LinesA

17: Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Solution to Transmission
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Reflection Coefficients
Driving a line
Multiple Reflections
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)
Transmission Lines: 17 1 / 13
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Previously assume that any change in v0 (t) appears instantly at vL (t).
Characteristics
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

This is not true.
Characteristics
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

This is not true.
Characteristics
Summary
If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns).
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

This is not true.
Characteristics
Summary

Reason: all wires have capacitance to ground and to neighbouring
conductors and also self-inductance. It takes time to change the current
through an inductor or voltage across a capacitor.
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

This is not true.
Characteristics
Summary

A transmission line is a wire with a uniform goemetry along its length: the
capacitance and inductance of any segment is proportional to its length.
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

This is not true.
Characteristics
Summary

We represent as a large number of small inductors and capacitors spaced
along the line.
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

This is not true.
Characteristics
Summary

We represent as a large number of small inductors and capacitors spaced
along the line.
The signal speed along a transmisison line is predictable.
Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
A short section of line x long:
v(x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both

position and time.
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

position and time.
Small x ignore 2nd order derivatives:
v(x,t)
t
v(x+x,t)
t
v
t .
Characteristics
Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

position and time.
v(x,t)
t
v(x+x,t)
t
v
t .
Basic Equations
KVL: v(x, t) = V2 + v(x + x, t) + V1
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + x, t)

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

position and time.
v(x,t)
t
v(x+x,t)
t
v
t .
Basic Equations
KVL: v(x, t) = V2 + v(x + x, t) + V1
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + x, t)
i
Capacitor equation: C v
t = iC = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

position and time.
v(x,t)
t
v(x+x,t)
t
v
t .
Basic Equations
KVL: v(x, t) = V2 + v(x + x, t) + V1
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + x, t)
i
t = iC = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x
Inductor equation (L1 and L2 have the same current):
v
i
= V1 + V2 = v(x, t) v(x + x, t) = x
x
(L1 + L2 ) t

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

position and time.
v(x,t)
t
v(x+x,t)
t
v
t .
Basic Equations
KVL: v(x, t) = V2 + v(x + x, t) + V1
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + x, t)
i
t = iC = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x
v
i
= V1 + V2 = v(x, t) v(x + x, t) = x
x
(L1 + L2 ) t

i
C0 v
=
t
x
v
i
L0 t = x

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

position and time.
v(x,t)
t
v(x+x,t)
t
v
t .
Basic Equations
KVL: v(x, t) = V2 + v(x + x, t) + V1
KCL: i(x, t) = iC + i(x + x, t)
i
t = iC = i(x, t) i(x + x, t) = x x
v
i
= V1 + V2 = v(x, t) v(x + x, t) = x
x
(L1 + L2 ) t

i
C0 v
=
t
x
v
i
L0 t = x
C
is the capacitance per unit length
where C0 = x
+L2
(Farads/m) and L0 = L1x
is the total
inductance per unit length (Henries/m).
Solution to Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Transmission Line Equations:
i
C0 v
t = x
i
v
L0 t
= x
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations

General solution:
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
i
C0 v
t = x
i
v
L0 t
= x
v(t, x) = f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
i(t, x) =
where u =
x
x
)g(t+ u
)
f (t u
Z0
1
L0 C0
and Z0 =
L0
C0
Characteristics
Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations

General solution:
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Characteristics
i
v
L0 t
= x
v(t, x) = f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
i(t, x) =
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
i
C0 v
t = x
where u =
x
x
)g(t+ u
)
f (t u
Z0
1
L0 C0
and Z0 =
L0
C0
u is the propagation velocity and Z0 is the characteristic impedance.
Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations

General solution:
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Characteristics
i
v
L0 t
= x
v(t, x) = f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
i(t, x) =
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
i
C0 v
t = x
where u =
x
x
)g(t+ u
)
f (t u
Z0
1
L0 C0
and Z0 =
L0
C0
Summary
f () and g() can be any differentiable functions.

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations

General solution:
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Characteristics
i
v
L0 t
= x
v(t, x) = f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
i(t, x) =
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
i
C0 v
t = x
where u =
x
x
)g(t+ u
)
f (t u
Z0
1
L0 C0
and Z0 =
L0
C0
Summary

Verify by substitution:
i
x
=
x
x
)g (t+ u
)
f (t u
Z0
1
u

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
General solution:
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Characteristics
i
v
L0 t
= x
v(t, x) = f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
x
x
)g(t+ u
)
f (t u
Z0
i(t, x) =
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
i
C0 v
t = x
where u =
1
L0 C0
and Z0 =
L0
C0
Summary

Verify by substitution:
i
x
=
x
x
)g (t+ u
)
f (t u
Z0
= C0 f (t
x
u)
1
u
x
u)
+ g (t +
= C0 v
t
Forward Wave
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Suppose:
u = 15 cm/ns
and g(t) 0
v(x, t) = f t
Waves
x
u
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Forward Wave
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Suppose:
u = 15 cm/ns
and g(t) 0
v(x, t) = f t
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
x
u

f(t-0/u)
Time (ns)
10
Characteristics
Summary
Forward Wave
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Suppose:
u = 15 cm/ns
and g(t) 0
v(x, t) = f t
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
x
u
At x = 45 cm [N],
v(45, t) = f (t 45
u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
Time (ns)
10
Summary
Forward Wave
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Suppose:
u = 15 cm/ns
and g(t) 0
v(x, t) = f t
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
x
u
At x = 45 cm [N],
v(45, t) = f (t 45
u )
f (t
45
u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
Time (ns)
10
is exactly the same as f (t) but delayed by 45

u = 3 ns.
Forward Wave
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Suppose:
u = 15 cm/ns
and g(t) 0
v(x, t) = f t
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
x
u
At x = 45 cm [N],
v(45, t) = f (t 45
u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
f(t-90/u)
Time (ns)
10
45
f (t 45
)
is
exactly
the
same
as
f
(t)
but
delayed
by
u
u = 3 ns.
At x = 90 cm [N], vR (t) = f (t 90
u ); now delayed by 6 ns.
Forward Wave
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Suppose:
u = 15 cm/ns
and g(t) 0
v(x, t) = f t
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
x
u
At x = 45 cm [N],
v(45, t) = f (t 45
u )
f(t-0/u)
f(t-45/u)
f(t-90/u)
Time (ns)
10
45
f (t 45
)
is
exactly
the
same
as
f
(t)
but
delayed
by
u
u = 3 ns.
At x = 90 cm [N], vR (t) = f (t 90
Waveform at x = 0 completely determines the waveform everywhere else.
Forward Wave
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Suppose:
u = 15 cm/ns
and g(t) 0
v(x, t) = f t
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
x
u

f(t-0/u)
At x = 45 cm [N],
v(45, t) = f (t 45
u )
f(t-45/u)
f(t-90/u)
Time (ns)
10
45
f (t 45
)
is
exactly
the
same
as
f
(t)
but
delayed
by
u
u = 3 ns.
At x = 90 cm [N], vR (t) = f (t 90
Snapshot at t0 = 4 ns:
the waveform has just
arrived at the point
x = ut0 = 60 cm.
t = 4 ns
f(4-x/u)
20
40
60
80
Position (cm)
Forward Wave
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Suppose:
u = 15 cm/ns
and g(t) 0
v(x, t) = f t
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
x
u

f(t-0/u)
At x = 45 cm [N],
v(45, t) = f (t 45
u )
f(t-45/u)
f(t-90/u)
Time (ns)
10
45
f (t 45
)
is
exactly
the
same
as
f
(t)
but
delayed
by
u
u = 3 ns.
At x = 90 cm [N], vR (t) = f (t 90
x = ut0 = 60 cm.
t = 4 ns
f(4-x/u)
20
40
60
80
Position (cm)
Forward Wave
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Suppose:
u = 15 cm/ns
and g(t) 0
v(x, t) = f t
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t u0 )
x
u

f(t-0/u)
At x = 45 cm [N],
v(45, t) = f (t 45
u )
f(t-45/u)
f(t-90/u)
Time (ns)
10
45
f (t 45
)
is
exactly
the
same
as
f
(t)
but
delayed
by
u
u = 3 ns.
At x = 90 cm [N], vR (t) = f (t 90
x = ut0 = 60 cm.
t = 4 ns
f(4-x/u)
20
40
60
80
Position (cm)
f (t ux ) is a wave travelling forward (i.e. towards +x) along the line.

Forward + Backward Waves

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
x
) is a wave travelling backwards, i.e. in the x direction.
Similarly g(t + u
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
x
Similarly g(t + u
v(x, t) =
f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
x
Similarly g(t + u
v(x, t) =
f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t) + g(t)
Characteristics
Summary

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
x
Similarly g(t + u
v(x, t) =
f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t) + g(t)
At x = 90 cm [N], g starts at t = 1 and f starts at t = 6.

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
x
Similarly g(t + u
v(x, t) =
f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t) + g(t)

At x = 45 cm [N], g is only 1 ns behind f and they add together.

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
x
Similarly g(t + u
v(x, t) =
f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t) + g(t)

A vertical line on the diagram
gives a snapshot of the entire
line at a time instant t.

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
x
Similarly g(t + u
v(x, t) =
f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t) + g(t)

f and g first meet at t = 3.5

and x = 52.5.

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
x
Similarly g(t + u
v(x, t) =
f (t ux ) + g(t + ux )
At x = 0 cm [N],
vS (t) = f (t) + g(t)

f and g first meet at t = 3.5

and x = 52.5.
Magically, f and g pass
through each other entirely
unaltered.
Power Flow
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
x
u
and gx (t) = g t +
Define fx (t) = f t
backward waveforms at any point, x.
x
u
to be the forward and
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Power Flow
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
x
u
and gx (t) = g t +
Define fx (t) = f t
i is always
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
measured in the
+ve x direction.
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
x
u
Then
vx (t) = fx (t) + gx (t)
and
ix (t) = Z01 (fx (t) gx (t)).
Characteristics
Summary
Power Flow
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
x
u
and gx (t) = g t +
Define fx (t) = f t
Summary
measured in the
+ve x direction.
Waves
Characteristics
x
u
i is always
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Then vx (t) = fx (t) + gx (t) and ix (t) = Z01 (fx (t) gx (t)).
Note: Knowing the waveform fx (t) or gx (t)at any position x, tells you it at
yx
yx
and gy (t) = gx t + u .
all other positions: fy (t) = fx t u
Power Flow
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
x
u
and gx (t) = g t +
Define fx (t) = f t
Summary
measured in the
+ve x direction.
Waves
Characteristics
x
u
i is always
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
yx
yx
Power Flow
The power transferred into the shaded region across the boundary at x is
Px (t) = vx (t)ix (t)
Power Flow
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
x
u
and gx (t) = g t +
Define fx (t) = f t
Summary
measured in the
+ve x direction.
Waves
Characteristics
x
u
i is always
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
yx
yx
Power Flow
Px (t) = vx (t)ix (t) = Z01 (fx (t) + gx (t)) (fx (t) gx (t))
Power Flow
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
x
u
and gx (t) = g t +
Define fx (t) = f t
Summary
measured in the
+ve x direction.
Waves
Characteristics
x
u
i is always
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
yx
yx
Power Flow
2
fx2 (t)
gx
(t)
= Z0 Z0
Power Flow
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
x
u
and gx (t) = g t +
Define fx (t) = f t
Summary
measured in the
+ve x direction.
Waves
Characteristics
x
u
i is always
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
yx
yx
Power Flow
2
fx2 (t)
gx
(t)
= Z0 Z0
fx carries power into shaded area and gx carries power out independently.
Power Flow
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
x
u
and gx (t) = g t +
Define fx (t) = f t
Summary
measured in the
+ve x direction.
Waves
Characteristics
i is always
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
x
u
yx
yx
Power Flow
2
fx2 (t)
gx
(t)
= Z0 Z0
Power travels in the same direction as the wave.
Power Flow
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
x
u
and gx (t) = g t +
Define fx (t) = f t
Summary
measured in the
+ve x direction.
Waves
Characteristics
x
u
i is always
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
yx
yx
Power Flow
2
fx2 (t)
gx
(t)
= Z0 Z0
Power travels in the same direction as the wave.
The same power as would be absorbed by a [ficticious] resistor of value Z0 .
Reflections
vx = fx + gx
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
From Ohms law at x = L, we have vL (t) = iL (t)RL
Characteristics
Summary
Reflections
vx = fx + gx
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

Hence (fL (t) + gL (t)) = Z01 (fL (t) gL (t)) RL
Characteristics
Summary
Reflections
vx = fx + gx
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

L Z0
From this: gL (t) = R
R +Z fL (t)
L
Characteristics
Summary
Reflections
vx = fx + gx
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

L Z0
R +Z fL (t)
L
g (t)
L Z0
We define the reflection coefficient: L = fL (t) = R
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L
Reflections
vx = fx + gx
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

L Z0
R +Z fL (t)
L
g (t)
L Z0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L
Substituting gL (t) = L fL (t) gives
vL (t) = (1 + L ) fL (t) and iL (t) = (1 L ) Z01 fL (t)
Reflections
vx = fx + gx
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

L Z0
R +Z fL (t)
L
g (t)
L Z0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L
v0(t)
At source end:
10
12
14
16
18
Time (ns)
g0 (t) = L f0 t
2L
u
i.e. delayed by 2L
u = 12 ns.
Reflections
vx = fx + gx
ix = Z01 (fx gx )
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

L Z0
R +Z fL (t)
L
g (t)
L Z0
RL +Z0 = +0.5
L
v0(t)
i0(t)
10
12
14
16
18
Time (ns)
2L
u
10
12
14
16
18
Time (ns)
At source end: g0 (t) = L f0 t

i.e. delayed by 2L
u = 12 ns.
Note that the reflected current has been multiplied by .
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
RZ0
R+Z0
Equations
Line Equations
R
Z0
R
Z0
+1
-1
0
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
depends on the ratio

R
Z0
+0.5
vL (t)
f (t)
R
Z0 .
iL (t)Z0
f (t)
Comment
Characteristics
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
RZ0
R+Z0
vL (t)
f (t)
R
Z0
R
Z0
+1
=1+
-1
0
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
RZ-1
0
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

R
Z0
vL (t)
f (t)
+0.5
1.5
R
Z0 .
iL (t)Z0
f (t)
Comment
Characteristics
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
RZ0
R+Z0
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
iL (t)Z0
f (t) = 1
R
Z0
R
Z0
+1
-1
0
RZ-1
0
R
Z0 .
R
Z0
vL (t)
f (t)
iL (t)Z0
f (t)
+0.5
1.5
0.5
Comment
Characteristics
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
RZ0
R+Z0
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
iL (t)Z0
f (t) = 1
R
Z0
R
Z0
+1
-1
0
RZ-1
0
R
Z0 .
R
Z0
vL (t)
f (t)
iL (t)Z0
f (t)
Comment
+0.5
1.5
0.5
R > Z0 > 0
Characteristics
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
RZ0
R+Z0
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
iL (t)Z0
f (t) = 1
R
Z0
R
Z0
+1
-1
0
RZ-1
0
R
Z0 .
R
Z0
vL (t)
f (t)
iL (t)Z0
f (t)
Comment
+0.5
1.5
0.5
R > Z0 > 0
1
3
0.5
0.5
1.5
R < Z0 < 0
Characteristics
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
RZ0
R+Z0
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
iL (t)Z0
f (t) = 1
R
Z0
R
Z0
+1
-1
0
RZ-1
0
R
Z0 .
R
Z0
vL (t)
f (t)
iL (t)Z0
f (t)
3
1
+0.5
0
0.5
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
1
1.5
Comment
Characteristics
Summary
1
3
R > Z0 > 0
Matched: No reflection at all
R < Z0 < 0
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
RZ0
R+Z0
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
iL (t)Z0
f (t) = 1
R
Z0
R
Z0
1
+1
3
1
1
3
+1
+0.5
0
0.5
-1
0
RZ-1
0

R
Z0
R
Z0 .
vL (t)
f (t)
iL (t)Z0
f (t)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Comment
Open circuit: vL = 2f , iL 0
R > Z0 > 0
R < Z0 < 0
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
RZ0
R+Z0
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
iL (t)Z0
f (t) = 1
R
Z0
R
Z0
1
+1
3
1
1
3
+1
+0.5
0
0.5
1
-1
0
RZ-1
0

R
Z0
R
Z0 .
vL (t)
f (t)
iL (t)Z0
f (t)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Comment
R > Z0 > 0
R < Z0 < 0
Short circuit: vL 0, iL =
2f
Z0
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
RZ0
R+Z0
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
iL (t)Z0
f (t) = 1
R
Z0
R
Z0
1
+1
3
1
1
3
+1
+0.5
0
0.5
1
-1
0
RZ-1
0

R
Z0
R
Z0 .
vL (t)
f (t)
iL (t)Z0
f (t)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Comment
R > Z0 > 0
R < Z0 < 0
2f
Z0
1+
Note: Reverse mapping is R = vi L = 1 Z0

L
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
RZ0
R+Z0
vL (t)
f (t) = 1 +
iL (t)Z0
f (t) = 1
1
+1
3
1
1
3
+1
+0.5
0
0.5
1
-1
0
RZ-1
0

R
Z0
R
Z0
R
Z0
R
Z0 .
vL (t)
f (t)
iL (t)Z0
f (t)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Comment
R > Z0 > 0
R < Z0 < 0
2f
Z0
1+
Note: Reverse mapping is R = vi L = 1 Z0

L
Remember:
{1, +1} and increases with R.
Driving a line
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
From Ohms law at x = 0, we have v0 (t) = vS (t) i0 (t)RS where RS is

the Thvenin resistance of the voltage source.
Characteristics
Summary
Driving a line
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
vx = fx + gx
x
ix = fxZg
0
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics

Substituting v0 (t) = f0 + g0 and i0 (t) =
Summary
f0 (t) =
Z0
RS +Z0 vS (t)
f0 g0
Z0
leads to:
RS Z0
RS +Z0 g0 (t)
Driving a line
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
vx = fx + gx
x
ix = fxZg
0
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics

Summary
f0 (t) =
Z0
RS +Z0 vS (t)
f0 g0
Z0
RS Z0
RS +Z0 g0 (t) ,
leads to:
0 vS (t) + 0 g0 (t)
Driving a line
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
vx = fx + gx
x
ix = fxZg
0
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics

Summary
f0 (t) =
Z0
RS +Z0 vS (t)
f0 g0
Z0
RS Z0
RS +Z0 g0 (t) ,
leads to:
0 vS (t) + 0 g0 (t)
So f0 (t) is the superposition of two terms:

0
(1) Input vS (t) multiplied by 0 = R Z+Z
which is the same as a
S
0
potential divider if you replace the line with a [ficticious] resistor Z0 .
Driving a line
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
vx = fx + gx
x
ix = fxZg
0
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics

Summary
f0 (t) =
Z0
RS +Z0 vS (t)
f0 g0
Z0
RS Z0
RS +Z0 g0 (t) ,
leads to:
0 vS (t) + 0 g0 (t)

0
S
0
(2) The incoming backward wave, g0 (t), multiplied by a reflection
S Z0
coefficient: 0 = R
R +Z .
S
Driving a line
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
vx = fx + gx
x
ix = fxZg
0
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics

Summary
f0 (t) =
Z0
RS +Z0 vS (t)
f0 g0
Z0
RS Z0
RS +Z0 g0 (t) ,
leads to:
0 vS (t) + 0 g0 (t)

0
S
0
(2) The incoming backward wave, g0 (t), multiplied by a reflection
S Z0
coefficient: 0 = R
R +Z .
S
100
= 0.83
For RS = 20: 0 = 20+100
and
0 =
20100
20+100
= 0.67.
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
Characteristics
Summary
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)
Characteristics
Summary
0
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)
Characteristics
Summary
0
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)
Characteristics
Summary
0
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)
Characteristics
Summary
0
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)
Characteristics
Summary
0
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Each extra bit of f0 is

delayed by 2L
u (=12 ns)
and multiplied by L 0 :
f0P
(t) =
i i
i=0 0 L 0 vS
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)

2Li
u
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

delayed by 2L
u (=12 ns)
f0P
(t) =
i i
i=0 0 L 0 vS
gL (t) = L f0 t
t

L
u
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)

2Li
u
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

delayed by 2L
u (=12 ns)
f0P
(t) =
i i
i=0 0 L 0 vS
gL (t) = L f0 t
v0 (t) =
f0 (t) + gL t
t

L
u
L
u
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)

2Li
u
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

delayed by 2L
u (=12 ns)
f0P
(t) =
i i
i=0 0 L 0 vS
gL (t) = L f0 t
t

L
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)

2Li
u
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
f0 (t) + gL t
L
u
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

delayed by 2L
u (=12 ns)
f0P
(t) =
i i
i=0 0 L 0 vS
gL (t) = L f0 t
t

L
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)

2Li
u
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
f0 (t) + gL t
L
u
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

delayed by 2L
u (=12 ns)
f0P
(t) =
i i
i=0 0 L 0 vS
gL (t) = L f0 t
t

L
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)

2Li
u
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
f0 (t) + gL t
L
u
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

delayed by 2L
u (=12 ns)
f0P
(t) =
i i
i=0 0 L 0 vS
gL (t) = L f0 t
t

L
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)

2Li
u
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
f0 (t) + gL t
vL (t) =
f0 t
L
u
L
u
+ gL (t)
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

delayed by 2L
u (=12 ns)
f0P
(t) =
i i
i=0 0 L 0 vS
gL (t) = L f0 t
t

L
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)

2Li
u
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
f0 (t) + gL t
vL (t) =
f0 t
L
u
0
vL(t)

L
u
+ gL (t)
0
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

delayed by 2L
u (=12 ns)
f0P
(t) =
i i
i=0 0 L 0 vS
gL (t) = L f0 t
t

L
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)

2Li
u
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
f0 (t) + gL t
vL (t) =
f0 t
L
u
0
vL(t)

L
u
+ gL (t)
0
0 = 23
L = 12
vx = fx + gx
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary

delayed by 2L
u (=12 ns)
f0P
(t) =
i i
i=0 0 L 0 vS
gL (t) = L f0 t
t

L
f 0(t)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
10
15
20
25
30
Time (ns)
gL(t)

2Li
u
v0(t)
v0 (t) =
f0 (t) + gL t
vL (t) =
f0 t
L
u
0
vL(t)

L
u
+ gL (t)
0
Transmission Line Characteristics

Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Integrated circuits & Printed circuit boards

High speed digital or high frequency analog
interconnections
Z0 100 , u 15 cm/ns.
Long Cables
Coaxial cable (coax): unaffacted by external fields;
use for antennae and instrumentation.
Z0 = 50 or 75 , u 25 cm/ns.
Twisted Pairs: cheaper and thinner than coax and
resistant to magnetic fields; use for computer network
and telephone cabling. Z0 100 , u 19 cm/ns.
When do you have to bother?
Answer: long cables or high frequencies. You can completely ignore
u
transmission line effects if length frequency
= wavelength.
Audio (< 20 kHz) never matters.
Computers (1 GHz) usually matters.
Radio/TV usually matters.
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Signals travel at around u 12 c = 15 cm/ns.

Only matters for high frequencies or long cables.
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line

Forward and backward waves travel along the line:

x
x
fx (t) = f0 t u
and gx (t) = g0 t + u
Characteristics
Summary
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line


x
x
fx (t) = f0 t u
Knowing fx and gx at any single x position tells you everything
Characteristics
Summary
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line


x
x
fx (t) = f0 t u
Voltage and current are: vx = fx + gx and ix =
fx gx
Z0
Characteristics
Summary
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary


x
x
fx (t) = f0 t u
fx gx
Z0
Terminating line with R at x = L links the forward and backward waves:

0
backward wave is gL = L fL where L = RZ
R+Z0
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary


x
x
fx (t) = f0 t u
fx gx
Z0

0
R+Z0
the reflection coefficient, L {1, +1} and increases with R
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary


x
x
fx (t) = f0 t u
fx gx
Z0

0
R+Z0
R = Z0 avoids reflections: matched termination.
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary


x
x
fx (t) = f0 t u
fx gx
Z0

0
R+Z0
Reflections go on for ever unless one or both ends are matched.
Summary
Transmission Lines
Transmission Line
Equations
Line Equations
Forward Wave
Forward + Backward
Waves
Power Flow
Reflections
Driving a line
Transmission Line
Characteristics
Summary


x
x
fx (t) = f0 t u
fx gx
Z0

0
R+Z0
Reflections go on for ever unless one or both ends are matched.
f is infinite sum of copies of the input signal delayed successively
by the round-trip delay, 2L
u , and multiplied by L 0 .

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17: Transmission Lines

17: Transmission Lines

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Previously assume that any change in v0 (t) appears instantly at vL (t).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Previously assume that any change in v0 (t) appears instantly at vL (t).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Previously assume that any change in v0 (t) appears instantly at vL (t).

If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Previously assume that any change in v0 (t) appears instantly at vL (t).

If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Previously assume that any change in v0 (t) appears instantly at vL (t).

If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Previously assume that any change in v0 (t) appears instantly at vL (t).

If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Previously assume that any change in v0 (t) appears instantly at vL (t).

If fact signals travel at around half the speed of light (c = 30 cm/ns).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Transmission Line Equations

A short section of line x long:

v(x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Transmission Line Equations

A short section of line x long:

v(x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Transmission Line Equations

A short section of line x long:

v(x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Transmission Line Equations

A short section of line x long:

v(x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Transmission Line Equations

A short section of line x long:

v(x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Transmission Line Equations

A short section of line x long:

v(x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both

Transmission Line Equations

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Transmission Line Equations

A short section of line x long:

v(x, t) and i(x, t) depend on both

Transmission Line Equations

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Solution to Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Line Equations:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Solution to Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Line Equations:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Solution to Transmission Line Equations

Transmission Line Equations:

u is the propagation velocity and Z0 is the characteristic impedance.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8284)

Solution to Transmission Line Equations