Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
BY:NURA KEDIR
ADVISOR : ALEMAYEHU HAILEYE
JIMMA UNIVERSITY
COLLAGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND LAW
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
JIMMA ,ETHIOPIA
MAY 2010
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise is due to Allah, the creator and sustainer of the universe , giving me the health
and strength to reach the present stage ,next I am profoundly thankful to my advisor ATo
Almayehu Hileye who generously contributed his precious time in assisting me in
completion of my senior essay .
In the time of writing this paper , I have witnessed the respect he has for his student in
advising and directing so I greatly thanks him from my heart. Since I dont have word to
explain his effort in helping me smarty I said to him may Allah bless you . The last not
the least grateful thanks also go to my dormitary friend who had helped me in writing
this researcher paper, Muhdin Awol and Abdulfetah Nejmu.
Abstract
Though, there are many researches have beech conducted regarding about adolescents,
social life and factors that contribute to hinder their healthy development in order to
successfully attain their secondary school and make their future life fruitful. But it is not
studied more on impact of pubertal changes. So this paper is conducted research on
psycho social impacts of pubertal changes on adolescents.
Puberty is when the process of intensified growth and maturities on and period of rapid
skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs minimally during adolescent . The change is
accompanied mainly be hormonal changes and had adverse impact both socially and
psychologically on adolescents.
The objective of this study was to asses the psychological impacts of pubertal changes on
Jima University community school students and employed descriptive research design .
50 samples of study was selected from the total of 195 students. From the collected data
it can be seen that puberty have psychological and social impact on them there was also
statistical significance difference in gender difference towards sign and symptoms of
pubertal changes .
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content
Page
Acknowledgment............................................................................................I
Abstract..........................................................................................................II
Table of contents .........................................................................................III
List of table ..................................................................................................IV
List of figures................................................................................................VI
Chapter One
1.1. Background of the study .........................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem.........................................................................3
1.3. Objective of the study..............................................................................5
1.4. Significance of the study .........................................................................6
1.5. Delimitation of the study .........................................................................7
1.6. Limitation of the study ............................................................................7
1.7. Operational definition..............................................................................7
1.8. Ethical consideration................................................................................7
CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Psychological impacts of puberty...............................................................9
2.1.1. Puberty and self esteem .................................................................8
2.1.2 Puberty and Adolescent Moodiness ...............................................9
2.2 Social Impacts of puberty ........................................................................9
2.2.1 Puberty and family relationship .....................................................9
2.2.2 Adolescent relationship with sibling ..............................................9
2.2.3 Peer relation and puberty ..............................................................10
2.3 Puppetry and changes in pattern of sleep ................................................11
2.4 Impact of early and late maturation .........................................................11
2.4.1 Early versus late maturation among boys ............................................12
2.4.2 Early versas late maturation among girls .............................................12
III
CHAPTEER THREE
3. Methodology..............................................................................................14
3.1 Research design.......................................................................................14
3. 2 Population.................................................................................................14
3.3 Sample& sampling technique...................................................................14
3.3.1
Samples................................................................................................14
CHAPTER FOUR
4.
Results
CHAPTER FIVE
5. Discussion
5.1 Attitude about pubertal change and source of information
to menu striation .....................................................................................23
5.2 Factors contribute to sex difference on the impacts of pubertal changes .24
5.3 Psychological problems during pubertal change..................................... 24
5.4 Social problems during Adolescence ......................................................25
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 Conclusion.................................................................................................26
6.2 Recommendation ......................................................................................27
References ..................................................................................................28
Appendix ........................................................................................................
IV
List of Table
Table
Page
List of Figures
page
VI
1.1
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Puberty is an early phase of adolescence, When the process of intensified growth and
maturation sets on (Santrock, 1999,p:185). Puberty is the period of rapid skeletal and
sexual maturation that occurs mainly during early adolescents. It is the result of
biological factors and accompanied by many hormonal, physiological and anatomical
changes which inturn produce different psychological changes such as new feeling,
understanding, and experience to works the social and physical environment .
According to Jersid,(1963) puberty is drived from pubes which is related to
appearance of hair in genital area . He again defined puberty as a term that refers to the
period during which an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction that motivate
the series of biological changes .Puberty for female usually account when she is 9-14
years of ages where as for male usually ranges between the age of 10-17 years. The entire
process can take any where from one to six years (Fred kyoun, 2004 ).
In Ethiopia, study was conducted to determine the consequence of and an set of puberty:
the major factors controlling the on set of puberty are body weight and growth rather than
age (Corensen etal, 1959), Until heiters reaches a particular (target critical) weight. Hence
Ethiopia is developing country the adolescents time of puberty might be affected by
psycho-social impacts including biological and environmental factors. Considering these
and other factors, the age of Ethiopian adolescents to reach puberty is 16.5 -18.5 years
old. (Ategene,1992 ).
We know when a young person is going through puberty but pin pointing its beginning
and its end is difficult except for menarche, which occurs rather late in puberty, no single
marker heralds puberty (Brooks Gunn,1992). Before puberty boys and girls differ only
slightly in levels of the male and female hormone that are circulating their blood streams.
After basins this changes dramatically and levels of the appropriate sex-related hormones
increase significantly. This alteration in hormonal levels as cause psychological changes.
The facts about dramatically change are important not in them selves but in direct
influence on the behavior and personality of adolescent boys and girls (Leulla 1948:17)
This research paper tend to study about psychosocial impacts of the physical and
biological developments that takes place during puberty and the difference of adolescent
boys and girls reaction towards those bodily changes. This psychosocial importance of
physical biological developments depend manly on different factors such as the
environmental factors, the attitude of others and the perception of individual himself
towards these bodily changes (Morgan,1993).
It is clear that if puberty is developmental period characterized by other emotional
disturbance . An error impression is gained during puberty because of rapid changes with
both height and weight, changes in interest and great interest toward the opposite sex.
When changes are seen, it is easy to conclude that there are also corresponding
accelerated in all behavior in feeling emotion & personality (kuhlen,1952:8) This
problem is not specific to only a given country or continent rather it is universal problem
(Steinberg ,2005:24).
bodily changes and different psychosocial problems they faced as a result of the pubertal
changes.
The psychosocial impact of pubertal change on adolescent is due to different factors such
as attitude, knowledge, environment, educational status of family, society and adolescent
themselves . According to study on rural adolescent girls in Ethiopia, it was found that
although girls learn how to domestic tasks from their mother, they had little knowledge of
menses of proper hygine during menstruation parent experience little interest in educating
their adolescent about puberty, menses or sexuality (David Layne 2004 .).
Toward the end, considering the above mentioned psycho-social problems of adolescents
this study will attempt to answer the following bas research questions.
What major psycho-social problems do students face during puberty?
What problem they face as a result of emotional instability and physical
appearance?
Which groups are more influenced by pubertal changes (males /Females)?
What measures could be taken to alleviate the problems?
Is there statistical deference on attitude of pubertal change b/n males /females?
Shortage of time
Financial constraint
Puberty is a period of raid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in
early adolescent . As a result of hormonal changes and the release of gonado
trophin hormones.
Before the prepared questionnaire and inter views administered the consent on the
respondent will take in to consideration. This enabled them to reveal more information as
well as reliable data and the respondents answered the whole questions heartily.
CHAPTER-TWO
2. Review of Related Literature
There are different kinds of body change that occurs during puberty on adolescences,
spatially at early adolescent . During puberty the composition of the skeletal structure
also changes, bones become harder, dense (Steimbnbor2005.p.23) The impact of the
pubertal change also leads to early adolescent depression, stress, conflict with parents
and sibling and concerns about peer relationships, schools and to days world.
Rapid increase in body fat that occurs during puberty among female in early adolescent
frequently prompts young girls become overly concerned about then weight even thin
weight is within the normal range for their height and age (smolak, Levine &
Gralen,1993).
behavior and to suffer from an array of emotional and mental health problems as adults
(Salv-will ams & Berndt, 1990) . Although it is likely that poorly adjusted individuals
have difficulty making friends during the age of puberty, there is know good evidence
that psychological problems result from as well as callse problems with peers (Bagweell
Newcomb & Bukowstin 1998) as cited in Steinberg, 1999:190).
Peers also plays a critical role in promoting normal psycho social development . In the
realm of identity for instance, peers provide the sorts of modes and feed back that
adolescents can not get from adults (Browsn, 2004).
Intimacy and sexuality of course , are much more common between deert than between
adolescent and adults for a variety of reason; Perhaps most critical is both intimacy and
sexuality require interaction between two individuals who are relative equals. More over
sexual relationship and close intimacy within the family context would likely to deisturb
important functions of family relation ship (Hartup ,1977). It is there fore the adolescent
peer group that plays the control role in socializing youngsters in appropriate sexual
behavior and in developing the capacity for intimate friendship (Sullivan,1953)
Connection between hormones and mood, while apparent is not very strong (Buchanan,
Eclesr Bskr, 1992). When studies do find a connection between hormonal changes at
puberty and adolescent mood on behavior. the impacts are strongest early in puberty,
when the system is being Funned on and with hormonal levels are highly vandals
(steinberg 2005).
Even still most researcher agree that the impact of hormones at puberty changes mood
and behavior in adolescence is greatly influenced by environmental factors (susman,
1997). An excellent illustration of the way in which hormones and environment ineract at
puberty comes from the work of psychologies (Jeame) Brooks Gunn & her colloquies,
1989), who have been shying the development of psychological problems, such as
depression and aggression in youth girls around the time of puberty .As the researcher
lace point out, it is quite possible that changes in the environment in levels of stress, for
instance may affect adolescents mood (Steinberg, 2001) .
and Gunn, 1997). Consistent with this, boys who are physically nature than their peers
report more frequent feeling of positive affect attention strength and being in lore (Pichad
& largen,1993) Investistingly, studies of boys with delayed puberty indicate that, boys
feling of competence spatially in the realms of work and sports. In crease following the
administration of hormone treatments (Schewr etn, 2001).
antisocial behavior or deviant activities. Including truaniy, minor diligence and problems
at school (Gross & consmit, 1985) and they are more likly to use drug and alcohol
engage in other risky behavior.
The impact of early maturation on adolescents antisocial behavior is comparable among
African American, Mexican America and white boys (CothproblmNeiss lowe ,2002).One
reasonable explanation is that boys who are more physically mature develop friendship
leads them in to activities that are problematic for younger boys (Steingberg,2005 p.42) .
shape much longer than earlier mature, have few psychological problems than then even
on time girls (Books from &hem, 1985).
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Research design
Survey research design was conducted to examine the psycho social impacts of pubertal
changes on adolescent students in Jimma town, Jimma University community school the
case of grade 9-10 adolescent students.
3.2 Population
The target population of this study are students of grade 9-10 who are attending their
education in Jimma University community school.
chance for selection and since the population of the study is homogenous or similar age
group.
distributed to sample respondents. Finally the researcher had collected the response of
questionnaire.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
This Section is mainly concerned with presentation, and analysis of the finding
under investigation
Table 1 The following table presents background information of the participants
4.1 -Back -ground Information
Characteristics
Detailed
No of respondents
Percentage
Sex
characteristics
Male
fr
25
fr
50%
Female
25
50%
Total
11-14 age
50
11
100
22%
15-18
25
50%
19-22
14
28%
22-2
Oromo
26
0%
52%
Amhara
25
50%
Guraghe
12%
Tigree
6%
Other
Muslim
10
27
20%
54%
Orthodox
13
26%
Protestant
10%
Age group
Ethnicity
Religion
Catholic
Others
10%
Family monthly
<1000
8%
income
1001-2000
16%
<3000
15
30%
Parent educational
3001<
Literate
23
38
40%
76%
status
Illiterate
12
24%
According to the above table, It is observed that other dominant age group of the
participants were those who found between 15-18 years of age which accounts about
50% followed 19-22 years of age which account 28% .The other least age were those
who found 11-14 years which account 22%.From the respondents none is above 22 years
and no response is given.
On the other hand, we could understand the ethnic distribution of the adolescent
students . Accordingly, 26 of them which accounts 21.% was Oromo, Amhara 51(20%),
Guraghe (6) of them (12%), Tigree(3) 6% and other ethnic account 10 in number 20%.
It was also absolved that religious distribution of the respondents which 54%Muslim,26%
orthodox. 40% protestant, there religion which is not mentioned on the alternatives 10%
and no catholic respondents.
Regarding the family educational status of the population of the study, 76% of them were
from literate family and the rest 24% from Illiterate family. Most of the monthly family
in come is grater than 3000(46%) .2001-3000 (30%), 1001-2000 (16%) and less than
1000(8%).
4.2 Puberty and source of information
Table 2, Feeling about pubertal change and source of information n about menstruation
for female adolescents.
Age
11-14
15-18
19-22
No
11
10
4
Others
1
-
22<
Friend
3
8
5
-
family
3
2
-
Others media
1
2
1
-
As indicated in the table above out of 25 adolescent girls had experienced when asked
about their relation to first menustration a large number of early adolescent respond that
they were get shamed (48%), (28%) of them worried , the other (20%) experience no
reaction toward ministration only one of them (4%)showed different psychological
disturbance at the time of this change have happened .
Regarding the source of information about menuistration a large number of adolescent
girls got from their friends 16(64%), 5(20%) of them from family, and four (16%) of
them got information from other different sources such as media.
According to the discussion form above the on set of menarchey varies from one girls to
another. This variation in age can be attributed to many factors. For instance, Stainberg
(1993) stated that individuals can experienced menarchey at different ages due to climate,
race and social status the other study that hat conducted n Ethiopian rural adolescents
girls it was found that although girls learn how to domestic tasks from their mother, they
had little knowledge of menustration and little interest in educating as well as sharing in
formation . This idea which had explained under the statement of problem directly
matches with this research finding which shows only around 10% of adolescent girls got
information from their families.
Based on the above data, it can be concluded the parents are not responsible regarding
information to their girls. Even though the educational level of family of the research
respondents was 76% still they had not provided enough knowledge about biological
nature of menustration. The other reseonable case is the culture of Ethiopia did not allow
the ladies to discuss freely with their family. Parents consider that to inform the
adolescent about sex as encouraging them to wrong way and other may be from lack of
knowledge.
4.3 Adolescent and friendship
Table 4 Adolescents reasons behind establishing friendship
Relationship
opposite sex
Yes
No
with
Number
of Adolescents
Frequency
%
29
54%
23
46%
Frequncecy %
getting 26
52
help
Sexual inter course
Other reasons
16
8
32%
26%
As indicated in the table above, the majority of early adolescent 27(54%) have boys or
girls as friends and 23(46%) of them reported that they have no relation ship with
opposite sex. When we observe The reasons, why they need of having a boy or girl
friend, a large number of adolescents (20%) stated that they favors to help through
friendly and other respondents respond that they preferred to form relationship with
opposite sex for sexual inter cores the remaining quite a few felt to other, On the other
hand, cultures may have influence on the relationship with opposite sex this finding is the
same with (Santrok, 1999) who astated that during puberty boy and girls develop great
inlerst in sex .
Table5 respondents perception about relation of male and females pubertal changes
sex
Male
female
Both equally
Total
fr
16
29
5
50
%
32
68
10
100
The table above indicates that, the adolescent group (sex) that are more affected by
pubertal changes. Accordingly 29(58%) respondent as female are more affected 16(32%)
respond that it affect females . The neutral group that responded that the change affect
both group account 10%
students reported that the impacts of hormone and steeres related psychological & social
Biology factored account% so, the most series problem which is reported by 23 students
(40% it clure influence.
4.4 Problems of pueberty
Table 6 major problems related with pubertal changes
Item
Depressed
No of male
10
40%
Female
12
%
48%
mood
Being anxious
Eating
7
6
28%
29%
3
8
12%
32%
disturbance
Other
Total
2
25
8%
100%
2
25
8%
100%
The table indicate that the major psychological related problems that occurred as the
result of pubertal changes, accounting for male adolescents depressed mood leads all
listed problem by 40% , being anxious 28% , eating disturbance (24%), other problems
8% The problem for female have different number of frequency from male. For females,
the most frequently scored problem is depression which exceed the percent of male
students by 8% , in 48% , Anxiety 2%, eating disturbance 32% and other health related
problem account 8%.
Table 7 Social Impact of pubertal changes
Item
Isolation
Academic failure
teased by peer
Un save sex
Disagreement
%
12
24
12
16
20
with family
alcoholism
Others
Total
4
1
25
8
8
100%
16
4
100%
2
2
25
As indicated above , the social impacts related with pubertal changes for male, the most
frequently occurred problem is un safe sex which 6 male students , 24% Isolation
problem 20% (5) disagreement with family and alcoholism 16% (4) academics failure
12%(3), teased by peer 8% (2) other problem 4% (1) .
For females, the most frequently occurred social impacts is academic failure 24% (6)
disagreement with family 20% (5) isolation and teased by peer 2%(3) and alcoholism and
other problems 8% (2.)
4.5 Gender and puberty
Table 8 Gender and Attitudes towards pubertal change
To see the gender difference towards sign and symptoms of pubertal changes t-test was
be utilized
Character
Mean
Sd
N
Female (x1)
22.48
3.53
25
Male (x2)
18.08
3.68
25
Total
19.74
4.5
50
CHAPTER FIVE
5 DISCUSSION
In this section discussion and possible analysis and explanation of the result would be
illustrated.
5.1 Attitude about pubertal change and source of information to menstruation
This research indicate that, during puberty female students face psychological and social
problem . Most of them express as they react towards puberty by emotional disturbance
such as worry, shame and some of them react neutrally. These research was also
consistent with (Rubble and Brooks, 1992) .Adolescent girls attitude to wards menarche
have negative emotional consequence during puberty. Many young girls have developed
negative image of menstruation before reaching adolescents and they enter with
ambivalent attitude about menarche a mixture of excitement, shame and fear (Steinberg
1989).
The onset of puberty also have it own impact on moodiness. The adolescents several
comprehensive review of research on hormone and adolescents mood and behavior
reported that the direct connection between mood and hormone and apparent it very
strong (Buchan & Becker 1992).
On the other hand, the source of information available for adolescent was friend, the
result gained from this research indicate that 64% girls got information about pubertal
changes from their peers /friends. This indicate that the society does not responsible to
share information about.
This research finding was also consistent with the study conducted in Ethiopia found that
although girls learn how to work domestic task from their mother, they had little inerest
to inform and educating their adolescent daughters about puberty, menses or sexuality
(David layne, 2004) .
The current research depits that the average age to on set of puberty is between 15-18
years . ie 50% of the respondents of the study observed pubertal changes within the range
of 15-18 year. Thus even though the research result was not directly matched with (10.518.5) it is relatively the same with the study conducted by (David layne,2004).
5.2 Factors contribute to sex difference on the impacts of pubertal change
The result of research analysis indicate that the contributing factors for sex difference
interims of age of puberty and feeling towards secondary sexual characteristics is culture,
educational level hormone and other psychological social problem , & Biological factors.
Among the mentioned factors culture impact is the dominant one and it accounts 46%
followed by educational level, 30%, hormonal impact 15% and other factors account the
remaining 19%.
CHAPTER SIX
6.2 Recommendation
Reference
APPENDIX -I
JIMMA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND LAW
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
Questionnaires to be filled by Jimma University Community school students
Objective: Dear respondents there questionnaires is designed to conduct a research to
identify psychosocial impacts of puberty changes from adolescents. For its successful
accomplishments your honest response has invaluable contribution..
General direction .
1. The questionnaire is allowed only for grade
(9-10) Jimma University community school students
2. Your response is kept contfidential and used only for this study
3. You do not need to write your name
4. You are requested to give your answer by sign for question of alternatives
5. If your answer is none in the choice fill in the provided blank space
Sex
11-4
15-18
male
Female
19-22
22<
II/ Religion
Muslim
Orthodox
protestant
Oromo
Catholic
Guraghe
Other (specify)--------Tigre
Illiterate
501-1000
1001-1500
1500<
15-18
19-22
22<
2. What is your reaction towards those sign while you face it. Like
shame
no reaction
dislike
other specify
Negative
Neutral
4. Have you had any conformation about biological nature of pubertal changes?
Yes
No
peers
media
teachers
other (specify)--------
Anxiety
eating disturbances
Other (specify)--
7. How do you feel about your physical appearance and public hair?
Sad
happy
Negative
neutral
No
10. Is there open discussion with your family regarding pubertal changes?
Yes
No
11. What are impact of those changes on your social life and academic
Isolation
accademic failure
social bonding
others ___________
12. Have you teased by your peer groups due to your pubertal changes?
Yes
No
13. In your opinion what measures done for the students to all aviate those impacts of
pubertal changes?
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
female
Both equally
cultural influences
Educational level
Alcoholism
Unwanted pregnancy
D. abortion
17. Finally what could you think about adjustment should be given to adolescent before
this impacts by pubertal changes?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part III
Measuring adolescents attitude towards puberty changes
The following items are used to measure the attitude of adolescent boys and girls towards
pubertal changes with five items and five scale of measurement the value was given for
each scale of measurement
Strongly agree (5) un decided(3) strongly disagree (1) agree (4) Disagree (2)
No Item
1
I was get shame to be tall
2
/short
I feel sad to ministration
3
4
/ejaculation
I have good attitude for sex
I dont feel good for voice
change
I feel good for beard &pubic
hair
APPENDIX -II
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Declaration
I undersigned declare that this student research is original work and has not
been presented for a degree in any other university , and all the materials
used for this study acknowledged .
_________________
Name of Student
__________________
Signature
This student research paper had been submitted for examination with my
approval as a university advisor.
___________________
Name of advisor
______________________
Examiner Name
__________________
Signature
__________________
sign