Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
SI VERSION
Volume I & II
Sections 1-26
Thirteenth Edition SI
2012
Dedication
The Gas Processors Suppliers Association respectively dedicates the 13th Edition of the
Engineering Data Book in memory of
Ron Brunner, Ron Cannon, Robert Maddox, and Gustavo Soto Soto
Dr. Robert N. Maddox (1925-2008) was a member of the
GPSA Editorial Review Board from 1978 to 1997. He received
the prestigious Hanlon Award from the Gas Processors Association in 1985 for his contributions to the industry including his
work on the GPSA Engineering Data Book. In 1987, Dr. Maddox was awarded the Citation for Service by the Gas Processors
Association. He was the first person ever to receive both the
Citation for Service and the Hanlon Award. Dr. Maddoxs technical capability was proven through the years by the publishing
of eight books, nine handbook chapters, nearly 150 technical
publications, almost 90 short courses and 30 publications with
50 different organizations. In 1989, GPSA honored him with
the endowment of the Dr. Robert N. Maddox Professorship in
Chemical Engineering at Oklahoma State University. The University of Arkansas also awarded him a Sc.D. honoris causa in
May 1991 for his many contributions, especially for pioneering
the use of digital computers in the engineering classroom and
in process simulation.
Ronald (Ron) G. Brunner, (1947-2008) retired GPA Director of Technical Services from 1994 to 2008, was an active
participant on the Editorial Review Board for both the 11th and
12th editions of the GPSA Engineering Data Book. In 2007 he
received the Award of Excellence from the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) for his years of work on Subcommittee D02.H0 of ASTMs Petroleum Products and Lubricants
Committee, Committee D02. He also received GPAs Citation
for Service in 2009. Before joining GPA, he graduated from the
University of Missouri-Rolla (Missouri University of Science
and Technology) in 1970 with a degree in mechanical engineering. He spent 20 years working for Cities/Oxy in engineering
construction and measurement, and four years with Edeco Engineers working in refining, procurement and construction.
Ronald E. (Ron) Cannon, (1926-2010) retired GPA Executive Director and principal staff officer of GPSA, served the organizations from 1957 until 1992 and was a contributing editor
for three editions of the GPSA Engineering Data Book. He was
author of numerous trade journal articles on the gas processing industry and authored the book titled The Gas Processing
Industry: Origins and Evolutions. He was active throughout
his career with the American Society of Testing and Materials
(ASTM) Subcommittee D02.H0 of ASTMs Petroleum Products
and Lubricants Committee, Committee D02 in the development and promulgation of LP Gas specifications. Mr. Cannon
was also an active member of the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO). He was the 1982 recipient of GPAs Hanlon Award
and was named a Fellow of ASTM and recipient of the ASTM
Award of Merit in 1988. In 1992, he received the Award of
Achievement of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products
and Lubricants. A scholarship in his name was established by
GPSA upon his retirement at Louisiana Tech University where
Mr. Cannon received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1948.
These gentlemen will be remembered as working leaders in the gas processing industry who
personified the high integrity of its people.
ii
The Gas Processors Suppliers Association is an organization of companies with specialized knowledge of the supply
and service needs of the midstream/gas processing and related
industries. A major service to them is embodied in the Engineering Data Book, which was first published in 1935. Over
165,000 copies (a combination of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh,
and Twelfth Editions) were distributed for use throughout the
world by engineers, operating personnel and students.
The loose-leaf format of the Data Book permits periodic updating to meet the changing technology of the process industries.
GPSA recognizes that the maintenance of the Data Book is
a continuing task. Users comments and suggestions are welcome. Any such comments should be made in writing to:
Gas Processors Suppliers Association
6526 E. 60th St.
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74145
Fax: (918) 493-3875
Email: gpsa@GPAglobal.org
The Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA) was organized in 1928 as the Natural Gasoline Supply Mens Association (NGSMA). Its principal purpose was as a service organization to the parent Natural Gasoline Association of America
(NGAA).
iii
Acknowledgments
Thirteenth Edition
GPSA wishes to acknowledge the work of those individuals
who contributed their talents and literally thousands of hours
of time to the writing, editing, reviewing, and assembling of the
information in this Thirteenth Edition of the Engineering Data
Book. Many, though not all, of those individuals are listed in the
roster of contributors. GPSA is also indebted to the processing
and service companies that made available expert personnel,
and for release of technical information for this edition, some of
which has not been published previously.
GPSA also acknowledges the outstanding work and dedication of the Editorial Review Board, which was totally responsible for final editing, review, and assembly of editorial material
for the Thirteenth Edition.
Members:
Robby Denton
Alan Dove
Barry Friedman
Steve Hopson
Jack Kramer
John Morgan
Shane Tierling
KBR Corporation
Richard Barber
Caterpillar Inc.
Thomas Belvilacqua
ExxonMobil Development Co.
Kenneth Blanchard
KBR Corporation
Mike Brezonick
Diesel & Gas Turbines Publications
Michael Brown
Cameron International Corporation
Keith Burley
Ariel Corporation
John Byeseda
Cameron International Corporation
Jacquelyn Carioscia
URS Corporation
Versie Cuthbert
KBR Corporation
Michael Cyca
BETA Machinery Analysis
George Denavit
URS Corporation
Robby Denton
ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co.
Sulabh K. Dhanuka
ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co.
Pat Dock
Retired
Alan Dove
OGE/Enogex
Rusty Downey
Cummins Inc.
Johnny Dreyer
Gas Processors Association
F. Dee Duncan
Applied UA Inc.
Bill Elston
Wartsila North America Inc.
Adrian Finn
Costain Energy and Process
Wolfgang Foerg
URS Corporation
Raymond French Shell International Exploration &
Production Inc.
Barry Friedman
URS Corporation
Edward Grave
ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co.
Sjoerd Hoogwater
URS Corporation
Joe Honeywell
John M. Campbell & Co.
Steve Hopson
Targa Resources
Brian Howes
BETA Machinery Analysis
Robert Hubbard
John M. Campbell & Co.
iv
Table of Contents
Volume II
Volume I
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Product Specifictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instrumentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relief Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Separation Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fired Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aircooled Exchangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cooling Towers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compressors and Expanders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Refrigeration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9
Section 10
Section 11
Section 12
Section 13
Section 14
Section 15
Section 16
Section 17
Section 18
Section 19
Section 20
Section 21
Section 22
Section 23
Section 24
Section 25
Section 26
Index
Absorber 1-2
Absorption 1-2, 19-30, 21-1
Calculations 19-30
Correlation 19-31
Absorption Factor 1-2
Absorption Nomenclature 19-30
Absorption Oil 1-2
Absorption Refrigeration 14-25
Aqueous Ammonia System 14-25
Applications 14-29
Design Flexibility 14-29
Reliability 14-29
Lithium Bromide-Water Systems 14-25
Accumulator 14-1
Acentric Factor 24-1
Acid Dewpoint Temperature of Various Fuels 8-18
Acid Gas 1-2, 22-1
Acid Gas Enrichment (AGE) 21-1, 21-14
Acid Gas Removal Units (AGRs) 21-14
Active Magnetic Bearing System 13-32
Actuator 4-2
Adaptive Control 4-2
Adiabatic Expansion 1-2
Adjustable Speed Drives 12-16
Adsorbent 1-2
Adsorption 1-2, 21-1
AGA Equations, The 17-4
AGR/AGRU 21-1
Air-Cooled Exchangers 10-1
Air-Side Control 10-3
Air Cooler Location 10-6
Banks of Coolers 10-6
Single Installations 10-6
Air Evaporative Coolers 10-6
Arrangement and Mechanical Design 10-1
Advantages of Forced Draft 10-2
Advantages of Induced Draft 10-1
vi
vii
viii
Debutanizer 1-4
Dedicated Control 4-2
Definitions of Words and Phrases
Cooling Towers, Used in 11-1
Gas Processing Industry, Used in 1-2
Hydrocarbon Treating, Used in 21-1
Instrumentation, Used in 4-2, 24-1
Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines, Used in 12-2, 13-2
Refrigeration, Used in 14-1
Separation Equipment, Used in 7-2
Sulfur Recovery, Used in 22-1
Utilities, Used in 18-1
Degradation Products 21-1
Dehydration 1-4, 20-1
Control of BTEX Emissions from TEG Regenerators 20-38
Condensers 20-40
Incinerators/Flares 20-41
Recycle 20-41
Enhanced Glycol Concentration Processes 20-41
Coldfinger 20-42
Drizo 20-42
Stripping Gas 20-42
Gas Dehydration 20-31
Glycol Dehydration Systems 20-31
Hydrates in Natural Gas Systems 20-9
Hydrate Inhibition 20-17
Hydrate Prediction Based on
Composition for Sweet Gases 20-11
Hydrate Predictions for High CO2/H2S Content Gases 20-16
Inhibition with Electrolytes 20-29
Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs) 20-29
Sweet Natural Gas Hydrate Conditions, Prediction of 20-11
Liquid Dehydration 20-51
Gas Stripping 20-51
Solid Desiccant Dehydration 20-43
Alumina 20-43
Calcium Chloride 20-49
Dehydration by Membrane Permeation 20-50
Dehydration by Refrigeration 20-50
Design 20-44
Gels 20-43
General Comments 20-48
Molecular Sieves 20-43
Refluxing 20-49
Regeneration Calculations 20-46
Water Content of Gases and Liquids 20-2
Water Content in the Hydrate Region 20-8
Water Content Measurement 20-9
Water Content of High CO2/H2S Gases 20-5
Water Content of Natural Gases 20-3
Water Solubility in Liquid Hydrocarbons 20-2
Demand Factor 18-2
Demethanized Product 1-4
Demethanizer 1-4, 19-4
Densities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Densities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Densities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Densitometer 3-20
Buoyant Force 3-21
Depropanizer 1-4, 12-7
Depropanizer Reflux Pump 12-7
Derivative Control 4-2
Derivative Time 4-2
Deshmukh and Mather 25-11
Desiccant 1-4
Desiccant Properties 20-44
Desulfurization 1-4
Detectors 3-33
Flame Ionization 3-34
Thermal Conductivity 3-33
Deviation Factors 17-7
Dew Point 1-4
Dew Point Control 16-3
Emerging Technologies 16-6
Low Temperature Separation 16-3
Membrane Conditioning 16-7
Refrigeration 16-4
Rotary Valve Fast Cycle PSA for Fuel Gas Conditioning 16-7
Stabilization 16-6
Dew Points of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions at Various Contact
Temperatures 20-24
Dew Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions at Various Contact
Temperatures 20-23
Dew Points of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions at Various
Contact Temperatures 20-24
Diaphragm Pressure Elements 4-9
Diaphragm Pumps 12-19
Diesel Fuel, Grades of, ASTM D-975 (1995) Classification 15-22
Diffuser 12-2
Digital Computers 4-2, 4-28
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) 4-29
Digital First-Level Control Systems 4-31
Direct Digital Controllers (DDC) 4-32
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) 4-32
Fieldbus 4-32
Individual Controllers 4-31
Digital Indicators 4-16
Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) 21-13
Direct and Reverse Acting Controllers 4-18
Direct Digital Controllers (DDC) 4-32
Direct Fired Heaters 8-1, 8-18
Direct Fired Reboiler, Example of 8-26
Discharge Temperature, Approximate 13-25
Displacement 12-2
Distillation 1-4
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) 4-2, 4-32
Distribution Basin 11-2
Doctor Sweet 21-1
Doctor Test 1-4
Double Acting 12-2
Double Containment Tank, Example of 6-10
Double Gas Seal 13-33
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 9-19
Downcomer Design Velocity 19-13
Drag Coefficient for Spherical Particles 7-5
Drag Coefficient of Rigid Spheres 7-6
Drift Eliminators 11-2
Dry Bulb/Wet Bulb Temperature Data 11-411-8
Dry Gas 1-4
Dry Gas Filters 7-39
Dual Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-29
Dukler Calculation 17-17
Duplex 12-2
Duty 18-2
Continuous 18-2
Jogging 18-2
Non-plugging, Non-jogging 18-2
Periodic 18-2
ix
Plug-Stop 18-2
Plus-Reverse 18-2
Short-Time 18-2
Varying 18-2
xi
Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator
Design 7-33
Selection 7-17
With a Overflow Weir 7-35
Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) 1-4, 7-2
Gas-well Gas 1-4
Gas-well Liquids 1-5
Gas and Vapor Flow Equations 4-24
Gas Coalescing Filter 7-2
Gas Constant (R) 1-4, 1-12
Gas Emissivity 8-10
Gas Flow Based on Weymouth Formula 17-8, 17-9
Gas Horsepower and Condenser Duty for Two Stage R-22
Refrigeration 14-15
Gas Hydrate 1-4
Gas Injection 1-4
Gasket Material Temperature Limitations 9-32
Gas Lift 1-4
Gas Measurement 3-3
Gas Orifice Calculations 3-9
Orifice Flow Rate 3-10
Orifice Sizing 3-9
Gas Processing Plant 1-4
Gas Sweetening by Chemical Reaction 21-8
xii
Hardness 18-3
Harp Slug Catcher 7-42
Head 12-2
Acceleration 12-2
Heat-Transfer Rates 6-12
Heat and Material Balances 14-6
Heater-Treater 7-2
Heater Alarm/Shutdown Description 8-27
Heater Applications and Characteristics 8-2
Heat Exchangers 9-1
Brazed Aluminum Specifications 9-25
Condensers 9-10
Components 9-14
Detail Design Results 9-10
Economizing 14-15
Evaporative Cooling Systems 9-36
Exchanger Components, Selection of 9-14
Industry Standards 9-14
Nomenclature 9-16
Shell and Tube Exchanger Selection Guide 9-16
Shell Size and Tube Count Estimation 9-16
Tube Wall Determination 9-16
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 9-1
Basic Heat Transfer Relations 9-1
Heat Balances 9-1
Hairpin Heat Exchangers 9-19
Advantages 9-19
Application Guidelines 9-20
Disadvantages 9-19
LMTD Chart 9-3
Operating Characteristics 9-18
Evaluating Altered Performance 9-19
Inlet Gas Exchanger 9-18
Tube Vibration 9-18
Plate-Fin Exchangers (Brazed Aluminum) 9-21
Advantages and Limitations 9-23
Applications 9-23
Approximate Sizing Procedure 9-28
Basic Configuration 9-21
Bars 9-21
Battery 9-23
Cold Box 9-23
Distributor Fins 9-21
Headers 9-21
Heat Transfer Fins 9-21
Nozzles 9-21
Outside Sheets 9-21
Parting Sheets 9-21
Ports 9-21
Support Angles 9-21
Other Uses of Core Blocks 9-31
BAHX Kettle 9-31
Hardware Capabilities 9-24
Distributor and Passage Arrangements 9-26
Fins 9-24
Materials and Codes of Construction 9-24
Heat Load Curves 9-26
Installation-Operation-Maintenance 9-30
Cleaning 9-31
Field Testing and Repair 9-30
Hydrate Suppression 9-31
Insulation 9-30
Mounting 9-30
Specifications 9-26
xiii
xiv
SPREX 21-30
Mercury Removal 21-3
Calgon HGR 21-4
CMG 271 and 273 21-4
Desorex 21-4
HgSIV 21-4
Organic Mercury Removal 21-4
Puraspec 21-4
Non-Regenerative Treating 21-34
Caustic Wash 21-34
Offshore Design Considerations 21-34
Physical Solvent Processes 21-18
Fluor Solvent 21-19
Ifpex-2 Process 21-19
Morphysorb 21-20
Purisol 21-20
Rectisol Process 21-19
Selexol 21-19
Process Selection 21-30
Safety Precautions 21-2
Hydrogen Sulfide 21-2
Solubility Limits of Hydrocarbons in Amine Solutions 21-17
Overall Solubility Trends 21-17
Hydrofluorocarbons 14-7
High Presssure 14-10
Hydrogen Sulfide & Carbon Dioxide Removal 21-31
Hyperbolic Natural Draft Tower 11-14
Hysteresis 4-3
xv
xvi
Kent-Eisenburg 25-11
Kettle Reboiler 9-13
Arrangement 19-24
Knock Out Drum 7-2
Koch-Glitsch 19-8
xviii
Odorant 1-6
Offset 4-3
Oil-well Gas 1-6
Oil Reclaimer 14-23
Oil Treatment Separators 7-45
Oliphant Formula 17-10
On-stream Factor 1-6
Once-Through Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Once-Through Reboiler with Bottom Tray Feed 9-13
One-Stage Refrigeration System 14-3
Open Cooling Water Systems 18-19
Operating Envelope, Example of 7-44
Operating Factor 1-6
Operational Aspects of the Claus Plant 22-32
Optimum Generally Attainable Efficiency Chart 12-12
Options to Improve Thermal Efficiency 8-26
Add Convection Surface 8-26
Add Economizer for Waste Heat Recovery 8-27
Install Air Preheat System 8-27
Orifice Meter Installation Requirements, without Flow Conditioner,
Test Set-up 3-15
Orifice Plate Holders, Examples of 3-7
Outage 1-6
Outlet 18-3
Overall Boiling Heat Flux Ranges 9-12
Overall Unit Efficiency (OEE) 18-37
Overcurrent 18-3
Overhead Recycle Process for Propane Recovery 16-17
Overload 18-3
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) 15-15
Oxidizers 8-38
xix
xx
xxi
Raceway 18-3
RAM (Random Access Memory) 4-3
Ramp 4-3
Rateau Design 15-2
Raw Gas 1-6
Raw Mix Liquids 1-6
Reader-Harris/Gallagher equation 3-17
Real Gas 1-6
Reboilers and Vaporizers 9-12
Reboiler Selection Chart 9-14
Receptacle 18-3
Reciprocating Compressor Control Devices 13-11
Reciprocating Compressor Horsepower, Estimating 13-5
Reciprocating Compressors 13-3
Capacity 13-7
Control Devices 13-11
Capacity Control 13-13
Unloading for Starting 13-13
Cylinder Design 13-11
Detailed Calculations 13-7
Limits to Compression Ratio Per Stage 13-11
Detailed Horsepower Calculation 13-10
Discharge Temperature 13-9
Equivalent Capacity 13-9
Estimating Compressor Horsepower 13-5
Gas Pulsation Control 13-14
Performance Calculations 13-4
Pulsation Dampeners (Snubbers) 13-16
Rod Loading 13-9
Troubleshooting 13-17
Volumetric Efficiency 13-7
Reciprocating Compressor Trouble, Causes 13-18
Reciprocating Pump Acceleration Head Factors 12-18
Reciprocating Pumps 12-17
Suction System Considerations 12-18
xxii
xxiii
xxiv
Heater-Treaters 7-45
Other Internals for Gas-Liquid Separators 7-32
De-foaming Inlet Cyclones 7-32
Degassing Baffles and Screens For De-gassing 7-33
Distribution Baffles 7-33
Outlet Axial Cyclones For Horizontal Separators 7-32
Principles of Separation 7-1, 7-3
Defining the Separator Feed 7-3
Dispersed Droplet Size Distribution 7-4
Field Composition and Flow Considerations 7-4
Flow Regimes Upstream of a Separator 7-4
Gas-Liquid Separation Fundamentals 7-9
Gravity Settling in Gas-Liquid Separation 7-9
Gas-Liquid Surface Re-entrainment 7-9
Mist Eliminators for Gas Liquid Separations 7-10
Cyclonic Mist Eliminators 7-12
Mechanism of Mist Carryover for Gas-Liquid Mist
Eliminator Devices 7-10
Mesh Mist Eliminators 7-10
Souders Brown Equation Applied To Mist Eliminators
7-10
Vane Mist Eliminators 7-11
Separation and Re-entrainment Mechanisms 7-5
Separation by Impingement 7-8
Selection Guidelines for Common Separator Designs 7-16
Common Configurations for Separators 7-16
Gas-Liquid Separator Selection Guide 7-16
Selection Guidelines for Common Separator Designs 7-16
Separation Strategy and Performance Requirements 7-13
Gas Carry-Under Specification 7-14
Liquid Carry-Over Specification For Gas-Liquid Separators
7-14
Oil-in-Water Specification 7-15
Performance Requirements 7-13
Water-in-Hydrocarbon Specification 7-15
Sizing Examples for Vertical and Horizontal Two-Phase Separators
7-29
Horizontal Two-Phase Separator without Internals 7-32
Sizing Two Phase Vertical Wire Mesh Separator 7-29
Two Phase Horizontal Separator with a Hanging Mesh 7-31
Vertical Separator Without Internals 7-30
Vertical Separator with Wire Mesh Mist Eliminator 7-29
Specialized Separators 7-42
Troubleshooting 7-45
Two-Phase and Three-Phase Separator Design and Operating
Principles 7-24
Gas Polishing Section 7-26
Gravity Separation Section 7-25
Inlet Section 7-24
Inlet Devices 7-25
Inlet Piping Design 7-25
Liquid Accumulation Section 7-28
Vapor Outlet Section 7-27
Zones in the Separator 7-24
Water Treatment Separators 7-43
API Separator 7-44
CPI Separator 7-44
Dissolved Gas Flotation Unit 7-45
Gunbarrel Tank 7-44
Hydrocyclone 7-44
Walnut Shell Filter 7-45
Wellhead, Plant Inlet, and Flare Separators 7-42
Compact Production Separators 7-43
Flare K.O. Drums 7-43
xxv
Slip 12-3
Slug Catcher 7-2
Smart Transmitters and Devices 4-14
SNG (Synthetic or Substitute Natural Gas) 1-7
Soave Redlich-Kwong 25-9
Software 4-3
Solar Turbines Incorporated 13-39
Solid CO2 Formation Conditions, Approximate 16-30
Solid Desiccant Dehydration 20-43
Alumina 20-43
Gels 20-43
Molecular Sieves 20-43
Solid Desiccant Dehydrator Twin Tower System 20-43
Solids (Suspended, Dissolved, Total) 18-3
Solid Sulfur at Constant Pressure, Heat Capacity 22-16
Solubility Limits of Hydrocarbons in Amine Solutions 21-17
Overall Solubility Trends 21-17
Solubility of Benzene in Ethane 16-32
Solubility of Benzene in Methane 16-31
Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Water 20-3
Solubility of Water in Liquid Hydrocarbons 20-2
Solution Gas 1-7
Souders-Brown K Values 7-27
Souders-Brown Correlation for Approximate Tower Sizing 19-10
Souders-Brown Equation for Gravity Settling 7-9
Applied To Mist Eliminators 7-10
Sour Gas 1-7, 21-1
Sour Liquids and Gases 1-7
Sour Water Strippers 19-32
Special Problems in Steam Condensers 10-6
Specific Gravity 1-7
Specific Volume 24-1
Speed Efficiency Correction Factor for Condensing and NonCondensing Turbines 15-7
Split-Ranging 4-3
Splitter 1-7
Sponge Absorbent 1-7
Spray-Type Deaerator 18-17
SRU 21-1
Stabilized Condensate 1-7
Stabilizer 1-7
Stage Separation System 1-7
Standalone AGE Flow Diagram 21-15
Standards and Bulletins 1-17
Analytical Methods 1-17
Measurement Standards 1-18
Miscellaneous Standards 1-18
Sampling Methods 1-18
Specifications 1-17
STAR Network Diagram 4-33
Steady-State 4-3
Steam Bath Heater, 15 psig 8-31
Steam Coefficient Factors 3-26
Saturated Steam 3-26
Superheated Steam 3-26
Steam Generation Systems 18-5
Steam Measurement 3-22
Sterically Hindered Amine 21-1
Still Column 1-7
Storage 6-1
Appurtenances 6-13
Cathodic Protection 6-16
Insulation 6-11
Liquid Storage Systems 6-17
xxvi
Synchronism 18-3
Synchronous Speed 18-4
System Control Diagram 4-3
System Factors 19-12
Purging/Pressurization 18-36
Cathodic Protection 18-34
Closed Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Definitions of Words and Phrases 18-1
Electrical Heat Tracing 18-33
Electrical Systems 18-23
Motors 18-23
Transformer Connections 18-28
Transformer Locations 18-29
Fuel Systems 18-7
Grounding 18-34
Equipment Grounding 18-34
Grounding Principles 18-34
Ground Resistivity Test 18-34
System Grounding 18-34
Heat Medium Systems 18-5
Instrument Air Systems 18-5
Interunit Spacing Guidelines 18-38
Intra-Unit Spacing Guidelines 18-39
Lighting 18-33
Sources 18-33
Mainatenance Program Development 18-43
Maintenance Guidelines 18-37
Motor Controls 18-30
Controllers 18-31
Electrical Control Devices 18-32
Power Factor Correction 18-32
Protective Devices 18-30
NEMA Enclosures 18-36
Nitrogen Systems 18-7
Once-Through Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Open Water Cooling Systems 18-19
Biological Fouling 18-20
Corrosion Control 18-19
Scale Control 18-19
Solids Removal 18-21
Other Water Systems 18-21
Planned Maintenance Validation 18-43
Plant Spacing Guidelines 18-37
Power Supply System 18-23
Programmable Controllers 18-34
Reliability, Availability and Maintainability 18-43
Stand-by Power 18-34
Steam Systems 18-5
Storage Tank Spacing Guidelines 18-40
Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 18-21
Water Treating Requirements 18-8
ABMA and ASME Standards 18-12
Boiler Blowdown 18-11
Boiler Water Chemistry 18-11
Boiler Water Systems 18-11
Boiler Water Treatment External 18-13
Boiler Water Treatment General 18-13
Boiler Water Treatment Internal 18-17
Source Waters 18-8
Water Analysis 18-9
xxviii
xxix
NOTES:
xxx