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Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12

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u 3i j k ,

v 2i j k

u (3) 2 (1) 2 ( 1)2 9 1 1 11

v (2) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 4 1 1 6

u v 3i j k 2i j k

(3)(2) (1)(1) (1)(1) 6 1 1 4

u v u v cos

Now

cos

uv
u v

4
11 6

cos

Do yourself as above

u 3,5 3i 5 j ,
Now do yourself as above

u 2, 3,1 2i 3 j k

a i k

4
66

v 6, 2 6i 2 j

, v 2i 4 j k

Now do yourself as (i)

b j k

a (1) 2 (0) 2 ( 1)2 1 1 2

b (0) 2 (1) 2 (1) 2 1 1 2

a b i k j k (1)(0) (0)(1) (1)(1) 0 0 1 1

Since

a b a b cos

ab
1

b
2
ab
1
Also projection of b along a = b cos

a
2

So projection of a along b = a cos

Do yourself as above

Do yourself as (ii) below

u i 2 j k , v i j 3k

Since u and v are perpendicular therefore u.v 0

i 2 j k i j 3k 0

( )(1) (2 )( ) (1)(3) 0

FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 2

2 2 3 0

2 2 3 0

2 2 3 2 3 0 2 3 1 2 3 0
2 3 1 0
2 3 0 or 1 0
3

or
1
2

Given vertices: A(1, 1,0) , B (2,2,1) and C (0, 2, z )

CA (1 0) i ( 1 2) j (0 z ) k i 3 j zk

CB (2 0) i (2 2) j (1 z ) k 2 i (1 z ) k

Now CA is to CB therefore CA CB 0
i 3 j zk 2 i (1 z ) k 0

(1)(2) (3)(0) ( z )(1 z ) 0

2 0 z z2 0

z2 z 2 0
z z 2 1 z 2 0

z2 2z z 2 0
z 2 z 1 0
z 2 0 or z 1 0
z 2 or z 1

Suppose

Since

v a1 i a2 j a3 k

v i 0

a1i a2 j a3 k i 0

a1 i i a2 j i a3 k i 0

Also v j 0

a1 (1) a2 (0) a3 (0) 0

a1i a2 j a3 k j 0

a1 0

Also v k 0

a1 (0) a2 (1) a3 (0) 0

a1i a2 j a3 k k 0

a2 0

a1 (0) a2 (0) a3 (1) 0

a3 0

Hence

Let

a1 i j a2 j j a3 k j 0

a1 i k a2 j k a3 k k 0

v (0)i (0) j (0) k 0

a 3i 2 j k

b i 3 j 5k

and

c 2i j 4k

FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 3

b c i 3 j 5k 2i j 4k
3i 2 j k a

Now

Hence a , b and c form a triangle.

Now a b 3i 2 j k i 3 j 5k

(3)(1) (2)(3) (1)(5) 3 6 5 14

b c i 3 j 5k 2i j 4k

(1)(2) ( 3)(1) (5)(4) 2 3 20 21

c a 2i j 4k 3i 2 j k

(2)(3) (1)( 2) ( 4)(1) 6 2 4 0

Since c a 0 therefore c a
Hence a , b and c represents sides of right triangle.
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman, (mathcity@gmail.com),

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Given: P (1,3,2) , Q(4,1, 4) and R (6,5,5)

PQ 4 1 i 1 3 j 4 2 k 3 i 2 j 2 k

QR 6 4 i 5 1 j 5 4 k 2 i 4 j k

RP 1 6 i 3 5 j 2 5 k 5 i 2 j 3k
Now

PQ QR RP
3 i 2 j 2 k 2 i 4 j k 5 i 2 j 3k 0

Hence P , Q and R are vertices of triangle.

Now

PQ QR 3 i 2 j 2k 2 i 4 j k

(3)(2) ( 2)(4) (2)(1) 6 8 2 0

PQ QR
Hence P , Q and R are vertices of right triangle.

Suppose a right triangle OAB . Let C be a midpoint of hypotenuse AB , then

CA CB CA CB .. (i)

Now OA OC CA

B
OB

OC

CB

Since OA OB therefore OA OB 0

C
OC CA OC CB 0

OC CB OC CB 0 CA CB

FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 4

OC OC CB CB OC CB 0

OC OC OC CB CB OC CB CB 0
2 2

OC OC CB OC CB CB 0
OC CB CB OC
2
2
OC CB 0
2
2

OC CB
OC CB (ii)

Combining (i) and (ii ) , we have

OC CA CB

Hence midpoint of hypotenuse of right triangle is equidistant from its vertices.

Let A , B and C be a vertices of a triangle having position vectors a , b and c
respectively.
Also consider D , E and F are midpoints of sides AB , BC and CA , then
a b
A
p.v of D OD
2
b c
F
D
p.v of E OE
2
O
c a
p.v of F OF
2
B
C
E
Let right bisector on AB and BC intersect
at point O ,
which
is an origin.
Since OD is
toAB

Therefore OD AB 0
1
ab

b a b a 0
b a 0
2
2
b a b a 0
a b a b b a 0
ab aa bb ba 0

ab ba

ab a b ab 0
2

b a 0 .. (i )

Also OE is to BC

bc
Therefore OE BC 0
c b 0
2
Similarly solving as above, we get
2
2
c b 0 .. (ii )
Adding (i ) and (ii ) , we have
2

b a c b 00
2

FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 5

c a 0
( c a) ( c a) 0
ca

( c a) 0
2

OF AC 0 OF is to AC

i.e. OF is also right bisector of AC .

Hence perpendicular bisector of the sides of the triangle are concurrent.
2

Consider A , B and C are vertices of triangle having position vectors a , b and c

respectively. Let altitude on AB and BC intersect at origin O (0,0) .

Since OC is perpendicular to AB

A
OC AB 0
c (ba) 0
c b c a 0 ...............(i)

Also OA is perpendicular to BC
O

OA BC 0
B
C
a (c b) 0
a c a b 0 ...............(ii )
Adding (i ) and (ii )
c b c a a c a b 0 0
c b c a c a a b 0
acc a
c b a b 0
(c a ) b 0

AC OB 0
AC c a

AC is perpendicular to OB .
Hence altitude of the triangle are concurrent.
Consider a semicircle having centre at origin O(0,0) and A , B are end points of
diameter having position vectors a , a respectively. Let C be any point on a circle
having position vector c .
Clearly radius of semicircle a a c
C

Now AC c a

c
BC c ( a ) c a
Consider
B a O
a
A

AC BC ( c a ) ( c a )
c (c a) a (c a)
c c c a ac aa

FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 6

c ac ac a
2

c a
c

ac ca

c 0
a c

This show AC is to BC i.e. ACB 90

Hence angle in a semi circle is a right angle.

Consider two unit vectors a and b making angle and with ive x axis.
Then a OA cos i sin j
y
and
b OB cos( ) i sin( ) j
Now

cos i sin j

a b cos i sin j cos i sin j

a b cos cos sin sin ...............(i )

But we have AOB
a b a b cos( )

(1)(1)cos( )

a b 1

a b cos( ) ...............(ii )
Comparing (i ) and (ii ) , we have
cos( ) cos cos sin sin

Consider a , b and c are vectors along the sides of triangle BC , CA and AB ,

also let
a a , b b and c c
then form triangle,
A
A
a b c 0 ...............(i )
b

A
c
b a c
C
Taking dot product of above with b , we have
B
C
B
b b (a c ) b
a
C
B

b a b c b
2

a b cos C c b cos A
a b cos C c b cos A
cos B cos B

b 2 ab cos C cb cos A
b a cos C c cos A

From equation (i )

ing by b

FSC-II / Ex. 7.3 - 7

c a b
Taking dot product of above equation with c .
c c a b c
Now do yourself as above.
From equation (i )
b a c
Taking dot product of above equation with b
b b (a c ) b
( a c ) ( a c )

a 2 a c cos B c
2

Hence

b 2 a 2 ac cos B c 2
b c a 2ca cos B
2

From equation (i )
c ab
Taking dot product of above equation with c
c c a b c
( a b ) ( a b )
Now do yourself as above (iii)

Saqib Aleem (2015)

Uzair Amin (2016)

b a c

b a a c c a c
aa ac c a c c
aa ac ac cc
a a 2a c c c
2

ab ba
2

cos B cos B

c ab

Error Analyst
Punjab College of Sciences

Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org)

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Updated: April 30, 2016.