Pergerakan Air Tanah

Classification of soil water

Adsorbed water
Membranous water
Capillary water
Gravitational water

Adsorbed water

held by strong electrical forces - low energy

little movement- held tight by soil
exists as a film
unavailable to plants
removed from soil by drying in an oven

Soil Membranous water

held by hydrogen bonding
liquid state in water film
major source of water for
plants
greater energy than
adhesion water

Soil capillary water

Capillary water-The water held in the capillary or
small pores of a soil, usually with a tension > 60 cm
of water.
Capillary water includes capillary hanging water and
capillary rise water.

Soil capillary water

Capillarity
0.1-1mm, Capillarity obvious
0.05-0.1mm, Capillarity strong
0.05-0.005mm, Capillarity very strong
0.001mm, Capillarity disappears

Air kapiler dalam

pori tanah

Air kapiler naik

ke atas melalui
pori kapiler
dalam tanah

Soil particle

Groundwater Table

Gravitational water
Gravitational water
Water which moves into, through, or out of the soil under the
influence of gravity.

Soil Water Potential

Soil A:
Sand
Soil
10%

Soil B:
Clay
Soil
15%

Where does water flow?

Water moves from areas of high potential

(wet soil : -2 or -4) to areas of low
potential (dry soil -8)

Soil water potential

amount of work that must be done per unit quantity of pure water in
order to transport reversibly and isothermally an infinitesimal quantity
of water from a pool of pure water at a specified elevation at
atmospheric pressure to the soil water (at the point under
consideration). - Aslyng (1963)

The matric potentialm

This work is less than zero or
negative work, thus reported in
negative values.

The pressure potential p

In saturated soil, the pressure
potential is always positive. In an
unsatrated field soil the pressure
potential is always zero.

p=wgh

The solute (osmotic)

potential o

The gravitational
potential g

The amount of work an infinitesmal quantity

of water will do in moving from a pool of
free water the same composition as the
soil water to a pool of pure water at the
same location. The solute potential is
usually very small and negative values.

The amount of work an infinitesmal

amount of pure free water can do at
the site of the soil solution as a
result of the force of gravity.

g = w z1
o = MCT
M=molar concentration of the solute
particles,C = universal gas constant
(8.32107erg/mol deg), and T = absolute
temperature

g 9.8 m
Water , 9.8 kN

sec 2

m3

total energy of soil water

total energy of soil water , can be expressed as
= g + p + o
g, gravitational potential due to difference in elevation
alone
p, pressure potential due to difference in pressure alone
o, osmotic potential due to differences in chemical
composition of water

Soil water potential measurement

The popular unite of the soil water potential is : Pa
1 Pa = 0.0102-cm column of water
1 atmospheres = 1033-cm column of water = 1.0133bar
1 bar = 0.9896atm = 1020-cm column of water

1 bar = 105 Pa

Pergerakan Jenuh Air tanah

Saturated flow-The movement of water though a soil that is
temporarily saturated. Most of the water moves downwards, and
some move more slowly laterally.

Pergerakan Jenuh Air tanah

The rate of water flow through soil can be described by Darcys
Law which states that the flux of water q is proportional to the
hydraulic gradient (the gravitational potential and the
pressure potential )multiplied by the conductivity or
permeability of the soil.

H
q Ks
L

Konduktivitas Hidraulik Jenuh (Ks)

The rate of flow through a given amount of soil in a given
time equals the water quantity collected (Qw) divided by both
the cross-sectional area of soil used (A) and the time (t) of
measurement.

Qw
Ks
At

The factors of affect the saturated

hydraulic conductivity:

The characteristics of the saturated hydraulic

conductivity:

The soil texture

The saturated hydraulic conductivity

is a constant

The soil structure

It is maximum in hydraulic
conductivity

It is decided by the soil texture and

the soil structure

The amount of organic matter

The clay mineral

Pergerakan Tidak-Jenuh Air tanah

The movement of water in soil in which the pores are not
filled to capacity with water.
The unsaturted soil water flow is decided by the matric
potential and the gravitational potential.
Darcys Law can be extended to describe unsaturated flow:

d
q K ( m )

dx

Persamaan Tekanan Hidrolis

Persamaan ini diuraikan dari 2 prinsip dasar
fisika:
Konversi massa, setiap massa yang
mengalir ke suatu daerah akan keluar atau
merubah volume massa yang ada
didalamnya.
masuk keluar = perubahan dalam
penyimpanan
Hukum darcy, laju aliran air tanah
ditentukan oleh gradient tekanan hidrolis

Persamaan Tekanan Hidrolis

Dengan mengasumsikan media air tanah jenuh tersebut homogen dan isotropic

Pada keadaan steady state, dimana tidak ada perubahan dalam penyimpanan,
maka

Persamaan Laplace

Persamaan Tekanan Hidrolis, Steady State

Tugas II
Buktikan Rumus rumus berikut ini,
1.

2.

Tugas Dibuat di Kertas A4, ditulis tangan dan dikumpul, 13 Oktober

2015

Pergerakan Air Tanah tak Jenuh /

Unsaturated Water Flow

Pergerakan Air Pada Tanah Tak Jenuh

when a saturated soil begins to become unsaturated, the

larger pores are drained first, followed by smaller pores

Karakteristik Moisture/Lengas
Secara umum, tanah kasar
mengandung banyak air yang
masuk melalui pori-pori besar,
yang dapat dikeringkan dengan
pengeringan sederhana.
Disisi lain partikel tanah yang
halus, memiliki air yang
terdistribusi dalam berbagai poripori yang relatif lebih kecil,
sehingga membutuhkan upaya
lebih dalam pengeringan.

Beberapa Persamaan Karakteristik

Lengas/Moisture

Hubungan Water Content dg Permeability

Tidak semua aliran menggunakan prinsip
aliran tabung kapiler
Permeability pada zona tak jenuh
tergantung pada jumlah pori yang terlibat
dalam aliaran
Permeabilitas akan meningkat seiring
dengan meningkatnya water content

Beberapa Persamaan Permeabilitas pada Zona

tak jenuh

Pergerakan Air Pada Zona Tak Jenuh

Dengan mengadopsi 2 prinsip dasar fisikia, konversi massa dan
hukum darcy.
Aliran air zona tak jenuh selalu transient (tidak tetap)

Kecepatan Infiltrasi Pada Zona tak Jenuh

Solusi Analitis Steady State dan Aliran Transient

Dalam beberapa kasus, solusi analitis
sederhana untuk aliran jenuh dapat
diperoleh dengan mengintegrasikan
persamaan konservasi massa langsung.
Asumsi Dupuit, sangat berguna dalam
kasus tersebut. Asumsi ini menyatakan
bahwa ketika perubahan kemiringan
permukaan freatik (yang dari muka air
tanah pada tekanan atmosfer) kecil,
dimana permukaan ekipotensial dan aliran
dapat diperlakukan sebagai vertikal dan
horisontal

persamaan lainnya bisa diliat di Geo-environmental Engineering, hal. 109