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I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, concern over the quality electric power
has been increasing rapidly since poor electric power quality
causes many problems for affected loads, such as
malfunctions, instabilities, short life time and so on. Poor
quality of electric power is normally caused by power line
disturbances such as impulses, notches, glitches, momentary
interruptions, wave faults, over voltages, under voltages and
harmonic distortion. In order to improve power quality, the
sources and causes of such disturbances must be known
before appropriate mitigating action can be taken. However,
in order to determine the causes and sources of disturbances,
one must have the capability to detect and localize those
disturbances and further identity (classify) the types of
disturbances. A fault occurs when two or more conductors
come in contact with each other or ground in three phase
systems. Faults are classified as single line-to-ground faults,
double line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults and three
phase faults. Therefore, in such instances, the power system
components are subjected to greatest stresses from
excessive currents. These faults give rise to serious damage
on power system equipment. Fault occurring on
transmission and distributing line not only effect the
) (1)
The transformed signal is a function with two variables b
and a, the translation and the scale parameter respectively.
(t) is the mother wavelet, which is a band-pass filter and
(t)* is the complex conjugate form . The factor
is used to ensure that each scaled wavelet function has the
same energy as the wavelet basis function. It should also
satisfy the following admissible condition:
(2)
The wavelet coefficients (WTC) of the signal are derived
using matrix equations based on decomposition and
reconstruction of a discrete signal. Actual implementation of
the DWT involves successive pairs of high-pass and lowpass filters at each scaling stage of the DWT. This can be
thought of as successive approximations of the same
function, each approximation providing the incremental
information related to a particular scale (frequency range).
The first scale covers a broad frequency range at the high
frequency end of the spectrum and the higher scales cover
(3)
Where, di is the 3rd level detailed coefficient of the transient
signal under observation at that particular instant of time. M
to M+40 is time interval under observation.
V. PROPOSED SOLUTION
200kms
ES
ER
Fault
Fig.1 One-line Diagram of Single circuit transmission
model.
Table1. Table showing various parameters used in the
SIMULINK model
Sl.no
Entity
Parameter
Value
Source
Phase-to-Phase rms
voltage (Vs)
400e3
Source
Phase-to-Phase rms
voltage (Vr)
400e3 at angle
30
System
Frequency
50Hz
Transmission
line
Zero sequence
component
96.45+j335.26
Transmission
line
Positive sequence
component
9.78+j110.23
System
40
3 Phase Fault
Fault transition
times(s)
[4/50 6/50]
Circuit
Breaker
Circuit breaker
transition times
[5/50]
(4)
(5)
Zero sequence components of phase currents from both
substations are equal to
(6)
(7)
Applying for m
(8)
The above formula gives us the Fault Location.
Sl.
no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fault
No
Fault
AG
AG
BCG
BCG
ABCG
ABC
Locati
on(km)
100
Fa
Fb
Fc
811.5420
821.0166
825.4090
80
120
40
100
120
160
2.9939e+03
2.4388e+03
784.2861
812.5597
3.5366e+03
3.0800e+03
790.5371
825.1568
1.7355e+04
9.2597e+03
8.4395e+03
6.9897e+03
838.6455
836.4132
1.7452e+04
8.9472e+03
7.6783e+03
6.9897e+03
[2] Shaik Abdul Gafoor, P.V. Ramana Rao, Wavelet based fault detection,
classification and location in transmission lines, First International Power
and Energy conference, PEC, 2006.
[
[3] Benemar S., Fault locator for Distribution System using Decision rule
and DWT, Engineering system conference, Toranto, pp 63-68, 2003.
[4] M. H. Idris, Effective Two-Terminal Single Line to Ground Fault
Location Algorithm, IEEE International Power Engineering and
Optimization Conference, 2012.
[5] Abdelsalam Mohamed Elhaffar, Power Transmission line Fault
location Based on current Travelling Waves, 2008.
[6] Sunusi. Sani Adamu, Sada Iliya, Fault Location and Distance
estimation on Power Transmission lines using Discrete Wavelet
Transform, International Journal of Advances in Engineering &
Technology, Nov 2011.
[7] M.Geethanjali, K.Sathiya priya, Combined Wavelet Transforms and
Neural Network (WNN) based Fault detection and classification in
transmission lines, 2008.
[8] M. Sushama, G. Tulasi Ram Das, Detection and Classification of
Voltage swells using Adaptive Decomposition Wavelet transforms,
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 2005-2008
JATIT, 2008.