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Number:
Title:
WE1
Date:
Idealisation:
Due to the symmetry of the example, the geometry can be represented by an axisymmetric
model, and using 4-noded quadrilateral elements.
Mesh:
Enlarged view
Elements
4-noded quadrilateral elements
SOLUTION
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Analysis steps
-
SOLUTION
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Using the FEA software post processor (Ansys software was used in this case), the
linearized stresses along the defined classification lines are extracted.
The Tresca equivalent stress is used. This is given directly by the software so it is not
required to do the calculations manually.
Checking the linearized stresses against the allowable stress limits. In this example
the allowable stress limits and terminology used are those given in EN13445-3
AnnexC.
Description of Results
The figure shown below shows the elastic stress distribution for the applied internal pressure of
4.2Nmm-2. The maximum stress intensity is at the inside corner with a value of 290.93Nmm-2.
SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
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The maximum membrane, membrane plus bending, peak and total stresses for all five
classification lines are listed in the next table. For each classification line, the table also shows
the assigned stress categories, allowable and calculated stresses.
Note:
In this example there is no local stress concentration effects or thermal loads applied.
Therefore no peak stress can exist.
The calculated peak stress given by Ansys is a feature of the mathematical
linearization procedure. In this case, the peak stress is simply the difference between
the linearised membrane plus bending stress and the actual membrane plus bending
distribution. In EN13345-3 Annex C, this is referred to as the non-linear part.
As here there is no peak stress, the membrane plus non-linear bending stress
distribution is equivalent to the total stress distribution. Therefore, for this case the
calculated total equivalent stress is used in the assessment rather than the linearised
membrane plus bending equivalent stress.
SOLUTION
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CL
A
B
C
D
E
CL
A
B
C
D
E
Membrane
Membrane plus
stress intensity
bending
stress intensity
Nmm-2
Nmm-2
10.52
14.07
7.90
27.87
7.24
48.47
37.71
221.60
19.15
187.10
Stress
Categories
Pm
Pm+Q
PL
PL+Q
PL
PL+Q
PL
PL+Pb
Pm
Pm+Pb
Peak stress
intensity
Total
stress intensity
Nmm-2
0.54
28.32
211.90
26.46
4.65
Nmm-2
14.36
56.17
193.50
247.60
187.10
Allowable stress
Nmm-2
170.00
510.00
255.00
510.00
255.00
510.00
255.00
255.00
170.00
255.00
f
3f
1.5f
3f
1.5f
3f
1.5f
1.5f
f
1.5f
Calculated
stress
Nmm-2
10.52
14.36
7.90
56.17
7.24
193.50
37.71
247.60
19.15
187.10
Note
For classification line D, the bending stress could either be classified as primary or as
secondary. The choice in the classification depends on whether the plate edge bending
reduces the bending stress at the plate centre. Both the ASME and EN13445 codes make
reference to this situation. The ASME code basically says that if the bending moment at the
plate edge is required to maintain the bending stress in the centre region within acceptable
limits, the edge bending is classified as primary (Pb) otherwise it is classified as secondary (Q).
EN13445 says that the classification of bending stress into the primary (Pb) category ensures
that no plastic deformation can occur in the region under consideration during normal service.
So to be conservative it is best to classify the bending stress as primary bending.
Maximum allowable stress
All calculated stress are below their respective stress limits. Therefore the applied internal
pressure is allowable. The value most close to its stress limit is for classification line D, PL+Pb.
The maximum allowable stress can be calculated in the following manner;
4.2 255
247.6
4.33
SOLUTION
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Conclusion(s):
The applied internal pressure of 4.2Nmm-2 has been found to be admissible.
From this simple example it is evident that the process of stress classification can sometimes
be not so clear, and further calculations (when possible) may be necessary to correctly
determine the appropriate category.
Note of classification line C
Classification line C passes through a transition region and it may be argued that it is not a
valid classification line.
The CEN Design by analysis manual gives guidelines on how to do stress linearization. Other
guidelines that are based on research work done by the US Pressure Vessel Research
Council project (PVRC) Three dimensional stress criteria are given in the ASME code.
The student is encouraged to review these guidelines as a means of learning more on stress
categorization. Obviously the guidelines to be followed need to be the ones given in the
pressure vessel code being followed.