HR

AHEF.120.MD.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AUDIT GUIDE FOR CHP and HOB
Waste heat recovery
Waste heat recovery

INOGATE Technical Secretariat and Integrated
Programme in support of the Baku Initiative and
the Eastern Partnership energy objectives
Contract No 2011/278827
A project within the INOGATE Programme
Implemented by:
Ramboll Denmark A/S (lead partner)
EIR Development Partners Ltd.
The British Standards Institution
LDK Consultants S.A.
MVV decon GmbH
ICF International
Statistics Denmark
Energy Institute Hrvoje Poar
June 2015
Template Heat losses 1.: Heat losses analysis in the DH

Document title system network, supplied from HOB Sud
Document statu Draft 0.1
Prepar
ed by
Name
Date
Dr. Albin ZSEBIK and Daniel NOVAK
09.06.2015
Checke
d by
Approv
ed by
This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The
contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be
taken to reflect the views of the European Union.
Table of Contents
1. Project sheet
2. Input data
3. Technical calculation
4. Financial calculation
5. Used formulas
6. X-steam Table Nr.1.
7. X-steam Table Nr.2.
Introduction
Keywords
advantages of waste heat recovery, application, saving potential,

simple payback period
Waste heat recovery:

Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical reaction, and
then "dumped" into the enviroment even though it could still be reused for some useful and economic
purpose. Following are equipment options that can recover energy from wasted heat or steam, thereby
reducing fuel usage while increasing system efficiency.
1. Stack Economizer: Recovers heat from flue gases that would otherwise be wasted, and is used to
preheat boiler combustion air or feed water, to heat water for absorption chillers, heating system and
domestic water system.
2. Two-Stage Condensing Economizer: Captures heat through both a traditional stack economizer
section and a condensing section. One section recovers energy by preheating boiler combustion air or feedwater. The second (condensing) section preheats cool liquid streams, such as make-up water, process
water, or domestic water for sinks and showers.
3. One-Stage Condensing Economizer: Saves fuel by preheating virtually any cool liquid stream (e.g.,
make-up water, process water) by capturing the wasted heat from the boiler stack. It increases the amount
of heat recovered by capturing both sensible and latent heat energy.
5. Flash Tank Economizer: Captures high-temperature flash steam and condensate from a nonmodulating process load, providing (sensible) heat for make-up water and low-pressure flash steam (latent
heat) for the deaerator. This system quickly pays for itself with fuel savings resulting from recycled heat that
would otherwise be wasted through exhaust.
6. Blowdown Heat Recovery System: Captures waste heat from the boiler surface blowdown to increase
make-up water temperature (sensible heat) going to the feed-water tank. Continuous boiler surface
blowdown heat recovery is the most optimized method of controlling total dissolved solids (TDS) levels
within the boiler because it captures otherwise wasted energy normally purged to the sewer. These units are
available for boilers of all sizes, including multiple boilers.
This Excel sheet:

1. Helps to identify the heat in flue gases, which would waste without heat recovery;
2. Gives possibility to calculate three stage stack economizer for different purpose, but without condensing
of the steam content of the flue gas;
3. Calculates the fuel and fuel cost saving gained by the recovered heat;
4. Makes basic economical evaluation (calculate simple payback period) based on the given investments
costs and;
5. Shows example of the projects sheet, where the findings concerning the existing conditions, the
recommended actions to improve efficiency and expected results are described.
Attention: This file works properly, if the fuel is natural gas, and the boiler is a steam boiler.
This Excel sheet:

1. Helps to identify the heat in flue gases, which would waste without heat recovery;
2. Gives possibility to calculate three stage stack economizer for different purpose, but without condensing
of the steam content of the flue gas;
3. Calculates the fuel and fuel cost saving gained by the recovered heat;
4. Makes basic economical evaluation (calculate simple payback period) based on the given investments
costs and;
5. Shows example of the projects sheet, where the findings concerning the existing conditions, the
recommended actions to improve efficiency and expected results are described.
Attention: This file works properly, if the fuel is natural gas, and the boiler is a steam boiler.
ACTION
ET - 000 No:
16
Recommended Action Energy efficiency opportunity
Prepared for
Sample
Report date:
tel/fax
E-mail
Prepared by:
Checked by:
Approved by:
Content
Action name:
Area of the Plant Affected:
Installation of flue gas heat recovery heat exchangers
HOB plant SUD
Findings concerning existing conditions:

The flue gas leaves the boilers type xxxxxxxx on high temperature (xxxC).
Recommended action to improve efficiency:

Based on the site visit and on the feasibility study No xxxxxxxx the boilers is recommended installation of
flue gas heat exchangers for absorption chiller, for heating system and DHW-system. With the heat
recovery the exhaust gas temperature can be decrease to the xx C, and the fuel consumption can be
decreased.
Expected results effect of recommendation:
After recommended action

Total recovered heat [GJ]
Recovered heat for

heating system
[GJ/year]
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Project cost estimate:
Engineering design:
Equipment procurement:
Equipment installation:
Equipment commissioning:
Project support:
Total installing cost:
Recovered Reduction of
heat for DHW
fuel
system
consumption
[GJ/year]
[MDL]
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
P a y b a c k p e r io d [ Ye a r ]
Base line - existing conditions
Recovered heat for

absorption chiller
[GJ/year]
#VALUE!
Payback period (simply payback):
MDL
63,539
1,258,200
629,100
629,100
0
2,579,939
(non energy)
Estimated increase in annual

operations and maintenance cost:
Recommended implementation schedule:
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Fuel cost
7.1
3
[MDL/m
72]
7.5
70
7.9
69
9.1
64
2000000
0
4000000
Project cost [MDL]
Pa
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Fuel cost
7.1
3
[MDL/m
72]
7.5
70
7.9
69
9.1
64
2000000
0
4000000
Project cost [MDL]
Existing solution:
Preparing measurement plan for a steam boiler:

M1
Combustion air
M2
Fuel consumption
M3
Steam (saturated)
M4
Feed water
M5
Flue gas
Temperature [C]
Relative humidity [%]
Fuel flow rate [l/h, t/h, nm3/h]
Temperature [C]
Pressure [bar]
Mass flow rate [t/h]
Temperature [C]
Conductivity [S/cm]
Temperature [C]
Oxygen-content [%]
CO-content [ppm]
M6
Blow-down
Mass flow rate [t/h]
M7
Boiler-water
Conductivity [S/cm]
Recommended solution:
Boiler data sheet

General information
Boiler ID./Tag
Mfr/Model #
Year built
Boiler type
Factory
HLG 20/12
1965
Serial number
Fire Tube Heating fluid
Nr. 19650523-15-25
Steam
Equipment nominal data

Steam generated [t/h]
20
Steam pressure [bar]
12
Temp. of saturated steam [C]
188
Temp. of Feed water [C]
90
Reference efficiency [%]
90
Fuel data
Boiler fuel
Natural gas
Higher
heating
value
(HHV)
Lower heating value (LHV)
36.62
Chemical composition of fuel

CH4
0.96
35874
C2 H 6
0.04
64423
C3 H 8
92887
C4H10
122572
CmHn
CO
H2
CO2
N2
O2
H 2S
594
H 2O
[MJ/m^3]
[m3/m3 fuel]
12623
10799
40.57
Heating value of
comp. [kJ/m3]
[MJ/m^3]
Fire Tube
Water Tube
Electric
Natural Draft
Forced Draft
Condensing
Other _________
Natural gas
PB-gas
Water (<110C)
Fuel oil
Water (>110C)
Coal
Steam
Other
Profile of operation
<---
Quantity of flue gas

3.5
Specific heat of flue gas [kJ/(m C)]
0.9718
Temperature of flue gas [C]
250
Ambient temperature [C]
Different application for waste heat recovery

15
Outlet temp. of hot water (absorption chiller) [C]
115
Inlet temp. of hot water (absorption chiller) [C]
100
Outlet temp. of water (heating system) [C]
80
Inlet temp. of water (heating system) [C]
60
Outlet temp. of water [C]

Inlet temp. of water [C]
55
12
85
Flue gas tem perature [ c]
Required temperature diff. of heat exchangers [C]
Different application for recovering w aste heat

200
100
0
0.5
1.5
Recovered heat [GJ/a]
80
100
60
Performance rate [%]
Parameters of flue gas
Proportion of oxygen in flue gas [%]
40
Profile
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
O pe a rito n tim e [h/a ]
Operation time [h/a]

260
0
0
0
400
1000
1555
4295
1250
0
0
Correct input data
20
Peformance rate [%]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Check
2.5
Flue gas tem pe
Different application for recovering w aste heat

200
100
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
ce rate [%]
Operations and maintenance cost

Maintance cost [EUR/a]
Fuel cost [EUR/m3]
MDL exchange rate [1 EUR]
Project cost estimate
Engineering design [EUR]
Equipment procurement [EUR]
Equipment installation [EUR]
Equipment commissioning [EUR]
Project support [EUR]
Sensitivity
100000
0.35
20.97
3,030
60,000
30,000
30,000
0
-10
-5
15
Range of fuel cost [%]

25
Rate of increase (project cost) [%]
25
Financial analysis
1
Fuel cost
[MDL/m 3 ]
0.9
Payback period [Year]
80
100
60
Financial data
0.8
0.7
7.1
72
0.6
7.5
70
0.5
0.4
7.9
69
0.3
9.1
64
0.2
0.1
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
Project cost [MDL]
4000000
Boiler data sheet

General information
Boiler ID./Tag
Mfr/Model #
Year built
Boiler type
Factory
HLG 20/12
1965
Serial number
Fire Tube Heating fluid
Nr. 19650523-15-25
Steam
Equipment nominal data

Steam generated [t/h]
20
Steam pressure [bar]
12
Temp. of saturated steam [C]
188
Temp. of Feed water [C]
110
90
Fuel data
Boiler fuel
Natural gas
Higher
heating
value
(HHV)
Lower heating value (LHV)
36.62
Chemical composition of fuel

CH4
0.96
35874
C2 H 6
0.04
64423
C3 H 8
92887
C4H10
122572
CmHn
CO
H2
CO2
N2
O2
H 2S
594
H 2O
Calc. heating value [MJ/m3]
[MJ/m^3]
[m3/m3 fuel]
12623
10799
40.57
[MJ/m^3]
Heating value of
comp. [kJ/m3]
37.0
If you have the composition list of fuel, and not the exact heating value, then please
copy D32 to B18
Input data in yellow cells.
Calculated data in red cells.
30
40
50
60
70
80
400
1000
1555
4295
1250
90
100
Check
0
0
Correct input data
Profile
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Operation time [h/a]

260
0
0
O p e a rito n tim e [h /a ]
Peformance rate [%]
0
10
20
<---
Fuel consumption
Steam enthalpy [kJ/kg]
#VALUE!
Feed water enthalpy [kJ/kg]
#VALUE!
Peformance rate [%]
Fuel consumption
Heat input [MJ]
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
10
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
20
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
30
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
40
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
50
#VALUE!
60
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
70
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
80
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
90
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
100
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

[m3]
#VALUE!
70
80
90
100
rate [%]
Quantity of flue gas

Proportion of oxygen in flue gas [%]
Lambda [-]
Specific heat of flue gas [kJ/(m3C)]
Temperature of flue gas [C]
Ambient temperature [C]
Stoichiometrical quantity of flue gas [m3/m3]
3.5
1.2
0.9718
150
0
10.2536
Stoichiometrical quantity of air [m3/m3]
9.7712
Specific flue gas flow [m /m ]
12.20784

0
10
20
30
40
Flue gas flow [m3]

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Heat content of flue gas [MJ]
50
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
60
70
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
80
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
90
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
100
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Heat content of flue gas [GJ/a]
#VALUE!
Heat input [GJ/a]
#VALUE!
Heat loss due to flue gas [%/a]
#VALUE!
X-axis (1)

Heat loss due to flue gas
Heat [MJ]
1
1
1
1
1
1
Heat input [MJ]
0
0
0
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Different application for waste heat recovery

Waste heat for absorption chiller
Outlet temp. of hot water [C]
115
Inlet temp. of hot water [C]
100
Required temperature diff. of heat exchangers, C
85
X-axis (1) X-axis (2) Y-axis (1) Y-axis (2)
0 #VALUE!
0 #VALUE!
0 #VALUE!
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0
150
135
100
115.0
115
0
0
100
115.0
0
115
100
#VALUE!
Heat can be used for this application.

15
Gradient
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Reduction of fuel [m /a] #VALUE!
3
Waste heat for heating system

80
60

0
#VALUE!
60
60
#VALUE!
80
80
#VALUE! #VALUE!
60
#VALUE! #VALUE!
80
60
Reduction of fuel [m3/a] #VALUE!
#VALUE!
Waste heat for DHW-system

55
12

0
0
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
12
55
0
55
12
55
12
12
Recovered heat [GJ/a] #VALUE!

Reduction of fuel [m3/a] #VALUE!
Conclusion
Q a.c.
#VALUE!
Q h.s.
#VALUE!
Q dhw.s.
#VALUE!
efficiency
[GJ/a] Vgas at reference
#VALUE!
[m3/a]
Vgas at reference efficiency
[GJ/a]
#VALUE! [m3/a]
Vgas at reference efficiency
[GJ/a]
#VALUE! [m3/a]
Cgas
#VALUE! [MDL/a]
Cgas
#VALUE! [MDL/a]
Cgas
#VALUE! [MDL/a]
Flue gas temperature [c]

Different application for the waste heat recovery

160
140
Flue gas
120
Pinch point
Row 11
100
Row 12
Row 13
80
60
Q a.c. #VALUE! [GJ/a]

Vgas at reference
efficiency #VALUE!
[m3/a] Cgas #VALUE!
[MDL/a]
40
Row 21
Row 22
20
0
Row 23
0.5
1.5
2.5
Financial analysis (Method: Simple payback period)

Operations and maintenance cost
Maintance cost [EUR/a]
Fuel cost [EUR/m3]
Fuel cost [EUR/a]
MDL exchange rate [1 EUR]
Project cost estimate:
Engineering design [EUR]
Equipment procurement [EUR]
Equipment installation [EUR]
Equipment commissioning [EUR]
Project support [EUR]
100000
0.38
#VALUE!
20.97
3,030
60,000
30,000
30,000
0
Simple payback period [Year]
#VALUE!
Sensitivity
Project cost [MDL]
Rate of increase [%]
Increased project cost [MDL]
2,579,939
25
3,224,924
-10
7.172
Range of fuel cost [%]

-5
Fuel cost [MDL/m3]
7.570
Pa yb a c k p e rio d [Ye a r]
Fuel cost [MDL/m3]

#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
2097000 [MDL/a]
[MDL/m3]
7.97
#VALUE! [MDL/a]
MDL
63539
1258200
629100
629100
0
MDL
15
25
7.969
9.164
9.961
Simple payback period [Year]

0
#VALUE!
0
#VALUE!
0
#VALUE!
0
#VALUE!
0
#VALUE!
X-axis (1)
2,579,939
X-axis (2)
2,579,939
Financial analysis
1
0.8
0.6
Y-axis (1)
0
Fuel
cost
7.1
[MDL/
72
3
m7.5
]
0.4
70
0.2
7.9
69
1000000
2000000
3000000
Project cost [MDL]
4000000
9.1
64
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Y-axis (2)
#VALUE!
Used formulas:
1.
q quantity of fuel used [m3]
Q quantity of steam generated per secundum [kg/sec]
hg enthalpy of saturated steam [kJ/kg]
hf enthalpy of feed water [kJ/kg]
boiler efficiency [-]
LHV Lower heating value [kJ/kg, kJ/m3]
top operation time [sec]
2.
L0 - Theoretical air required for complete combustion [m 3/m3]
LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3]
3.
V0 - Stoichiometrical quantity of flue gas [m3/m3]
LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3]
4.
Vfg - Specific flue gas flow [m3/m3]
V0 - Stoichiometrical quantity of flue gas [m3/m3]
Excess air [-]
L0 - Theoretical air required for complete combustion [m 3/m3]
5.
Qfg - Heat content of flue gas [MJ]
Vfg,a Actual flue gas flow [m3]
tfg Temperature of flue gas [C]
ta - Ambient temperature [C]
cp - Specific heat of flue gas [kJ/(m3C)]
6.
LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3 or MJ/kg]
ci Proportion of the i. component in the fuel [m 3/m3 fuel or kg/kg fuel]
LHVi - Lower heating value of components[MJ/m3 or MJ/kg]
7.
Qin Heat input [MJ]
LHV - Lower heating value [MJ/m3 or MJ/kg]
FC Fuel consumption [m3 or kg]
8.
Lambda [-] = (1+(EA/100)), where EA means excess air in [%]
O2 Measured oxygen cocentration in flue gas [%]
9.
Vfg,a Actual flue gas flow [m3]
Vfg - Specific flue gas flow [m3/m3]
FC Fuel consumption [m3 or kg]
10.
SPP Simple payback period [Year]
YB Yearly benefits [MDL/a]
YC Yearly costs [MDL/a]
PC - Project cost [MDL]
X Steam Tables
Excel macros, IF-97 Steam tables.
The excel scripts are stored inside this workbook. A complete list of functions for use is available on th
By: Magnus Holmgren
The steam tables are free and provided as is. We take no responsibilities for any errors in the code or
www.x-eng.com
OBS: This workbook uses macros. Set security options in Tools:Macro:Security to enable macros.
Saturation properties given temperature

Temperature
110.00 C
Saturation pressure
#VALUE! bar a
Liquid
Enthalpy
#VALUE! kJ/kg
Density
#VALUE! kg/m3
Entropy
#VALUE! kJ/kgK
Vapour
Vapour enthalpy
#VALUE! kJ/kg
Vapour density
#VALUE! kg/m3
Vapour Entropy
#VALUE! kJ/kgK
Evaporation energy
#VALUE! kJ/kg
Saturation properties given pressure

Pressure
12.000 bar a
Saturation temperature
#VALUE! C
Liquid
Enthalpy
#VALUE! kJ/kg
Density
#VALUE! kg/m3
Entropy
#VALUE! kJ/kgK
Vapour
Vapour enthalpy
#VALUE! kJ/kg
Vapour density
#VALUE! kg/m3
vapour Entropy
#VALUE! kJ/kgK
Evaporation energy
#VALUE! kJ/kg
Properties given pressure and temperature

Pressure
1.00 bar a
Temperature
100.00 C
Enthalpy
#VALUE! kJ/kg
Density
#VALUE! kg/m3
Entropy
#VALUE! kJ/kgK
Vapour fraction
#VALUE! %
IF97 Region
#VALUE!
Phase
#VALUE!
Isobaric heat capacity
#VALUE! kJ/kg
Speed of sound
#VALUE! m/s
Properties given pressure and enthalpy

Pressure
12.57 bar a
Enthalpy
2788.00 kJ/kg
Temperature
#VALUE! C
Density
#VALUE! kg/m3
Entropy
#VALUE! kJ/kgK
Vapour fraction
#VALUE! %
IF97 Region
#VALUE!
Phase
#VALUE!
Isobaric heat capacity
#VALUE! kJ/kg
Speed of sound
#VALUE! m/s
f functions for use is available on the "Calling functions" worksheet
ibilities for any errors in the code or damage thereby.
acro:Security to enable macros.
X Steam Tables
v2.6 http://www.x-eng.com
Steam tables by Magnus Holmgren according to IAPWS IF-97
The excel scripts are stored inside this workbook. (No extra files are needed. Start from a copy of this workbook. This page can be removed)
For error-reporting, feedback, other units etc. contact:
magnus@x-eng.com
The steam tables are free and provided as is. We take no responsibilities for any errors in the code or damage thereby.
OBS: This workbook uses macros. Set security options in Tools:Macro:Security to enable macros.
Temperature
Tsat_p
T_ph
T_ps
T_hs
1
1
1
100
bar
bar
bar
kJ/kg
100 kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
0.2 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
C
C
C
C
Saturation temperature
Temperture as a function of pressur
Temperture as a function of pressur
Temperture as a function of enthalp
100 C
84 kJ/kg
### kJ/kg
0.3 kJ/(kg K)
5 kg/m3
#VALUE! bar
#VALUE! bar
#VALUE! bar
Saturation pressure
Pressure as a function of h and s.
Pressure as a function of h and rho
20 C
1 kJ/(kg K)
0.5
0.5
2 kg/m3
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
Saturated vapour enthalpy

Saturated liquid enthalpy
Saturated vapour enthalpy
Saturated liquid enthalpy
Entalpy as a function of pressure an
Entalpy as a function of temperatur
100 C
### kJ/kg
5 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
m3/kg
Saturated vapour volume

Saturated liquid volume
Saturated vapour volume
Saturated liquid volume
Specific volume as a function of pre
100 C
### kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
kg/m3
Saturated vapour density

Saturated liquid density
Saturated vapour density
Saturated liquid density
Density as a function of pressure an
20 C
### kJ/kg
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K)
Saturated vapour entropy

Saturated liquid entropy
Saturated vapour entropy
Saturated liquid entropy
Specific entropy as a function of pre
Specific entropy as a function of pre
Pressure
psat_T
p_hs
p_hrho
Enthalpy
hV_p
hL_p
hV_T
hL_T
h_pT
h_ps
h_px
h_Tx
h_prho
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
100
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
C
bar
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
0.01
0.01
0
100
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
Specific volume
vV_p
vL_p
vV_T
vL_T
v_pT
v_ph
v_ps
Density
rhoV_p
rhoL_p
rhoV_T
rhoL_T
rho_pT
rho_ph
rho_ps
Specific entropy
sV_p
sL_p
sV_T
sL_T
s_pT
s_ph
Specific internal energy

uV_p
uL_p
uV_T
1 bar
1 bar
100 C
#VALUE! kJ/kg
#VALUE! kJ/kg
#VALUE! kJ/kg
Saturated vapour internal energy

Saturated liquid internal energy
Saturated vapour internal energy
uL_T
u_pT
u_ph
u_ps
100
1
1
1
C
bar
bar
bar
100 C
### kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
Saturated liquid internal energy

Specific internal energy as a functio
100 C
200 kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
Saturated vapour heat capacity

Saturated liquid heat capacity
Saturated vapour heat capacity
Saturated liquid heat capacity
Specific isobaric heat capacity as a
100 C
200 kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
kJ/(kgC)
Saturated vapour isochoric heat cap

Saturated liquid isochoric heat capa
Saturated vapour isochoric heat cap
Saturated liquid isochoric heat capa
Specific isochoric heat capacity as a
100 C
200 kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
Saturated vapour speed of sound

Saturated liquid speed of sound
Saturated vapour speed of sound
Saturated liquid speed of sound
Speed of sound as a function of pre
Specific isobaric heat capacity

CpV_p
CpL_p
CpV_T
CpL_T
Cp_pT
Cp_ph
Cp_ps
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
Specific isochoric heat capacity

CvV_p
CvL_p
CvV_T
CvL_T
Cv_pT
Cv_ph
Cv_ps
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
1
1
100
100
1
1
1
bar
bar
C
C
bar
bar
bar
Speed of sound
wV_p
wL_p
wV_T
wL_T
w_pT
w_ph
w_ps
Dynamic Viscosity
Viscosity is not part of IAPWS Steam IF97. Equations from "Revised Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1985 for the Viscosity of Ordinary Water Substa
Viscosity in the mixed region (4) is interpolated according to the density. This is not true since it will be two fases.
my_pT
my_ph
my_ps
1 bar
1 bar
1 bar
100 C
100 kJ/kg
1 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE! Pa s
#VALUE! Pa s
#VALUE! Pa s
1 bar
1 bar
200 C
### kJ/kg
#VALUE! #VALUE! -
Viscosity as a function of pressure a

Prandtl
Calcualted as Cp*my/tc
pr_pT
pr_ph
Thermal Conductivity
Revised release on the IAPS Formulation 1985 for the Thermal Conductivity of ordinary water substance (IAPWS 1998)
tcL_p
tcV_p
tcL_T
tcV_T
tc_pT
tc_ph
tc_hs
100
1
100
100
100
1
100
bar
bar
C
C
bar
350 C
bar
350 kJ/(kg K)
kJ/(kg K) 0.34 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
W/(m K)
Saturated vapour thermal conductiv

Saturated liquid thermal conductivit
Saturated vapour thermal conductiv
Saturated liquid thermal conductivit
Thermal conductivity as a function o
Surface Tension
IAPWS Release on Surface Tension of Ordinary Water Substance, September 1994
st_T
st_p
100 C
1 bar
#VALUE! N/m
#VALUE! N/m
Surface tension for two phase wate

Surface tension for two phase wate
#VALUE!
Vapour fraction as a function of pre
Vapour fraction
x_ph
1 bar
### kJ/kg
x_ps
1 bar
4 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
Vapour fraction as a function of pre
Vapour Volume Fraction
Observe that vapour volume fraction is very sensitive. Vapour volume is about 1000 times greater than liquid volume and therfore vapour volume fraction
gets close to the accurancy of steam IF-97
vx_ph
vx_ps
1 bar
1 bar
418 kJ/kg
4 kJ/(kg K)
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
Vapour volume fraction as a functio

Vapour volume fraction as a functio
Version history
News in V2.6
* Error in valid region for function tc_ptrho
* Error in function h3_pt for temperatures near the saturation point.
News in V2.5
* DLL distrubution for use in other applications
* Freebasic translation
* Fixed small error in Cv Region 5 p>1000bar
News in V2.4a
* ToSIUnit for h_ps region 4. (No effect in SI unit version).
News in V2.4
* Functions by p,rho inplemented in matlab also.
* Many missing ; in matlab causing printouts detected.
* OpenOffice version introduced. (Fixed calculation differences in open office and excel)
* Matlab error giving varaible undefined in some backwards solutions fixed.
News in V2.3
* Option Explicit, gives more efficient calculations.
* Extensive testing
* my_ph not defined in region 4.
* Problems at region border for h4V_p to adress solver problems at the exact border.
* Problem at fast border check in region_ph fixed.
News in V2.2
* Extensive testing
* Fixed error in Cp_ph
* Function p_hrho added. (Very good for calcualting pressure when heating a volume with water/steam mixture.)
* Fixed error in T_hs return no value for vet region bellow the water saturation line.
* Prandtl number added
News in V2.1
* Calling function h_prho
* Fixed problem with Cv reporting NaN in region 5.
* Equivivalent to the Matlab version. (Downloadable from www.x-eng.com)
News in V2
* Calling functions of h and s added.
* Thermal conductivity, Surface tension added
* Calling functions h_px and h_tx added.
* Cp, Cv and w undefined in the mixed region. (Before interpolation with the vapor fraction was used.)
* A work sheet "Properties" for simple lookups added.
page can be removed)
on temperature
ure as a function of pressure and enthalpy
ure as a function of pressure and entropy
ure as a function of enthalpy and entropy
e as a function of h and s.
e as a function of h and rho (density). Very unaccurate for solid water region since it's almost incompressible!
ed vapour enthalpy
ed liquid enthalpy
ed vapour enthalpy
ed liquid enthalpy
as a function of pressure and temperature.
as a function of pressure and entropy.
as a function of pressure and vapour fraction
as a function of temperature and vapour fraction
as a function of pressure and density. Observe for low temperatures (liquid) this equation has 2 solutions. (Not valid!!)
ed vapour volume
ed liquid volume
ed vapour volume
ed liquid volume
volume as a function of pressure and temperature.
volume as a function of pressure and enthalpy
volume as a function of pressure and entropy.
ed vapour density
ed liquid density
ed vapour density
ed liquid density
as a function of pressure and temperature.
as a function of pressure and enthalpy
as a function of pressure and entropy.
ed vapour entropy
ed liquid entropy
ed vapour entropy
ed liquid entropy
entropy as a function of pressure and temperature (Returns saturated vapour entalpy if mixture.)
entropy as a function of pressure and enthalpy
ed vapour internal energy

ed liquid internal energy
ed vapour internal energy
ed liquid internal energy

internal energy as a function of pressure and temperature.
internal energy as a function of pressure and enthalpy
internal energy as a function of pressure and entropy.
ed vapour heat capacity

ed liquid heat capacity
ed vapour heat capacity
ed liquid heat capacity
isobaric heat capacity as a function of pressure and temperature.
isobaric heat capacity as a function of pressure and enthalpy
isobaric heat capacity as a function of pressure and entropy.
ed vapour isochoric heat capacity

ed liquid isochoric heat capacity
ed vapour isochoric heat capacity
ed liquid isochoric heat capacity
isochoric heat capacity as a function of pressure and temperature.
isochoric heat capacity as a function of pressure and enthalpy
isochoric heat capacity as a function of pressure and entropy.
ed vapour speed of sound

ed liquid speed of sound
ed vapour speed of sound
ed liquid speed of sound
of sound as a function of pressure and temperature.
of sound as a function of pressure and enthalpy
of sound as a function of pressure and entropy.
Viscosity of Ordinary Water Substance", 2003 are used.
y as a function of pressure and temperature.

y as a function of pressure and enthalpy
y as a function of pressure and entropy.
ed vapour thermal conductivity

ed liquid thermal conductivity
ed vapour thermal conductivity
ed liquid thermal conductivity
l conductivity as a function of pressure and temperature.
l conductivity as a function of pressure and enthalpy
l conductivity as a function of enthalpy and entropy
tension for two phase water/steam as a function of T

tension for two phase water/steam as a function of T
fraction as a function of pressure and enthalpy
fraction as a function of pressure and entropy.
and therfore vapour volume fraction
volume fraction as a function of pressure and enthalpy

volume fraction as a function of pressure and entropy.
ns. (Not valid!!)

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AHEF.120.MD.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AUDIT GUIDE FOR CHP and HOB

Waste heat recovery

Waste heat recovery

A project within the INOGATE Programme

Template Heat losses 1.: Heat losses analysis in the DH

Dr. Albin ZSEBIK and Daniel NOVAK

advantages of waste heat recovery, application, saving potential,

Waste heat recovery:

This Excel sheet:

This Excel sheet:

Installation of flue gas heat recovery heat exchangers

HOB plant SUD

Findings concerning existing conditions:

Recommended action to improve efficiency:

Expected results effect of recommendation:

After recommended action

Recovered heat for

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Total installing cost:

Base line - existing conditions

Recovered heat for

Payback period (simply payback):

Estimated increase in annual

Project cost [MDL]

Project cost [MDL]

Preparing measurement plan for a steam boiler:

Mass flow rate [t/h]

Boiler data sheet

Equipment nominal data

Lower heating value (LHV)

Chemical composition of fuel

Quantity of flue gas

Specific heat of flue gas [kJ/(m C)]

Temperature of flue gas [C]

Ambient temperature [C]

Different application for waste heat recovery

Outlet temp. of hot water (absorption chiller) [C]

Inlet temp. of hot water (absorption chiller) [C]

Outlet temp. of water (heating system) [C]

Inlet temp. of water (heating system) [C]

Outlet temp. of water [C]

Flue gas tem perature [ c]

Required temperature diff. of heat exchangers [C]

Different application for recovering w aste heat

Recovered heat [GJ/a]

Performance rate [%]

Parameters of flue gas

Proportion of oxygen in flue gas [%]

O pe a rito n tim e [h/a ]

Operation time [h/a]

Flue gas tem pe

Different application for recovering w aste heat

Recovered heat [GJ/a]

Operations and maintenance cost

Range of fuel cost [%]

Payback period [Year]

Project cost [MDL]

Boiler data sheet

Equipment nominal data

Lower heating value (LHV)

Chemical composition of fuel

Calc. heating value [MJ/m3]

Operation time [h/a]