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ENGINEERING DATA BOOK

SI VERSION
Volume I & II
Sections 1-26

Published as a service to the gas processing


and related process industries
by the

Gas Processors Suppliers Association


6526 East 60th Street

Tulsa, Oklahoma 74145


Phone: (918) 493-3872
Fax: (918) 493-3875
Email: gpsa@GPAglobal.org
http://gpsa.GPAglobal.org
Compiled and edited
in co-operation with the

Gas Processors Association


All Rights Reserved

Copyright 2012 Gas Processors Suppliers Association


Reproduction or translation of any part of this work without permission of the
Gas Processors Suppliers Association is prohibited.

Thirteenth Edition SI
2012

Dedication
The Gas Processors Suppliers Association respectively dedicates the 13th Edition of the
Engineering Data Book in memory of
Ron Brunner, Ron Cannon, Robert Maddox, and Gustavo Soto Soto
Dr. Robert N. Maddox (1925-2008) was a member of the
GPSA Editorial Review Board from 1978 to 1997. He received
the prestigious Hanlon Award from the Gas Processors Association in 1985 for his contributions to the industry including his
work on the GPSA Engineering Data Book. In 1987, Dr. Maddox was awarded the Citation for Service by the Gas Processors
Association. He was the first person ever to receive both the
Citation for Service and the Hanlon Award. Dr. Maddoxs technical capability was proven through the years by the publishing
of eight books, nine handbook chapters, nearly 150 technical
publications, almost 90 short courses and 30 publications with
50 different organizations. In 1989, GPSA honored him with
the endowment of the Dr. Robert N. Maddox Professorship in
Chemical Engineering at Oklahoma State University. The University of Arkansas also awarded him a Sc.D. honoris causa in
May 1991 for his many contributions, especially for pioneering
the use of digital computers in the engineering classroom and
in process simulation.

Ronald (Ron) G. Brunner, (1947-2008) retired GPA Director of Technical Services from 1994 to 2008, was an active
participant on the Editorial Review Board for both the 11th and
12th editions of the GPSA Engineering Data Book. In 2007 he
received the Award of Excellence from the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) for his years of work on Subcommittee D02.H0 of ASTMs Petroleum Products and Lubricants
Committee, Committee D02. He also received GPAs Citation
for Service in 2009. Before joining GPA, he graduated from the
University of Missouri-Rolla (Missouri University of Science
and Technology) in 1970 with a degree in mechanical engineering. He spent 20 years working for Cities/Oxy in engineering
construction and measurement, and four years with Edeco Engineers working in refining, procurement and construction.
Ronald E. (Ron) Cannon, (1926-2010) retired GPA Executive Director and principal staff officer of GPSA, served the organizations from 1957 until 1992 and was a contributing editor
for three editions of the GPSA Engineering Data Book. He was
author of numerous trade journal articles on the gas processing industry and authored the book titled The Gas Processing
Industry: Origins and Evolutions. He was active throughout
his career with the American Society of Testing and Materials
(ASTM) Subcommittee D02.H0 of ASTMs Petroleum Products
and Lubricants Committee, Committee D02 in the development and promulgation of LP Gas specifications. Mr. Cannon
was also an active member of the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO). He was the 1982 recipient of GPAs Hanlon Award
and was named a Fellow of ASTM and recipient of the ASTM
Award of Merit in 1988. In 1992, he received the Award of
Achievement of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products
and Lubricants. A scholarship in his name was established by
GPSA upon his retirement at Louisiana Tech University where
Mr. Cannon received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1948.

Gustavo A. Soto Soto (1949 2009) was a member of the


GPSA Data Book Editorial Review Board and made many contributions to the GPSA Data Book for 17 years, most notable is
his work on Section 8, Fired Equipment, and Section 12, Pumps
and Hydraulic Turbines. Mr. Soto Soto was the Manager of Special Studies and Consulting for PDVSA Gas in Venezuela, and
a great contributor of Venezuelan standards COVENIN regarding the natural gas industry. He was a member of the prestigious Mensa International whose membership is only open to
persons who have attained an IQ score within the upper two
percent of the population. His talent was manifested through
thousands of hours writing, editing, reviewing, assembling,
coaching and mentoring, demonstrating his outstanding capacity as a researcher and communicator of his knowledge to other
generations.

These gentlemen will be remembered as working leaders in the gas processing industry who
personified the high integrity of its people.

ii

Preface to the Thirteenth Edition


require a general reference work as a guide to accepted engineering practice for estimating, feasibility studies, preliminary
design and for making on-site operating decisions.

The Gas Processors Suppliers Association is an organization of companies with specialized knowledge of the supply
and service needs of the midstream/gas processing and related
industries. A major service to them is embodied in the Engineering Data Book, which was first published in 1935. Over
165,000 copies (a combination of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh,
and Twelfth Editions) were distributed for use throughout the
world by engineers, operating personnel and students.

The loose-leaf format of the Data Book permits periodic updating to meet the changing technology of the process industries.
GPSA recognizes that the maintenance of the Data Book is
a continuing task. Users comments and suggestions are welcome. Any such comments should be made in writing to:
Gas Processors Suppliers Association
6526 E. 60th St.
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74145
Fax: (918) 493-3875
Email: gpsa@GPAglobal.org

The Thirteenth Edition of the Engineering Data Book,


available in two version FPS (English / Imperial Units) and
SI (Metric Units) is an attempt to assemble, in single compilation, basic design information together with data and procedures that can be used by field and plant engineers to determine operating and design parameters. It is also intended as an
aid to design engineers who, in spite of increasing availability
of computer routines and other sophisticated design methods,

A Brief History of the Engineering Data Book and Sponsoring Organizations


Both organizations underwent name changes in subsequent
years in response to changing industry conditions. In 1961, the
organizations became known as the Natural Gas Processors Association (NGPA) and the Natural Gas Processors Suppliers Association (NGPSA). In 1974 the names changed to the current
Gas Processors Association (GPA) and Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA).

The GPSA Engineering Data Book was first published in


1935 as a booklet containing much advertising and little technical information. In subsequent editions, technical information was expanded and the Data Book gradually became the
accepted engineering reference work for the gas processing industry. In addition, the Data Book has found wide acceptance
in the petroleum refining, gas transmission, and petro-chemical industries.

Users of the manual should note that numerous references


throughout the book may refer to publications of these organizations by the names in effect at the time of the publication.

The Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA) was organized in 1928 as the Natural Gasoline Supply Mens Association (NGSMA). Its principal purpose was as a service organization to the parent Natural Gasoline Association of America
(NGAA).

Copyright and Disclaimer


While GPA and GPSA have made every effort to present
accurate and reliable technical information in this Publication,
the use of such information is voluntary and GPA and GPSA
do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
service mark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or
imply endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by GPA and
GPSA.

The Engineering Data Book (Publication) is published by


the Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA) as a service to the gas processing industry. All information within this
Publication has been compiled and edited in cooperation, with
the Gas Processors Association (GPA). Unless otherwise specifically noted herein, all rights are reserved by GPSA, and the
contents of all material in this Publication are copyrighted by
GPSA.
Copyright is not claimed as to any part of an original work
prepared by (i) a U.S. or state government officer or employee
as part of that persons official duties or (ii) by contributors
whose permission to GPSA to use such data is specifically noted
herein. Unless specifically authorized within the text of this
Publication, content may not be reproduced, disseminated, published, or transferred in any form or by any means, except with
the prior written permission of GPSA, or as indicated below.
Copyright infringement is a violation of federal law subject to
criminal and civil penalties.

The information provided in this Publication is provided


without any warranties of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of actual or scientific assumptions,
studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
In no event will GPA or GPSA and their members be liable
for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation,
those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising out of the use, inability to use, reference to or reliance on the information in this Publication, whether based on
warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether
or not advised of the possibility of such damages.

iii

Acknowledgments
Thirteenth Edition
GPSA wishes to acknowledge the work of those individuals
who contributed their talents and literally thousands of hours
of time to the writing, editing, reviewing, and assembling of the
information in this Thirteenth Edition of the Engineering Data
Book. Many, though not all, of those individuals are listed in the
roster of contributors. GPSA is also indebted to the processing
and service companies that made available expert personnel,
and for release of technical information for this edition, some of
which has not been published previously.

Review Board (ERB) members at the date of publication:

GPSA also acknowledges the outstanding work and dedication of the Editorial Review Board, which was totally responsible for final editing, review, and assembly of editorial material
for the Thirteenth Edition.

Chairman: Brian Price

Black & Veatch

Members:




Robby Denton
Alan Dove
Barry Friedman
Steve Hopson
Jack Kramer
John Morgan

ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co.


OGE/Enogex
URS Washington Division
Targa Resources
KBR Corporation
John M. Campbell & Co.

Shane Tierling

KBR Corporation

GPSA also wishes to acknowledge all the work of Pat Dock,


Ed Raper, and Kenny Wheat for their work in publishing this
book.

Thirteenth Edition Editorial Contributors


Larry Kimble
ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co.
Jack Kramer
KBR Corporation
John Krogue
PECOFacet
Rainer Kurz
Solar Turbines Inc
Dennis Leppin
Gas Technology Institute
Judy London
Gas Processors Association
Joe Lynch
Ortloff Engineering
Mark Marston
Targa Resources
Jeffrey Matthews
URS Corporation
Douglas McCammon Shell International Exploration &
Production Inc.
Timothy Miller
URS Corporation
John Morgan
John M. Campbell & Co.
Scott Northrop
ExxonMobil Development Co.
Paul Nozel
Targa Resources
Brian Price
Black & Veatch
Ed Raper
Retired
Jon Richardson
OGE/Enogex
J.M. Riesenberg
Chevron Energy Technology Co.
Timothy Rollenhagen
URS Corporation
Fred Russell
Retired
M.M. (Sacha) Sarshar
Caltec Ltd.
Don Sextro
Targa Resources
Kindra Snow-McGregor John M. Campbell & Co.
Gustavo A. Soto Soto
PDVSA
Shane Tierling
KBR Corporation
Nicholas Urbanski
ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co.
F. Brian Walter
URS Corporation
Ralph Weiland
Optimized Gas Treating
Kenny Wheat
Gas Processors Association
Norman Yeh ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co.

Richard Barber
Caterpillar Inc.
Thomas Belvilacqua
ExxonMobil Development Co.
Kenneth Blanchard
KBR Corporation
Mike Brezonick
Diesel & Gas Turbines Publications
Michael Brown
Cameron International Corporation
Keith Burley
Ariel Corporation
John Byeseda
Cameron International Corporation
Jacquelyn Carioscia
URS Corporation
Versie Cuthbert
KBR Corporation
Michael Cyca
BETA Machinery Analysis
George Denavit
URS Corporation
Robby Denton
ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co.
Sulabh K. Dhanuka
ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co.
Pat Dock
Retired
Alan Dove
OGE/Enogex
Rusty Downey
Cummins Inc.
Johnny Dreyer
Gas Processors Association
F. Dee Duncan
Applied UA Inc.
Bill Elston
Wartsila North America Inc.
Adrian Finn
Costain Energy and Process
Wolfgang Foerg
URS Corporation
Raymond French Shell International Exploration &
Production Inc.
Barry Friedman
URS Corporation
Edward Grave
ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co.
Sjoerd Hoogwater
URS Corporation
Joe Honeywell
John M. Campbell & Co.
Steve Hopson
Targa Resources
Brian Howes
BETA Machinery Analysis
Robert Hubbard
John M. Campbell & Co.

iv

Table of Contents
Volume II

Volume I
General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Product Specifictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instrumentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relief Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Separation Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fired Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aircooled Exchangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cooling Towers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compressors and Expanders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Refrigeration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prime Movers for Mechanical Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . .


Hydrocarbon Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fluid Flow and Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fractionation and Absorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dehydration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrocarbon Treating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfur Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermodynamic Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phase Equilibria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GPSA Members List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9
Section 10
Section 11
Section 12
Section 13
Section 14

Section 15
Section 16
Section 17
Section 18
Section 19
Section 20
Section 21
Section 22
Section 23
Section 24
Section 25
Section 26

Index
Absorber 1-2
Absorption 1-2, 19-30, 21-1
Calculations 19-30
Correlation 19-31
Absorption Factor 1-2
Absorption Nomenclature 19-30
Absorption Oil 1-2
Absorption Refrigeration 14-25
Aqueous Ammonia System 14-25
Applications 14-29
Design Flexibility 14-29
Reliability 14-29
Lithium Bromide-Water Systems 14-25
Accumulator 14-1
Acentric Factor 24-1
Acid Dewpoint Temperature of Various Fuels 8-18
Acid Gas 1-2, 22-1
Acid Gas Enrichment (AGE) 21-1, 21-14
Acid Gas Removal Units (AGRs) 21-14
Active Magnetic Bearing System 13-32
Actuator 4-2
Adaptive Control 4-2
Adiabatic Expansion 1-2
Adjustable Speed Drives 12-16
Adsorbent 1-2
Adsorption 1-2, 21-1
AGA Equations, The 17-4
AGR/AGRU 21-1
Air-Cooled Exchangers 10-1
Air-Side Control 10-3
Air Cooler Location 10-6
Banks of Coolers 10-6
Single Installations 10-6
Air Evaporative Coolers 10-6
Arrangement and Mechanical Design 10-1
Advantages of Forced Draft 10-2
Advantages of Induced Draft 10-1

Disadvantages of Forced Draft 10-2


Disadvantages of Induced Draft 10-2
Condensing Discussion 10-7
Header Design 10-3
Maintenance and Inspection 10-17
Multiple Service Discussion 10-7
Noise Considerations 10-18
ACHE Noise 10-18
Noise-Related Nomenclature 10-18
Noise Testing 10-19
Predicting Fan Noise 10-18
Special Problems in Steam Condensers 10-6
Thermal Design 10-7
Air, Composition of 1-16
Air Coolers, Heat-Transfer Coefficients 10-10
Air-Density Ratio Chart 10-15
Air Evaporative Coolers 10-6
Wet Air Type 10-6
Wet Tube Type 10-6
Air Film Coefficient 10-16
Air Filtration, Types of 15-12
Air Horsepower 11-1
Air Inlet 11-1
Air Rate 11-1
Air Separation Plant, Example of 18-9
Air Static-Pressure Drop 10-16
Air Velocity 11-1
Algorithm 4-2
Alkaline Salt 21-22
Single-Stage Process 21-22
Split-Flow Process 21-22
Two-Stage Process 21-23
Alkaline Salt Gas Treating Process (Hot Carbonate) 21-21
Benfield Process 21-22
Catacarb Process 21-23
Hi-Pure Process 21-22

Single Stage Process 21-21


Split Flow Process 21-21
Two Stage Process 21-21
Alkalinity 18-1
Alkalinity and pH Relationships 18-1
Alkanolamine 21-1
Allowable Stresses in Tension for Materials 17-23
Alphanumeric 4-2
Alternative Liquid Flow Paths 19-10
Altitude and Atmospheric Pressures 10-17
Altitude Correction Factor 15-14
Ambient Temperature Correction Factor 15-15
Ambient Temperature Vapor Recovery Cycle 6-18
Ambient Wet-Bulb Temperature 11-1
American Gas Association (AGA) 3-3, 3-9, 17-17
American Petroleum Institute 3-9
Amine (Alkanolamine) 1-2
Amine Reboiler 8-33
Amine-Sour Gas Systems, Equilibrium Data for 21-16
Ampacity 18-1
Analog Computer 4-2
Analytical Instruments 4-29
Continuous Analyzers 4-29
Cyclic Analyzers 4-29
System Control Diagram 4-29
ANSI B31.3 Pipe Code 14-11
Anti-Surge Control System 13-39
Antifoam 21-1
AP-X LNG Process 16-29
API and Baum Gravity Tables and Weight Factors 1-11
API Gravity 1-2
API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-18,
3-21
API Pressure Relief Valve Destinations 5-14
Applicable Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices for Relief
Systems 5-23
CGA (Compressed Gas Association) Publications 5-24
Aqueous Amine Solutions, Freezing Points 21-11
Aqueous Amine Solutions, Specific Gravity 21-11
Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions, Heat Capacities of 20-21
Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions, Heat Capacities of 20-21
Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions, Heat Capacities of 20-22
Arrangement and Mechanical Design of Air-Cooled Exchangers 10-1
Associated Gas 1-2
Atmospheric Pressure 1-2
Atmospheric Spray Tower 11-14
Atomic Weights, Approximate 1-15
Attenuation 4-2
Austgen, et. al. 25-11
Axial Compressors 13-41
Axial Flow Cyclone Schematic and Swirltube Deck, Example of 7-11
Axial Flow Multi-Cyclone Vertical Separators 7-18

Beam Length for Gas Radiation 8-10


Bellows, Types of 4-9
Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling 25-9
Bernoulli's Theorem 17-2, 17-3
Bidirectional Pipe Prover, Example of 3-25
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 18-1
Bit (Binary Digit) 4-2
Blanket Gas 1-2
Block Style Fully Welded PHE 9-33, 9-34
Blow Case 1-2
Blowdown 1-2, 11-1, 18-1
Boilaway Test 1-3
Boiler Water Limit 18-14
Boiling Points of Petroleum Fractions, Characterizing 23-27
Bonding 18-2
Bottle Sizing Chart 13-15
Bottoms 1-3
Bottom Vapor Inlet 19-27
Bourdon Tubes, Types of 4-8
Branch Circuit 18-2
Breathing 1-3
Brine Displacement Cavern Operation 6-8
Bubble point 1-3, 14-1
Bus 18-2
Butane 1-3
Commercial 1-3
Normal 1-3
Byte 4-2

CaCl2 Dehydrator 20-50


Calcium Chloride 20-49
Calculating Inside Film Coefficient 10-12
Calculation Converting Stream Mass to Component Gallons, Example
of 3-19
Calculation of Liquid Density of a Mixture at 120F and 1760 psia 2325
Calorimeter 1-3
Capacity, Refrigerating System 14-1
Carbon Dioxide 25-3
Carbon Dioxide, Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for 20-14
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 15-15
Carbonyl Sulfide 1-3
Cartridge Filters 7-40
Cascade Control 4-2
Cascade Refrigeration System 14-9
Casing
Axially Split 12-2
Radially Split 12-2
Casinghead Gas 1-3
Cathodic Protection 18-2
Caustic Embrittlement 18-2
Caustic Wash Scrubbing Systems 21-18
Cavitation 12-2
Centrifugal Compressors 13-17, 13-19, 14-11, 14-19
Calculating Performance 13-22
Compressor Speed 13-29
Controls 13-36
Cross Section 13-21
Cutaway 13-20
Estimating Performance 13-20
Flow Range 13-19
Isentropic Calculation 13-28

B-P Mix 1-3


Back-Pressure Correction Factor 5-15
Balanced Bellows Pressure Relief Valves 5-15
Conventional Pressure Relief Valves 5-15
Balanced Relief Valves 5-7
Barrel 1-2
Basic Vertical Separators Designs 7-18
Bath Heater Alarm/Shutdown Description 8-35
Baud Rate 4-2

vi

Mechanical Losses 13-29


P-H Diagram 13-29
Performance Calculations 13-18
Polytropic Calculation 13-28
Trouble and Causes 13-42
Centrifugal Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbines 12-20
Centrifugal Pump Affinity Laws 12-4
Centrifugal Pump Head Curves 12-10
Centrifugal Pumps 12-10, 12-17
Troubles and Causes 12-15
Characteristics of Tubing 9-17
Charcoal Test 1-3
Chelate 21-1
Chemical Reactions in Treatment of Boiler Water 18-15
Chemical Solvent Reaction Processes 21-6
Chiller, Evaporator 14-1
Chromatograph System 4-29
Chromatography 1-3
Circles and Cylinders
Area 6-19
Circumference 6-19
Volume 6-19
Circuit Breaker 18-2
Adjustable 18-2
Instantaneous Trip 18-2
Inverse Time 18-2
Nonadjustable 18-2
Setting 18-2
Claus Plant Configurations 22-5
Claus Plant Maintenance 22-33
Claus Plant Startup and Shutdown Procedures 22-20
Claus Process 1-3, 21-1, 22-1, 22-33
Theoretical Flame Temperatures 22-33
Claus Process of Sulfur Recovery 22-1
Claus Process Variations 22-4
Claus Reaction, Equilibrium Constant 22-25
Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit Process Calculations 22-27
Claus Tail Gas Clean Up Processes 22-13
Claus Unit Tail Gas Handling 22-11
Clorinated Fluorocarbons 14-7
Closed Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Co-current Flow 9-2
Coalescing 7-2
Cobalt Bromide Test 2-2
Codes and Organizations for Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines 12-22
Coefficients for Partial Volumes of Horizontal Cylinders 6-21
Combined Cycle 15-12
Combined Pump-System Curves 12-11
Combined Seal-Oil and Lube-Oil System with External Sweet Buffer
Gas 13-35
Combustion, Fired Equipment 8-10
Methane 8-10
Commercial Refractories and Insulations, Properties of 8-3
Common Pump Equations 12-4
Common Refrigerants, Physical Properties 14-10
Compressibility Factor 1-3
Compressibility of Gases 17-4
Compressibility of Hydrocarbon Liquids, Density Correction for 23-24
Compression/Expansion Cavern Operation 6-9
Compression Curves 13-5
Compression Ratio 1-3, 14-1
Compressor Control Systems 13-37
Compressor Coverage Chart 13-4
Compressor Head 13-22

Compressor Performance 13-22


Higher Compression Ratio 13-22
Low Compression Ratio 13-22
Compressors
Axial Compressors 13-41
Performance Capabilities 13-42
Centrifugal Compressors 13-17
Calculating Performance 13-22
Compressor Speed 13-29
Estimating Performance 13-20
Isentropic Calculation 13-28
Mechanical Losses 13-29
P-H Diagram 13-29
Performance Calculations 13-18
Polytropic Calculation 13-28
Control Systems 13-36
Anti-surge Control 13-37
Pressure Control at Constant Speed 13-37
Pressure Control at Variable Speed 13-37
Volume Control at Constant Speed 13-37
Volume Control at Variable Speed 13-37
General 13-29
Flow Limits 13-29
Interstage Cooling 13-30
Journal and Thrust Bearings 13-30
Lubrication and Seal-oil Systems 13-34
Drivers 13-36
Magnetic Bearings 13-31
Shaft Seals 13-31
Integrally Geared Compressors 13-41
Operational Considerations 13-40
Critical Speed Map 13-40
Field Performance 13-41
Rotor Dynamics and Critical Speeds 13-40
Troubleshooting 13-41
Unbalance Response Analysis 13-40
Reciprocating Compressors 13-3
Performance Calculations 13-4
Rotary-Sliding Vane Compressors 13-46
Screw Compressors 13-43
Types of Compressors 13-3
Compressors and Expanders 13-1
Compressors
Centrifugal Compressors 13-17
Turboexpanders 13-48
Auxiliary Systems 13-49
Mechanical 13-48
Compressors for Refrigeration Services 14-15
Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) 18-42
Computer Systems 4-28
Analog Computers 4-28
Digital Computers 4-28
Microcomputers 4-29
Minicomputers 4-29
Process Input/Output Equipment 4-29
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) 4-29
Concurrent Flow 9-2
Condensate 1-3
Condenser Duty and Gas Horsepower for One Stage HFC-410a
Refrigerant 14-15
Condenser Duty and Gas Horsepower for One Stage R-22 Refrigerant
14-11
Condenser Duty and Gas Horsepower for Three Stage HFC-410a
Refrigerant 14-23

vii

Condenser Duty and Gas Horsepower for Three Stage R-22


Refrigerant 14-19
Condenser Duty and Gas Horsepower for Two Stage HFC-410a
Refrigerant 14-19
Condensers 9-10, 14-1
Condensers, Types of 20-40
Air-Cooled 20-40
Combined Air-CooledWater-Cooled 20-40
Glycol Cooled 20-40
Water Quench 20-40
Condensing Temperature Chart, Effect of 14-6
Conductivity 18-2
Conductor 18-2
Constants for Determining Thermal Conductivity and Unit 6-12
Contactor Sizing Parameters for Glycol Contactors 20-36
Contaminants, Types of 21-2
Contaminants in Hydrocarbon Cleaning 21-2
Continuous Analysis Instruments 4-30
Continuous Analyzers 4-29
Continuous Load 18-2
Control-Valve Bodies 4-22
Control Action
Derivative (Rate) 4-2
Integral (Reset) 4-2
Proportional 4-2
Control Concepts 4-16
Control Loops 4-16
Closed Loop 4-17
Feedback Control 4-17
Feedforward Control 4-17
Open Loop 4-16
Controller 4-2, 18-2
Control Modes and Controllers 4-17
Controller Tuning 4-19
Control Mode Considerations 4-20
Direct and Reverse Acting Controllers 4-18
Offset 4-18
Proportional, Integral, and Derivative's Control Mode 4-17
Proportional Mode 4-18
Proportional Plus Derivative Mode (PD) 4-18
Proportional Plus Integral Mode (PI) 4-18
Proportional Plus Integral Plus DerivativeMode (PID) 4-19
Two-Position (on-off) Controllers 4-17
Ziegler-Nichols Method 4-19
Control System Troubleshooting 4-26
Control Valves 4-21
Control-Valve Actuators 4-22
Control-Valve Bodies 4-22
Flow Characteristics andValveSelection Discussion 4-22
Convection Heater 8-28
Conventional Relief Valves 5-6
Conventional Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-33
Conventional Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Separator With Boot 7-34
Convergence Pressure 1-3
Conversion and Equivalence Factors 18-4
Conversion Factors 1-8
Commercial Base Pressure 1-12
Energy Units Conversion 1-8
Gas Volume Relationship 1-8
Other Useful Relationships 1-10
Tables 1-9
Cooling Medium 14-1
Cooling System Characteristics 11-9
Cooling Systems, Types of 11-2

Cooling Tower Location 11-9


Cooling Tower Psychrometrics 11-1
Wet-bulb Temperature 11-2
Cooling Towers 11-1
Basin Design 11-14
Concentration Cycles 11-13
Cooling Tower Psychrometrics 11-1
Tower Location 11-9
Types of Cooling Systems 11-2
Wet-bulb Temperature 11-2
Environmental Factors 11-14
Introduction 11-1
Performance Characteristics 11-9
Saltwater Cooling Towers 11-14
Types of Cooling Towers 11-13
Mechanical Draft Towers 11-13
Coil Shed Towers 11-13
Forced Draft Towers 11-13
Induced Draft Towers 11-13
Natural Draft Towers 11-14
Atmospheric Spray Towers 11-14
Hyperbolic Natural Draft Towers 11-14
Cooling Towers, Types of 11-13
Copper Corrosion Test (ASTM D-1838) 2-2
Copper Strip Test 1-3
Coriolis Meter Components 3-20
Corrected Log Mean Temperature Difference (CMTD) 9-2
Corresponding States 24-1
Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) Oil Separator 18-22
Counterflow 11-1
Coupling 12-2
Spacer 12-2
Cricondenbar 1-3
Cricondentherm 1-3
Critical Density 1-3
Critical Pressure 1-3, 24-1
Critical Temperature 24-1
Critical Temperature 1-4
Crossflow 11-1
Cryogenic Plant 1-4
Cryogenic Processes 14-23
Cryogenic Technology 16-33
New Technology 16-34
Cubic Meter 1-4
Curtis Design 15-2
Cutwater 12-2
Cyclic Analyzers 4-29
Cylindrical and Cabin Direct Fired Heaters, Example of 8-19
Cyrogenic Steels Specifications 6-15

Darcy-Weisbach Equation 17-3


Darcy Formula 17-10
Data and Information Required to Specify and Size Separators 7-16
Data Base 4-2
Data Highway 4-2
Datum 24-1
Elevation 12-2
DDC: Direct Digital Control 4-2
Dead Band 4-2
Dead Time 4-2
Deaerator 1-4
Debottlenecking Separators 7-45

viii

Debutanizer 1-4
Dedicated Control 4-2
Definitions of Words and Phrases
Cooling Towers, Used in 11-1
Gas Processing Industry, Used in 1-2
Hydrocarbon Treating, Used in 21-1
Instrumentation, Used in 4-2, 24-1
Pumps and Hydraulic Turbines, Used in 12-2, 13-2
Refrigeration, Used in 14-1
Separation Equipment, Used in 7-2
Sulfur Recovery, Used in 22-1
Utilities, Used in 18-1
Degradation Products 21-1
Dehydration 1-4, 20-1
Control of BTEX Emissions from TEG Regenerators 20-38
Condensers 20-40
Incinerators/Flares 20-41
Recycle 20-41
Enhanced Glycol Concentration Processes 20-41
Coldfinger 20-42
Drizo 20-42
Stripping Gas 20-42
Gas Dehydration 20-31
Glycol Dehydration Systems 20-31
Hydrates in Natural Gas Systems 20-9
Hydrate Inhibition 20-17
Hydrate Prediction Based on
Composition for Sweet Gases 20-11
Hydrate Predictions for High CO2/H2S Content Gases 20-16
Inhibition with Electrolytes 20-29
Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs) 20-29
Sweet Natural Gas Hydrate Conditions, Prediction of 20-11
Liquid Dehydration 20-51
Gas Stripping 20-51
Solid Desiccant Dehydration 20-43
Alumina 20-43
Calcium Chloride 20-49
Dehydration by Membrane Permeation 20-50
Dehydration by Refrigeration 20-50
Design 20-44
Gels 20-43
General Comments 20-48
Molecular Sieves 20-43
Refluxing 20-49
Regeneration Calculations 20-46
Water Content of Gases and Liquids 20-2
Water Content in the Hydrate Region 20-8
Water Content Measurement 20-9
Water Content of High CO2/H2S Gases 20-5
Water Content of Natural Gases 20-3
Water Solubility in Liquid Hydrocarbons 20-2
Demand Factor 18-2
Demethanized Product 1-4
Demethanizer 1-4, 19-4
Densities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Densities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Densities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Densitometer 3-20
Buoyant Force 3-21
Depropanizer 1-4, 12-7
Depropanizer Reflux Pump 12-7
Derivative Control 4-2
Derivative Time 4-2
Deshmukh and Mather 25-11

Desiccant 1-4
Desiccant Properties 20-44
Desulfurization 1-4
Detectors 3-33
Flame Ionization 3-34
Thermal Conductivity 3-33
Deviation Factors 17-7
Dew Point 1-4
Dew Point Control 16-3
Emerging Technologies 16-6
Low Temperature Separation 16-3
Membrane Conditioning 16-7
Refrigeration 16-4
Rotary Valve Fast Cycle PSA for Fuel Gas Conditioning 16-7
Stabilization 16-6
Dew Points of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions at Various Contact
Temperatures 20-24
Dew Points of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions at Various Contact
Temperatures 20-23
Dew Points of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions at Various
Contact Temperatures 20-24
Diaphragm Pressure Elements 4-9
Diaphragm Pumps 12-19
Diesel Fuel, Grades of, ASTM D-975 (1995) Classification 15-22
Diffuser 12-2
Digital Computers 4-2, 4-28
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) 4-29
Digital First-Level Control Systems 4-31
Direct Digital Controllers (DDC) 4-32
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) 4-32
Fieldbus 4-32
Individual Controllers 4-31
Digital Indicators 4-16
Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) 21-13
Direct and Reverse Acting Controllers 4-18
Direct Digital Controllers (DDC) 4-32
Direct Fired Heaters 8-1, 8-18
Direct Fired Reboiler, Example of 8-26
Discharge Temperature, Approximate 13-25
Displacement 12-2
Distillation 1-4
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) 4-2, 4-32
Distribution Basin 11-2
Doctor Sweet 21-1
Doctor Test 1-4
Double Acting 12-2
Double Containment Tank, Example of 6-10
Double Gas Seal 13-33
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 9-19
Downcomer Design Velocity 19-13
Drag Coefficient for Spherical Particles 7-5
Drag Coefficient of Rigid Spheres 7-6
Drift Eliminators 11-2
Dry Bulb/Wet Bulb Temperature Data 11-411-8
Dry Gas 1-4
Dry Gas Filters 7-39
Dual Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-29
Dukler Calculation 17-17
Duplex 12-2
Duty 18-2
Continuous 18-2
Jogging 18-2
Non-plugging, Non-jogging 18-2
Periodic 18-2

ix

Plug-Stop 18-2
Plus-Reverse 18-2
Short-Time 18-2
Varying 18-2

Expander Example Calculation 13-50


Expander Process, Example of 13-49
Expander Process, Pressure-Temperature Diagram 13-50
Expansion Turbine 1-4
Expansion Valve 14-1
External Recirculation Design 10-5
Extraction 1-4
Extraction/Admission Flow Turbines 15-3

Eaton Liquid Holdup Correlation 17-19, 17-21


Effect, Refrigerating 14-1
Efficiency 12-2
Mechanical 12-2
Volumetric 12-2
Efficiency Conversion 13-27
Electrical Formulas 18-24
Electrical Power System One-Line Diagram 18-28
Electrical System of Induction Motors 15-18
Electrical System of Synchronous Motors 15-18
Electric Heaters 8-39
Electric Motor Drives 15-18
Electronic Analog Indicators 4-16
Electronic Power Supplies 4-4
Electronic Transmitters 4-14
Electrostatic Coalescer 7-2
Embedded Advanced Control 4-21
Emulsion 7-2
Enclosed High Speed Helical Gear Reducers 15-23
Enclosure 18-2
End Point 1-4
Energy Evaluation Chart, NEMA Frame Size Motors, Induction 15-19
Engine Heat Recovery Arrangement 15-26
Engine Ratings and Operating Parameters 15-24, 15-25
Enhanced Oil Recovery 16-35
CO2-Ethane Separation 16-36
CO2 Processing for EOR 16-35
Overall Process Configuration 16-38
Enthalpies of Paraffin Hydrocarbons, Combustion Products and Sulfur
Compounds 22-26
Enthalpy 24-1
Enthalpy and Entropy Data 24-3
Enthalpy Behavior 24-2
Enthalpy Calculation Example 24-11
Entrained 7-2
Entropy 24-1
Entropy Calculation, Example of 24-12
Entropy Correlation 24-3
Example Calculation 24-3
EOR Production Forecast, Example of 16-35
EP-mix (Ethane-propane Mix) 1-4
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) 4-2
Equilibrium Sulfur Vapor, Heat Capacity of 22-23
Equivalent Length of Valves and Fittings in Feet 17-6
Erbar-Maddox Correlation of Stages vs Reflux 19-7
Ethane Plus Recovery Efficiency 16-8
Ethane Recovery, GSP Process for 16-18
Ethane Recovery Processes 16-16
Example Comparison of Ethane Recovery Designs 16-19
GSP Design for Ethane Recovery 16-19
Ethane, Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for 20-12
Ethernet Network Diagram 4-32
Evaporative Cooling Systems 9-36
Exhaust Loss Correction Factor 15-15
EXPANDED STAR Network Diagram 4-34
Expander/Compressor Cross-Section with Thrust Balancing Schematic
13-52

Feed/Product Exchanger 19-28


Feedback Control 4-2
Feeder 18-2
Feed forward Control 4-2
Field Separator 1-4
Filter 7-2
Coalescers 7-38
Separators 7-2
Filtration and Coalescing Devices 7-38
Final Control Element 4-2
Fin Efficiency Chart 8-7
Fin Tip Temperature 8-7
Fintube Data for 1-in. OD Tubes 10-11
Fin Types 9-23
Firetube Heaters, Bath Properties of 8-30
Fire Streams Table 17-16
Fired Equipment 8-1
Combustion 8-10
Air Requirements 8-11
Burners 8-15
Draft 8-15
Flue Gas Condensation 8-17
Flue Gas Dew Point 8-17
Gas Burner Performance 8-17
Heating Value 8-12
NOx Control 8-18
Thermal Efficiency 8-13
Direct Fired Heaters 8-18
Controls 8-26
Convection Heaters 8-28
Convection Section 8-21
Cylindrical or Cabin 8-18
Insulation 8-23
Ceramic Fiber 8-24
External Insulation 8-24
Insulating Firebricks (Ifb) 8-24
LHV Castable Refractory 8-23
Options to Improve the Thermal Efficiency 8-26
Other Design Considerations 8-26
Draft Gauges 8-26
Flue Gas Temperature 8-26
Process Coil Thermowells 8-26
Purging 8-26
Sampling 8-26
Snuffing 8-26
Radiant Section 8-19
Stack Draft 8-23
Types 8-18
Vertical or Horizontal Tubes 8-18
Electric Heaters 8-39
Firetube Heaters 8-28
Controls 8-33
Direct Fired Reboilers 8-32

Firetubes, Burners, Stacks 8-33


Hot Oil Heaters 8-31
Hot Oil System 8-35
Improved Thermal Efficiency 8-35
Low Pressure Steam Heaters 8-30
Molten Salt Heaters 8-31
Troubleshooting 8-34
Bath Level Loss 8-34
Firetube Failure 8-34
High or Low Fuel Gas Pressure 8-34
High Stack Temperature 8-34
Inadequate Heat Transfer 8-34
Shell Side Corrosion 8-34
Water Bath Heaters 8-29
Heat Transfer 8-2
Conduction 8-2
Convection 8-4
Forced Convection 8-5
Natural or Free Convection 8-4
Finned Tubes 8-6
Heat Losses 8-7
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 8-5
Radiation 8-7
Inert Gas Generators 8-39
Oxidizers 8-38
Vaporizers 8-36
Submerged Combustion Water Bath Vaporizers 8-38
Vaporization Equipment 8-37
Waste Heat Recovery 8-38
Fire Sizing Environmental Factors 5-18
Firetube Heaters 8-2, 8-28
Fitting 18-2
Flame Ionization Detector, Example of 3-34
Flammability Characteristics of Gases and Liquids 18-8
Flammable and Combustible Liquids 18-2
Flanigan Liquid Holdup Correlation 17-20
Flare Measurement 3-22
Differential Pressure Flow Meters 3-22
Optical Meters 3-22
Thermal Flow Meters 3-22
Ultrasonic Flare Meters 3-22
Vortex Shedding Meters 3-27
Flare Systems 5-20
Location and Regulations 5-23
Pilots and Ignition 5-23
Smokeless Operation 5-23
Thermal Radiation 5-21
Types 5-20
Flash Drum 7-2
Flash Gas 14-1
Flash Point 1-4
Flood Capacity of Valve Trays 19-13
Flow Calculation Guide 3-3, 3-4
Flow Calculation Guide Equations 3-6
Flow Recording Controller (FRC) 4-4
Flow Sensors 4-13
Flow Through Vapor Passages 19-9
Flue Gas
Convection-Coefficients 8-22
Ideal Relative Density 8-25
Rates 8-21
Fluid Flow and Piping 17-1
Bernoulli's Theorem 17-2
Compressibility of Gases 17-4

Equivalent Length of Valves and Fittings 17-4


Flow in Pipes and Reynolds Number 17-2
Fluid Physical Properties 17-2
Friction Factor and Effect of Pipe Roughness 17-3
Pipe and Flange Data 17-28
Pressure Loss Due to Friction 17-3
Darcy-Weisbach equation 17-3
Single Phase Flow 17-4
Fire Stream Flow 17-14
Liquid Flow 17-11
Hydrocarbon 17-11
Water 17-11
Low Pressure Gas Flow 17-7
Plant Piping Gas Flow 17-10
Steam Flow 17-14
Transmission Line Gas Flow 17-4
AGA Equations, The 17-4
Isothermal Flow 17-4
Panhandle A Equation 17-6
Panhandle B Equation 17-7
Weymouth Equation, The 17-6
Two Phase Flow 17-14
Flow Regime Determination 17-14
Liquid Slugging 17-21
Pressure Drop Calculation 17-17
Elevation Component 17-18
Frictional Component 17-18
Liquid Holdup 17-18
Forced-Circulation Reboiler Arrangement 19-21
Formulated Amines Applications 21-14
Formulated Solvents & Mixed Amines 21-13
Fouling Resistances 9-6
Four-Column Fractionation System 16-24
Four-Column Ryan/Holmes Process 16-38
Fractionation 1-4, 19-1
Equilibrium Stage Concept 19-2
Types 19-3
Thermosyphon
Horizontal 19-23
Vertical 19-21
Fractionation and Absorption 19-1
Absorption 19-30
Absorber Calculations 19-30
Sour Water Strippers 19-32
Stripper Calculations 19-32
Fractionation 19-1
Design Considerations 19-5
Computation Method 19-6
Minimum Reflux Ratio 19-6
Minimum Stages 19-5
Number of Stages 19-6
Operating Pressure 19-5
Reflux Ratio and Number of Stages 19-5
Energy Efficient Design Considerations 19-28
Feed/Product Exchangers 19-28
Heat Pumping 19-29
Side Coolers/Condensers 19-29
Side Heaters 19-28
Equilibrium Stage Concept 19-2
High Capacity Trays 19-14
Key Parameters 19-5
Mechanical Considerations 19-20
Column Internals 19-24
Mechanical Design 19-26

xi

Reboiler Arrangements 19-20


Packed Columns 19-15
Column Sizing 19-16
Dumped Packing Versus Trays 19-19
Packed Column Internals 19-19
Packing Height 19-18
Product Specifications 19-4
Trayed Columns 19-8
Internals 19-8
Sizing 19-9
Tray Efficiency 19-14
Types of Fractionators 19-3
Fractionation Columns 19-8
Fractionation Grade Product Specifications (GPA 2107-08) 2-3
Fractionation Model 19-3
Fractionation Schematic Diagram 19-2
Fractionation Train 19-3
Fractionator Parameters 19-15
Fractionators, Types of 19-3
Freeze Valve 1-4
Freezing Points of Aqueous Glycol Solutions 20-25
Freon (CFC) 14-7
Friction Factor for Fluids Flowing Inside Tubes 10-14
Friction Factors 17-3
Friction Factors for Complete Turbulence 17-5
Frost Plug 14-1
Full Containment Tank, Example of 6-10
Fundamentals of Control Valve Sizing and Noise Prediction 4-23
Gas Service 4-23
Aerodynamic Noise Prediction 4-23
Critical Pressure Drop 4-23
Sizing Calculation Procedure 4-23
Liquid Service 4-24
Cavitation 4-24
Flashing 4-24
Sizing Information 4-24
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 9-1

Gas Sweetening by Physical Absorption 21-22


Gas Treating Chemicals, Physical Properties 21-9
Gas Treating Process
Capabilities 21-5
Options 21-4
Selection 21-30
Gas Turbine Air Filtration 15-13
Gas Turbine Engines (Mechanical Drive), 2011 Basic Specifications
15-16
Gas Turbine Internals 15-10
Gas Turbines 15-9
Cycles 15-11
Performance 15-13
Types 15-9
Gathering System 1-5
General Gas Separation Selection 7-15
General Instrumentation Considerations 4-4
Generalized Compressibility Factors 23-1223-15
Glycol Injection System 20-25
GOR (Gas-Oil Ratio) 7-2
GPA Cobalt Bromide Test 2-2
GPA Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications 2-1
GPA Publications 1-17
GPA Research Reports 1-18
GPA Technical Activities 1-1
Technical Committee 1-1
Section A, Facilities Design and Optimization 1-1
Section B, Analysis 1-1
Section C, Specifications 1-1
Section F, Technical Data Development 1-1
Section H, Product Measurement and Handling 1-1
Section M, Operations and Maintenance 1-1
GPA Technical Publications 1-26
GPA Technical Standards 3-32
GPM/gpm 1-5
GPSA General Information 1-1
GPSA Members 26-1
GPSA Services 26-15
GPSA Supplies 26-26
GPSA Technical Activities 1-1
Editorial Review Board 1-1
Grain 21-1
Graphical Symbols for One-Line Electrical Diagrams 18-25, 18-26, 1827
Gravity Settling Laws and Particle Characteristics 7-7
Gravity Settling Theory 7-5
Intermediate Law Region 7-6
Newton's Law Region 7-6
Stokes' Law Region 7-6
Greatest Terminal Temperature Difference (GTTD) 9-2
Greek Alphabet 1-16
Gregory, Aziz, and Mandhane 17-14
Ground 18-2
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter 18-2
Ground Water 18-2
Guided Wave Radar (GWR) 4-12
Amine Processes, Guidelines for 21-7

Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator
Design 7-33
Selection 7-17
With a Overflow Weir 7-35
Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) 1-4, 7-2
Gas-well Gas 1-4
Gas-well Liquids 1-5
Gas and Vapor Flow Equations 4-24
Gas Coalescing Filter 7-2
Gas Constant (R) 1-4, 1-12
Gas Emissivity 8-10
Gas Flow Based on Weymouth Formula 17-8, 17-9
Gas Horsepower and Condenser Duty for Two Stage R-22
Refrigeration 14-15
Gas Hydrate 1-4
Gas Injection 1-4
Gasket Material Temperature Limitations 9-32
Gas Lift 1-4
Gas Measurement 3-3
Gas Orifice Calculations 3-9
Orifice Flow Rate 3-10
Orifice Sizing 3-9
Gas Processing Plant 1-4
Gas Sweetening by Chemical Reaction 21-8

Hairpin Heat Exchangers 9-19


Double Pipe 9-19
Typical Sizes 9-20
Halocarbons 14-1

xii

Hardness 18-3
Harp Slug Catcher 7-42
Head 12-2
Acceleration 12-2
Heat-Transfer Rates 6-12
Heat and Material Balances 14-6
Heater-Treater 7-2
Heater Alarm/Shutdown Description 8-27
Heater Applications and Characteristics 8-2
Heat Exchangers 9-1
Brazed Aluminum Specifications 9-25
Condensers 9-10
Components 9-14
Detail Design Results 9-10
Economizing 14-15
Evaporative Cooling Systems 9-36
Exchanger Components, Selection of 9-14
Industry Standards 9-14
Nomenclature 9-16
Shell and Tube Exchanger Selection Guide 9-16
Shell Size and Tube Count Estimation 9-16
Tube Wall Determination 9-16
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer 9-1
Basic Heat Transfer Relations 9-1
Heat Balances 9-1
Hairpin Heat Exchangers 9-19
Advantages 9-19
Application Guidelines 9-20
Disadvantages 9-19
LMTD Chart 9-3
Operating Characteristics 9-18
Evaluating Altered Performance 9-19
Inlet Gas Exchanger 9-18
Tube Vibration 9-18
Plate-Fin Exchangers (Brazed Aluminum) 9-21
Advantages and Limitations 9-23
Applications 9-23
Approximate Sizing Procedure 9-28
Basic Configuration 9-21
Bars 9-21
Battery 9-23
Cold Box 9-23
Distributor Fins 9-21
Headers 9-21
Heat Transfer Fins 9-21
Nozzles 9-21
Outside Sheets 9-21
Parting Sheets 9-21
Ports 9-21
Support Angles 9-21
Other Uses of Core Blocks 9-31
BAHX Kettle 9-31
Hardware Capabilities 9-24
Distributor and Passage Arrangements 9-26
Fins 9-24
Materials and Codes of Construction 9-24
Heat Load Curves 9-26
Installation-Operation-Maintenance 9-30
Cleaning 9-31
Field Testing and Repair 9-30
Hydrate Suppression 9-31
Insulation 9-30
Mounting 9-30
Specifications 9-26

Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchanger Specifications 9-26


Mechanical 9-26
Thermodynamic 9-26
Two-Phase Flow, Design Considerations for 9-26
Plate Frame Heat Exchangers 9-31
Fully Welded Plate Heat Exchangers 9-33
Advantages 9-33
Applications 9-33
Disadvantages 9-33
Materials of Construction 9-34
Temperature and Pressure Ratings 9-34
Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers 9-31
Advantages 9-32
Applications 9-32
Disadvantages 9-32
Fouling Factors 9-33
Materials of Construction 9-32
Maximum Pressure and Temperature Ratings 9-32
Size Limitations 9-33
Semi-Welded Plate Heat Exchangers 9-34
Advantages 9-34
Applications 9-34
Disadvantages 9-34
Materials of Construction 9-35
Temperature and Pressure Ratings 9-35
Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers 9-35
Applications 9-36
Design 9-36
General 9-35
Reboilers and Vaporizers 9-12
Effective Temperature Difference 9-12
Hydraulic Effects 9-12
The "Pool Boiling Curve" 9-12
Reboilers, Types of 9-13
"Once-through" 9-13
"Pump-through" 9-14
Recirculating Thermosyphon 9-13
Type Selection 9-14
Requirements, Estimated 21-16
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 9-2
Effective Temperature Difference 9-2
Enhanced Surface Tubing 9-18
Film Resistances 9-6
Fouling Resistances 9-2
Metal Resistance for Plain Tubes 9-2
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 9-2
Performance Evaluation With Sensible Heat Transfer 9-6
With Non-Linear Behavior 9-2
Tank Heaters 9-20
Internal Pipe Coils 9-21
Internal Prefabricated Tank Heaters 9-20
Prefabricated Stab-in Tube Bundle 9-21
Simplified Tank Coil Calculation Method 9-21
Tank Suction Heaters 9-21
Wall Mounted Coils or Panels 9-20
Heat Flow Through Insulation, Example of 6-14
Heating Value (Heat of Combustion) 1-5
Heat Medium (Heating Medium) 1-5
Heat Medium Systems 18-5
Heat of Dissociation of Sulfur Vapor Species 22-28
Heat Pumping 19-29
Heat Transfer
Conduction 8-2
Convection 8-4

xiii

Heat Transfer Fluids, Properties of 18-6


Heavy Ends 1-5
Hertz 18-3
Hexanes Plus (or Heptanes Plus) 1-5
High Pressure Cylinder with Double-Acting Piston and Tail-Rod 1312
High Speed Drives, Design Factors for 15-26
Horizontal Filter-Separator 7-37
Horizontal Flow
Regime Map 17-17
Vane Gas-Liquid Separator (In-Line) 7-19
Vane Gas-Liquid Separators 7-19
Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator, Example 7-35
Horizontal Gas-Liquid Separators
Comparison Chart 7-16
No Internals 7-20
With Mesh Pad or Vane Pack 7-20
With Hanging Mesh Pad 7-21
With Vertical Mesh Pad (Horizontal Flow) 7-21
With Vertical Vane Pack (Horizontal Flow) 7-21
Horizontal Multi-Stage Pump 12-9
Horizontal Separator Configurations 7-20
Horizontal Single Stage Process Pump 12-8
Horizontal Thermosyphon Reboiler 19-24
Horizontal Vessel Inlet Devices 7-24
Horsepower Determination, Approximate 13-27
Horsepower Required to Compress Gases 13-8
Hortonsphere Vessels for Liquid Storage 6-18
Hot Gas Bypass 14-1
Hot Oil System 8-37
HPRT 12-2
HP to LP Pressure Ratios 13-47
HTU vs. Gas Density for Various Structured Packings 20-36
Humid Air Ideal Density 8-13
Humid Air Ideal Specific Gravity 8-14
Hybrid Solvent Gas Treating Processes 21-20
Hydrate 1-5
Hydrate Chart for Gases Containing H2S 20-16
Hydrates in Natural Gas Systems 20-9
Hydrate Inhibition 20-17
Hydrate Prediction Based on Composition for Sweet Gases 20-11
Hydrate Predictions for High CO2/H2S Content Gases 20-16
Inhibition with Electrolytes 20-29
Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs) 20-29
AAs Compared to Methanol or Glycols 20-30
AA Screening Considerations 20-30
Antiagglomerant (AA) Inhibitors 20-30
KHIs Compared to Methanol or Glycols 20-29
KHI Screening Considerations 20-30
Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors 20-29
Sweet Natural Gas Hydrate Conditions, Prediction of 20-11
Hydraulic Turbines 12-20
Types of HPRTs 12-20
Applications 12-20
Power Recovered by HPRTs 12-20
Hydrocarbon Fluid Densities 23-17
Hydrocarbon Gas Viscosity 23-34
Hydrocarbon Gases, Heat-Capacity Ratios of 13-7
Hydrocarbon Liquids, Viscosities of 23-31
Hydrocarbon Recovery 16-1
Avoiding Common Operating Problems 16-22
Dew Point Control 16-3
Enhanced Oil Recovery 16-35
CO2-Ethane Separation 16-36

CO2 Processing for EOR 16-35


Overall Process Configuration 16-38
Separation of CO2 and Methane 16-36
Ethane Recovery
Example Comparison of Ethane Recovery Designs 16-19
GSP Design for Ethane Recovery 16-19
Ethane Recovery Processes 16-16
Fractionation Considerations 16-25
Gas Composition 16-1
Introduction 16-1
J-T Expansion 16-15
Process Flow 16-15
Lean Oil Absorption 16-11
Process Considerations 16-11
Refrigerated Lean Oil 16-11
Licensed NGL Recovery Processes 16-19
IOR and SCORE Propane Recovery Processes 16-21
IPSI Enhanced NGL Recovery Process 16-21
LPG-MAXSM Process 16-21
NGL-MAXSM High Ethane Recovery Process 16-21
RSV High Ethane Recovery Process 16-21
Liquefied Natural Gas Production 16-26
Cascade Refrigeration 16-26
Dual Mixed Refrigerant Cycle Processes 16-28
Mixed Refrigerant Processes 16-26
Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-26
Precooled with Nitrogen Cycle Liquefaction Process 16-28
Turboexpander Based Process 16-28
Low Temperature NGL Recovery Processes 16-12
Propane Plus NGL Recovery Compared to Ethane Plus NGL
Recovery 16-12
Nitrogen Rejection 16-33
Cryogenic Technology 16-33
New Technology 16-34
Recovery Efficiencies 16-34
Propane Recovery Processes 16-16
Example Comparison for Propane Recovery Designs 16-16
GSP Design for Propane Recovery 16-16
Improved Open Art Propane Recovery Processes 16-16
Solids Formation 16-28
Straight Refrigeration 16-8
IPORSM Process 16-10
Refrigeration Process Alternatives 16-8
Turboexpander Processing 16-15
Conventional Process 16-16
Hydrocarbons 14-10
Hydrocarbon Treating, Emerging Technologies in
Compact Amine Processes 21-35
Controlled-Freeze Zone (CFZ) Process 21-35
CryoCell Process 21-35
Fast Cycle Pressure Swing Adsorption 21-35
Membranes for CO2 Removal from Liquid Ethane 21-35
Hydrocarbon Treating 21-1
Acid Gas Injection 21-30
Alkaline Salt Process (Hot Carbonate) 21-21
Benfield Process 21-22
Catacarb Process 21-23
Hi-Pure Process 21-22
Single Split Process 21-21
Single Stage Process 21-21
Two Stage Process 21-21
Batch and Cyclic Processes 21-25
Adsorption Processes 21-26
Scavenger Processes 21-25

xiv

Biological Processes 21-29


Caustic Wash 21-18
Chemical Solvent Processes 21-6
Acid Gas Enrichment (AGE) 21-14
Activated Tertiary Amines 21-7
Amine Process Flow Configuration 21-7
Aqueous Alkanolamine Processes 21-6
Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) 21-13
Formulated Solvents & Mixed Amines 21-13
Primary and Secondary Amines 21-6
Sterically Hindered Amines 21-14
Tertiary Amines 21-6
Triethanolamine (TEA) 21-13
Contaminants, Types of 21-2
Definitions of Words and Phrases Used in Hydrocarbon Treating
21-1
Emerging Technologies 21-35
Compact Amine Processes 21-35
Controlled-Freeze Zone (CFZ) Process 21-35
CryoCell Process 21-35
Fast Cycle Pressure Swing Adsorption 21-35
Membranes for CO2 Removal from Liquid Ethane 21-35
Equilibrium Data for Amine-Sour Gas Systems 21-16
Gas Pretreating 21-2
Hydrocarbon Dewpoint Control 21-3
Inlet Separation 21-2
Oxygen Contamination 21-3
Gas Treating Process Options 21-4
General Considerations for Solvent Process 21-23
Corrosion 21-23
Flash Tank (Drum) 21-23
Foaming 21-24
Materials 21-25
Solution Filtration 21-23
Vented Regenerator (Aromatics Impact) 21-23
Hybrid Solvent Processes 21-20
Selefining 21-21
Sulfinol 21-20
Liquid Hydrocarbon Treating Processes 21-30, 21-32
Merichem 21-33
Merox 21-33
Molecular Sieve 21-32
Perco Solid Copper Chloride Sweetening 21-33
Regenerative Caustic 21-32
Solid Potassium Hydroxide 21-33
Liquid/Liquid Treating 21-30
Carbonyl Sulfide Removal 21-32
Counterflow Contact Towers 21-30
Hydrogen Sulfide & Carbon Dioxide Removal 21-31
Mercaptan Treating 21-32
Minimizing Amine Losses 21-31
Mixing 21-30
Sulfur Removal 21-32
Treated Product Clean-up 21-30
Liquid Phase Claus Reaction Processes 21-28
Liquid Redox Processes 21-27
Iron Chelate Processes 21-28
Lo-Cat IIR 21-28
Stretford Process 21-28
SulFerox 21-28
Sulfint-HP 21-28
Membrane Separation Process
Bulk Fractionation 21-30
Highly Sour Gas Pretreatment Processes 21-29

SPREX 21-30
Mercury Removal 21-3
Calgon HGR 21-4
CMG 271 and 273 21-4
Desorex 21-4
HgSIV 21-4
Organic Mercury Removal 21-4
Puraspec 21-4
Non-Regenerative Treating 21-34
Caustic Wash 21-34
Offshore Design Considerations 21-34
Physical Solvent Processes 21-18
Fluor Solvent 21-19
Ifpex-2 Process 21-19
Morphysorb 21-20
Purisol 21-20
Rectisol Process 21-19
Selexol 21-19
Process Selection 21-30
Safety Precautions 21-2
Hydrogen Sulfide 21-2
Solubility Limits of Hydrocarbons in Amine Solutions 21-17
Overall Solubility Trends 21-17
Hydrofluorocarbons 14-7
High Presssure 14-10
Hydrogen Sulfide & Carbon Dioxide Removal 21-31
Hyperbolic Natural Draft Tower 11-14
Hysteresis 4-3

I/O Devices 4-3


I/P Transducer 4-3
ICFM to SCFM 13-23
Ideal-Gas-State Enthalpy of Petroleum Fractions 24-8
Ideal-Gas-State Enthalpy of Pure Components 24-6, 24-7
Ideal Brayton Cycle Available Energy 15-11
Ideal Gas (also called "Perfect" Gas) 1-5, 24-1
Ideal Gas State Entropy of Pure Components 24-13
IFPEX-1 Dehydration Process Flow Diagram 20-50
Immiscible 1-5
Impedance 18-3
Impeller 12-2
Incinerator Residence Time and Required Temperature, Relationship
22-12
Increase Firetube Heat Transfer, Methods to 8-36
Indicator Diagram for Three Load Points of Operation 13-14
Indirect Fired Heater 8-34
Indirect Fired Water Bath Heater 8-29
Induced Draft 11-2
Induction Generators, Types of 15-20
Industrial Network Overview 4-32
Network Project Implementation and Design Considerations 4-33
Network Security 4-34
Inert Gas Generators 8-39
Inerts 1-5
Inlet Device Performance 7-25
Inlet Loss Correction Factor 15-14
Inlet Valve Unloader 13-14
In Sight From (Within Sight From, Within Sight) 18-3
Instruments: Installation, Troubleshooting, and Calibration of 4-26
Instrument Air System Example 18-7
Instrument Air Systems 18-5
Instrumentation 4-1

xv

Analytical Instruments 4-29


Continuous Analyzers 4-29
Cyclic Analyzers 4-29
System Control Diagram 4-29
Computer Systems 4-28
Analog Computers 4-28
Digital Computers 4-28
Microcomputers 4-29
Minicomputers 4-29
Process Input/Output Equipment 4-29
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) 4-29
Control Concepts 4-16
Control Loops 4-16
Closed Loop 4-17
Feedback Control 4-17
Feedforward Control 4-17
Open Loop 4-16
Control Modes and Controllers 4-17
Controller Tuning 4-19
Control Mode Considerations 4-20
Direct and Reverse Acting Controllers 4-18
Offset 4-18
Proportional, Integral, and Derivative Control Modes 4-17
Proportional Mode (P) 4-18
Proportional Plus Derivative Mode (PD) 4-18
Proportional Plus Integral Mode (PI) 4-18
Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Mode (PID) 4-19
Two-Position (on-off) Controllers 4-17
Ziegler-Nichols Method 4-19
Control Valves 4-21
Control-Valve Actuators 4-22
Control-Valve Bodies 4-22
Discussion of Flow Characteristics and Valve Selection 4-22
Definitions of Words and Phrases Used in Instrumentation 4-2
Digital First-Level Control Systems 4-31
Direct Digital Controllers (DDC) 4-32
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) 4-32
Fieldbus 4-32
Individual Controllers 4-31
Electronic Power Supplies 4-4
Power Outages and Interruptions 4-7
Power Supply Specifications 4-7
Uninterruptible Power Supplies 4-7
Embedded Advanced Control 4-21
Fundamentals of Control Valve Sizing and Noise Prediction 4-23
Gas Service 4-23
Aerodynamic Noise Prediction 4-23
Critical Pressure Drop 4-23
Sizing Calculation Procedure 4-23
Liquid Service 4-24
Cavitation 4-24
Flashing 4-24
Sizing Calculation Procedure 4-25
Sizing Information 4-24
General Instrumentation Considerations 4-4
Identification 4-4
Type Selection 4-4
Industrial Network Overview 4-32
Network Project Implementation and Design Considerations
4-33
Network Security 4-34
Topology and Cable Hierarchy 4-33
Installation, Troubleshooting, and Calibration 4-26
Calibration 4-28

Differential Pressure Transmitters 4-28


Pressure Transmitters 4-28
Temperature Transmitters 4-28
Failed Systems 4-26
Installation and Troubleshooting 4-26
Poorly Commissioned Systems 4-27
Poor Performance 4-27
Pneumatic Power Supplies 4-4
Recorders and Indicators 4-16
Indicators 4-16
Digital Type 4-16
Electronic Analog Type 4-16
Mechanical Type 4-16
Recorders 4-16
Safety Instrumented System (SIS) Overview 4-30
Design and Project Considerations 4-31
Layers of Protection 4-30
Sensing Devices 4-8
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter 4-14
Electrical Pressure Transducers 4-9
Electromagnetic Flowmeter 4-13
Flow Sensors 4-13
Positive Displacement Meters 4-13
Turbine Meters 4-13
Variable Area Flow Meters 4-13
Level Sensors 4-10
Capacitance Probes 4-11
Chain and Tape Float Gauges 4-10
Displacer Level Measuring Device 4-10
Electrical Type Level Gauges and Switches 4-10
Gauge Glass 4-10
Guided Wave Radar Level Transmitter 4-12
Head-pressure Level Gauges 4-10
Lever and Shaft Float Gauges 4-10
Magnetostrictive Level Transmitter 4-11
Other Methods 4-12
Pressure Sensors 4-8
Bellows 4-9
Bourdon Tubes 4-8
Diaphragm 4-9
Manometer 4-8
Temperature Sensors 4-12
Bimetallic 4-13
Filled System 4-13
Glass Stem 4-13
Resistance 4-12
Thermocouples 4-12
Ultrasonic Flow Meters 4-13
Signal Transmitters 4-14
Electronic 4-14
Pneumatic 4-14
Signal Converters 4-16
Electric Dignal Converters 4-16
Electronic-to-Pneumatic 4-16
Frequency Converters 4-16
Isolators 4-16
Pneumatic-to-Electronic 4-16
Smart Transmitters and Devices 4-14
Connection Methods 4-15
Four-wire Transmitters 4-15
Three-wire Transmitters 4-15
Two-wire Transmitters 4-15
Wireless Transmitters and Devices 4-15
Instrumentation Symbols 4-5, 4-6

xvi

Instrumentation Symbols and Identification 4-4


Calibration 4-28
Differential Pressure Transmitters 4-28
Pressure Transmitters 4-28
Temperature Transmitters 4-28
Failed Systems 4-26
Installation and Troubleshooting 4-26
Poorly Commissioned Systems 4-27
Poor Performance 4-27
Insulation, Storage Tanks 6-11
Condensation 6-11
Conservation of Energy 6-11
Personnel Protection 6-11
Process Temperature Control 6-11
Types 6-11
Uses 6-11
Integral (Reset) Control 4-3
Integral (Reset) Time 4-3
Integral Engine Compressor 13-5
Integrally Geared Compressors 13-41
Integral Wind-up/Wind-down 4-3
Integrated Natural Gas Desulfurization, Example of 21-27
Integrated Steam System 18-5
Intermediate Feed Nozzle Applications 19-26
Intermediate Feed Nozzle Arrangements 19-26
Internal Combustion Engines, Types of 15-21
Internal Floating Roof Tank 6-6
Internal Recirculation Design 10-5
Interrupting Rating 18-3
Intrinsically Safe 4-3, 18-3
Ion-Exchange Bed 18-16
Ion-Exchange Processes 18-16
Ions, Anions, Cations 18-3
IOR Propane Recovery Process 16-20
IPORSM Process 16-10
IPSI Enhanced NGL Recovery Process 16-22
Irreversibility 24-1
Isenthalpic Blowdown Paths, Sample 24-16
Isobutane 1-5
Isothermal Flow 17-4

Least Terminal Temperature Difference (LTTD) 9-2


Level Distances for a Vertical Vessel 7-30
Level Heights and Surge Volumes 7-28
Li and Mather 25-11
Licensed NGL Recovery Processes 16-19
IOR and SCORE Propane Recovery Processes 16-21
IPSI Enhanced NGL Recovery Process 16-21
LPG-MAXSM Recovery Process 16-21
NGL-MAXSM High Ethane Recovery Process 16-21
RSV High Ethane Recovery Process 16-21
Lift Gas 1-5
Light Ends 1-5
Light Hydrocarbons
High-Temperature Vapor Pressures 23-30
Line Drip Example 17-21
Line Drop 7-2
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 16-26
Liquefied Natural Gas Production 16-26
Cascade Refrigeration 16-26
Cascade Refrigeration Process 16-26
Dual Mixed Refrigerant Cycle Processes 16-28
Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-26
Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-26
Precooled with Nitrogen Cycle Liquefaction Process 16-28
Turboexpander Based Process 16-28
Liquefied Petroleum Gases, Specifications for 2-5
Liquid-Liquid and Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separators, Types of 7-21
Mesh Followed by Plate Pack 7-22
Mesh Followed by Plate Pack, and with a Secondary Mesh Polishing
Media Downstream of the Plate Pack 7-22
Liquid-Liquid Coalescers 7-41
Liquid-Liquid Separators 7-2
Liquid-Liquid Separator Selection 7-16
Liquid-to-Gas Ratio 11-2
Liquid Coalescer 7-2
Liquid Coalescer Vessel 7-2
Liquid Film Shaft Seal with Cylindrical Bushing 13-34
Liquid Film Shaft Seal with Pumping Bushing 13-34
Liquid Flow Equations 4-26
Liquid Holdup Correlation 17-19
Liquid Hydrocarbon Treating Processes 21-30, 21-32
Molecular Sieve 21-32
Regenerative Caustic 21-32
Liquid Measurement 3-17
Liquid Refrigerant Receiver 14-1
Liquid Storage Systems 6-17
Accessories 6-18
Capacities 6-18
Desirability of Large Units 6-17
Gaging Table 6-18
Liquid Sulfur
Density 22-18
Liquid Sulfur,
Thermal Conductivity of 22-19
Liquid Valve Sizing Equations 4-26
Liquid Volume Fraction Calculation 23-9
Lithium Bromide-Water Refrigeration System 14-28
LMTD Correction Factor 9-4
1 shell passes; 2 or more tube passes 9-4
2 shell passes; 4 or more tube passes 9-4
3 shell passes; 6 or more tube passes 9-5
4 shell passes; 8 or more tube passes 9-5
LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) 1-5, 2-6
LNG Problem Compounds 16-33

J-T Process for Propane Recovery 16-13


J-T Process with Mechanical Refrigeration Recovery 16-13
Jacket Water 1-5
Jet Pump Configuration 13-47
Joule-Thomson Effect 1-5
Journal and Thrust Bearing Assembly 13-31

Kent-Eisenburg 25-11
Kettle Reboiler 9-13
Arrangement 19-24
Knock Out Drum 7-2
Koch-Glitsch 19-8

Langelier Scaling Index (LSI) 18-3


Lead Acetate Test 1-5
Lean Amine Charge Pump 12-21
Lean Gas 1-5
Lean Oil 1-5
xvii

LNG Product Specifications 2-6


Loading rack 1-5
Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) 9-2
Low-Molecular-Weight Natural Gases, Compressibility of 23-13
Low-Temperature Separation System with Glycol Injection and
Condensate Stabilization 16-5
Low-Temperature Separation Unit 16-4
Low Pressure Cylinder with Double-Acting Piston 13-12
Low Pressure Gas Flow 17-7
Low Pressure Retrograde Condensation Dew Point Curves 16-3
Low Sheet of an Ammonia Absorption System 14-28
Low Temperature NGL Recovery Processes 16-12
Propane Plus NGL Recovery Compared to Ethane Plus NGL
Recovery 16-12
Low Temperature Pumps 12-19
External Motor Type 12-19
Submerged Motor Type 12-19
Low Temperature Specifications 6-15
LP-Gas (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) 1-1, 1-3, 1-51-6, 1-8, 2-2, 2-4, 2-6
2-7
LPG-MAXSM Propane Recovery Process 16-23
LPG Specification Parameters 2-2
Moisture Content
Valve Freeze Method 2-2
Non-Specification Contaminants 2-6
Non-Volatile Residue 2-6
Odorization 2-6
Sulfur Content 2-2
Vapor Pressure 2-2
Volatile Residue 2-5
LPG Water Wash Schematic 21-32
LRG (Liquefied Refinery Gas) 1-5
LTX (Low Temperature Extraction Unit) 1-5
Lube Oil Schematic 13-51

Density Measurement 3-20


Displacement Meters 3-18
Mass Meters 3-19
Meter Proving 3-20
Meter Proving Reports 3-21
Meter Proving Systems 3-20
Turbine and Displacement Meter Selection and Performance
3-18
Turbine Meters 3-17
Volumetric Measurement Meters (Orifice Meters) 3-17
Orifice Flow Rate 3-17
Miscellaneous Measurement Devices 3-27
Pitot 3-27
Vortex 3-27
Natural Gas and Natural Gas Liquid Chromatography 3-31
Calibration and Verification 3-34
Carrier Gas 3-32
Column Selection 3-33
Detectors 3-33
Integration and Data Handling 3-34
Introduction 3-31
Maintenance and Troubleshooting 3-35
Product Stream and Components of Interest 3-32
Purchasing the System 3-34
Safety Considerations 3-34
Sample Preparation and Introduction 3-32
The Analytical Method 3-32
Training and Follow Up 3-35
Natural Gas Liquid Sampling 3-27, 3-29
Utilizing Floating Piston Cylinders 3-29
Steam Measurement 3-22
Measurement Devices, Miscellaneous 3-27
Mechanical (Contact) Shaft Seal 13-32
Mechanical Draft Coil Shed Tower 11-14
Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers 11-13
Mechanical Drive Steam Turbines 15-1
Condensing or Non-condensing Exhausts 15-1
Extraction or Admission 15-1
Impulse or Reaction 15-1
Single-stage or Multi-stage 15-1
Mechanical Forced Draft Counterflow Tower 11-13
Mechanical Indicators 4-16
Mechanical Induced Draft Counterflow Tower 11-13
Mechanical Induced Draft Cross Flow Tower 11-13
Mechanical Losses, Chart 13-28
Mechanical Refrigerant System, Troubleshooting 14-25
Mechanical Refrigeration 14-2
Chillers 14-24
Kettle Type 14-24
Plate-Fin 14-24
Condensing Temperature 14-6
Considerations for Vacuum Refrigeration Systems 14-10
Materials of Construction 14-11
Refrigerant Purity 14-11
Seal Gas and Lube Oil System 14-11
Design and Operating Considerations 14-8
Liquid Surge and Storage 14-9
Oil Removal 14-8
Vacuum Systems 14-10
Freon (CFC) Refrigerant Phase Out 14-7
Hydrofluorocarbons 14-7
Horsepower and Condenser Duty Estimation 14-8
One-Stage Systems 14-8
Three-Stage Systems 14-8

Manometers, Types of 4-8


Mass Flow to Inlet Volume Flow 13-24
Materials of Storage Tank Construction 6-11
Metallic 6-11
Non-Metallic 6-11
Mcf 1-5
Measurement 3-1
Flare Measurement 3-22
Flow Calculation Guide 3-3
Gas Measurement 3-3
Calibration of the UM 3-16
Coriolis Meters 3-16
Gas Orifice Calculations 3-9
Orifice-Meter Measurement 3-3
Dual-Chamber Orifice Fitting 3-3
Flow Conditioners 3-5
Meter Tubes 3-5
Orifice Flanges 3-3
Orifice Plates 3-5
Single Chamber Orifice Fitting 3-3
Orifice Well Test 3-10
Ultrasonic Measurement 3-15
UM Meter Maintenance and Verification 3-16
UM Meter Tube and Approach Piping Considerations 3-15
Volume Calculations 3-15
Liquid Measurement 3-17
Coriolis Meters 3-19

xviii

Heat Exchanger Economizing 14-8


Two-Stage Systems 14-8
Mixed Refrigerants 14-23
Refrigerant Cascading 14-7
Refrigerant For Reboiling 14-7
Refrigerant Properties 14-7
Refrigerant Subcooling 14-6
Refrigerant System, Troubleshooting 14-25
Refrigeration Cycle 14-2
Compression Step 14-2
Condensation Step 14-2
Evaporation Step 14-2
Expansion Step 14-2
System Pressure Drop 14-3
Refrigeration Stages 14-3
One-Stage System 14-3
System Configuration 14-3
Three-Stage System 14-3
Two-Stage System 14-3
System Controls 14-24
Evaporator Temperature 14-25
Level Controls 14-24
Low Ambient Controls 14-25
Pressure Controls 14-25
Mehra 14-6
Mercaptan 1-5, 21-1
Mercury Removal Bed, Example 21-4
Metal Temperatures, Minimum Recommended 8-18
Methane Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram 8-30
Methane, Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for 20-12
Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) 21-13
Miscible Flood 1-5
Mist Eliminator 7-2
Mixed Refrigerant Liquefaction Process 16-27
MMcf 1-5
Molar Heat of Condensation of S6 and S8 22-28
Mole(s) 24-1
Mole Sieve Dehydrator 20-46
Motor-Circuit Switch 18-3
Motor Control Center 18-3
Motor Enclosures, Types of 15-19
Explosion-Proof 15-20
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) 15-20
Totally Enclosed Forced Ventilated (TEFV) 15-20
Totally Enclosed Water- to Air-Cooled (TEWAC) 15-20
Motor Feeder and Branch Circuits 18-30
MTD Correction Factors 10-8
4 shell passes; 8 or more tube passes 10-8, 10-9
Multi-Stage Compression Path with Interstage Cooling and Recycle,
Sample 24-17
Multi-Valve Inlet 15-4
Multi-Valve, Multi-Stage Condensing Turbines, Basic Efficiency of
15-5
Multiphase Pumps 12-19
Multiple Heat Exchanger 9-20

Natural Gas 1-6


Natural Gas and Natural Gas Liquid Chromatography 3-31
Natural Gas Liquid Sampling 3-27, 3-29
Natural Gasoline 1-6
Natural Gas Processing Plant 1-6
Natural Gas Streams 24-5
Influence of Pressure on Enthalpy 24-5
NEMA Enclosures 18-36
Net Effect Volume 11-2
Newton's Law of Cooling 8-4
NGL (Natural Gas Liquid) 1-1, 1-6
NGL-MAXSM Ethane Recovery Process 16-24
Nine-stage Cascade Liquefaction Process 16-25
Nitrogen Rejection
Cryogenic Technology 16-33
Recovery Efficiencies 16-34
Nitrogen Rejection Flow Diagram 16-33
Noise 4-3
Nomograph, Performance Characteristics 11-12
NPSHA 12-2
NPSHR 12-2
NYE TRAY Schematic 19-15

Odorant 1-6
Offset 4-3
Oil-well Gas 1-6
Oil Reclaimer 14-23
Oil Treatment Separators 7-45
Oliphant Formula 17-10
On-stream Factor 1-6
Once-Through Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Once-Through Reboiler with Bottom Tray Feed 9-13
One-Stage Refrigeration System 14-3
Open Cooling Water Systems 18-19
Operating Envelope, Example of 7-44
Operating Factor 1-6
Operational Aspects of the Claus Plant 22-32
Optimum Generally Attainable Efficiency Chart 12-12
Options to Improve Thermal Efficiency 8-26
Add Convection Surface 8-26
Add Economizer for Waste Heat Recovery 8-27
Install Air Preheat System 8-27
Orifice Meter Installation Requirements, without Flow Conditioner,
Test Set-up 3-15
Orifice Plate Holders, Examples of 3-7
Outage 1-6
Outlet 18-3
Overall Boiling Heat Flux Ranges 9-12
Overall Unit Efficiency (OEE) 18-37
Overcurrent 18-3
Overhead Recycle Process for Propane Recovery 16-17
Overload 18-3
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) 15-15
Oxidizers 8-38

N-Butane, Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for 20-14


National Electrical Code (NEC) 4-4, 18-23
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 4-7
Natural-Circulation Reboiler Arrangements 19-21
Natural Draft Cooling Towers 11-14
Natural Draft Profiles 8-24

P-H Charts, Uses for 24-3


Package-Type Sulfur Plant, Example of 22-3
Packaged Unit 1-6
Packed Column 1-6
Packed Column Internals 19-20

xix

Packed Column Pressure Drop Correlation 19-18


Packing Depths 19-19
Packing Size on HETP, Effect of 19-20
Packing, Types of 19-16
Pall Corporation 7-41
Panelboard 18-3
Panhandle A Equation 17-6, 17-7
Panhandle B Equation 17-7
Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company 17-6
Paraffin Hydrocarbon Gases at One Atmosphere, Viscosity of 23-33
Paraffinic Hydrocarbon Mixtures, Specific Gravity of 23-22
Parallel Data 4-3
Parallel Pumps Selection 12-14
Partial Draw-off 19-27
Partial Volumes of Spheres in U.S. Gallons 6-24
P Controller 4-3
PD Controller 4-3
Peak Shaving 1-6
PECOFacet 7-38, 7-39, 7-40, 7-41
Pelton Wheel 12-2
Peng Robinson 25-9
Pentane-plus 1-6
Petroleum Fractions, Specific Gravity of 23-19, 23-21
Petroleum Measurement Standards, Manual of 3-2
Petroleum Refinery Piping Code, The 17-28
Phase Envelope 24-1
Phase Equilibria 25-1
Basic Equation of State Forms 25-9
Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling 25-9
Other Phase Equilibria Methods 25-9
Electrolytic Models 25-10
Mixed Models 25-10
Peng Robinson 25-9
Practical Application of Phase Equilibria Methods 25-10
Amine Treating 25-11
Complex Systems to Model 25-10
Sour Water 25-11
Redlich-Kwong 25-9
Soave Redlich-Kwong 25-9
van der Waals 25-9
Equations of State and the Solid Phase 25-12
Multi-Component (3 or More) Triple Points 25-13
Simulation Tools for Predicting Solids 25-13
Single-Component Triple Points 25-12
Two-Component Triple Point Locus Lines 25-12
Flash Calculation Problem 25-2
Carbon Dioxide 25-3
CO2-Ethane Separation 25-4
Separation of CO2 and H2S 25-5
Separation of CO2 and Methane 25-3
K-Data Charts 25-1
Sources 25-3
Methods 25-6
Equations of State (EOS) 25-6
Historical Development of EOS for Phase Equilibria 25-7
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 25-1
Phase Equilibria Methods 25-6
Recent EOS Advancements 25-8
PHEs, Fowling Factors 9-32
Physical Constants 23-223-3
Notes 23-5
References 23-9
Physical Properties 23-1
Acentric Factor 23-28

Boiling Points 23-27


Computer Prediction Methods 23-10
Critical Properties 23-28
Data for Pure CO2, and CO2/H2S Mixtures 23-25
Gross Heating Value of Natural Gases 23-41
Corrections for Water Content 23-42
Cost of Gas 23-42
Gross Heating Value 23-42
Hypothetical State 23-41
Ideal Gas 23-42
Net Heating Value 23-42
Real Gas 23-41
Specific Gravity 23-42
Z-Factor 23-42
Hydrocarbon Fluid Densities 23-17, 23-18
Data and Correlations 23-17
Specific Heat 23-43
Surface Tension 23-36
Mixtures 23-36
Pure Components 23-36
Thermal Conductivity 23-33, 23-36
Thermal Conductivity of Pure CO2 and CO2/ H2S Mixtures 2336
Transport Property References 23-36
Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Helium 23-36
Units and Conversion Factors 23-8
Vapor Pressure 23-27, 23-28
Viscosity 23-31
Calculation of Gas Mixture Viscosity 23-31
Viscosity of Petroleum Fractions 23-31
Viscosity of Pure CO2 and CO2/ H2S Mixtures 23-33
Z-Factor and Density for Gases 23-10
Natural Gas Mixtures 23-11
Pure Gases 23-10
Physical Solvent 21-1
PI Controller 4-3
PID Controller 4-3
Pigging 1-6
Pilot Operated Relief Valves 5-7
Pipe and Flange Data 17-28
Pipeline Gas 1-6
Piston Equipped with Teflon Piston and Wear Rings for a Singleacting Non-Lubricated Cylinder 13-13
Plan Views of Aircoolers 10-2
Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers (Brazed Aluminum) 9-21
Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers 9-31
Pneumatic Actuated Valves Controlling Four Fixed Pockets in
Compressor for Five-Step Control 13-14
Pneumatic Power Supplies 4-4
Adequate Capacity 4-4
Filtering and Regulation 4-4
Hydraulic Powered Devices 4-4
Non-Air Systems 4-4
Proper Distribution 4-4
Pneumatic Transmitters 4-14
Pool Boiling Curve 9-12
Positive Displacement Meter, Example of 3-18
Power Factor 18-3
Power Requirements, Estimated 21-16
Power Transmissions 12-16
ppmv 21-1
Prefabricated Tank Heater 9-20
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram 14-3
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for HFC-134a 14-27

xx

Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings


17-27
Pressure Control at Constant Speed 13-36, 13-37
Pressure Control at Variable Speed 13-36
Pressure Drop for Flowing Water 17-13
Pressure Drop for Fluids Flowing Inside Tubes 10-13
Pressure Drop for Hydrocarbon Liquids in Smooth Pipe 17-14
Pressure Drop in Steam Pipes by Fritzsches Formula 17-15
Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for HFC-410a 14-26
Pressure Equivalents 1-12
Pressure Loss Due to Friction 17-3
Pressure on Entropy (Correction for Real Fluids), Effect of 24-15
Pressure on Entropy (Simple Fluid), Effect of 24-14
Pressure Ratio Efficiency Correction Factor, Non-Condensing
Turbines 15-7
Pressure Relief Valves
Balanced Bellows 5-9
Conventional 5-9
Pilot Operated 5-10
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) 18-7
Pressure vs. Temperature of HFC-134a 14-27
Prime Movers for Mechanical Drives 15-1
A-C Motor Type and Selection 15-18
Auxiliaries 15-23
Bearings 15-23
Couplings 15-27
Flexible Couplings 15-27
Rigid Couplings 15-27
Design Factors 15-26
Bearings 15-26
Dynamic Balance 15-27
Gears 15-27
Housings 15-26
Pinions 15-27
Seals 15-27
Shafts 15-26
Gear Ratings 15-26
Durability 15-26
Horsepower 15-26
Scuffing Temperatures 15-26
Strength 15-26
Gears 15-23
Gearing 15-23
High Speed Gears 15-23
Speed Increasers and Reducers 15-23
Surface Finish 15-23
Lubrication 15-27
Vibration Monitoring 15-27
Auxiliary Systems 15-11
Acoustics 15-13
Air Filtration 15-12
Coalescers 15-12
High Efficiency Media 15-12
Inertial 15-12
Marine or Demister 15-12
Prefilters 15-12
Self-Cleaning 15-12
Lube Systems 15-11
Electrical System 15-18
Induction Motors 15-18
Motor Voltage 15-19
Speed 15-18
3000 to 3600 rpm 15-18
514 to 720 rpm 15-19

900 to 1800 rpm 15-18


Below 514 rpm 15-19
Synchronous Motors 15-18
Electric Motors 15-18
Gas Turbine Cycles 15-11
Combined Cycle 15-11
Regenerative Ideal Brayton Cycle 15-11
Simple Open Cycle 15-11
Gas Turbine Performance 15-13
Emissions 15-15
Gas Turbines 15-9
Compact, Lightweight Design 15-9
General 15-9
Installation 15-9
Maintenance 15-9
Gas Turbine, Types of 15-9
Aircraft Derivative 15-10
Heavy Duty 15-9
Single Shaft/Split Shaft 15-10
Induction Generator 15-20
Internal Combustion Engines 15-21
Engine, Types of 15-21
Compression Ignition (Diesel) 15-21
Dual-Fuel 15-21
Four-Stroke-Cycle 15-21
Spark Ignition 15-21
Speed 15-21
Supercharged Engines 15-21
Two-Stroke-Cycle 15-21
Motor Enclosures 15-19
Drip-Proof 15-19
Explosion-Proof 15-20
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) 15-20
Totally Enclosed Water- to Air-Cooled (TEWAC) 15-20
Weather-Protected Type I 15-19
Weather-Protected Type II 15-19
Performance Rating 15-22
Engine Energy Balance 15-22
Speed Variation 15-20
Fixed Speed Electric Motors With Fluid Couplings 15-20
Variable Frequency Electric Motors 15-20
Steam Turbine Components 15-2
Control Systems 15-4
Exhaust Casings 15-3
Inlet Control Valves 15-2
Moisture Protection 15-4
Nozzles/Blades (Buckets) 15-3
Trip and Throttle Valve/Stop (Block) Valve 15-2
Steam Turbine Efficiency 15-5
Factors Affecting Efficiency 15-5
Operation at Part Load 15-5
Techniques to Improve Efficiency 15-5
Steam Turbine Types 15-1
Condensing/Non-Condensing 15-1
Extraction/Admission 15-1
Impulse/Reaction 15-2
Single Stage/Multi-Stage 15-1
Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHE) 9-35
Process Chilling Curves 14-23
Process Flow Diagram 14-3
Process Flow Diagram for Glycol Dehydration Unit 20-31
Production Separator 7-2
Product Specifications 2-1
LPG Specification Parameters 2-2

xxi

LNG Specifications 2-6


Moisture Content 2-2
Non-Specification Contaminants 2-6
Non-volatile Residue 2-6
Odorization 2-6, 2-7
Other Products 2-6
Sulfur Content 2-2
Vapor Pressure 2-2
Volatile Residue 2-5
PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) 4-3
Propane 1-6
Propane, Commercial 1-6
Propane Condensing Curve 9-10
Propane HD-5 1-6
Propane Plus Recovery Efficiency 16-8
Propane Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-27
Propane Recovery, GSP Process for 16-14
Propane Recovery Processes 16-16
Example Comparison for Propane Recovery Designs 16-16
GSP Design for Propane Recovery 16-16
Improved Open Art Propane Recovery Processes 16-16
Propane Refrigeration System 14-5
Propane Vapor Pressure Curve 14-5
Propane, Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for 20-13
Properties of Sulfur 22-16
Amorphous 22-16
Monoclinic 22-16
Rhombic 22-16
Proportional Band 4-3
Proportional Control 4-3
Protective Coatings of Storage Tanks 6-11
Coal Tar 6-11
Epoxy Resin 6-11
External 6-11
Galvanized 6-11
Internal 6-11
Rubber Lining 6-11
Pseudo-critical Temperature and Pressure for a Natural Gas Mixture
Calculation 23-11
Pseudocritical Temperature Adjustment Factor 23-16
Pseudo Liquid Density of Systems Containing Methane and Ethane
23-23
Psychrometer 11-2
Psychrometric Chart 11-3
Pump-Out Cavern Operation 6-9
Pumps & Hydraulic Turbines 12-1
Alignment 12-2
Pumps 12-1
Calculating the Required Differential Head 12-6
Absolute Total Pressure at Pump Discharge 12-7
Absolute Total Pressure at Pump Suction 12-7
Calculation of Actual Horsepower 12-8
Calculation of Hydraulic Power 12-8
Calculation of NPSHA 12-8
Motor Sizing 12-8
Centrifugal Pumps 12-8
Affinity Laws 12-9
Alignment, Supports, and Couplings 12-14
Centrifugal Pump Theory 12-8
Drivers 12-13
Efficiency 12-10
Installation, Operation, Maintenance 12-16
Matching the Centrifugal Pump to the System
Requirements 12-10

Materials of Construction 12-14


Piping 12-14
Pump Protection 12-16
Series and Parallel Operation 12-13
Shaft Seals 12-14
Specific Speed 12-9
Temperature Rise Due to Pumping 12-11
Viscosity 12-10
Diaphragm Pumps 12-19
Equipment and System Equations 12-3
Low Temperature Pumps 12-19
Multiphase Pumps 12-19
Net Positive Suction Head 12-3
Datum 12-5
NPSH and Suction Specific Speed 12-5
NPSH Correction Factors 12-5
Submergence 12-6
Reciprocating Pumps 12-17
Pump Calculations 12-17
Regenerative Pumps 12-19
Peripheral Pumps 12-19
Rotary Pumps 12-19
Pump Selection Guide 12-5
Pump Through Reboiler on Column Bottoms 9-14
Pure Component Loading, Maximum Attainable 21-11
Pure Propane, Storage of 6-10

Raceway 18-3
RAM (Random Access Memory) 4-3
Ramp 4-3
Rateau Design 15-2
Raw Gas 1-6
Raw Mix Liquids 1-6
Reader-Harris/Gallagher equation 3-17
Real Gas 1-6
Reboilers and Vaporizers 9-12
Reboiler Selection Chart 9-14
Receptacle 18-3
Reciprocating Compressor Control Devices 13-11
Reciprocating Compressor Horsepower, Estimating 13-5
Reciprocating Compressors 13-3
Capacity 13-7
Control Devices 13-11
Capacity Control 13-13
Unloading for Starting 13-13
Cylinder Design 13-11
Detailed Calculations 13-7
Limits to Compression Ratio Per Stage 13-11
Detailed Horsepower Calculation 13-10
Discharge Temperature 13-9
Equivalent Capacity 13-9
Estimating Compressor Horsepower 13-5
Gas Pulsation Control 13-14
Performance Calculations 13-4
Pulsation Dampeners (Snubbers) 13-16
Rod Loading 13-9
Troubleshooting 13-17
Volumetric Efficiency 13-7
Reciprocating Compressor Trouble, Causes 13-18
Reciprocating Pump Acceleration Head Factors 12-18
Reciprocating Pumps 12-17
Suction System Considerations 12-18

xxii

Acceleration Head 12-18


Capacity Control 12-19
Drivers 12-19
Piping 12-19
Pulsation 12-18
Recirculating Thermosyphon Reboiler 9-13
Recirculation Control 12-2
Recorders and Indicators 4-16
Indicators 4-16
Electronic Analog Type 4-16
Mechanical Type 4-16
Recorders 4-16
Recovery 1-6
Rectangular Tanks for Each Foot of Liquid, Capacities of 6-24
Recycle 1-6
Redlich-Kwong 25-9
Reduced Pressure 24-1
Reduced Temperature 24-1
Reflux 1-6
Reflux Ratio 1-6
Refrigerant 14-1
Refrigerant Compressors, Types of 14-15
Centrifugal 14-19
Reciprocating 14-19
Rotary 14-23
Screw 14-19
Refrigerant Subcooling 14-7
Refrigerated Lean Oil Absorption 16-11
Refrigeration 14-1
Absorption Refrigeration 14-25
Lithium Bromide-Water Systems 14-25
Mechanical
Refrigeration Cycle 14-2
Refrigeration Stages 14-3
Refrigeration Process Alternatives 16-9
Refrigeration Systems,
Single-Stage Ethylene 14-12
Single-Stage Propane 14-13
Single-Stage Propylene 14-14
Three-Stage Ethylene 14-20
Three-Stage Propane 14-21
Three-Stage Propylene 14-22
Two-Stage Ethylene 14-16
Two-Stage Propane 14-17
Two-Stage Propylene 14-18
Refrigeration System Checklist 14-24
Refrigeration Systems 14-1
Regenerative Ideal Brayton Cycle 15-11
Regenerative Pumps 12-19
Reheating, Alternate Methods 22-7
Relative Density (see Specific Gravity) 1-6
Relative Exchanger Sizes 9-30
Relative Roughness of Pipe Materials for Complete Turbulence 17-5
Relief Systems 1-6, 5-1
Applicable Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices for Relief
Systems 5-23
Relief Valve Installation 5-13
Discharge Piping 5-13
Inlet Piping 5-13
Rapid Cycling 5-18
Reactive Force 5-18
Resonant Chatter 5-18
Relieving Devices
Balanced Relief Valves 5-7

Conventional Relief Valves 5-6


Pilot Operated Relief Valves 5-7
Rupture Disk 5-7
Remote-Control Circuit 18-3
Reset Rate 4-3
Residence Time 21-1, 22-1
Residue 1-6
Resilient Seat Relief Valves
Resilient Seat Relief Valves 5-7
Resistance Temperature Device (RTD) 4-12, 4-28
Retention Time 7-2
Retrograde Condensation 16-3
Retrograde Condensation (Vaporization) 1-6
Reverse Flow Cyclone, Example of 7-11
Reynolds Number 17-2
Rich DEA Pressure Letdown 12-21
Rich Gas 1-6
Rich Oil 1-6
Rich Oil Demethanizer (ROD) 16-12
ROM (Read-Only Memory) 4-3
Rotameter, Example of 4-15
Rotary-Sliding Vane Compressors 13-46
Rotary Compressors 13-2
Rotary Pumps 12-19
Rotary Screw Compressor 13-45
Rotor 12-2
Francis-type 12-2
Rotor Response Plot 13-41
RSV Ethane Recovery Process 16-23
Run-out 12-2
Runner 12-2
RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) 1-6
Ryznar and Langelier Scaling Indexes 18-20
Ryznar Scaling Index (RSI) 18-3

Saw Tooth Curve for Unloading Operation 13-14


Safety Instrumented System (SIS) Overview 4-30
Design and Project Considerations 4-31
Layers of Protection 4-30
Safety Integrity Levels 4-31
Safety Instrumented System Components 4-31
Salt Bath Heater 8-32
Saturated Air, Properties of 11-15
Saturated Compounds 1-6
Saturated Liquid 1-7
Saturated Steam 24-1
Saturated Steam Pressure Table 24-36
Saturated Steam Temperature Table 24-35
Saturated Vapor 1-7
Saturated Water 24-1
Saturated Water Content of CO2 20-5
Saturated Water Content of H2S 20-5
Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) 13-35
scf (standard cubic feet) 1-7
SCORE Propane Recovery Process 16-20
SCOT Style Tail Gas Treating Unit 22-15
Screw Compressors 13-43
Rotary 13-43
Scrubber 7-2
Selective Treating 21-1
Sensing Devices 4-8
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter 4-14

xxiii

Electrical Pressure Transducers 4-9


Electromagnetic Flowmeter 4-13
Flow Sensors 4-13
Positive Displacement Meters 4-13
Turbine Meters 4-13
Variable Area Flow Meters 4-13
Variable Head Flow Meters 4-13
Level Sensors 4-10
Capacitance Probes 4-11
Chain and Tape Float Gauges 4-10
Displacer Level Measuring Device 4-10
Electrical Type Level Gauges and Switches 4-10
Gauge Glass 4-10
Guided Wave Radar Level Transmitter 4-12
Head-pressure Level Gauges 4-10
Magnetostrictive Level Transmitter 4-11
Pressure Sensors 4-8
Bellows 4-9
Bourdon tubes 4-8
Diaphragm 4-9
Manometer 4-8
Temperature Sensors 4-12
Bimetallic 4-13
Filled-system 4-13
Glass Stem 4-13
Resistance 4-12
Thermocouples 4-12
Ultrasonic Flow Meters 4-13
Wireless Transmitters and Devices 4-15
Connection Methods 4-15
Three-wire Transmitters 4-15
Two-wire Transmitters 4-15
Separation Equipment, Principles of 7-1, 7-3
Defining the Separator Feed 7-3
Fluids to Be Separated 7-3
Dispersed Droplet Size Distribution 7-4
Field Composition and Flow Considerations 7-4
Flow Regimes Upstream of a Separator 7-4
Gas-Liquid Separation Fundamentals 7-9
Gravity Settling in Gas-Liquid Separation 7-9
Souders-Brown Equation for Gravity Settling 7-9
Gas-Liquid Surface Re-entrainment 7-9
Degassing of Liquids 7-9
Re-entrainment from Collection Devices 7-9
Liquid-Liquid Separation Fundamentals 7-12
Dispersion Layer 7-13
Gravity Settling in Liquid-Liquid Separation 7-12
Liquid-Liquid Coalescing Devices 7-13
Liquid Residence Time Approach to Design 7-12
Mist Eliminators for Gas Liquid Separations 7-10
Cyclonic Mist Eliminators 7-12
Mechanism of Mist Carryover for Gas-Liquid Mist Eliminator
Devices 7-10
Mesh Mist Eliminators 7-10
Vane Mist Eliminators 7-11
Separation and Re-entrainment Mechanisms 7-5
Gravity Settling Theory 7-5
Intermediate Law Region 7-6
Stokes' Law Region 7-6
Separation by Impingement 7-8
Centrifugal Force 7-8
Coalescing, Natural and Assisted 7-8
Diffusion 7-8
Direct Interception 7-8

Inertial Impaction 7-8


Separation Equipment 7-1
Data and Information Required to Specify and Size Separators 7-16
Debottlenecking 7-45
Definitions of Words and Phrases Used in Separation Equipment
7-2
Filter Testing Standard 7-46
Filtration and Coalescing Devices 7-38
Dry Gas Filters 7-39
Filter-Separators 7-38
Filtration Equipment Removal Ratings 7-41
Gas Coalescing Filter 7-39
Liquid/Liquid Coalescer Separators Supplier Design 7-41
Liquid Particulate Filtration 7-40
Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator Design 7-33
Coalescers for Horizontal Separators 7-34
Design of a Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator with Standpipe 7-34
Design of a Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-34
Design of a Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Separator Drum with Boot
7-35
Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator Drum with Overflow Weir 7-35
Gas-Liquid Separation Section 7-34
Horizontal
Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator, Example of 7-35
Inlet Section 7-33
Liquid-Liquid Settling Section 7-33
Liquid Outlet Section 7-33
Zones in the Separator 7-33
Gas-Liquid Separators, Common Types 7-17
Horizontal Flow Vane Separator 7-19
Horizontal Flow Vane Separator (In-Line) 7-19
Horizontal Separator No Internals 7-20
Horizontal Separator with Mesh Pad or Vane Pack 7-20
Vertical Flow Vane Separator 7-19
Vertical Separator No Internals 7-17
Vertical Separator Combination Internals 7-19
Vertical Separator with Axial Flow Multi-Cyclones 7-19
Vertical Separator with Mesh Pad 7-17
Vertical Separator With Reverse Flow Multi-Cyclone Internals
7-19
Vertical Separator with Vane Pack 7-18
Introduction 7-3
Scope 7-3
Separation Devices Used in Gas Processing 7-3
Liquid-Liquid and Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-21
Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator No Internals 7-22
Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator with Coalescer
Internals 7-24
Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator with Single Overflow
Weir 7-22
Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator with Water Boot 7-22
Horizontal Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-21
Horizontal Liquid-Liquid Separator with Plate Pack, Mesh
Coalescer, or Combination Internals 7-21
Horizontal Three Phase Separator with Bucket and Overflow
Weir 7-23
Vertical Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-24
Vertical Liquid-Liquid Separator with Mesh Coalescer 7-22
Liquid-Liquid Separation Fundamentals 7-12
Dispersion Layer 7-13
Gravity Settling in Liquid-Liquid Separation 7-12
Liquid-Liquid Coalescing Devices 7-13
Liquid Residence Time Approach to Design 7-12
Oil Treatment Separators 7-45
Electrostatic Dehydrators and De-salters 7-45

xxiv

Heater-Treaters 7-45
Other Internals for Gas-Liquid Separators 7-32
De-foaming Inlet Cyclones 7-32
Degassing Baffles and Screens For De-gassing 7-33
Distribution Baffles 7-33
Outlet Axial Cyclones For Horizontal Separators 7-32
Principles of Separation 7-1, 7-3
Defining the Separator Feed 7-3
Dispersed Droplet Size Distribution 7-4
Field Composition and Flow Considerations 7-4
Flow Regimes Upstream of a Separator 7-4
Gas-Liquid Separation Fundamentals 7-9
Gravity Settling in Gas-Liquid Separation 7-9
Gas-Liquid Surface Re-entrainment 7-9
Mist Eliminators for Gas Liquid Separations 7-10
Cyclonic Mist Eliminators 7-12
Mechanism of Mist Carryover for Gas-Liquid Mist
Eliminator Devices 7-10
Mesh Mist Eliminators 7-10
Souders Brown Equation Applied To Mist Eliminators
7-10
Vane Mist Eliminators 7-11
Separation and Re-entrainment Mechanisms 7-5
Separation by Impingement 7-8
Selection Guidelines for Common Separator Designs 7-16
Common Configurations for Separators 7-16
Gas-Liquid Separator Selection Guide 7-16
Selection Guidelines for Common Separator Designs 7-16
Separation Strategy and Performance Requirements 7-13
Gas Carry-Under Specification 7-14
Liquid Carry-Over Specification For Gas-Liquid Separators
7-14
Oil-in-Water Specification 7-15
Performance Requirements 7-13
Water-in-Hydrocarbon Specification 7-15
Sizing Examples for Vertical and Horizontal Two-Phase Separators
7-29
Horizontal Two-Phase Separator without Internals 7-32
Sizing Two Phase Vertical Wire Mesh Separator 7-29
Two Phase Horizontal Separator with a Hanging Mesh 7-31
Vertical Separator Without Internals 7-30
Vertical Separator with Wire Mesh Mist Eliminator 7-29
Specialized Separators 7-42
Troubleshooting 7-45
Two-Phase and Three-Phase Separator Design and Operating
Principles 7-24
Gas Polishing Section 7-26
Gravity Separation Section 7-25
Inlet Section 7-24
Inlet Devices 7-25
Inlet Piping Design 7-25
Liquid Accumulation Section 7-28
Vapor Outlet Section 7-27
Zones in the Separator 7-24
Water Treatment Separators 7-43
API Separator 7-44
CPI Separator 7-44
Dissolved Gas Flotation Unit 7-45
Gunbarrel Tank 7-44
Hydrocyclone 7-44
Walnut Shell Filter 7-45
Wellhead, Plant Inlet, and Flare Separators 7-42
Compact Production Separators 7-43
Flare K.O. Drums 7-43

Gas Processing Wellhead Production Separators 7-42


Slug Catchers 7-43
Test Separator 7-43
Separation Equipment, Introduction to 7-3
Scope 7-3
Separation Devices Used in Gas Processing 7-3
Separation Strategy and Performance Requirements 7-13
Gas Carry-Under Specification 7-14
Liquid Carry-Over Specification For Gas-Liquid Separators 7-14
Oil-in-Water Specification 7-15
Water-in-Hydrocarbon Specification 7-15
Separator 7-2
Separators Used in Gas Processing Industry 7-3
Serial Communications 4-3
Series Pumps Selection 12-13
Service Drop 18-3
Service Equipment 18-3
Setpoint 4-3
Shell and Tube Exchanger Nomenclature 9-15
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 9-2
Short Circuit 18-3
Shrinkage 1-7
Shut-off 12-2
Side Elevations of Aircoolers 10-2
Side Heater 19-28
Signal Transmitters 4-14
Electronic 4-14
Pneumatic 4-14
Signal Converters 4-16
Electric Signal 4-16
Electronic-to-Pneumatic 4-16
Frequency 4-16
Isolators 4-16
Pneumatic-to-Electronic 4-16
Smart Transmitters and Devices 4-14
Connection Methods 4-15
Four-wire 4-15
Three-wire 4-15
Two-wire 4-15
Simple Expander 13-50
Simple Open Cycle 15-11
Simple Turboexpander for Ethane Recovery 16-18
Simple Turboexpander Process for Propane Recovery 16-14
Simplex 12-2
Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids Values of C1 17-11
Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids Values of C2 17-12
Simultaneous Removal of H2S and CO2, Process Selectrion Chart 2131
Single-Acting Plunger Cylinder Designed for15,000 psig Discharge
13-12
Single-Column NRU 16-34
Single-Stage Cooling, Chilling and Heating Curves 14-3
Single Acting 12-3
Single Containment Tank, Example of 6-10
Single Gas Seal 13-32
Single Valve with Hand Valves 15-3
Sizing Examples for Vertical and Horizontal Two-Phase Separators 729
Sizing of Relief Devices 5-11
Liquid Relief 5-12
Sizing for Fire 5-12
Steam Relief 5-11
Thermal Relief 5-12
Sliding Vane Compressor 13-46

xxv

Slip 12-3
Slug Catcher 7-2
Smart Transmitters and Devices 4-14
SNG (Synthetic or Substitute Natural Gas) 1-7
Soave Redlich-Kwong 25-9
Software 4-3
Solar Turbines Incorporated 13-39
Solid CO2 Formation Conditions, Approximate 16-30
Solid Desiccant Dehydration 20-43
Alumina 20-43
Gels 20-43
Molecular Sieves 20-43
Solid Desiccant Dehydrator Twin Tower System 20-43
Solids (Suspended, Dissolved, Total) 18-3
Solid Sulfur at Constant Pressure, Heat Capacity 22-16
Solubility Limits of Hydrocarbons in Amine Solutions 21-17
Overall Solubility Trends 21-17
Solubility of Benzene in Ethane 16-32
Solubility of Benzene in Methane 16-31
Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Water 20-3
Solubility of Water in Liquid Hydrocarbons 20-2
Solution Gas 1-7
Souders-Brown K Values 7-27
Souders-Brown Correlation for Approximate Tower Sizing 19-10
Souders-Brown Equation for Gravity Settling 7-9
Applied To Mist Eliminators 7-10
Sour Gas 1-7, 21-1
Sour Liquids and Gases 1-7
Sour Water Strippers 19-32
Special Problems in Steam Condensers 10-6
Specific Gravity 1-7
Specific Volume 24-1
Speed Efficiency Correction Factor for Condensing and NonCondensing Turbines 15-7
Split-Ranging 4-3
Splitter 1-7
Sponge Absorbent 1-7
Spray-Type Deaerator 18-17
SRU 21-1
Stabilized Condensate 1-7
Stabilizer 1-7
Stage Separation System 1-7
Standalone AGE Flow Diagram 21-15
Standards and Bulletins 1-17
Analytical Methods 1-17
Measurement Standards 1-18
Miscellaneous Standards 1-18
Sampling Methods 1-18
Specifications 1-17
STAR Network Diagram 4-33
Steady-State 4-3
Steam Bath Heater, 15 psig 8-31
Steam Coefficient Factors 3-26
Saturated Steam 3-26
Superheated Steam 3-26
Steam Generation Systems 18-5
Steam Measurement 3-22
Sterically Hindered Amine 21-1
Still Column 1-7
Storage 6-1
Appurtenances 6-13
Cathodic Protection 6-16
Insulation 6-11
Liquid Storage Systems 6-17

Desirability of Large Units 6-17


Materials of Construction 6-11
Metallic 6-11
Vessel/Tank Materials 6-11
Partial Volumes in Storage Tanks 6-18
Product Recovery 6-16
Vapor Losses 6-16
Displacement Losses 6-16
Liquid Equivalents of Tank Vapors 6-16
Vaporization Losses 6-16
Vapor Recovery Systems 6-17
Site Preparation and Installation 6-13
Dikes 6-13
Grounding 6-16
Storage Classifications 6-2
Types 6-5
Above Ground 6-5
Working Pressures 6-2
Storage, Types of 6-5
Above Ground 6-5
Bolted 6-5
Fixed Roof 6-5
Flat-Sided Tanks 6-5
Floating Roof 6-5
Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks 6-5
Lined Ponds 6-5
Pit Storage 6-7
Specialty 6-5
Spheres 6-5
Spheroids 6-5
Liquid Storage 6-17
Accessories 6-18
Capacities 6-18
Desirability of Large Units 6-17
Gaging Table 6-18
Refrigerated Tanks 6-7
Double Containment Tank 6-10
Full Containment Tank 6-10
Single Containment Tank 6-10
Underground 6-7
Conventional Mined Caverns 6-7
Solution Mined Caverns 6-7
Storage Classification 6-2
Above Ground 6-2
Atmospheric 6-2
High Pressure (Above 15psig) 6-2
Low Pressure (0 to 2.5 psig) 6-2
Medium Pressure (2.5 to 15 psig) 6-2
Underground 6-2
Storage Pressure 6-3
Storage Vessels for Low- and High-Pressure Services 6-5
Straight Refrigeration Process 16-5
Strapping 1-7
Stream Day 1-7
Stripper 1-7
Stripper Calculations 19-30
Stripping Factor 1-7
Stripping Factor Correlation 19-31
Stripping Medium 1-7
Subcooling Liquid Refrigerant 14-6
Suction 12-3
Double 12-3
Single 12-3
Sulfur 1-7, 22-21

xxvi

Heat of Vaporization 22-22


Vapor Pressure 22-21
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 1-7
Sulfur Oxides (SOx) 15-15
Sulfur Product Specifications 22-32
Sulfur Recovery 22-1
Claus Plant Maintenance 22-33
Claus Plant Startup and Shutdown Procedures 22-20
Initial Startup 22-20
Shutdowns 22-23
Subsequent Startups 22-20
Claus Process 22-1
Claus Process Calculation 22-27
Claus Process Considerations 22-2
Catalyst Converter Operation 22-7
Combustion Operation 22-4
Process Variations 22-4
Reheating Operation 22-6
Sulfur Condenser Operation 22-6
Waste Heat Recovery Operation 22-6
Claus Unit Tail Gas Handling 22-11
Acid Gas Enrichment in Claus Plants 22-15
Continuation Processes 22-14
Direct Oxidation Processes 22-13
Emerging Processes 22-16
H2S Recovery Processes 22-13
Incineration 22-11
Liquid Redox 22-14
Oxygen Enrichment in Claus Plants 22-15
SO2 Recovery Processes 22-14
Tail Gas Clean-up Processes 22-12
Instrumentation 22-32
Mechanical Considerations 22-8
Catalyst Converter Operation 22-10
Combustion Operation 22-8
Piping 22-10
Reheating Operation 22-9
Direct (Inline Burner) Method 22-10
Indirect (Heating Exchanger) Method 22-10
Sulfur Condenser Operation 22-9
Waste Heat Recovery Operation 22-8
Operational Aspects 22-32
Properties of Sulfur 22-16
Sulfur Product Specifications 22-32
Sulfur Storage and Handling 22-16
Sulfur Recovery Process with Acid Gas and Air Preheat 22-6
Sulfur Seal and Drain Relationship 22-11
Sulfur Storage and Handling 22-16
Sulfur Vapor, Viscosity of 22-22
Sulfur Vapor Species, Distribution 22-20
Superheated Steam, Properties of 24-37, 24-38
Superheat Efficiency Correction Factor for Condensing Turbines 15-6
Superheat Efficiency Correction Factor for Non-Condensing Turbines
15-6
Supervisory Control 4-3
Surface and Volume of Spheres, Approximate 6-23
Surface Tension of Paraffin Hydrocarbons 23-41
Surface Water 18-3
Surge Drum 7-2
Surge Time 7-2
Surging 12-3
Sweet Gas 1-7, 21-1
Switchboard 18-4
Switchgear 18-4

Synchronism 18-3
Synchronous Speed 18-4
System Control Diagram 4-3
System Factors 19-12

Table of Physical Constants, Notes and References 23-9


Tail Gas Clean-up (TGCU) 21-4
Tail Gas Clean-up Unit 22-1
Taitel and Dukler 17-16
Tandem Gas Seal 13-33
Tank Heaters 9-20
Tank Suction Heater 9-20
Taylor Forge 7-42
Telemetry 4-3
Temperature Correction Factor 1-7
Temperature Indicator (TI) 4-4
Temperature Sensors 4-12
Test Separator 7-2
TGCU (Tail Gas Clean-up Unit) 21-1
The American Petroleum Institute (API) 15-28
Theoretical Equilibrium Percent Conversion of Hydrogen Sulfide to
Sulfur 22-2
Therm 1-7
Thermal Compressors 13-2
Thermal Conductivity 23-33
Calculation 23-33
Hydrocarbon
Gases at One Atmosphere 23-39
Liquid Paraffin Hydrocarbons 23-40
Liquid Petroleum Fractions 23-40
Miscellaneous
Gases at One Atmosphere 23-39
Ratio for Gases 23-39
Thermal Conductivity Detector, Example of 3-33
Thermal Conductivity of Diethylene Glycol Water Mixtures 20-22
Thermal Conductivity of Ethylene Glycol Water Mixtures 20-22
Thermal Conductivity of Ferrous Materials 8-8
Thermal Conductivity of Triethylene Glycol Water Mixtures 20-22
Thermal Cutout 18-4
Thermal Expansion of Hydrocarbon Liquids, Density Correction for
23-26
Thermal Protector 18-4
Thermal Radiation 5-21
Thermocouples, Properties of 4-13
Thermodynamic Calculations for Compression 13-4
Thermodynamic Properties 24-1
Change of Enthalpy with Pressure 24-2
Enthalpy and Entropy Data 24-3
Mixtures of CO2 with H2S 24-3
Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Helium 24-3
Pure CO2 24-3
Enthalpy Behavior 24-2
Ideal Gas State Enthalpies 24-2
Entropy Correlation 24-3
Example Calculation using Enthalpy Correlation 24-3
P-H Charts, Uses for 24-3
Thermodynamic Properties of Water 24-32, 24-33
Thermodynamics 24-1
Thermosyphon Reboiler Driving Force Curve 19-22
Three-Stage Refrigeration System 14-4
Three-Stage Sulfur Plant, Example 22-3
Three Phase Separator 7-2
Three Stream Counterflow Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchanger 9-22
xxvii

Threshold Limit Value 21-1


Throttling 12-3
Tonne 1-7
Ton of Refrigeration 14-1
Top Feed Nozzles 19-25
Top Feed Nozzles, Design Paramaters for 19-25
Total Draw-off 19-27
Total Emissivity of Various Surfaces 8-9
Transfer Units (NTUs) vs. Theoretical Stages (N) 20-35
Transformer Connection Schematics 18-29
Transmitter 4-4
Tray/Spray Deaerator 18-17
Trayed Column 1-7
Treating Plant Wastewater, Complete System 18-23
Triethanolamine (TEA) 21-13
Triplex 12-3
True Mean Temperature Difference (TMTD) 9-12
True Vapor Pressure 6-3
Tubular Exchangers Manufacturers Association (TEMA) 9-14
Turbine Fuel Gas Specifications 18-9
Turbine Meter Components, Example of 3-18
Turbine Types 15-3
Turboexpander 1-7
Turboexpanders 13-48
Mechanical 13-48
Auxiliary Systems 13-49
Control Systems 13-51
Twister Process, Concept of 16-6
Two-Column NRU 16-34
Two-fluid PCHE 9-36
Two-Level Chilling, Two-Stage Cooling System 14-5
Two-Phase and Three-Phase Separator Design and Operating
Principles 7-24
Two-Phase Friction Factor Ratio 17-18
Two-Position (on-off) Controllers 4-17
Two-Stage Refrigeration System 14-4
Two- and Three-Wire Control Wiring Diagrams 18-32
Two Phase Flow Regimes 17-17
Typical Components of Industry Streams 1-2
Typical Compressor Map (Variable Speed) 13-38
Typical Gas Turbine Skid Layout 15-9
Typical Heat Transfer Coefficients 9-6
Typical Metal Thermal Conductivities 9-6

Ullage (see Outage) 1-7


Ultra High Purity Helium (UHPH) 3-32
Ultrasonic Flow Meter, Example of 3-15
Ultrasonic Flow Meters 4-13
Ultrasonic Measurement 3-15
Ultrasonic Meter (UM) 3-15
Unbalanced Response Plot 13-40
Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHC) 15-15
Undamped Critical Speed Map 13-40
Units and Conversion Factors 23-8
Unsaturated Compounds 1-7
Utilities 18-1
Building and Area Classification 18-35
Hazardous Classified Locations, Types of 18-35
Hazardous Divisions 18-35
Hazardous Gases 18-35
Intrinsically Safe Design 18-36
Need for Classification 18-36

Purging/Pressurization 18-36
Cathodic Protection 18-34
Closed Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Definitions of Words and Phrases 18-1
Electrical Heat Tracing 18-33
Electrical Systems 18-23
Motors 18-23
Transformer Connections 18-28
Transformer Locations 18-29
Fuel Systems 18-7
Grounding 18-34
Equipment Grounding 18-34
Grounding Principles 18-34
Ground Resistivity Test 18-34
System Grounding 18-34
Heat Medium Systems 18-5
Instrument Air Systems 18-5
Interunit Spacing Guidelines 18-38
Intra-Unit Spacing Guidelines 18-39
Lighting 18-33
Sources 18-33
Mainatenance Program Development 18-43
Maintenance Guidelines 18-37
Motor Controls 18-30
Controllers 18-31
Electrical Control Devices 18-32
Power Factor Correction 18-32
Protective Devices 18-30
NEMA Enclosures 18-36
Nitrogen Systems 18-7
Once-Through Cooling Water Systems 18-21
Open Water Cooling Systems 18-19
Biological Fouling 18-20
Corrosion Control 18-19
Scale Control 18-19
Solids Removal 18-21
Other Water Systems 18-21
Planned Maintenance Validation 18-43
Plant Spacing Guidelines 18-37
Power Supply System 18-23
Programmable Controllers 18-34
Reliability, Availability and Maintainability 18-43
Stand-by Power 18-34
Steam Systems 18-5
Storage Tank Spacing Guidelines 18-40
Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 18-21
Water Treating Requirements 18-8
ABMA and ASME Standards 18-12
Boiler Blowdown 18-11
Boiler Water Chemistry 18-11
Boiler Water Systems 18-11
Boiler Water Treatment External 18-13
Boiler Water Treatment General 18-13
Boiler Water Treatment Internal 18-17
Source Waters 18-8
Water Analysis 18-9

Vacuum Deaerator 18-17


Vacuum Refrigeration Systems 14-10
Valve Freeze Method for Determining Moisture Content
(ASTM D-2713) 2-2
Valve Sizing Equations 4-24

xxviii

Valve Tray Diameter 19-11


Valve Types 19-9
van der Waals 25-9
Vane Element Mist Extractor and Typical Vane Pack 7-10
Vanes, Guide 12-3
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 16-37
Vaporizers 8-36
Vaporization Processes 8-36
High Pressure Non-refrigerated LPG, Propane and Butanes
8-37
High Pressure Refrigerated and Non-refrigeratedLiquids 8-36
Refrigerated Liquids Around Atmospheric Pressure 8-37
Vapor Outlet Configurations 7-27
Vapor Pressure (True Vapor Pressure) 1-8
Vapor Pressure, GPA 1-8
Vapor Pressure Gasoline 1-8
Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions at Various
Temperatures 20-23
Vapor Pressures of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions at Various
Temperatures 20-23
Vapor Pressures of Ethylene Glycol at Various Temperatures 20-23
Vapor Pressures of Gas Treating Chemicals 21-10
Vapor Recompression 19-29
Vapor Recovery 1-8
Vapor Thermal Conductivity of HFC-134a at Atmospheric Pressure
14-27
Vapor Thermal Conductivity of HFC-410a at Atmospheric Pressure
14-26
Vertical, High Pressure, Double Case, Multi-Stage Pump 12-9
Vertical Can Pump 12-9
Vertical Filter Separator 7-38
Vertical Flow Vane Gas-Liquid Separators 7-19
Vertical Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-23
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separator Comparison Chart 7-15
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators Combination Internals 7-19
Configurations 7-19
Flooded Mesh Pad Followed by Vane Pack 7-20
Vane or Mesh Axial Cyclone Combination 7-20
Vane Pack Followed by Mesh Pad 7-20
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators No Internals 7-17
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators with Axial Flow Multi-Cyclones 7-19
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators with Mesh Pad 7-17
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators with Reverse Flow Multi-Cyclone
Internals 7-19
Vertical Gas-Liquid Separators with Vane Pack 7-18
Vertical Inline Pump 12-8
Vertical Separators with Vane Packs 7-18
Vertical Thermosyphon Reboiler Connected to Tower 19-22
Vertical Up-Flow Regime Map 17-17
Vertical Vessel Inlet Devices 7-24
Vertical Vessels with Combination Configuration 7-19
Vessel Orientation, Factors that Determine 7-15
VFD and Soft Start Options Comparison 18-24
Vibrating Tube Densitometer 3-21
Vibration Severity Chart 13-40
Viscosities of Aqueous Diethylene Glycol Solutions 20-21
Viscosities of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions 20-20
Viscosities of Aqueous Triethylene Glycol Solutions 20-21
Viscosity of a Gas Mixture, Calculation 23-38
Viscosity of Air 23-35
Viscosity of Liquid Sulfur 22-17
Viscosity of Miscellaneous Gases One Atmosphere 23-35
Viscosity of Steam 23-38
Viscosity Ratio vs. Pseudoreduced Temperature 23-35

Viscosity Relationships, 1-13


Volatile Sulfur 1-8
Voltage (of a Circuit): 18-4
Voltage, Nominal 18-4
Voltage to Ground 18-4
Volume Control at Constant Speed 13-36
Volume Control at Variable Speed 13-36
Volumetric Efficiency 13-8
Volute 12-3
Double 12-3
Single 12-3
Vortex-Tube Device Design 16-7
Vortex Breaker 12-3

Warm Air Recirculation 10-4


Waste Heat Recovery 8-38
Wastewater Treatment and Disposal 18-21
Water Adsorption Isotherms 20-45
Water Content of Gases and Liquids 20-2
Water Content in the Hydrate Region 20-8
Water Content Measurement 20-9
Water Content of High CO2/H2S Gases 20-5
Water Content of Natural Gases 20-3
Water Solubility in Liquid Hydrocarbons 20-2
Water Content of Hydrocarbon Gas 20-4
Water Draw-off 19-28
Water Impurities and Characteristic Treatment 18-10
Water Properties at Saturation Pressure 24-34
Water Treatment Separators 7-43
Water Viscosity at Saturated Conditions 23-36
Water Wash for Sweet Gas Leaving Amine Contactor 21-11
Water Wash Schematic 21-3
Weathering 1-8
Weathering Test 1-8
Weight in Air 1-8
Welded Frame Style PHE 9-34
Welding Caps Chart 13-16
Wellhead 1-8
Wet Gas 1-8
Weymouth Equation, The 17-6
Wireless Transmitters and Devices 4-15
Wire Mesh Mist Eliminator 7-10
Wobbe Number 1-8
Word, Computer 4-4
Working Pressures 17-22
Refinery Piping 17-22
Transmission Lines 17-22
Y-Grade Product Specifications 2-7

Ziegler-Nichols Method 4-19, 4-20


Zones of a Gas-Liquid Separator 7-23

xxix

NOTES:

xxx

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