PRESTON

UNIVERSITY

SUBMITTED TO:
MS RUKHSANA NAZIR
SUBMITTED BY:
MUHAMMAD WALEED
MUHAMMAD WALEED

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DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this project to my parents & teacher without

whose guidance I would not have been able to do this project.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my teacher Ms Rukhsana Nazir for providing me

encouragement and giving me a chance to do this project.

MUHAMMAD WALEED

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

(vii)
(viii)

Introduction....(iv)
Statement of the problem...(iv)
Objective of study..(iv)
Significance of study..(v)
Research hypothesis...(v)
Methods of study(v)
a. Population
b. Sample
c. Instrument
d. Data analysis
Summary ..(vi)
Bibliography.(viii)

Introduction
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The topic of our discussion is cancer. Cancer is a class of diseases

characterized by out-of-control cell growth. Sometimes, however,
cells become abnormal and keep dividing to form more cells
without control or order, creating a mass of excess tissue called a
tumor. Tumors can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (not
cancerous). It is a very common disease now-a-days and also a deadly one. It
attacks different organs e.g. lungs, brain, liver, stomach, blood etc. Estimate
survival chances are less than 4% to this malady.

Statement of problem
Analyzing the widespread of this deadly disease I thought to research about it in
order to keep my self well informed as well as to let my fellows have a knowhow
about the causes, treatment, risks & medication of some common types of this
hazardous malady.

Objectives of study
To save myself from this disease as we know Prevention is better than cure.
To let others have a knowhow about its symptoms & impediment.

Significance of study
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By this study people will come to have knowhow about this malady. On time
detection of this disease can help in cure & also may save lives. Usually this
disease is detected very late as we say CANCER IS A SILENT KILLER. If we
detect its symptoms on time it will help people to survive for a longer period from
this disease.

Research hypothesis

Cancer is a silent killer

Late detection can increase chances of death
Less than 4% survive from this dangerous disease
It has the potency to spread again
It is caused due to disorder in body tissues

Methods of study
Population:
Citizens of Rawalpindi
Sample:
Cancer ward of C.M.H
Instrument:
Internet & interviews
Data analysis:
Preliminary analysis in order to remove outliers & incomplete data sets.

Summary
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Cancer:
Cancer is a group of many related diseases that begin in cells. Cancer is a
class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth.
Types of cancer:
Brain Cancer
Breast Cancer
Head & Neck Cancer
Leukemia
Lung Cancer
Skin Cancer
Tumor:
Cells become abnormal and keep dividing to form more cells without
control or order, creating a mass of excess tissue called a tumor.
Types of tumor:
Malignant
They grow & spread aggressively
Benign
They dont grow & spread aggressively

Brain cancer:
Cancers of the brain are the consequence of abnormal growths of cells in the
brain.
Causes:
Radiation to the head
An inherited (genetic) risk
HIV infection
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 Cigarette smoking
Environmental toxins
Symptoms:
Headache
Weakness
Clumsiness
Difficulty walking
Nausea, vomiting: especially early in the morning
Abnormalities in vision
Treatment:
In most cases of brain cancer, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the
main types of treatment.
Prevention:
In general, there is no known way to prevent brain cancers. However,
early diagnosis and treatment of tumors that tend to metastasize to the brain may
reduce the risk of metastatic brain tumors.

Leukemia
Leukemia is cancer that starts in the tissue that forms blood. In a person with
leukemia, the bone marrow makes abnormal white blood cells. The abnormal cells
are leukemia cells. Unlike normal blood cells, leukemia cells don't die when they
should. They may crowd out normal white blood cells, red blood cells, and
platelets. This makes it hard for normal blood cells to do their work.
Types of leukemia:

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 Chronic: Early in the disease, the leukemia cells can still do some of the
work of normal white blood cells. People may not have any symptoms at
first. Doctors often find chronic leukemia during a routine checkup - before
there are any symptoms.
Acute: The leukemia cells can't do any of the work of normal white
blood cells. The number of leukemia cells increases rapidly. Acute leukemia
usually worsens quickly.

Risk:

Radiation: People exposed to very high levels of radiation are much

more likely than others to get leukemia.

Atomic bomb explosions: Very high levels of radiation have been

caused by atomic bomb explosions.

Radiation therapy: Another source of exposure to high levels of

radiation is medical treatment for cancer and other conditions.

Chemotherapy: Cancer patients treated with certain types of cancerfighting drugs sometimes later get leukemia.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of leukemia depend on the number of leukemia cells and where
these cells collect in the body.
Treatment:
Chemotherapy: Many people with leukemia are treated with chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy leukemia cells.

Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapies use drugs that block the growth of
leukemia cells.
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 Biological Therapy: Some people with leukemia receive drugs called

biological therapy. Biological therapy for leukemia is treatment that
improves the body's natural defenses against the disease.

Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) uses highenergy rays to kill leukemia cells. People receive radiation therapy at a
hospital or clinic.

Bibliography
www.emedicinehealth.com
www.medical.com

MUHAMMAD WALEED

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