the notice should be
displayed, particularly on drawings and other architectural documents, for clarification. In doing so, the author can
avoid a defence of innocent infringement in mitigation of actual or statutory damages. A possible copyright notice
could read: Copyright Associated Architects, Inc. 1999.
3.3 Violation of architectural works
Besides the authors economic rights and even if those rights are transferred someone else the author should
have the right to claim authorship of the work and to object to plagiarism, distortion, mutilation or other
modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, the said work, which would be prejudicial to his
honour or reputation. This right, sometimes described as the Moral Right to Integrity in created work, should
be maintained even after the death of the author, at least until the expiry of the economic rights, and should be
exercisable by the persons or institutions authorised by the legislation of the country where protection is claimed.
3.4 Alterations - Balancing the interests of owners and architects when buildings are altered
The long duration of a building makes it probable that adaptations, extensions or other changes are necessary.
Theclient invested once in that building and must have the possibility to alter it according to his economical
needs. The owner or user of the building must have the right to adapt the building to changing needs or
purposes, which often includes changes in the architectural concept. Also changing public building regulations
may require the alteration of a building. At the same time the reputation of architects is largely established by
their built works. Alterations to a building therefore have the potential to denigrate the reputation of the architect
who is publicly known to be the author of the building. The alteration must ensure that the architects personal
interest for consistency of the building is safeguarded and their architectural capabilities are not disparaged or
devalued in public. The architect is endangered that after unauthorized alteration of his publicized work he is
still recognized as the architect of that work. In the eyes of the public the author will then be seen as having
made those new architectural expressions, which can damage his/her image. It is necessary, therefore, to
find a balance between the two interests: Interest of the owner for alteration and the interest of the author for
consistency. In finding that balance one has to take into account that the original architect of a building has more
insight than anybody else regarding possibilities in developing the building for changing demands. Because of the
original architects profound knowledge about the design, construction and environment of his creation only that
architect is in the best position to develop the necessary solutions while respecting the design of the building and
its aesthetic qualities. Consequently it is recommended that the author of a building should have the legal right
to be consulted prior to the building being altered. Such a right would not prohibit owners from proceeding with
alterations to suit their requirements. However a consultation conducted in good faith provides an opportunity for
the owner to consider maintaining the integrity of the original design or, if necessary, for the architect to publicly
dissociate from the altered works.
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3.5 Destruction
The right of objecting to the alteration of the work should include also the right to object to its destruction.
Contrary to alteration the destruction of the work does not include the danger that the architect will be
recognized as the author of the altered work. However the destruction of the work still violates the moral right
of integrity in the architects work. The author has an interest in the work continuing to establish and maintain his
or her professional reputation. Therefore the right of the owner to demolish the building conflicts with the moral
right of the architect. Hence the right for destruction of a building must be balanced with the authors right for
consistency.
4. Term of Protection
The term of copyright protection should extend to fifty years beyond the death of the author of the work.
5. Enforcement of Copyrights
The UIA recommends that laws and enforcement procedures are available that permit effective action against any act
of infringement of intellectual property rights covered by this Guideline. These procedures should be applied in such
a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.
Procedures concerning the enforcement of intellectual property rights should be fair and equitable. They should not
be unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time limits or unwarranted delays.
8. Damages
Jurisdictions should have the authority to order a person who has knowingly infringed copyright to pay adequate
compensation to the copyright holder
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1. Preamble
Architects, whether self employed or employees, are generally controlled by a regulating body in charge of ensuring
that laws, decrees, and professional standards are applied and observed by all members of the profession. In many
countries professional bodies have also been established for the advancement of architecture, for the promotion of
knowledge, and to protect the public interest by ensuring that their members perform to a known standard. In a
number of countries both the regula tory function and the advancement of architecture are undertaken by the one
orga nization. Before defining what an architects professional body should be it is necessary to recall the context
of globalization and the guiding principals of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The fundamental
objectives of GATS are the same as that of the World Trade Organizations (WTO) objectives for goods - to ensure the
balance of world trade through the liberalization of markets and to build the process of liberalization on solid
foundations. To achieve this, the guiding principles are the following:
Trade must take place without discrimination: This implies that all member countries carry out their exchanges
on an equal basis and share the benefits achieved from any measure aimed at removing barriers to trade.
Protective measures must be transparent: The services agreement requires that barriers to market access or
discriminatory restrictions to operations on overseas markets be clearly identified and listed.
A solid foundation for liberalizing trade: This is ensured as countries make schedules of commitments - service
by service - by which they undertake to respect the negotiated reduced levels of protection.
The global free trade logic is to favor free circulation of people, goods and services in a
general environment of deregulation. The WTO rules which apply to member countries have a direct influence on the
professional practice of architecture. Article VI 4 of the GATS agreement reads that:
The rules which aim at establishing free circulation shall ensure that national protective steps: Are transparent and
based on objective criteria such as professional competence and skills; Are not more burdensome than necessary to
ensure the quality of service; and Licensing procedures, if any, do not restrict service provision.
The interests of three groups are served by the establishment of professional bodies:
A. Consumer
It is necessary to guarantee not only the quality of service to the consumer, respecting competition and performance
rules, but also the free circulation of professionals without any improper discrimination. Therefore, it is also necessary
to define the structure of bodies which represent the profession of architecture, guaranteeing their capacity to
protect the consumer and the society.
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The notion of consumer service refers to a concept which is internationally shared, implying both market competition
and the guarantee of objective or certified quality standards.
This consumer oriented logic prevails over notions of public interest, and presents a case for doing away with laws
and regulations which are seen as providing corporate protection and monopoly of privileged practice in favor of
systems of professional selfregulation and common law consumer protection.
B. The Public
Increasing numbers of countries are adopting public architecture policies. They are becoming increasingly aware
that architecture is in the public interest. It contributes to the welfare of individuals and of society, whether in the
social or cultural fields, respect for the environment and heritage. More recently the taking into account of the
concept of sustainable development has a real impact on the living environment. This characteristic of architecture, of
environment, of landscape and living environment, as an expression of culture, implies a special relationship between
the professionals who practice it - the architects - and society. Society includes the State and public authorities, who
have expectations with regard to the built environment, as well as the citizens, as users of consumers of architecture.
As in many countries, it is thus useful and necessary for the profession to be organized in such a way as to meet
the expectations of society and of the citizens. This requires the setting up, or reinforcement where they exist, of
professional bodies focused on architecture but are entrusted with the protection of the public.
C. The Profession
It is important for architects to be able to recognize each other and belong to a body which has established the same
membership rules, whatever their form of professional practice. It is of course in the interest of architects to meet
colleagues with the same training, the same or equivalent degree/diploma/certificate, who respect the same ethics
and who have identical or comparable forms of practice.
If those bodies are to function, they must also be of interest to architects. The professional body shall also be a place
of identity and gathering for professionals practicing architecture This guideline aims at defining the raison detre, the
function and role of those professional bodies.
2. Proposals
The idea is to provide key words for the organization and scope of competence of professional bodies. Although
they play a major social and cultural role, and their action and contribution are indispensable, this guideline does not
address independent trade associations or unions whose vocation and role is to defend the material interests of
voluntary members.
The professional bodies should therefore cover three main functions:
Consumer interest,
Public interest, and
Professional interest - interests of architects.
2.1. Functions
Consumer Interest
To protect the public/consumer society/the users - by monitoring the skills, code of conduct and ethics.
To enable and respect free circulation of architects in all countries in order to promote excha nges between
architects and improve the living environment.
To guarantee free and healthy competition, based on principles of transparency and fairness.
To contribute to, guide and guarantee the content of initial training in architecture and to monitor its
continuous updating.
To define the content of initial and professional training and of qualifications procedures and criteria.
To contribute to improving the knowledge and skills of architects by organizing continuing professional
development.
To draw up a code of ethics and of conduct and to monitor their implementation.
To establish a set of disciplinary sanctions in the event of professionals not respecting the rules established
in the interest of the consumer.
To publish guide documents on topics such as fee-scales (where legally authorized) appointment of the
architect, documents for professional practice, andenvironmental matters.
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Public Interest
To influence the quality of the built environment by defining quality standards and references, to participate
in the implementation of public policies in the field of architecture.
To promote and facilitate the acquisition of architectural knowledge by competent authorities, as well as by
the public and other professionals, to enhance their ability to assess architecture.
To set up a high authority in architecture at cultural and legal levels.
To guarantee the durability of the function of the architect in its cultural and social dimensions.
To promote research and development of architecture with regard to sustainable development and the
necessary improvement of living standards.
To promote the awareness of architecture
To promote architectural and urban quality by any means and actions.
Professional Interest - Interests of Architects
While respecting their different forms of practice, to gather together architects, and to organize their
representation at local, national and international levels.
To develop the architects fields of intervention on the basis of their specific profile and skills.
To provide the service and assistance expected by architects in social, professional, legal and cultural areas,
in order to improve and guarantee the quality of services supplied by architects.
To promote collaboration and networking with other partners of the living environment such as clients,
town-planners, contractors, engineers, etc. with a view to improving the quality of the built environment.
To guarantee architects intellectual property and respect of their copyrights.
2.2. Roles
Some Models of Architectural Professional Bodies
While there are differing models of professional bodies, there is an existing common form for the two main types,
the professional body and the registration body. Their primary roles are illustrated as follows:
The Professional Body
Status: Self-regulating or established by Charter.
Mission: Advancing architecture, promoting/facilitating the acquisition of knowledge.
Main Responsibilities: Communications/promotion (public, government, clients, members, international
and cultural programs, awards and exhibitions). Education* (influencing standards through the architectural
curriculum). Practice (influencing standards by helping practitioners, e.g. providing model appointment
documents, contracts, etc.).
Justification: Better architects = better architecture.
*In the Anglo-Saxon countries this is often carried out by the professional institute and the registration body,
or Independently by an organization made up of the two. In the codified countries, this task is the
responsibility of one or other of the government departments.
The registration/licensing body
Status: Established by statute (law/decree, etc.).
Mission: Protecting the public.
Main Responsibilities:
Maintaining registration of qualified architects.
Discipline.
Code of conduct.
Justification: Consumer protection.
From the scope of competence and responsibilities, one can establish the minimum
role of these professional bodies:
The training and the competence of architects with a view to guaranteeing consumer protection:
Participate in the elaboration of the content of the initial training.
Regulate the title of architect and maintain a register of qualified architects.
Determine the content of professional training.
Grant and monitor licenses to practice where appropriate.
Involved in the accreditation of architectural courses, qualifications and professional certificates.
Develop a Code of Conduct, monitor its implementation and exercise the disciplinary function
associated with it.
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Manage relations between professional and academic circles including the organization of practical
t raining periods.
Involved in the organization and monitoring of continuing professional development.
Monitor the forms of professional practice.
Provide different forms of dispute resolution.
Organize architectural competitions and monitor their implementation.
Participate in drafting improved architectural standards.
Establish a learned society - concerned with cultural, economic and legal issues - that allows for the
acquisition and improvement of knowledge in the field of architecture.
Represent the professional before public authorities and international organizations.
Organize, or participate in, relations with professional partners such as clients, engineers, town-
planners, contractors, etc.
Promote UIA International Standards.
Contribute to the promotion of the art and science of architecture.
Contribute to the promotion of a sustainable environment, (e.g. exhibitions, seminars, conferences
and taking part in the publication of architectural works.)
Participate in and promote development programs/projects in the field of architecture.
Promote, follow, and monitor the development of legislation and regulations that impact on the
professional exercise and the built environment.
Promote and advertise the architectural profession and its representative organizations in the media.
Collect members dues and maintain supplementary income through publications, fees, provision of
services, counseling, etc.
Democratic Representation
The professional body usually drafts articles, rules, and bylaws which ensure good representation of the architects
profession by region, by forms of practice or professional status. It may include in its governing board representatives
of public authorities, consumers and professional partners. The articles, rules, and bylaws could be confirmed by an
act, decrees or by a charter drawn up jointly with the authorities.
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Disciplinary Body
To avoid the public thinking that disciplinary bodies are partisan in preserving the interests of architects, disciplinary
sanctions should be managed by a separate commission made up of architects and judges or possibly by civil courts.
4. Conclusions
On the basis of these different principles, it is possible to consider several types of bodies:
Self-regulating professional bodies with voluntary membership, which choose their mission and role. They are
organized by a Charter drawn up with the authorities who confer the necessary power to carry out its
responsibilities. In this case it is often necessary to establish other bodies with compulsory registration with
complementary but limited responsibilities.
Registration bodies, such as chambers, orders, or colleges of architects with compulsory registration,
invested by the public authorities with the necessary authority to organize the role and functions of architects
defined by law. In this case, it shall be necessary to set up other independent bodies to defend the material
interests of their voluntary members (unions).
Public administrative bodies (statutory bodies) in charge of controlling, regulating and checking the
implementation of the law.
5. Appendix
Analysis of different types of professional bodies
The following descriptions are theoretical. In most cases, according to the national cultural environment, architects
fulfill various functions which may feature in more than one of these classifications. There is actually no one reference
model. Various functions can be grouped together in the creation of new professional bodies or in order to help
existing organizations improve their services to architects and to the public. Different types of organizations or
professional bodies may be identified and classified according to their functions, objectives, and their independence
or control in the following non-exhaustive manner:
A. Self-regulatory Professional Bodies
T hese are architects organizations most commonly found in Anglo-Saxon countries and in countries
strongly influenced by this culture. The architects who set up these professional bodies often did so
to meet the need to organize their profession in countries where the State allows professions a significant
degree of self determination. These professional bodies are often very old and have acquired considerable
authority because of their extensive social scope, the quality of their organization, and the criteria use for
the selection of members. In many cases there is only on body per country. TheState may delegate to it
the control of the regulatory framework of professional practice, in particular as to the protection of the
title of architect. Their statutes impose a strict code of conduct on members in order to guarantee to the
public a level of qualification, competence and probity that is necessary for this function. They are often
centers of architectural knowledge or learned societies, i.e. reference institutions. They serve as guardians
of the culture of architecture, maintain a quality library, monitor education and practical training,
organize training and continuing professional development, and facilitate cultural development through
conferences, seminars, publication of reference documents and initiate architectural research. Their main
characteristic is that they freely determine their Statutes and are independent of the regulatory authorities.
T heir membership is subjected to strict rules both from the point of view of qualifications, license to practice,
professional references, and even sponsorship.
B. Associations , Colleges or Chambers
Associations of architects - sometimes known as colleges or chambers - are often private bodies set up
by the State through an act or a regulation. Such acts or regulations define their object, role, statutes,
organization, membership criteria, relationship with the State and their financial regime. They are commonly
found in Latin or Germanic countries. Their main objective is the protection of the title of architect. Their role
is to protect the public by having architects abide by the rules defined by the State. Generally, they guarantee
the architects qualification, are responsible for conduct and discipline, frequently set down by public law, and
are the official partners of the State. Most often they also protect professional practice and sometimes contribute
to continuing professional development of architects and take part in the promotion of architecture. They are
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generally democratically constituted. Their main characteristic is that they originate from the public interest and
are subjected to strict legal rules. Membership is compulsory for those wishing to use the title and, depending
on the national legislation, to practice.
C. Independent Associations
In all countries architects gather together to organize and promote their common interest. The vocation of these
bodies may be related to the cultural, professional and even humanitarian aspects of the practice of architecture.
In most case their resources are raised from contributions. Their main characteristic is that membership is
obviously not compulsory and they are only regulated by rules they have freely decided upon in conformity with
national laws governing associations.
D. Unions or Trade Associations
Originally, according to the country, the role of architects unions or trade associations was to defend the
interests of their members. Membership is voluntary and often entails dedication and militancy. They are the
obvious negotiators with the public authorities for everything related to professional practice. Frequently they
have extended their area of competence to cover the training of architects, the promotion of architecture, the
development of techniques and services for their members. Their main characteristic is that membership is
voluntary and they defend the professional interests of architects.
E. Other Organizations
T here are also other organizations of architects which may bring members together for wider cultural,
humanitarian prospects, particularly at the international level. Examples at the international level are
the International Union of Architects (UIA) and the Commonwealth Association of Architects (CAA).
E xamples at the regional level would include the Architects Council of Europe (ACE), the Architects
C ouncil of Asia (ARCASIA), Architects Council of Central and Eastern Europe (ACCEE), the Pan-American
Federationof Architects Associations (FPAA), the Union of African Architects (UAA), and Union of
M
editerranean Architects (UMAR).
F. Mixed Structures
In certain fields such as education, mixed structures have been established which bring together architects
associations, professional bodies and public authorities in order to monitor or accredit schools of architecture.
Examples would include the Joint Validation Panel (Royal Institute of British Architects and Architectural
Registration Board) in the United Kingdom and the National Architectural Accrediting Board (American Institute
of Architects, Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture and the National Council of Architectural
Registration Boards) in the United States of America.
Accord Policy
Architects should maintain high standards of professionalism and service under all forms of building project delivery
systems.
1. Definitions
The following definitions have been adopted for the purpose of these Guidelines;
Building project delivery systems: The contractual relationships between building owners and the other parties
involved in the design, documentation and construction buildings.
Project client: The party for whom the building is designed and constructed.
Architects client: The party that commissions the architect.
Novation: An arrangement under which the rights and obligations of a party to a contract is transferred to a third party.
Professional adviser: The party appointed by the building owner undertaking a multi-party or alliance building
delivery system. In the case of building projects normally an architect with specialist skills in building or project
procurement systems.
2. Introduction
The education and training of architects has, until recently, been oriented towards the traditional relationship between
architect, project client and builder, and the lump sum contract. That is, the project client directly commissions
and briefs the architect; the architect prepares contract documents; the builder prices and builds from the contract
documents. During construction the architect acts as the project clients agent and as certifier of quality etc. However,
this traditional method has regularly been challenged, rightly or wrongly, and when other methods are used the role of
the architect may change.
Alternative building project delivery systems have evolved, which can, in some cases have advantages over traditional
methods, and architects are likely to encounter the situation in which:
The clients requests, or the architect perceives the need for, an alternative method in order to fulfill particular
requirements of the project;
The architect is offered a commission within the framework of an alternative method (i.e. with a different
relationship between architect, project client and builder).
In order to maintain an effective professional role, the architect must:
In the first case, be able to clearly advise the clients of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the
alternatives;
In the second, have a full understanding of the organizational structure of the delivery method, clearly defined
responsibilities and a full understanding of the lines of communication; and
In all cases the architect should assess the risks associated with the alternative method in relation to the
commercial position of the practice and the architects role as a professional adviser with expertise in building
design.
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( c) During construction is there a degree of independence of the design team during the building process?
( d) C
ommunication are there clear lines of communication and does the architect have the capacity to deal
directly with the project client?
( e) Liability is responsibility and liability clearly defined?
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5. Conclusion
Architects should be able to operate within a variety of client, architect, management and builder relationships in an
effective and professional way, as alternative methods of project design and delivery become established within the
building and construction industry.
It should be understood however, that some project and building delivery methods constrain the ability of architects
to impartially apply their professional knowledge and skill. Under these contractual arrangements architects are
prevented from acting as independent agents and advisers protecting the interest of the project clients and building
owners. Some building delivery systems also make it difficult for architects to fulfill their professional and ethical
obligations to consumers and the general public.
Therefore, in the public interest, these constraints must be recognized and understood by those that use the services
of architects, the communities they serve and the governments that regulate the markets within which architectural
services are provided.
6. Appendices
A Checklist for architects giving advice
B Checklist for architects considering their own involvement in non-traditional methods
C Responsibilities of the parties
D Further reading
Appendix A
4.5 Effectiveness of time and cost control
This can be one of the most important advantages of the alternative methods, as they can allow a thorough analysis
of the design and documentation as they progress, in relation to time and cost. Independent management resources
in close monitoring of the design and construction program can:
facilitate decision making by all parties including the client in a timely way;
relate the implication of decisions to time and cost; and
encourage all parties to contribute to meeting the program.
The same controls can be applied to a fully documented and tendered project with value management.
Appendix B
Checklist for architects considering their own involvement in non-traditional methods
1. Who will be the client?
2. What will the relationship be with the user?
3. What will the relationship be with the other consultants?
4. Who will be the prime consultant?
5. What is the extent of legal liability?
6. Does the professional indemnity insurance cover the extent of liability?
7. Will the architect be able to impartially apply their professional knowledge and skill, and fulfill their professional as
well as ethical obligations to the society,
8. Who will be responsible for setting and controlling the budget?
9. What are the terms of engagement?
10. Are the design team members to be novated to another party and if so how will this affect their interests and their
liability?
11. What is the fee?
12. Will there be a head contract, a builder and sub-contractors?
13. Who will certify payments for building work?
14. Who will inspect the building work for conformity with design?
15. Who will inspect the work for certification?
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Appendix D
16. What are the arrangements for agreeing to and carrying out changes to design?
17. How will disputes be resolved?
18. Should there be any limitations to the architects contractual liability?
19. Will the certifier be able to act impartially?
20. Who will instruct the persons performing the building work?
21. Are there any special program requirements?
22. Are the program requirements realistic?
23. Who will authorize extensions of time?
24. Which form of contract will be used for the works?
Further reading
1 Which Contract?
Choosing the Appropriate Building Contract - Cox and Clamp
Published by RIBA Enterprises Ltd ISBN 1 85946 042 9
1-3 Dufferin Street, London EC1Y 8NA United Kingdom
Appendix C
Responsibilities of the parties
Building
Brief and
Schematic
Estimate
Design
Documen-
Construction
Inspection
Certifi-
Delivery
Research
Design
and Cost
Develop-
tation
Management
of Work
cation of
Plan
ment
Method
Traditional
Payment
Project client
Architect,
Architect,
Architect,
Architect,
Builder,
Architect,
Architect
Sub-
Sub-
Sub-
Sub-
Builder
Architect,
Quantity
consultants
Consultants,
consultants
Consultants,
Sub-
Surveyor
Quantity
Quantity
consultants
Surveyor
Surveyor
Two stage
Project client,
Architect,
Architect,
Architect,
Architect,
Builder,
Architect,
tendering
Architect
Sub-
Sub-
Sub-
Sub-
Builder
Architect,
Quantity
consultants
Consultants,
consultants,
consultants,
Sub-
Surveyor
Quantity
Builder,
Quantity
consultants
Surveyor
Sub-
Surveyor
contractors,
Quantity
Surveyor
Construction
Project
Architect,
Architect,
Architect,
Architect,
Construction
Construction
Construction
Management
Client
Sub-
Sub-
Sub-
Sub
Management
Manager,
Manager,
Architect
consultants
Consultants,
consultants,
consultants,
Architect,
Quantity
Quantity
Builder,
Subcontractors
Sub-
Surveyor
Surveyor
Sub-
(shop
consultants
contractors,
drawings)
Quantity
Surveyor
Design &
D&C
D&C
D&C
D&C
D&C Manager
D&C
D&C
D&C
Construct
Manager
Manager
Manager
Manager
(Architect
Manager
Manager
Manager
(Project
(Architect
(Architect
Sub-
Client)
Sub-
Sub-
consultants)
consultants)
consultants)
Project
Multi-Party
Project client
Project
Project
Project
Project
Project Team
Project
contracts
and Project
Team led by
Team led
Team led by
Team led by
led by Builder
Team led by
Team led by
Advisor
Architect
by Quantity
Architect
Architect
Architect
Architect
Architect
Architect
Builder
Project
Architect
Manager
Surveyor
Project
Project
Manage-
client with
Architect
Project
ment
Project
Sub
Manager
consultants
Manager
Builder
NOTE: Brackets indicate that the activity is undertaken by the group outside the brackets, who controls the input of
those within the brackets.
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other documents
The Commission has developed and the UIA Council has approved the following documents which can be found
at the Commissions web site, www.aia.org/about_uia.
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reference list
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE COMMISSION Co-Directors 1994-2006
The Architectural Society of China
Zhang Qinnan
1994-1999
Xu Anzhi
1999-2005
Zhuang Weimin
2005The American Institute of Architects
James A. Scheeler
1994-2002
Russell V. Keune
2003-
First edition adopted by the XX UIA Assembly, Barcelona, Spain, July 1996.
Second edition adopted by the XXI UIA Assembly, Beijing, China, June 1999.
Preamble Adopted by the XXII UIA Assembly, Berlin, Germany, July 2002.
Amended with the addition of the Policy on Building Project Delivery Systems by the XXIII UIA Assembly,
Istanbul, Turkey, July 2005.
GUIDELINE DOCUMENTS
Thirteen guideline documents supporting policies contained in the UIA Accord have been produced
by the Commission and approved by the UIA Council.
Guidelines on Accreditation/Validation/Recognition
Guidelines on Registration/Licensing/Certification
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Guidelines on Procurement
Drafting Panel Co-Chairs: Michael Peck, Australia and John Wright, United Kingdom.
Recommended by Commission, December 1998, Washington, DC.
Adopted June 1999 by UIA Council, Beijing, China.
Drafting Panel Chairs: Edward DSilva, Singapore and Shinjiro Wachi, Japan.
Recommended by the Commission March 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Adopted May 2004 by UIA Council, Villahermosa, Mexico
Drafting Panel Chairs: Edward DSilva, Singapore and Shinjiro Wachi, Japan.
Recommended by Commission March 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Adopted February 2005 by UIA Council, Tokyo, Japan.
Drafting Panel Chairs: Herve Nourissat, France and Claude Bucher, France.
Recommended by Commission, March 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Adopted May 2004 by UIA Council, Villahermosa, Mexico.
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Drafting Panel Co-Chairs: Michael Peck, Australia and John Wright, United Kingdom.
Recommended by Commission, March 2004, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Adopted February 2005 by UIA Council, Tokyo, Japan.
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Third Edition
December 2006
Cover photo
Architect: Saucier + Perrotte architectes
Photographer: Marc Cramer
Project: The Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Photo courtesy of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada
Printing
Balmar Solutions in Print, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
The publication of this document was supported by The American Institute of Architects.
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