CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Definition of Speaking
According to Chaney, speaking is .the process of building and sharingmeaning
through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts(Chaney
in Susanti, 2007:6). While another expert, Huebner in Susanti (2007:6),speaking
is a skill used by someone in daily life communication whether at school
oroutside. The skill is acquired by much repetition; it primarily a neuromuscular
andnot an intellectual process. It consists of competence in sending and
receivingmessages
in addition, speaking is an essential tool for communicating, thinking,
andlearning. Oral language is a powerful learning tool. It shapes, modifies,
extends, andorganizes thought. Oral language is a foundation of all language
development and,therefore, the foundation of all learning. It is the base for the
other language strands.Through speaking and listening, students learn concepts,
develop vocabulary, andperceive the structure of the English language which is
essential components of learning. Students who have a strong oral language base
have an academicadvantage. School achievement depends on students' ability to
display knowledge ina clear and acceptable form in speaking as well as writing
(Hayriye: 2006:1)
Additionally, speaking is a vehicle to link individuals to society.
Exchangesstudents have with their peers and teachers can help
them come to know the world inmore personal and socially

responsible ways. When students talk about their ideas, they clarify
their thinking. They can figure out what they believe and where theystand on
issues ( Hayriye, 2006:1)
According to Hybel (2001:45), speaking is any process in which people
share information, ideas and feeling, it involves all of body language mannerism
andstyleanything that adds meaning to a message.
From the above definition, it can be inferred that speaking is expressingideas,
opinions, or feelings to others by using words or sounds of articulation in orderto
inform, to persuade, and to entertain that can be learnt by using some
teachinglearning methodologies.

2.2 The Importance of Speaking Skill

Speaking

is

an

interactive

process

in

constructing

meaning

that

involvesproducing, receiving, and processing information orally (florez:

1999:115). Gatenby(1972:76) argues that what is essential in learning a language
is that the languagebeing studied should be, as far as possible, the sole medium of
communication in anygiven environment. He further states that in order to be
learnt, a language must beused. This implies that whenever communication takes
place, it involves speakingand whenever speaking takes place, it must belong to a
certain language. To makeclear about the nature of speaking, we refer to definition
of speaking itself. Speakingrefers to the act of expressing thought, ideas and

feelings by using audible symbol orvisible bodily action so that we can expect
listeners to understand the meaning of themessage that we convey.
The speaker can ask questions, answer questions, influence
others, givedirections, and generalization. What do we need to
know and be able to speak inanother language? One to know how to
articulate the sounds in a comprehensiblemanner, have adequate vocabulary and
master syntax of the language. Hymes inNunan (1999:26) proposed the notion of
communicative competence as an
alternative Chomskys linguistic competence
. Communicative competence includesnot only linguistic competence, but also
range of other sociolinguistic andconversational skills that enable the speaker to
know how to say what to whom, andwhen. Richard in Nunan (1999:56) provides
characteristics of communicativecompetence including: (a) knowledge of
grammar and vocabulary of the language;(b) knowledge of rules of speaking e.g.,
knowing how to begin and endconversations knowing what topics that can he
talked about in different types of speech events, knowing which address forms
should be used with different personsonce speak to and in different situations: (c)
knowledge of how to use and respond to different types of speech acts such as
request, apologies, thank and invitations; (d)knowledge of how to use language
appropriately. By communicative learning the
students should first make an account or make a conscious effort considering
what

the purpose of their peaking is, what subject to be discussed, and who would be
theirlisteners, because in communicative learning. they will be working with
group of
course, they will have social interaction, Slavin
(1995:89) states that through groupwork students can have mutual independence
and help each other among the highachievement and the lower achievement
students.The basic assumption in any oral interaction is that the speakers want
tocommunicate ideas, feelings, attitudes, and information to the listeners.Rivers
(1981: 189) states that through speaking one express emotion, communicates
intention, reacts to other persons and situations, and influences other human
being.Speaking is, then, to be a tool in everyday life to deliver intention. Lado
(1964: 7)argues that with recent emphasis on the spoken word, the ability to speak
thelanguage has become a dominant requirement. People always convey the sense
of exposing the students to express their thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It is
consideredimportant in terms of the teaching of language, since it can bring the
students to think creatively and through speaking they can express what they are
thinking about.
2.3

The Components of Speaking Skill

Speaking is making use of words in an ordinary voice, uttering words,knowing
and being able to use language; expressing oneself in words; makingspeech.
While skill is the ability to do something well. Therefore, we can infer

thatspeaking is the ability to make use of words or a language to express oneself

in anordinary voice. In short, the speaking skill is the ability to perform the
linguisticsknowledge in actual communication. The ability functions to express
our

ideas,

feeling,

thoughts,

and

need

orally

(Hornby,

2007:4).Speaking is also one of the language arts that is most

frequently used bypeople all over the world. The art of speaking
is very complex. It requires thesimultaneous use of the number
of abilities which often develop at different rates.According to
Syakur

(2007:4),

speakingskill

there

concerned

are

at

with

least

five

components

comprehension,

of

grammar,

vocabulary, pronunciation, andfluency.

a. Comprehension
For oral communication, it certainly requires a subject to respond, to speechas
well as to initiate it.
b. Grammar
It is needed for students to arrange a correct sentence in conversation. It is inline
with explanation
suggested by Heaton (1978: 5) that students ability to
manipulate structure and to distinguish appropriate grammatical form in
appropriateones. The utility of grammar is also to learn the correct way to gain
expertise in alanguage in oral and written form.
c. Vocabulary

One cannot communicative effectively or express their ideas both oral andwritten
form if they do not have sufficient vocabulary. Without grammar very littlecan be
conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed (Willid in
Mora,2007:5).So, based on this explanation, the researcher concluded that
withoutmastering vocabulary sufficiently is English learners will not be able to
speak English or write English properly.
d. Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the way for students to
produce clearer language when theyspeak. It deals with the phonological process
that refers to the component of agrammar made up of the elements and principles
that determine how sounds vary andpattern in a language. There are two features
of pronunciation; phonemes andsuprasegmental features. A speaker who
constantly mispronounces a range of phonemes can be extremely difficult for a
speaker from another language communityto understand (Gerard, 2007:5).From
the statement above, the researcher concluded that pronunciation is theknowledge
of studying about how the words in a particular language are producedclearly
when people speak. In speaking, pronunciation plays a vital role in order tomake
the process of communication easy to understand.
e. Fluency
Fluency can be defined as the ability to speak fluently and accurately.Fluency in
speaking is the aim of many language learners. Signs of fluency include a
reasonably fast speed of speaking and only a small number of pauses and ums
or ers. Th

ese signs indicate that the speaker does not have spend a lot of timesearching for
the language items needed to express the message (Brown in Mora,2007:5).From
the ideas above, the researcher concluded that another importantcomponent is
fluency. Fluency means the capability of someone speaks fluently and