nd

2 Grading
Topics
For
Science

Forest Ecosystem
Consist of trees, plants, and animals living within the areas they
are affected by aboitic or physical factors such as temperature,
sunlight, rainfall, type of soil and topography.

Some Aboitic factors affect them:

1. Topography
The rate of water runoff is affected by the slope a mountain.

2. Gravity
In a forest ecosystem, gravity is one of the most constant abiotic factors.

3. Temparature
Pines and other conifiners can tolerate much lower temperatures. On the
other hand,cacti and bromeliads favour warm temperature.
Flies,mosquitoes,and other insects live in moist places.

4. Amount of Sunlight
The amount of sunlight also determines the kind of plants and animals in an
environment.

5. Type of Soil
Soil provides the necessary minerals and water needed by the organisms in
an ecosystem.

Aquarium Illustration:
Biotic factors
Fish and plants

Abiotic factors
Oxygen, water, pebbles and
carbon dioxide

DEFORESTATION

Deforestation contributes to global warming. It has destroyed the natural

habitat of 80% of the worlds plants and animals.
Carbon dioxide is used by plants to manufacture food. It is also called a
greenhouse gas.
CO2 in the atmosphere acts like the glass in a greenhouse. It traps heat from
the environment. It causes air temperature to rise. The glass of the
greenhouse prevents warm air from escaping. The air temperature inside
rises as a result.

Watershed is the catch or drainage basin from which the waters of a stream
are drawn. They play a very important role in supplying fresh water in the
growing population.

Kaingin is another human activity that brings harmful effects to our forest
ecosystem. This practice deprives birds and other wild animals of their
natural habitat.
The use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbacides pollute the soil.
The continues burning of fossil fuels increases the quantity of CO2 in the air.
Only three percent of the Earths water is fresh, and the 97% is saltwater.

Existing Relationship in the Forest

Mutualism is a relation when both organisms are benefited.

Sea anemone and clown fish
Algae and fungi
Commensalism if only one organism is benefited but the other organism is not
harmed or help.
Ferns and trees
Parasitism if one organism harm the other.
Parasite is the harmful organism.
Amonita and trees

Harmful Effects of Deforestation

Loss of living things

Soil erosion and floods
Global warming
Wasteful hunting

RAPID POPULATION GROWTH

When more babies are born each year and less people die, this condition described
as high birth rate and low death rate, respectively. When this trend continues from
year to year, a phenomenon called rapid population growth occurs.
Birth refers to the number of people born in a year.
Death means a number of people who die in a year.
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another place or
settlement.
Highly industrialized places are densely populated areas, and they produce smog.
Smog is the combination of smoke and harmful gases.

Population
Concept: Increase of population may cause food shortage, water shortage
and space problem.

Effects of Overpopulation

It makes land, water and air limited and causes pollution.

It affects ones health of the community.
It causes disease in the respiratory system.
Rapid Population growth upset the Ecology Balance of Nature.

Ways of Controlling, Preventing Harmful Effects of Human

Activities in the Environment
Implementation of laws such as...
a.
b.
c.
d.

R.A. 9003 Solid Waste Management Program

P.D. No. 965 Population Education
Laws on Regulating on illegal logging, dynamite fishing
Information dissemination
DepED, DENR, DOH, Media and other Agencies

Science Ideas
The government adopt strategies to control rapid population
growth. The strategies include population information and education and family
planning programs, among others.
Natural and artificial birth control methods are recommended to
reduced birth rate and regulate spacing of children.

Campaign and Activities for Improving the Environment

Reforestation Program
Clean And Green
Bantay Kalikasan
Adopt A Street
Tapat Mo Linis Mo
Poster Making
Slogan Contest

Materials Used At Home

Preservatives these chemicals help preserve the quality of the food and slow
down spoilage to make food last longer.
Sodium benzoate is an example
Additives some chemicals help enhance the flavour and colour.
Monosodium glutamate (vetsin)
Sodium chloride (salt) and citric acid

Materials Commonly Found At Home

Insecticide is a chemical poison used to kill harmful insects at home like
cockroaches and mosquitoes.
Pesticide is a poison used in farms to effectively control pests such as stem
borers.
Paints protect and decorate homes, buildings and furniture.
Plastic is another popular synthetic material used to produced bags, wraps,
basins, plates, and other kitchen items.

Materials and Technology

Silica is a mineral found in rocks, sand and clay.
Metals are improved by combining them with other metals.
Alloy formed when aluminium is combined with other metals.

Main Metals

Metals Combined

Alloy

Use

Iron

iron and brass

steel

post, beams

Iron

Iron and chromium

stainless steel

containers, bedpost

Copper

Copper and zinc

brass

spoon, fork, trays

Copper

Copper, iron and zinc

gunmetal

chain, buckle

Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Some Materials

When fuel such as firewood and gasoline used in motor vehicles are burned,
CO2, sulfur oxide and nitrous oxide are released into the air. Combined with
water vapour, these gases form acid solutions, known as acid rain.
Acid Rain can corrode buildings and statues. It can contaminate rivers and
dams and may contaminate the ground water.

Proper Disposal of Wastes

Biodegradable wastes are those that decompose.
Non-biodegradable wastes are those that take a long time to decompose
like plastics.
Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, and traces of other gases
produced by fermentation of organic wastes in an air-tight chamber.

There are different ways of properly disposing of waste materials. One

way is by composting biodegradable wastes. Another way is through
recycling.

Forms of Energy
Mechanical Energy is the energy produced from all kinds of machine
set into motion.
Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object.
Potential energy is the energy of an object due to position. Is stored
energy
Chemical energy is the energy needed to bond atoms together. It is
the form of energy involved in chemical reactions. It is stored in the
food you eat.
Sound energy is produced when materials vibrate rapidly.
Radiant energy a form of energy carried as waves through space.
Electrical energy the energy produced by electrons moving through a
material.
Nuclear energy when subatomic particles are force to split , energy is
released or when combining subatomic particle releases nuclear
energy.
Geothermal energy is heat tapped below the Earths surface.
Wind energy may be harnessed through the use of windmills.

Three Ways by which Heat is Transferred

Conduction is the transfer of energy through a substance by direct contact. Solids
are better conductors than liquids while liquids are better conductor than gas.
Insulators are substances that are poor conductor of heat.
Convection is the transfer of energy by the movement of liquids and gases (fluids).
Radiation is the transfer of energy in waves through space.