A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

Cost benefit analysis of FACTS devices

in a wind integrated Power system
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
By
KHIRAD T. DHABHAR
(Roll no.:U12EE082)
: Supervisor:
______________

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SURAT 395007

October-2016

TECHNOLOGY

SURAT-395 007, GUJARAT, INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled Optimal Power Flow submitted by
Khirad T. Dhabhar, U12EE082 is a record of bonafide work carried out by him in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor

of Technology

IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

Date:
Place: SVNIT, Surat

(Faculty Supervisor)

Examiners

Head of Department

SVNIT

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Dr. _______

(Associate Professor, EED, SVNIT, SURAT) for his valuable guidance, motivation
and for his extreme cooperation to complete this report.
I would like to express my sincere respect and profound gratitude to Prof. M. N.
Bhusawalvala,

Head

of Electrical

Engineering

Department

for supporting

and

providing the facilities for my seminar work.

I appreciate all my colleagues whose direct and indirect contribution helped me a lot
to accomplish this report. I would also like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching
staffs for cooperating with me and providing valuable advice which helped me in the
completion of this work.
Finally, I would like to express my thanks to all the members of my lovely family,
without whose support I would have never been able to aspire for this level of education.
-

Khirad T. Dhabhar

ABSTRACT
In todays world most of our major industries and hence economy depends on a reliable source of
electricity. Thus it becomes imperative that the network of generators, transmission lines should
be stable and with minimum downtime. Thus it becomes necessary to continuously monitor the
power flow and all transmission parameters continuously.
This report initially describes the load flow problem which is followed by the economic dispatch
problem. Finally the report formulates the optimal power flow problem and then the local
marginal price is calculated. A program is developed to find the optimal power flow and local
marginal price for an IEEE30 bus and IEEE26 bus system. The results after running the program
are given in the report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES................................................................................................ii
Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................2
Chapter 2 Formation of admittance matrix......................................................................................2
2.1 Admittance matrix formulation..............................................................................................2
Chapter 3 Load flow studies............................................................................................................2
3.1 Solution of the load flow problem.........................................................................................2
3.1.1 Newton Raphson method....................................................................................................2
3.1.2 Gauss Seidel method.........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1.3 Fast Decoupled method.....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 The load flow problem.........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 4 Optimal power flow........................................................................................................2
4.1 The optimal power flow problem..........................................................................................2
4.2 Formulation of optimal power flow problem.......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Solution of the optimal power flow problem.......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4 Local marginal price............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 5 Computation of optimal location of fact devices............................................................2
5.1 SVC or static var compensator

5.2 TCSC or thyristor controlled series capacitor......................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.3 Optimal location of facts devices.........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 6 Wind energy....................................................................................................................2
3

Chapter 7 Simulated test system and computation results...............................................................2

7.1 Data......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2 Simulation result..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................2
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................2

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figures
Figure 2-1: Admittance diagram for 4 bus system...........................................................................2
Figure 5-1: Characteristic of SVC.................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 7-1: IEE30 bus system..........................................................................................................2
Figure 7-2: IEE26 bus system........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Tables
Table 7-1: Bus data for an IEEE 30 bus system.............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-2: Line data for an IEEE 30 bus system............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-3: Generator limits IEEE 30 bus.......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-4: Generator cost coefficients IEEE 30 bus......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-5: Bus data for an IEEE 26 bus system.............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-6: Line data for an IEEE 26 bus system............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-7: Generator limits of IEEE 26 bus...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-8: Generator cost coefficients IEEE 26 bus......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-9: Load flow program result for IEEE 30 bus system......Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-10: Load flow program result for IEEE 26 bus system....Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-11: Optimal dispatch of generation IEEE30 bus system...Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-12: Optimal dispatch of generation IEEE26 bus system. .Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-13: Local marginal price for IEEE 30 bus........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 7-14: Local marginal price for IEEE 26 bus........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Introduction
In the early days of commercial use of electric power, transmission of electric power at the same
voltage as used by lighting and mechanical loads restricted the distance between generating plant
and consumers. In 1882 generation was with direct current, which could not easily be increased
in voltage for long-distance transmission. Different classes of loads, for example, lighting, fixed
motors and traction (railway) systems, required different voltages and so used different
generators and circuits.
As the complexity of the transmission system grew due to increase in area and new technology
trends, it became more and more difficult for engineers to be able to do regular system
maintenance and checks. Also to get data like system bus voltages, and do load flow studies and
other studies became increasingly complex. Hence, there was a need to generate an automatic
system that can be used to do load flow studies, economic dispatch studies and many other
studies. In this report Mathlab is used to write c programs (i.e m-files) to perform load flow, then
optimal power flow and using evolutionary programming algorithm the local marginal price of
the system is developed. The programs developed are then used on an IEEE30 bus and IEEE26
bus systems and the results are given in the report.

Formation of admittance matrix

Some Text

2.1 Admittance matrix formulation

The admittance matrix is a sparse matrix that is used in load flow studies. Figure 2.1 shows an
admittance diagram for a 4 bus system .

Figure 2-1: Admittance diagram for 4 bus system

Node 0 or ground is taken as the reference value . Applying KCL to the nodes one to four we get
equations 2.1 to 2.4.
I1

(2.1)

a
b

Chapter 1
Load flow studies
In power engineering, the power flow study (also known as load-flow study) is an important tool
involving numerical analysis applied to a power system [2]. Unlike traditional circuit analysis, a
power flow study usually uses simplified notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit
system, and focuses on various forms of AC power (i.e.: reactive, real, and apparent) rather than
voltage and current. It analyses the power systems in normal steady-state operation.

3.1 Solution of the load flow problem

There are many numerical ways to solve the non linear equations that are generated in the load
flow problem. Some of them are presented in the following sections.

3.1.1 Newton Raphson method

This method begins with an initial guesses of all unknown variables (voltage magnitude and
angles at Load Buses and voltage angles at Generator Buses)[3]. Next, a Taylor Series with the
higher order terms ignored of each of the power balance equations included in the system of
equations is written.

Chapter 2
Optimal power flow
Before the 1980s power generation, transmission and distribution was done by a single
company. Thus each company had its own network and the system was vertically integrated.
However, in the early 1980s deregulation of the power network meant that transmission
generation and distribution could each be played by individual companies. Thus the companies
that generate power, transmit power and distribute power are called Gencos, Transcos and
Discos respectively. The entire system is coordinated by the independent system operator (ISO)
and market operator. The ISO coordinates the technical aspects and the market operator the
financial aspects of power generation, transmission and distribution.

4.1 The optimal power flow problem

The optimum power flow problem can be expressed in the following manner.
Minimize cost of generation.
Subject to
i)

The total active power generated should meet the total active power demanded plus the

ii)

total active power losses of the system.

The total reactive power generated should meet the total reactive power demanded plus

iii)

the total active power losses of the system.

The generators should be operating within their limits. That is the active/reactive
power generated by the generator should be above the minimum active/reactive power
and less than the maximum active/reactive power that can be generated by the
generator in question.

In this report a program is written in matlab to use the data obtained from the optimal power flow
to get the local marginal price of the IEEE30 bus and IEEE26 bus test systems. The results are
given in chapter 7.

Chapter 3

Computation of optimal location

of FACTs devices
There are many different FACTS device used in todays transmission lines. Two such devices are
used in this report. They are SVC or Static var compensator and TCSC or thyristor controlled
series capacitor.

5.1 SVC or static var compensator

The static var compensator (SVC) is a first generation FACTS controller. It is a variable
impedance device where the current through a reactor is controlled using back to back connected
thyristors. The thyristors used in SVC is connected to an EHV line through a step down
transformer or is connected to the tertiary winding of a power transformer. This lowers the
voltage rating of the SVCs. SVCs were initially used for load compensation of fast changing
loads such as steel mills and arc furnaces.

Chapter 4
Wind energy
In todays world wind energy has proved to be one of the most competitive and efficient
renewable energy sources and as a result, its use is indeed continuously increasing. Low wind
penetration levels are usually accommodated in present power networks considering that the
network is passively controlled and operated. However, this assumption is no longer valid since
as soon as the wind energy penetration starts increasing, a wide range of technical problems
could appear, such as: bi-directional power ow, voltage rise, in-creased power quality problems
and altered voltage stability [9].

Chapter 5
Simulated test system and computation results
An IEEE30 bus and IEEE26 bus system is used to simulate the load flow, optimal power flow
and local marginal price programs. Figure 7.1 and 7.2 shows an IEE30 bus IEEE 26 bus systems.

Figure 7-2: IEEE 30 bus system

Conclusion
In this report the Ybus matrix was formulated and then load flow studies was carried out. The
optimal power flow problem is then presented and using a program developed in Matlab the
optimal power flow problem has been solved. Finally the report calculates the local marginal
price.
Usage of the local marginal price for finding the optimal placement of FACTS devices in a
transmission line is computed. The detail techno-economical or cost benefit analysis in a power
system is left for future work.

REFERENCES(as per IEEE format)

1.
2.
3.

H.Saadat, Power system analysis,Tata McGraw-Hill 2002.

K.T.Dhabhar, Dr.M.S.R.Murthy, Load flow studies using power world simulator, 2008.
J.Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sharma, Thomas J. Overbye Power system analysis and design,Thomson

4.
5.
6.

5th edition, 2011.

Abhijit Chakrabarti, Sunita Halder, Power system analysis operation and control, PHI,3 rd edition,2011
D.P.Kothari and J.S.Dhillon, Power system optimization,PHI,2nd edition,2012
Faisal B. Alhasawi and Jovica V. Milanovic, Techno-economic contribution of facts devices to the
operation of power systems with high level of wind power integration, IEEE Trans. Appl., vol. 27,

7.

no.3,Aug.2012
J. D. Finney, H. A. Othman, and W. L. Rutz, Evaluating transmission congestion constraints in system

8.

planning, IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 11431150, Aug. 1997.
E. J. De Oliveira, J. W. Marangon Lima, and K. C. De Almeida, Allocation of FACTS devices in

9.

hydrothermal systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 276282, Feb. 2000.
Borbely A, Kreider J., Distributed generation: the power paradigm for the new millennium. CRC Press;

2001.
10. Bhattacharya K, Zhong J., Reactive power as an ancillary service, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 16, no.
2,PP.294-300, 2001.

11. A. Bhattacharya and P.K. Chattopadhyay, Application of biogeography-based optimisation to solve

different optimal power ow problems IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 5, Issue. 1, pp.
7080,2011.