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Tinyiko S. Maluleke
14 June 2016
Control mass/closed system No mass enter or leave the system except heat or work
Control volume/open system Mass, heat and work enter or leave the system
1.1
Forms of Energy
(kJ)
(1)
(kJ)
(2)
Total energy E sum of thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, chemical and
nuclear in the system. Specific energy:
E
kJ
e=
(3)
m
kg
1.2
Heat
(4)
1.3
(5)
Work
Work W is the energy transfer by a force acting on a system through a distance. Specific work
W
kJ
w=
(6)
m
kg
Power work done per unit time
= W
W
t
(kW)
(7)
1.4
Mechanical Work
1.4.1
Shaft Work
Shaft work Wshaft is the energy transmission with a rotating shaft. The torque T applied to the
shaft is generated force F acting through a moment arm r
(N m)
T = Fr
(8)
(kJ)
(9)
(kW)
(10)
1.4.2
Spring Work
x2
Wspring =
x1
1
Fs dx = k(x22 x21 )
2
(kJ)
(11)
(12)
2.1
Nonflow System
Consider a nonflow system, with no velocity and height changes, but a moving boundary.
Specific work
Z
pdv
w=
(13)
2.1.1
w = pv
(14)
pV n = C
(15)
Polytropic Process
p2 V2 p1 V1
CV n dV =
1n
If n = 1
Z
W =
1
V2
Cv 1 dV = P V ln
V1
4
(16)
(17)
2.1.2
Energy Balance
E = Q W
(18)
References
engel, Y. & Boles, M. A. (2015), Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5 edn, Wiley Inc.
Granet, I. & Bluestein, M. (2015), Thermodynamics and Heat Power, 8 edn, CRC Press.