4.14 SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS 26. What are the different ways in which a vector can be multiplied by another vector ? These are two ways in which a vector can be multiplied by another vector : (i) One way produces a scalar and is known as scalar product. : (ii) Another way produces a new vector and is known as vector product. 27. Define scalar product of two vectors. Give its geometrical interpretation. Scalar or dot product. The scalar or dot product of two a * vectors A and B is defined as the product of the magnitudes of Z and B and cosine of the angle @ between them. Thus A. B=|A]| Bl cos 0 = ABcos 8sir dot product has No aiecuwes directions, but the Geometrical interpretation of scalar product. As > 2 shown in Fig, 4.45(a), suppose two vectors Aand Bare sonted by OP and OQand 2 POQ =0. AB cos 0 = A(Beos 0) = A(OR) = Ax Magnitude of component of B in the direction of A s—Baos@—| gf OP @ (b) Fig. 4.45 (2) Bcos®is the projection of B onto A. (b) A cos is the projection of Z onto B. From Fig. 4.45(b), we have A. B = ABcos 0 = B(A cos 8) = B(OS) = Bx Magnitude of component of a in the direction of B . Thus the scalar product of two vectors is equal to the product of magnitude of one vector and the magnitude of component of other vector in the direction of first vector. 28. Give some examples of physical quantities that may be expressed as the scalar product of two vectors. Physical examples of scalar product of two vectors : (i) Work done (W). It is defined on the scalar product of the force (FY acting on the body and the displacement (5”) produced. Thus w-F-? ait) As the scali e scalar quantity, so wor all scalar quantities. 4.15 © PROPERTIE TWO VECTC 29. Mention impo product of vectors. Properties of scala (i) The scalar prod = A- (ii) The scalar proc ie, nee A-( B+! (ii) if A and B al each other, the > A- (iv) If Aand Bare direction, the maximum pos A: > 2 (v) If A and By opposite dire has the maxin > A (vi) The scalar pro to the square « >> A-A=A- (vii) Scalar produc unity and tha zero. 1(ii) Instantaneous power (P). It is defined as the scalar product of force (F) and the instan- taneous velocity (v’) of the body. Thus P=F-o (iii) Magnetic flux (4). The magnetic flux linked with a surface is defined as the scalar product of magnetic induction ( B) and the area vector ( A) Thus b= B-A AMEE As the scalar product of two vectors is a scalar quantity, so work, power and magnetic flux are all scalar quantities.4.15 PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS 29. Mention important properties of the scalar product of vectors. Properties of scalar product : () The scalar product is commutative i.c., A-B=B-A (i) The scalar product is distributive over addition LG, A-(B+C)=A-B+A (#) If A and B are two vectors perpendicular to each other, then their scalar product is zero. A.B=A Bcos 90°=0. - > = (2) If Aand B are two parallel vectors having same direction, then their scalar product has the maximum positive magnitude. aa A- B=A Bcos0°= AB as > (v) If A and B are two parallel vectors having opposite directions, then their scalar product has the maximum negative magnitude. >= A- B= A Bcos180°=-AB (vi) The scalar product of a vector with itself is equal to the square of its magnitude. A-A=A-Acos0®= A-A=A?=| AP (vit) Scalar product of two similar base vectors is unity and that of two different base vectors is zero. i.i =(1)(1) cos0°=1fief jake = ?.f =()() cos 90° =0 pp ap.e =k.f =0 (viii) Scalar product of two vectors A and B is equal to the sum of the products of their corresponding rectangular components. 23 A-B=A,B, + A,B, + A,B, (ix) The cosine of the angle 6 between Z and B is given by A.B cos 0 = —— > 3 |Al| BI A,B, + A,B, + A,B, . A+ Ap+ AD B+ B+ B 30. Show that the scalar product of two vectors A > and B is commutative. Scalar product of two vectors is commutative. We know that 472 : A- B= ABcos® -(d) > > where @ is the angle between A and B measured anticlockwise, as shown in Fig. 4.46. 5, 8 360° - 6 >Scalar product of two vectors is commutative. We know that >» 3 A- B= ABcos 0 (i) where 9 is the angle between A and B measured anticlockwise, as shown in Fig. 4.46. B 360° — 0 > Et Fig. 4.46 > > Also, B- A= BAcos (360° - 8) = BA cos 0 = ABcos 8 ...(ii) where (360°-0) is the angle between B and A measured anticlockwise. From equations (i) and (ii), we get 77 hl A-B=B-A Hence the scalar product of two vectors is commutative.Scalar product in terms of rectangular components. > > . We can express A and B in terms of their rectangular components as AaA i+ ApH Ak B=Bi+Bj+Bk AB=(A fA} + AKA 4 7 + BE) = AP (BERTH BR) Ay] (Bi +B,j + BK) + Ak.(B, i+ Bj + Bk) = ABET ABTS ABER + ABI. ABI. J+A + ABE. P+ ABk.p + AB = A, B, (1)+ A, B, (0) + A, B,(0)+ Ay B 0) + A BO+ABO)+AB,O)+ A5,0* ARO or AB=AB.+AB + AB, and jk kk.1. If A= 27-7+2Kk and B = 374+2j]+k. Evaluate A-B. [Ans. 6 units] 2. Find the angle between vectors A = 2/+3j+4k and B= 474+3j+2k. 29 3. If A=47+4j-4k and B =3i+j+ 4k. Find the angle between A and B. [Ans. @ = cos” (FZ) [Ans. @=~] 2 4. Two vectors A=mi-2j+k and B = 2mi+mj—4k are perpendicular to each other. Calculate value’ of m? [Ans. m = 2 or m= - 1} 5. Two vectors A = 2/-3j-k and B = 61 +9j-—mk are perpendicular. Find m. [Ans. m = 3] 6. Find the projection of A = 27+ 7+3k and B =i-j+2k along x and y-axis respectively. [Ans. (2, 1), (1, -1)] 7. Find the component of A =2/+3j+k along Bai+j—k and GE I-jok P275ecx tam. $+ 7-H.01Exampie 26. Find the angle between the vectors A=i+2)-K and B=-i+j-2k. [Delhi 1995] Solution. |Al= i? +22 +(-17 =¥6 | Bl= (e+? +(-27 =v a 1x (-1)+2*14(-Dx(-2)EXAMPLE ah Prove that the vectors A = +2] j +3Kk and B= =2i - j are perpendicular to each other. °> 2 A A A A A A Solution. A. B=(1427+3k).Q7-j 40k) =1x2+2x(-1)+3x0=0 > > Hence Al B. EXAMPLE 28. Find the value of A so that the vectors A= =27 +p +k and B= =47 -27 -2k are perpendicular to each other. > > > > Solution. As Al B,s A.B=0 or (2i+Af +k). (47-2) 2k) =0 or 2x4+2x(-2)+1x(-2)=0 or ; A=3,EXAMPLE 20. If the magnitudes of two vectors are 3 and 4 and their scalar product is 6, then find the angle between the ftvo vectors. Solution. Here | A1=3,1 B1=4, A. B=6 9 0% ae 6 i iAuBl 3*4* 2 Hence 6 = 60°. EXAMPLE 30. A body constrained to move along the z-axis > of a co-ordinate system is subjected to a constant force F > aA given by F =-7+27 43k newton where i,j and Eg represent unit vectors along x-, y- and z-axis of the system respectively. Calculate the work done by the force in displacing the body through a distance of 4 m along the z-axis. INCERT] Solution. As the body moves 4 m along the z-axis, so the displacement vector is g =4k =0/) +07 +4k metre Also F=-1+2)+3% newton > 3 W=F.S =(-f4+2743h).Qi+0j 44k) 1x0+2x0+3x 4=12 joule. Examvrs gt. A force of 72 +6 R newton makes a body move on a rough plane with a velocity of 37 +4 ms” '. Calculate the power in watt. Solution. Power P=F.v =(7240f 46k). l4+3) 44k) =7x0+0x3+6x4=24W,> > > EXAMPLE 32. Three vectors A,B and C are such that A =B+C and their magnitudes are 5, 4 and 3 respec- » > tively. Find the angle between A and C. > > > > > > Solution. Given A =B +C or B=A-C >> > > > >» Now B.B =(A-C).(A-C) 77> ODO Or OO =A.A-~A.C-C.A+C. >> »- & >» > =A.A+C.C-2A.C >> - > [ =A.C] or B= A422 AC cos 0 where 0 is the angle between A anda * > > > CNVAMPLE 34. IFLA + Bl= lA Thus cos 0 4 C2 Bo B24 92 42 2AC 2x53 0 = cos” ! (0.6) = 53°, EXAMPLE Soe > ~> A and B. Solution. Given : or or or or or 14 30 0.6 > BI, find the angle between [CBSE PMT 2K] > - > [A+ BI=IA - Bl [A+ BR=IA- BP (A+ B).(A+ B)=(A-B).(A-B) > > 4A.B > As A and =0 or 4ABcos 0=0 > B are non-zero vectors, SO cos0=0 or 6=90°°*>> ~ AXAMPLE 34. If vectors P, Qand R have magnitudes 5, 12 : “ee os and 13 units and P + Q=R, find the angle between Q + and R. > 27> 3 Solution. As P+ Q=R. 7 2 2 R-Q=P | > o> 063 UD > > and (R-Q).(R-Q)=P.P 2723p ee ere Pr OP or R.R-R.Q-Q.R+Q.Q=P.P or R?-28 .0+Q@=P? 2 2 p2 or cos = R +R =P 2RQ 137+127-57 28812 2x13x12 2x13x12 13 6 = cos? 12/13. EXAMPLE 35. Determine the angles which the vector A =5 i+0 7 +5 k, makes with X-, Y- and Z-axes. Solution. Here A=lAl= [ab + Ab + = 57 +07 +5? =5 2If vector A makes angles a, 8 and y with X-, Y- and Z-axis respectively, then A 5 . = ° cos @ = A “5/2 v2 . @. = 45°, A, 0 =—~=—_ =0 s = 90° PAS F A 2 y = 45°. 81 AEE EXAMPLE 36. If unit vectors a and 6 are inclined at angle 6, then prove that aA A . 0 Ja -b |=2 sin—. 2 [NCERT] Solution. For any vector a. ; laP=a.a la -6 P=(a -b).(a —6) =a.a-a.6 -b6.a +6.6 =1-24.6 41 [- @ a =1x1x cos0°=1] =2-2x«1x1 cos @=2 (1-cos 0) =2.2 sin? 9 = 4 sin? ® 2 2 [° 1-cos20 =2 sin? 6] Hence la ~6 l=2 sin’.EXAMPLE 37. A+ Be Cand A? + B = C?, then prove that A and B are perpendicular to each other, Solution. Given A + B = c > > » > > “(A+ B).(A+ B)=C.C >> or = A?4+2A. B+ B=C? But A+ B= C2 2A .B=0 or 2 AB cos 8=0 or cos @=0 [- A#0, Bz0] i 6=90°. EXAMPLE 38. A point P lies in the x-y plane. Its position can be specified by its x,y coordinates or by a radially directed vector r =(xi +y jy making an angle 0 with the x-axis. Find a vector i of unit magnitude in the direction of > . a vector r and a vector 1g of unit magnitude normal to the vector i and lying in the x-y plane. [INCERT]Solution. The unit vector in the direction of vector > > ris given by > ’ oof Xi +y ax y 4, 5 YS =1 + f ’ ’ r r r or 1, =1 cos 0+ j sind [- x=rcos 9, y=rsin 6] Fig. 4.48 Let the unit vector normal to the unit vector / , be given by iy =ia+ 7 where the coefficients « and Bare to be determined. As i, 1 iy 7 SO in i,+1g=0 or (ics 0+ sin 0).(/ a+} B)=0 OE a cos 0+ 8 sin 0 =0 or a__ sind B cos 8 and oy eae sin 0 cos 8£ ts Ipttge= °F (1eos 0+} sin @).(? 0+} )=0 or @ cos 8+Bsin@=0 or Le B cos 6 and a=-B ae cos 8 Since ip is a vector of unit Magnitude, so a? +p? =1 et or (¢) +15 B B 2 in 0 ran. 2 or _ sin 1-4 or 32 9+ cos S21 cos 8 cos? 9 p2 or B? = cos? 9 => B=+cos@ and a=-sino The other solution, B =~ cos 0 is rejected because a 48 . e . we define a system of ',, 19 vectors in the increasing directions of r and 0. ie » g Hence 1, =~i sin0+7 cos 0.