Bordry 1

Power Converters for Particle Accelerators Warrington 12-18 May 2004
Power
Power converters
converters
Definitions
Definitions and
and classifications
classifications
Converter
Converter topologies
topologies
Frdrick BORDRY
CERN
12-18th May 2004
Power Converters
for particle accelerators
Warrington, UK
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Power
Power converters
converters :: Definitions
Definitions
The
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Fk. Bordry
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Power
Power converters
converters :: Definitions
Definitions (contd)
(contd)
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Traction
and auxiliary
The task of a power

converter is to process
and control the flow of
electric energy by
supplying voltages and
currents in a form that
is optimally suited for
user loads.
Domestic Appliance
Medical applications
Indutrial applications, Welding,

Induction Heating, .
50 or 60 Hz ; AC
DC current
Control
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Once upon a time. not so far
This is a 6-phase device,

150A rating with grid
control.
It measures 600mm high
by 530mm diameter.
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Schematic of Cockcroft and Waltons voltage

multiplier. Opening and closing the switches
S transfers charge from capacitor K3 through
the capacitors X up to K1.
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The difficulties of maintaining high voltages led

several physicists to propose accelerating
particles by using a lower voltage more than
once. Lawrence learned of one such scheme in
the spring of 1929, while browsing through an
issue of Archiv fr Elektrotechnik, a German
journal for electrical engineers. Lawrence read
German only with great difficulty, but he was
rewarded for his diligence: he found an article by
a Norwegian engineer, Rolf Widere, the title of
which he could translate as On a new principle
for the production of higher voltages. The
diagrams explained the principle and Lawrence
skipped the text.
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In the beginning
une commutatrice des tramways de Saint-Etienne, datant de 1907 et

ayant fonctionn jusqu'en avril 1991
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and still now
Brookhaven National Laboratory - AGS
By courtesy: I. Marneris
CERN - PS
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From mercury arc rectifier,

grid-controlled vacuum-tube
rectifier, inignitron ,.
Power Diode and Thyristor

or SCR (Silicon-Controlled Rectifier )
High frequency power semiconductors :
Link to frequency of the

electrical network
50 Hz (60 Hz)
High frequency => high
performances (ripple,
bandwidth, perturbation
rejection,...)
small magnetic
(volume, weight)
MosFet, IGBTs , GTOs, MCTs,.

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Control
Ii
Io
Power Converter
Source
Vi
Topologies
Vo
Source
Electrical energy transfer
Power Converter
--performance
performance
--efficiency
efficiency
--reliability,
reliability,repairability,
repairability,availability
availability
--low
lowcost
cost
--effect
effecton
onenvironment
environment(RFI,
(RFI,noise,...)
noise,...)
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Inductances
and
capacitors
Connection
rules
Switches
Power Converter
Topologies
Sources
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Source
Source definition
definition
Source definition: any element able to impose a voltage or a
current, independently of, respectively, the current flowing
through, or the voltage imposed at its terminals.
A source could be a generator or a receptor.
Two
Twotypes
typesof
ofsources:
sources:
Voltage
Voltagesource
source
which
which imposes
imposes aa voltage
voltage independently
independently of
of the
the current
current flowing
flowing
through
through it.
it. This
This implies
implies that
that the
the series
series impedance
impedance of
of the
the
source
source is
is zero
zero (or
(or negligible
negligible in
in comparison
comparison with
with the
the load
load
impedance)
impedance)
Current
Currentsource
source
which
which imposes
imposes aa current
current independently
independently of
of the
the voltage
voltage at
at its
its
terminals.
terminals.
This
Thisimplies
impliesthat
thatthe
theseries
seriesimpedance
impedanceof
ofthe
thesource
sourceis
isinfinite
infinite
(or
(orvery
verylarge
largein
incomparison
comparisonwith
withthe
theload
loadimpedance)
impedance)
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Source
Source definition
definition
The principle of operation of a converter is based on the
switch mode action of its switches. Commutations of
these switches generate very fast current and/or voltage
transients so that the transient behaviour of the sources
is fundamental.
A source is a voltage source if the voltage across its
terminals cant undergo a discontinuity due to the
external circuit variation.
A source is a current source if the current flowing
through it cant undergo a discontinuity due to the
external circuit variation.
A square wave voltage (current) generator is indeed a voltage (current)
source, since the discontinuity are not caused by the external circuit.
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Source
Source definition
definition
Instantaneous impedance :
the limit of the impedance Z(s) when the Laplace
operator s tends towards infinity.
New definitions:
Voltage Source has a zero instantaneous impedance

Current Source has an infinite instantaneous impedance
Example:
- Capacitor: Z(s) = 1 / (C.s) , limit Z(s) = 0 => voltage source
s
- Inductance : Z(s) = L.s , limit Z(s) = => current source
s
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Source
Source examples
examples
L
1
E = LI 2
L 2
I state variable
dI/dt
Current source
V state variable
1
E = CV 2
c 2
dV/dt
Voltage source
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Source
Source examples
examples
K1
K1
K2
K2
Voltage source
between A and B :
ZAB = 0
Current source
between A and B :
ZAB =
"intermediate position : neither voltage, neither current source"
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Source
Source nature
nature imposition
imposition
Plant
Plant
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Modification
Modification of
of source
source nature
nature
Cables
L
Battery
U
Voltage
Source
Current
Source
Voltage
Source
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Duality
+
Eight types of sources
Unidirectional
Unidirectionalsource
source
voltage
voltage : :ififthe
thevoltage,
voltage,across
acrossits
itsterminal,
terminal,cant
cantchange
changesign
sign
current
:
if
the
current,
flowing
through
it,
cant
reverse
current : if the current, flowing through it, cant reverse
Bidirectional
Bidirectional(reversible)
(reversible)source
source: :
voltage
voltage: :ififthe
thevoltage,
voltage,across
acrossits
itsterminal,
terminal,can
canchange
changesign
sign
current
:
if
the
current,
flowing
through
it,
can
reverse
current : if the current, flowing through it, can reverse
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Energy conversion : transfer of energy between two sources.

Ii
Introductive example
Io
Uo
Ui
Converter
Ii
Io
Ii
Io
Ra
Ui
Rb
Resistive solution
Uo
Uo
Ui
Linear solution
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Introductive example:
Transfer of energy between
- DC voltage source Ui
- DC source (nature is not defined) : Uo, Io
Ii
Resistive bridge solution
Io
Ra
Ui
Rb
Model of the output source : Ro = Uo/ Io

Uo/ Ui = (Ro//Rb) / (Ra + Ro//Rb)
=> Rb = Ro . Ra / [ (Ui-Uo)/Io - Ra] with Ra < (Ui-Uo)/Io = Ramax
Uo
PRa = (Ui Uo)2 / Ra

PRb = Uo2 . [ (Ramax - Ra] / (Ro + Ra)
Efficiency of the converter is equal to
Example
Example: :
E = Po / (Po + PRa + PRb) ;
optimum Rb =
Ui
Ui==24V
24V; ;Uo
Uo==10
10VVand
andIoIo==600A
600A =>
=> efficiency
efficiency <<42
42%%
Ui
Ui==24V
24V; ;Uo
Uo== 55VVand
andIoIo==600A
600A =>
=> efficiency
efficiency <<21
21%%
Ui
Ui==48V
48V; ;Uo
Uo==10V
10Vand
andIoIo==600A
600A =>
=> efficiency
efficiency <<21
21%%
Furthermore, fixed values of the resistances.

No mean to vary the output voltage or current
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Ii
Second solution : Linear component
Ui
Io
T
Uo
Po = Uo . Io = 10 . 600 = 6000 W
PT (power dissipated by the switch) = UT. IT = (Ui Uo) . Io = (24 10) . 600 = 8400 W
Converter efficiency = Po / (PT + Po) = 42 % !!!!!
Furthermore, itll be difficult to find a component (semiconductor) able to dissipate 8400 W .
Then impossible for medium and high power conversion
Commutation
- UT = 0 if IT 0
- IT = 0 if UT 0
Linear mode
PT = 0
switch mode
(saturated-blocked)
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Commutation
Active
Activecomponents
componentsused
usedas
asswitches
switchesto
tocreate
createaa
succession
successionof
oflink
linkand
andno
nolink
linkbetween
betweensources
sourcesto
to
assure
assurean
anenergy
energytransfer
transferbetween
betweenthese
thesesources
sources
with
withhigh
highefficiency.
efficiency.
Ii
Is
Ii
Is
Us
Ui
Direct Link
Ii
Is
Us
Inverse Link
Us
Open Link
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Special case for linear application
Ii
Io
Switch-mode converter
Ui
Linear
conversion
Ik1
Vk1
Uo
Ik2
Vk2
- Active filter
- 4-quadrant converters (see Mr. Thurels presentation)
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The problem :
the interconnection of sources by switches

Fundamental
Fundamentalrules
rules
and
and
source
sourcenatures
natures
switch characteristics
Power
Powerconverter
convertertopologies
topologies
Ik
Ik
Vk
Vk
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Switch
Switch characteristics
characteristics
Switch :
semiconductor device functioning in commutation

The losses in the switch has to be minimized
Zon very low
Zoff very high
ON state
Ik
Ik
Vk
Switch : at least two orthogonal segments

(short and open circuit are not switches)
Vk
OFF state
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Switches
Switches :: two
two segments
segments
Static
Staticcharacteristics
characteristics
Ik
Vk
Ik
Ik
Vk
Type D
Vk
Type T
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Switches
Switches::three
threesegments
segments
Static
characteristics
Ik
Vk
Ik
Vk
Ik
Vk
D and T
in parallel
D and T in series
D
T
D
T
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Switches
Switches::four
foursegments
segments
Static
characteristics
Ik
Ik
Vk
Vk
or
D
T
D
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Switches
Switches
Dynamic
Dynamic characteristics
characteristics
ON state
OFF state
Ik
spontaneous commutation
no losses
change of quadrant
Vk
(auto turn-on ; auto turn-off)
controlled commutation
Ik
losses
no change of quadrant
(controlled turn-on ; controlled turn-off)
Vk
gate
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Switches
Switches :: two
two segments
segments
Dynamic
Dynamiccharacteristics
characteristics
Ik
Vk
Ik
Ik
Vk
Type D
PN junction principle : diode
Vk
Type T
ON
OFF
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Switches
Switches::three
threesegments
segments
Dynamic
characteristics
Ik
Vk
Ik
Ik
Vk
Vk
OFF
OFF
ON
T
ON
OFF
Vk
Vk
ON
D
Ik
Ik
OFF
ON
T
D
One controlled commutation and one spontaneous commutation

Synthesized switches (except thyristor)
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DUAL
DUALTHYRISTOR
THYRISTOR
Ik
OFF
Vk
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Switches
Switches::four
foursegments
segments
Dynamic
characteristics
Ik
Ik
Vk
Vk
or
Three
Threesegments
segmentssynthesis
synthesis=>
=>66types
typesof
ofswitches
switches
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Control
Ii
Io
Power Converter
Source
Vi
Vo
Source
Power Converter
--performance
performance
--efficiency
efficiency
--reliability,
availability
--low
lowcost
cost
--effect
effecton
onenvironment
environment(RFI,
(RFI,noise,...)
noise,...)
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Commutation
Commutation rules
rules
electronic switches modify the interconnection of impeding circuits
any commutation leading instantaneous variations of a state

variable is prohibited
V1
V2
Turn On impossible
I1
I2
Turn Off impossible
Interconnection between two impeding networks can be modified only if :

- the two networks are sources of different natures
(voltage and current)
- the commutation is achieved by TWO switches. The states of the
two switches must be different.
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Association of sources and components
V1
I1
C1
V2
I2
L1
C2
L2
Connection of the components at

zero voltages or zero currents
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Converter topology
Sources have different natures:
Direct link configuration
Sources have same natures:
Indirect link configuration :
need to had intermediate element
- modification of source nature
- use of two direct link structures
- indirect structure
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- Direct voltage-current converters
Connexion
Disconnexion
(energy flow between sources)
(current source short-circuited,

voltage source open circuited)
- K1 and K3 closed => a

K4
U
K2
K1
K3
- K2 and K4 closed => b

- K1 and K4 (or K2 and K3) closed => c
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- Direct Current-Voltage converters
A
K1
K4
D
K2
K3
Identical problem : same basic converter configuration

C
K1
V
K2
B
K4
K3
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Indirect Conversion
- Two sources have the same natures => need to had intermediate element

Curremt-Current conversion
Voltage-Voltage conversion
1) Modification of the input or output source nature

L
I
I
I
Input
V
Output
Input
Output
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Indirect Conversion
- Two sources have the same natures => need to had intermediate element
2) Indirect conversion using two direct converters

V
V
Inductance buffer
I
V
I
Capacitor buffer
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Indirect Conversion
Voltage-Voltage Indirect Converters
Vi
Vi
Vo
Vo
Vo
OR
Vi
First sequence
K1

basic configuration
Vi
Second sequence
- Two sources have the same natures => indirect converters
K1
K2
V0
K5
L
K3
K4
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Indirect Conversion
Vi
Vi
Vo
Vo
Vo
OR
Vi
First sequence
Second sequence
K1

basic configuration
Vi
K2
V0
K5
L
K3
K4
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Indirect Conversion
C
Io
Ii
Io
Ii
OR
C
Io
Ii
First sequence
Second sequence
Current-Current Indirect Converters

basic configuration
I
K2
K1
I0
K5
K1
K3
K4
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Indirect Conversion
C
Io
Ii
Io
Ii
OR
C
Io
Ii
First sequence
Second sequence

basic configuration
I
K2
i
I0
K5
K1
K3
K4
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K1
Vi
(Vo)
Three basic
converters
structures
Io
(Ii)
K2
K4
K3
K1
K2
Vi
V0
L
K3
K2
Ii
K5
K4
I0
K5
K1
K3
K4
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Power converter general table
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Direct
Converters
Current-Current
Indirect Converters
Voltage-Voltage
Indirect Converters
Output
Input
e
ev
R
e
bl
i
s
ve
n
co
er
rt
b
si
r
ve
e
R
le
rs
e
t
er
v
n
co
Fk. Bordry
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co verters
connve
l
a
u
D
rte
rs
Du
al
+
+
+
+
4
+
+
+
-
Output
Dual
Input
2
D
5
6
7
8
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Galvanic isolation : introduction of transformer

- AC source
Io
K1
AC
Vi
K2
K1
Vi
K2
K4
Io
AC
K4
K3
Vi
K3
K1
K4
K2
K3
Io
Transformer : source frequency

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- AC link (voltage or current link)
DC-AC
converter
AC-DC
converter
AC link
(HF)
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-AC link (voltage or current link)
example : resonant converters
Voltage
Current
Voltage
Current
Voltage
Voltage
Current
Current
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DC 1
Chopper
DC 2
Inverter
AC 1
f1 = f2
AC controller
(transformer)
f1 = f2
frequency direct
converter
(cycloconverter)
Rectifier
AC 2
Converter classification
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Commutation
Operation of a static converter can be split into a sequence of elementary modes. Each
elementary mode is characterized by an electrical network different to the previous one and
derived by interconnection modifications of the active branches.
The network branches connected to this static devices must fulfil the connection rules of the
sources:
- each switch is connected to a voltage source (otherwise opening a switch would result in
open-circuiting a current source)
- the node at the centre of the star is connected to a current source since a voltage source
can be connected only to a current source through a controlled switch.
- at a given time one an only one switch must be ON to avoid connecting two voltages
sources and open-circuiting the current source.
Each commutation only involves two switches.
A1
V1
Star-connected
electronic switches.
V2
A2
I
C
A3
V3
A4
V4
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Elementary
Elementary Commutation
Commutation cell
cell
K1 and K2 are complementary switches
A1
Ik1
V1
Vk1
V
Ik2
Vk2
VVk1
k1++V
Vk2
k2 == V
V
IIK1
K1--IIK2
K2 == II
A2
V2
No discontinuity of the variables V and I
V = V1 V2
The
Thereversibilities
reversibilitiesof
ofthe
thevoltage
voltageand
andcurrent
currentsources
sources
determine
determinethe
thestatic
staticcharacteristics
characteristicsof
ofthe
theswitches.
switches.
The
Theswitches
switchesneed
needto
tohave
havestatic
staticcharacteristics
characteristicswith
with
the
thesame
samenumber
numberof
ofcurrent
currentand
andvoltage
voltagesegments.
segments.
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Six type of elementary commutation cells
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
Chopper-type cell
PWM inverter cell
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Voltage-source inverter type cells
on
off
on
off
Duality
on
off
on
off
Current-source inverter type cells

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Converter with DC voltage link

Chopper
Single phase voltage-source inverter
Single phase current-source inverter

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Ui
K1
Io
K4
K2
Uo
K3
K1
Ui
K4
K2
Ui
Io
K3
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Three-phase voltage-source inverter
Three-phase current-source inverter
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Three-phase voltage-source inverter
Three-phase current-source inverter
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Commutation cell with parasitic components: real nature of the sources

L
I
i = I C dv/dt
i
v = V L di/dt
C
Example of commutation cell with inductive voltage source
L1
A1
Ik1
V1
Vk1
On command : OK
Off command : overvoltage
V
Ik2
L2
Vk2
A2
V2
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K1 Turn on
K1 Turn on
L1
iK1
Ik1
V1
Vk1
V
Ik2
L2
Commutation
duration
defined by L1
and L2
(new phase)
- iK2
Vk2
L1
V2
Vk1 = V
Vk2 = 0
V1
; Ik1 = 0
; Ik2 = - I
i1
Ik1
I
Vk1
M
Ik2
Vk2
L2
L1
V2
Ik1
V1
Vk1
V
Ik2
L2
Vk2
+
i2
V1 L1 di1/dt V2 L2 di2/dt = 0
Ik1 Ik2 = I
dIk1/dt = di1/dt and dIk2/dt = di1/dt
dik1/dt = diK2/dt = (V1-V2) / (L1 + L2)
V2
Vk1 = 0 ; Ik1 = I
Vk2 = V ; Ik2 = 0
VM = (V1 + V2) / 2
Soft commutation (natural commutation) with overlapping
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K2 Turn OFF
L1
Vk1 = 0 (spontaneous On of K1)

Vk2 = V + (L1+ L2) di2/dt
(closing of inductive circuit)
Ik1
V1
Vk1
V
over voltage on K2
Ik2
L2
Vk2
L1
V2
Vk1 = V
Vk2 = 0
V1
; Ik1 = 0
; Ik2 = - I
i1
Ik1
I
Vk1
M
Ik2
Vk2
L2
L1
V2
Ik1
V1
Vk1
+
i2
V
Ik2
L2
Vk2
V2
Solution:
-Decoupling of the commutation cell
-Forced commutation.
Vk1 = 0 ; Ik1 = I
Vk2 = V ; Ik2 = 0
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
-Decoupling of the commutation cell

L1
Ik1
V1
Vk1
Cd
Ik2
L2
Vk2
V2
For example.
L1
Cd
Cd
+
E
L2
Output of LC filter
(with electrochemical capacitor)
Battery with cables
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
- Forced commutation: how to avoid the K1 control turn off ?

L1
Ik1
- C
Vk1
+
K3
Ik2
Vk2
L2
K1 and K3 : turn ON control

- Must revert C polarity
- (See C. De Almeidas talk)
L1
L1
+- C
Vk1
-+
Vk1
-V
K3
L2
Ik1
++ C
Ik1
K3
Ik2
Vk2
Commutation cell : K1-K3

K3 : Control Turn On
K1 : Spontaneous Turn Off
L2
Ik2
Vk2
Commutation cell : K2-K3

K2 : Spontaneous Turn On
But no immediate K3 Turn OFF
(V L1L2 C loop : K3 off when Ic =0)
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
(switches two segments)
On
Off
Safe Operating Area

(SOA)
Ik
On
Off
Vk
Ik
Vk
Ik
On
Off
Vk
High commutation losses

=> frequency limitation
To limit the losses :
high dI/dt and /or dV/dt
=> EMI problem
Aided commutation : addition of aided

commutation network (snubber)
Series Inductance : turn On
Parallel capacitor : turn Off
Should discharge the snubber before the
next commutation ! (losses, extra
components,.)
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Aided commutation
Hard Commutation
Commutation
Turn On
Commutation
Turn On
Off
On
Switching losses
Off
On
Conduction losses
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
(switches three segments)
High
Highinductance
inductance
can
canbe
beadded
addedto
to
reduce
reduce the
theturn
turn
ON
ONlosses
losses
On
Ik
On
Vk
Ik
IL
On
Thyristor
Turn On control
Off
Vk
Off : no control;
by the circuit topology
IL = 0
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
(switches three segments)
High
Highcapacitance
capacitance
can
canbe
beadded
addedto
to
reduce
reduce the
theturn
turn
OFF
OFFlosses
losses
Off
VC
Off
Ik
Vk
Ik
Dual Thyristor
Turn Off control
On : no control;
by the circuit topology
VC = 0
On
Off
Vk
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Conditions of soft-commutation:
- Switches with three-segments characteristic.
- This characteristic is entirely described at each period
- The converter must include reversible source(s) able to
provoke the conditions of the spontaneous commutation
of the switches at the right instant
- Lossless circuit can be added to the switch to limit the
losses due to the controlled commutation
(aided-commutation circuit)
Soft-commutation is not a slow commutation !!!!
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
General method for converter synthesis:
a) Determine the natures of input and output sources => basic configuration
b) From the specification, deduce the voltage and current reversibilities of the input
and output sources (one configuration of general table)
c) From the basic configuration, identify the different phases of operation according
to the reversibilities and the energy transfer control. If necessary, simplify the
configuration (short-circuit or open switches)
d) For the various phases, check the sign of the current through the ON switches
and the sign of the voltage across the OFF switches
=> Ik(Vk) static characteristics of each switches
e) From the specification (desired output current and/or voltage functions), deduce
the sequence of the different phases. For every commutation, represent the
working point of each switches before and after the commutation.
f)
From static and dynamic characteristics, choose the type of switches

(=> semiconductor type)
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
First Example
Io
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Non reversible in current
Chopper:
Output
Input
K3
K2
Vi
K4
K1
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
First example : Non reversible current chopper
Vi
K1
K2
Io
K4
Vi
K3
K1
K2
Io
K4
K3
1
IK1
IK4
1
1
2
VK1
2
VK4
On
IK2
IK3
Vi
T
K1
Io
K4
Off
D
K2
K3
2
1
VK2
VK3
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Second Example
Io
K4
+
-
Reversible in current
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
Chopper:
Output
Input
K3
1
K2
Vi
K1
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Second example : Reversible current chopper
Vi
K1
K2
Io
K4
Vi
K3
Energy: Output
Input =>=>
Output
Input
Brake
See previous
phase example
K1
K2
Io
K4
K3
1
IK4
IK1
2
2
VK4
VK1
D
K1
Io
K4
Vi
On
Off
T
K2
K3
IK2
2
VK3
VK2
IK3
1
2
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Reversible current chopper
Brake phase
Active phase
On
Vi
Io
Io
Vi
Off
On
Off
Io
On
Vi
Off
On
Off
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
K1
K4
Third Example
K3
Io
Vi
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Voltage Inverter
Output
Input
K2
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Third example : Voltage inverter
Input source: voltage source (DC source: E) ; reversible current

Output source : current source (AC source) ; reversible voltage and current
Vi = E
Io K1 +
+
K2
Ik
K4
K3
Vk
Static
characteristics of
the switches
Specifications : +E and E on the load
+
Vi = E
K1 +
Io
K4
K3
K2
Vi = E
K1 - Io +
K4
K2
K3
2
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Third example :
Voltage inverter
I
t0
t2
t1
t3
+E
t4
-E
1
+
Vi = E
K1 +
K1
and
K3
Io
K3
K1 +
Io
2
1b
2a
2b
K4
K2
+
Vi = E
1a
K4
1a
1b
2a
2b
Vi = E
Vi = E
K3
K2
Ik
1b
1a
2a
2b V
Lag between
voltage and current
>0
of the switches
K1 -
K2
K1 -
K2
K2
and
K4
Io
K4
K3
Io
K4
K3
Ik
2b
2a
1a
1b V
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Inverter structure : turn-off control

1a
1ato
to1b
1b: :D1
D1to
toT1
T1(D3
(D3to
toT3)
T3): :ZVS
ZVS
T1
D1
Io
Off
Off
Vi
T4
T2
D2
D3
1b
1bto
to2a
2a: :T1
T1to
toD2
D2(T3
(T3to
toD4)
D4): :OFF
OFFcommand
command
2a
2ato
to2b
2b: :D2
D2to
toT2
T2(D4
(D4to
toT4)
T4): :ZVS
ZVS
2b
to
1a
:
T2
to
D1
(T4
to
D3)
:
OFF
2b to 1a : T2 to D1 (T4 to D3) : OFFcommand
command
Ik
1b
1a
2a
2b V
T3
Off
Off
K1
and
K3
D4
Dynamic
characteristics
of the switches
K2
and
K4
Ik
2b
2a
1a
1b V
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Third example :
Voltage inverter
I
t0
t3
t2
t1
+E
t4
-E
1
+
Vi = E
K1 +
K1
and
K3
Io
K3
K1 +
Io
2
1b
2a
2b
K4
K2
+
Vi = E
1a
K4
1a
1b
2a
2b
Vi = E
Vi = E
K3
K2
Ik
1a
1b
2b
2a V
Lag between
current and voltage
>0
of the switches
K1 -
K2
K1 -
K2
K2
and
K4
Io
K4
K3
Io
K4
K3
Ik
2a
2b
1b
1a V
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Inverter structure : turn-on control
T1
D1
Io
T4
On
On
Vi
T2
D2
D3
1a to 1b : T1 to D1 (T3 to D3) : ZCS

1b to 2a : D1 to T2 (D3 to T4) : ON command
2a to 2b : T2 to D2 (T4 to D4) : ZCS

2b to 1a : D2 to T1 (D4 to T3) : ON command
Ik
1a
1b
2b
2a V
T3
On
On
K1
and
K3
D4
Dynamic
characteristics
of the switches
K2
and
K4
Ik
2a
2b
1b
1a V
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Power
Power Converter
Converter for
for magnets
magnets
Control
IG
Gene
rator
Power Converter
VG
IL
VL
Load
Power Converter
--performance
performance
--efficiency
efficiency
--reliability,
availability
--low
lowcost
cost
--effect
effecton
onenvironment
environment(RFI,
(RFI,noise,...)
noise,...)
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
IG
IL
Power Converter
AC
VG
Topologies
3 phase mains
(50 or 60 Hz)
Voltage
Voltage source
source
VL
Load
DC
magnet, solenoid,
Control
Current
Current source
source
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
IG
IL
Power Converter
VG
VL
AC
3 phase mains
(50 or 60 Hz)
- -low
lowmains
mainsharmonic
harmonicdistortion
distortion
- -power
factor
(closest
to
power factor (closest to1)1)
Achieving high performance :
Load
DC
Control
magnet, solenoid,
klystron, vacuum pump
- -low
lowripple
ripple(current)
(current)
- -reproducibility
reproducibility(short
(shortand
andlong
longterm)
term)
- -rejection
of
mains
disturbance
rejection of mains disturbance
- -dynamic
dynamicresponse
response
COMPROMISE
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
1 Quadrant mode
Output
Source
+
-
2 Quadrants mode
V
+
-
4 Quadrants mode
Operating
Operating Modes
Modes
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
General
General power
power converter
converter topologies
topologies
1
2
3a
3b
Rectifier
CV1
AC Link
CV2
DC Link
CV1
CV2
CV1
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Power
Power converter
converter topologies
topologies :: DC
DC -- DC
DC
1
Buck
Forward
CV2
CV2a
CV2b
HF
Voltage AC link
Resonant
CV2a
CV2b
HF
Current AC link
DC
DC
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Direct
Direct Converters
Converters :: Rectifiers
Rectifiers
Ik
AC
Voltage
DC
Current
Vk
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
+ -
- +
Thyristors
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Direct
Direct Converters
Converters :: Rectifiers
Rectifiers
Ik
AC
Voltage
AC
Current
Vk
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
+ -
- +
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Indirect
Indirect Converters
Converters :: AC
AC link
link
An AC link (with high frequency stage) leads to complex

structures; no industrial solutions
AC link
AC
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
DC
Application
Application: :- -very
veryhigh
highvoltages
voltageswith
withlow
lowcurrents
currents
- -very
high
currents
with
low
voltages
very high currents with low voltages
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Indirect
Indirect Converters
Converters :: DC
DC link
link
Input Converter : AC / DC
CV2
+
-
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Indirect
Indirect Converters
Converters :: DC
DC link
link
CV2
+
-
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Indirect
Indirect Converters
Converters :: DC
DC link
link
CV2
+
-
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Indirect
Indirect Converters
Converters :: DC
DC link
link
PWM
CV2
+
-
F
i
l
t
e
r
s
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Power converter
Performance requirements
Iref
I
Imeas.
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
In general, accelerator designers are not power converter experts and

vice versa.
Interface is the list of
power converter specifications.
The apparent belief on one side that anything is possible and the
impression on the other side that the specification have been
chosen at random, sometimes leads to rather cynical feelings
such as
if in doubt, ask an extra order of magnitude,

there is never a problem
or
whatever it is, or however it is calculated, 1 in

103 will be good enough in the end
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Some
Some definitions
definitions
PPM : Part Per Million = 10-6 = 2-20 (20 bits)
Nominal value (e.g. INominal) : Normal maximum value

(it s a choice)
ppm of nominal : e.g 10-6 x INominal (Amp)

Example :
For INominal = 13 kA, 1 ppm of nominal = 13 mA
For INominal = 600 A, 10 ppm of nominal = 0.6 mA
For INominal = 60 A, 10 ppm of nominal = 60 A
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
100 years = 36625 days = 876600 hours = 52596000 minutes
1 ppm of your life = 52 minutes
You support me (today) only 2.3 ppm of our life
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Accuracy
Accuracy
Long term setting or measuring

uncertainty taking into consideration the
full range of permissible changes* of
operating and environmental conditions.
*requires definition :
(e.g. Electrical distribution system
perturbation, temperature variation,)
IMeas.
Accuracyppm
*
INominal
INominal
The
Theaccuracy
accuracyisisdefined
definedby
bydefault
defaultfor
foraadefined
definedperiod
period(Ta)
(Ta)
one
year)
(e.g.
(e.g. one year)
The
.
Theaccuracy
accuracyisisexpressed
expressedin
inppm
ppmof
ofIINominal
Nominal .
IfIfthe
thedefined
definedperiod
period(Ta)
(Ta) isistoo
toolarge,
large,aacalibration
calibrationprocess
process
should
shouldbe
beexecuted
executedmore
moreoften
often(e.g
(e.gevery
everymonth)
month)
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Reproducibility
Reproducibility
Uncertainty
Uncertaintyin
inreturning
returningto
toaaset
set
of
ofprevious
previousworking
workingvalues
valuesfrom
from
cycle
cycleto
tocycle
cycleof
ofthe
themachine.
machine.
The reproducibility is defined by default for a period of time TR

without any intervention affecting the calibrated parts (e.g. DCCT, ADC)
The reproducibility is expressed in ppm of INominal .
Cycle 1
IB1
Cycle 2
IB2
Cycle 3
IB3
T < TR
IB2 = IB1 (Reproducibility pmm . Inominal )
IB3 = IB2 (Reproducibility pmm . Inominal )
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
40 I = 16000 Amps
0
20
0
-20
-400
60
Time120
in Minutes
180
2
1
0
-1
240-2
Current offset in ppm of 20 kA
The stability is defined by default for a period of time TS (typically hour)

The stability is expressed in ppm of INominal .
Current offset in Milliamps
Stability
Stability
Maximum
Maximumdeviation
deviationover
overaa
period
periodwith
withno
nochanges
changesin
in
operating
operatingconditions.
conditions.
Stabilityppm . INominal
TS
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Glossary
Accuracy
Accuracy
Long
Longterm
termsetting
settingor
ormeasuring
measuringuncertainty
uncertaintytaking
takinginto
intoconsideration
consideration
the
full
range
of
permissible
changes*
of
operating
and
the full range of permissible changes* of operating and
Accuracy
environmental
environmentalconditions.
conditions.
*
Precision
IMeas.
ppm
INominal
**requires
requiresdefinition
definition
Reproducibility
Reproducibility
INominal
Uncertainty
Uncertaintyininreturning
returningto
toaaset
setof
ofprevious
previousworking
workingvalues
valuesfrom
from
cycle
Cycle 2
Cycle 3
Cycle 1
cycleto
tocycle
cycleof
ofthe
themachine.
machine.
Stability
Stability
IB1
IB2
IB3
TR
Maximum
Maximumdeviation
deviationover
overaaperiod
periodwith
withno
nochanges
changesininoperating
operating
conditions.
conditions.
TS
Accuracy,
Accuracy,reproducibility
reproducibilityand
andstability
stabilityare
aredefined
definedfor
foraagiven
givenperiod
period
Precision is qualitative . Accuracy is quantitative.
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Resolution
Resolution
Smallest
Smallestincrement
incrementthat
thatcan
canbe
be
induced
inducedor
ordiscerned.
discerned.
The resolution is expressed in ppm of INominal .

Resolution is directly linked to A/D system
I*ref I*ref
DAC
I*meas. I*
ADC
Imeas + I.
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
I0 = 1019.9 Amps
60
40
20
1
Reference
Measured
0
Current offset in ppm of 20 kA
80
Current offset in Milliamps
Results of Resolution Test with the

LHC Prototype Digital Controller
Time in Seconds
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Tracking
Tracking
Static part is covered by the

static definition :
accuracy, reproducibility
Tracking error
between I1 and I2
ss
Ability
Abilityof
ofthe
theconverter
converter to
to
follow
followthe
thereference
referencefunction
function
(static,
(static,dynamics)
dynamics)
I1
I2
I3
Iref
Dynamic part comes from :

- timing error
- lagging error in the regulation
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
RIPPLE
RIPPLE
V
Power converter
Control
Circuit
H(s)
I
Magnet
F(s)
V = R . I + L . dI/dt
=> H(s) = 1/ (L/R . s + 1)
Voltage
Voltageripple
rippleisisdefined
definedby
bythe
thepower
powerconverter
converter
Current
Currentripple
ripple::load
loadtransfer
transferfunction
function
(cables,
(cables,magnet
magnetinductance,)
inductance,)
(good
(goodidentification
identificationisisrequired
requiredififthe
theload
loadisisaalong
longstring
stringof
ofmagnets
magnets))
Field ripple : magnet transfer function (vacuum chamber,)

Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Power Part
(Voltage Source)
Topologies
Vref
Analogue and/or Digital
Iref
Control
Current
Transducers
Active
Devices
E. Carroll
Passive
Components
A. Rufer
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Power Part
(Voltage Source)
Topologies
Fast Pulsed
Vref
Converters
P. Smith
Control
Iref
Converters
for cycling
machines
N. Marks
Rectifiers
R. Visintini
Current
Transducers
SMPC
1-quadrant
P. Barrade
SMPC
SMPC
4-quadrant
Y. Thurel
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Systematical
Analysis
C. De Almeida
L
I ld
C
L
iL
C
3
1
vC0 vC1
vC
E
5
7
E+
E
L
I ld
C
L
I ld
C
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Regulation
Theory
F. Bordry
Power Part
(Voltage Source)
DAC- ADC
J. Pickering
Topologies
Vref
Control
DAC
Analogue
and/or Digital
Iref
Control
A
D
C
Current
Transducers
High Precision
Measurements
G. Fernqvist
Control
and Interfaces
Q. King
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
AC
Mains Supply
Power Part
(Voltage Source)
Electrical Network
and
Power Converters
H.-U. Boksberger
Topologies
Vref
Control
Iref
Control
Current
Transducers
Protection
Interlocks and
Diagnostics
S. Griffiths
ElectroMagnetic
Compatibility
EMC
A. Charroy
Load and safety interlocks
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Pre-Processor : more and more user-friendly
Netlist
Schematic input
Vin 1 0 pwl(0.0 .1m,1 5m,1 5.1m,0)

R1 1 2 1350
C1 5 0 3.528uF
......
and/or
+
-
+
-
Simulation Program :
+
-
TRTOL
Reliability, robustness, numerical errors

accuracy, speed....
Local Truncation Error, Gear , EAh,...
Simulations Tools
??
Post-Processor :
Scope look and feel
Wave form calculator
Nice plots and prints,...
Demo
P. Jenni
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
I had a dream
Ik
Vk
ON
Vk up to 10 kV
Ik up to 1kA
In a few ns
OFF
-Stress on other components (sources, capacitors, inductances)

- high dI/dt and dVdt: stresses and EMI problem (Which driver to use ?)
- switching losses
It became a nightmare
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Matrix converters Ideally an all silicon solution for power conversion ("no
need for reactive energy storage components" !!!!... )
Dream
n-phase
m-phase
n x m bi-directional switches arranged so that any of the output lines can be connected
to any of the input lines.
A line filter are necessary to circulate high frequency switching harmonics.
Switches are modulated in such a way as to generate the desired output waveform
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Most current Matrix Converter researches are focussed on 3-phase to 3phase converters: 9 bi-directional switches.
nightmare
Opening of the current source
Short-circuit of the voltage source

Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Is it not better to work at structure level ?
Instead of
ZVS / ZCS association

Series or parallel converters
Multilevel converters
.
4-segments
switches
ON
OFF
ON or OFF
ON or OFF
ON or OFF
3-segments
switch
ON
OFF
ON or OFF
ON or OFF
ON or OFF
ON or OFF
ON or OFF
ON or OFF
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Multilevel converters: Neutral Point Clamped
K2
K2
V/2
V/2
K1
K1
K1
V/2
K1
V/2
VM = 0
VM = V
K2
K2
K2
V/2
I
K1
M
K1
V/2
VM = V/2
K2
Three states of "Neutral Point Clamped" commutation cell

Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
"Neutral Point Clamped multilevel : difficult to generalize
"Neutral Point Clamped" :

4-level commutation cell
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Multicell concept
Main states of "2-cell" commutation cell
K2
K2
K1
V/2
K1
V/2
K1
K1
VM = 0
VM = V
K2
K2
Extra states of "2-cell" commutation cell

K2
K2
K1
V/2
K1
M
K1
V/2
M
K1
VM = V/2
K2
VM = V/2
K2
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
n independent cells: phase shift

between cells is possible
Multicell concept : easy to generalize
Vn-1
Vn
Kn
Vn = V ;.
Vk-2
Vk-1
Vk
Kk
K1
Kk-1
Kk
Kn
V1
Kk-1
K1
Vk = k . V / n ; . ; V1 = V / n
Kk off => Kk on : VKk = Vk Vk-1 = V / n

Half of switches is ON and half is OFF
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Multicell concept : Flying capacitor concept

Kp
Kk
Kk-1
K1
Kp
Kk
Kk-1
K1
Vn = V ;.
Vk = k . V / n ; . ; V1 = V / n
Kk off => Kk on : VKk = Vk Vk-1 = V / n

Half of switches is ON and half is OFF
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Standard Model
Voltage
source
Capacitor
Current
Source
Inductance
Type D
D
Type T
T
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Type D
Type T
"Quark Level : D and T quarks"
" Proton Level "

4 switches with three segments
D
OFF
OFF
T
OFF
ON
ON
T
ON
T
D
OFF
ON
6 switches with four segments
T
D
Etc
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
Protons + Leptons
=
Atoms
K1
Vi
(Vo)
Io
(Ii)
K4
K2
K3
K1
K2
Cohesion laws:
Never short-circuit a voltage source
Never open a current source
Vi
V0
K5
L
K3
K2
Ii
K4
K5
I0
K1
K3
K4
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
+
Output
+
-
64 cells in the table

But only 8+(56/2) = 36 (due to symmetry)
+
+
Input
36 8 = 28
+
-
Duality => 18 structures

-
Of course a lot of isotopes.
Mendeleiev Table
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO
r
o
f
k
n
a
n
h
o
i
T
t
n
e
t
t
a
r
u
o
y
Regards
Regards for
for your
your participation
participation
Fk. Bordry
AB/PO

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Power Converters for Particle Accelerators Warrington 12-18 May 2004

Power Converters for Particle Accelerators Warrington 12-18 May 2004

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The task of a power

Indutrial applications, Welding,

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Once upon a time. not so far

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The difficulties of maintaining high voltages led

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une commutatrice des tramways de Saint-Etienne, datant de 1907 et

and still now

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Brookhaven National Laboratory - AGS

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From mercury arc rectifier,

Power Diode and Thyristor

High frequency power semiconductors :

Link to frequency of the

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Electrical energy transfer

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Voltage Source has a zero instantaneous impedance

Power Converters for Particle Accelerators Warrington 12-18 May 2004

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"intermediate position : neither voltage, neither current source"

Power Converters for Particle Accelerators Warrington 12-18 May 2004

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Eight types of sources

Energy conversion : transfer of energy between two sources.

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Resistive bridge solution

Model of the output source : Ro = Uo/ Io

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Furthermore, fixed values of the resistances.

Second solution : Linear component

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Special case for linear application

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the interconnection of sources by switches

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semiconductor device functioning in commutation

Switch : at least two orthogonal segments

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(auto turn-on ; auto turn-off)

PN junction principle : diode

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