Waste Management

Introduction:- Waste management is collection,

transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage and other waste
products. Waste management is the process of treating solid
wastes and offers variety of solutions for recycling items that don't
belong to trash. It is about how garbage can be used as a

valuable resource.
Waste management is all the activities and actions required to
manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.[1] This
includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment
and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It
also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that
relates to waste management encompassing guidance on
recycling etc.
The term normally relates to all kinds of waste, whether
generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing
of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the
consumption of final products, or other human activities,[1]
including municipal (residential, institutional, commercial),
agricultural, and social (health care, household hazardous
wastes, sewage sludge).[2] Waste management is intended to
reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or
aesthetics.

Waste management practices are not uniform among countries

(developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural
area), and sectors (residential and industrial
Waste and wastes are unwanted or unusable
materials. Waste is any substance which is
discarded after primary use, or it is worthless,
defective and of no use. There are many issues that
surround reporting waste. It is most commonly
measured by size or weight, and there is a stark
difference between the two. For example, organic
waste is much heavier when it is wet, and plastic or
glass bottles can have different weights but be the
same size.[4] On a global scale it is difficult to report
waste because countries have different definitions
of waste and what falls into waste categories, as
well as different ways of reporting. Based on
incomplete reports from its parties, the Basel
Convention estimated 338 million tonnes of waste
was generated in 2001.[5] For the same year, OECD
estimated 4 billion tonnes from its member
countries.[6] Despite these inconsistencies, waste
reporting is still useful on a small and large scale to
determine key causes and locations, and to find
ways of preventing, minimizing, recovering,
treating, and disposing waste

Social costs:Waste management is a significant environmental

justice issue. Many of the environmental burdens
cited above are more often borne by marginalized
groups, such as racial minorities, women, and
residents of developing nations. NIMBY (not in my
back yard) is the opposition of residents to a
proposal for a new development because it is close
to them.[8] However, the need for expansion and
siting of waste treatment and disposal facilities is
increasing worldwide. There is now a growing
market in the transboundary movement of waste,
and although most waste that flows between
countries goes between developed nations, a
significant amount of waste is moved from
developed to developing nations.[9]
Economic costs:The economic costs of managing waste are high, and are often
paid for by municipal governments;[10] money can often be saved
with more efficiently designed collection routes, modifying
vehicles, and with public education. Environmental policies
such as pay as you throw can reduce the cost of management
and reduce waste quantities. Waste recovery (that is, recycling,
reuse) can curb economic costs because it avoids extracting raw
materials and often cuts transportation costs. "Economic
assessment of municipal waste management systems case

studies using a combination of life-cycle assessment (LCA) and

life-cycle costing (LCC)".[11] The location of waste treatment and
disposal facilities often reduces property values due to noise,
dust, pollution, unsightliness, and negative stigma. The informal
waste sector consists mostly of waste pickers who scavenge for
metals, glass, plastic, textiles, and other materials and then trade
them for a profit. This sector can significantly alter or reduce
waste in a particular system, but other negative economic effects
come with the disease, poverty, exploitation, and abuse of its
workers.[12]
Introduction The true cost of waste is not simply the cost of
discarded materials - it encompasses inefficient use of raw
materials, unnecessary use of energy and water, faulty products,
waste disposal of by-products, waste treatment and wasted
labour. The actual cost of such waste for UK companies is
typically 4 - 5% of turnover, and can be as high as 10% [1].
In 2004 the UK produced about 335 million tonnes of waste
(Figure 1). This includes 220 million tonnes of controlled wastes
from households, commerce and industry (including
construction and demolition wastes). Household wastes
represent about 9 per cent of total waste produced in the UK [2].
Therefore there is a significant role for businesses to play in
reducing the waste that we produce in the UK.
Figure 1: The amount and distribution of waste in 2004 (Source:
DEFRA [2])
The European Union suggests that every year 2 billion tonnes of
waste are produced in the Member States, and this figure is
rising steadily. They suggest that the best solution to this rising

mountain of waste is to prevent its initial production,

reintroducing it into the product cycle by recycling components
where there are ecologically and economically viable methods
of doing so [3]. A growing body of national, European and
international law now regulates the manner in which wastes are
disposed of. These legislative constraints are enforced by social,
fiscal and commercial pressures. This environmental legislation
is making the reduction and management of waste streams an
important issue even for organisations in the supply chain such
as wholesalers and retailers, who merely pass through
materials that will ultimately become waste.
Waste management has become a complex area, legally,
technically and commercially. Very few organisations can still
rely on the waste collection services provided through local
authorities as a complete answer to their waste management
obligations. Thus many firms need to identify and contract one
or more reputable, licensed, specialist companies for the
disposal of their waste, or discharging their legal obligations.
A key development in waste management is the focus on
preventing the production of waste through waste minimisation
and the re-use of waste materials through recycling. This links
directly to procurement issues, where careful selection of
materials, suppliers, process redesign for disassembly and
reverse logistics can all reduce the amount of wastes produced
or facilitate recycling and re-use.
This booklet focuses on the management of solid wastes and
contained liquids in UK businesses. The guidance is also not
primarily aimed at local authorities. This booklet is intended for

guidance only and as part of a first stage in developing a waste

management strategy for your organisation. Please note that the
booklet offers guidance based on the current legal position, but
this may vary depending on whether your organisation is based
in England, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland. Readers are
directed towards the resources available for them to identify
their specific waste management requirements and should
confirm their legal obligations with the relevant agencies.

Selection of topic:India is facing many problems which are affecting

the developping rate of the India.Generation of
large amount of waste is one of the major reson
behind these problems. In our country there are
many industries many power generation
plants,many big n big residential areas and MIDC
regions which generates large amount of waste.
Education and awareness in the area of waste and
waste management is increasingly important from
a global perspective of resource management. The
Talloires Declaration is a declaration for
sustainability concerned about the unprecedented
scale and speed of environmental pollution and
degradation, and the depletion of natural
resources. Local, regional, and global air pollution;
accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes;
destruction and depletion of forests, soil, and

water; depletion of the ozone layer and emission of

"green house" gases threaten the survival of
humans and thousands of other living species, the
integrity of the earth and its biodiversity, the
security of nations, and the heritage of future
generations. Waste management in cities with
developing economies and economies in transition
experience exhausted waste collection services,
inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites
and the problems are worsening, Problems with
governance also complicate the situation. Waste
management, in these countries and cities, is an
ongoing challenge and many struggle due to weak
institutions, chronic under-resourcing and rapid
urbanization. All of these challenges along with the
lack of understanding of different factors that
contribute to the hierarchy of waste management,
affect the treatment of waste.
The current slogan is "From everyday collection, to
environmental protection, think green. Think Waste
Management."
Therefore, authorities face the challenge of reinforcing their
available infrastructure for efficient waste management and
ensuring a scientific disposal of the wastes. The key will be to
start looking at means and technologies to recover resources
from waste management.

Market Assessment
Estimates of the municipal1 and hazardous2 waste market were
above 1.5 billion and around 171 million respectively. In light
of Indias economic dynamism in the interregnum, the combined
market must now be over 3.7 billion (apart from nuclear waste
management that is not in the purview of SWM)
There is an increasing presence of the private sector in the SWM
particularly for door-to door collection of solid waste, street
sweeping in a limited way, secondary storage and transportation
and for treatment and disposal of waste. Cities which have
pioneered in public private partnerships (PPPs) in SWM include
Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Surat, Guwahati,
Mumbai, Jaipur and more.
The Government of India at the central level, has funded various
initiatives to address SWM by providing assistance to the tune
of 372.3 million under 12th Finance Commission (329.4
million under the 11th Finance Commission).
Policy and Regulatory Framework
The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the
pollution control boards: Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) together
form the regulatory and administrative core of the sector.

1. US Commercial Service 2004 2. US Commercial Service

2006
SNAPSHOT
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As SWM is part of public health and sanitation - according to
the Indian Constitution - it falls under the state list. As this
activity is of local nature, it is entrusted to the Urban Local
Bodies (ULBs). The management of municipal solid waste is
one of the most important obligatory functions of the urban local
bodies.
Legislation Under the Environmental Protection Act (EPA)
1986, MoEF has issued several notifications to tackle the
problem of hazardous waste management. These include:
Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000,
whose aim was to enable municipalities to dispose municipal
solid waste in a scientific manner. Hazardous Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1989, which brought out a
guide for manufacture, storage and import of hazardous
chemicals and for management of hazardous wastes.
Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998,
were formulated along parallel lines, for proper disposal,
segregation, transport etc. of infectious wastes. Hazardous
Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2000, a
recent notification issued with the view to providing guidelines
for the import and export of hazardous waste in the country.

Although nearly a decade has lapsed since the time limit for
implementation of the rules ran out in December 2003, yet there
are cities which have not initiated any measures at all. Given the
lack of in-house capability of municipal authorities and paucity
of resources, there have been successful attempts to outsource
certain services and resort to private sector/NGO participation in
providing SWM services such as door-to door collection, street
sweeping, secondary collection of waste, transportation of
waste, composting of waste and power generation from waste
and final disposal of waste at the engineered landfill.
However, the present capacity of municipalities in India to
manage the privatization process is quite limited. There is need
for developing in-house financial and managerial capability to
award contracts to private sector and monitoring services
provided by the private operator since the onus of ensuring
proper service delivery and compliance of standards lies with
the local bodies.
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SNAPSHOT
The Key Drivers for Sector Growth Progressively stricter
norms for the sector (especially for industrial and hazardous
wastes). Public interest litigations and the rulings of the
courts (Supreme Court) for domestic wastes. Scarcer (and

further) landfill space is forcing the authorities to use

appropriate technologies and better management. Grant
components for SWM in Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and Urban Infrastructure
Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns
(UIDSSMT).
Indicative Opportunity Spaces Solid waste sector offers many
possibilities to foreign companies with low-cost technologies,
products or services. There is an urgent need in most cities to
change, restructure or intensify the waste collection systems.
There is a need for promoting new ideas and concepts of SWM
in waste collection, segregation and waste transportation. This
concerns hazardous waste and biomedical waste, too.
Due to the lack of capital, so far low-cost treatment
technologies, such as dumpsite treatment (if any treatment at
all), and composting technologies have been used. The role of
waste recovery and recycling has not been essential, because rag
pickers have taken care of valuables and recyclables. The lack of
land and increasing waste quantities require new technologies,
which are applicable for mixed SWM and competitive. It is
quite probable that outdoor composting will increase its role in
the future, in case, reasonable use can be found for the compost
end-product. The prospects for anaerobic digestion (or for
anaerobic composting as called in India) are also promising but
are highly dependent on the reasonable utilization of heat
energy.

Some opportunity spaces are outlined below: Joint ventures

with Indian firms to offer integrated solutions in waste
treatment, including performing feasibility studies, designing,
technical consulting and providing operation and online
maintenance services. There is a demand for technologies
and services for effective waste collection, transportation and
disposal, and its treatment and recycling. Engineering and
consulting services on waste collection and transportation,
landfill treatment, waste treatment plants, outdoor
Barriers to private sector participation
Financial status of ULBs is precarious and is perceived as
very high-risk.
Institutional complexity due to multiplicity of agencies
involved in service delivery.
Lack of regulatory or policy enabling framework for PPPs.
Few bankable and financially sustainable projects
considering the opportunities and risks involved.
Rationalize tariff and user charges.
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SNAPSHOT
compositing, anaerobic digestion of waste and sewage sludge,
biological-mechanical waste treatment and waste to energy.

3R technologies and solutions for high polluting sectors, such as

thermal power stations, chemical and pharmaceutical industries
Design, manufacture and installation of various types of
waste management systems
Fiscal Incentives: 1. Tax Holiday: A 10 year, 100% deduction of
profits and gains is available for companies operating in waste
projects. 2. Tax / Duties Relief: Direct taxes: 100%
depreciation within 1st year of project installation.
Exemption / reduction in excise duty. Exemption from
Central Sales Tax, and customs duty concessions on the import
of material, components and equipment used in Renewable
Energy RE projects. Duty-free import of renewable energy
equipment. Exemptions from electricity taxes.
For awaring the people about all this I have chosen
this topic.

OBSERVATIONS

:-Waste is not something that should

be discarded or disposed of with no regard for future use. It can
be a valuable resource if addressed correctly, through policy and
practice. With rational and consistent waste management
practices there is an opportunity to reap a range of benefits.
Those benefits include:
1. Economic Improving economic efficiency through the
means of resource use, treatment and disposal and creating
markets for recycles can lead to efficient practices in the
production and consumption of products and materials

resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse

and the potential for new jobs and new business
opportunities.
2. Social By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper
waste management practices, the resulting consequences
are more appealing settlements. Better social advantages
can lead to new sources of employment and potentially
lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the
developing poorer countries and cities.
3. Environmental Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts
on the environmental through reducing, reusing and
recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can provide
improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Inter-generational Equity Following effective waste
management practices can provide subsequent generations
a more robust economy, a fairer and more inclusive society
and a cleaner environment.
Benefits[edit]
Waste is not something that should be discarded or disposed of with no regard for future use. It can
be a valuable resource if addressed correctly, through policy and practice. With rational and
consistent waste management practices there is an opportunity to reap a range of benefits. Those
benefits include:
1. Economic Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use, treatment
and disposal and creating markets for recycles can lead to efficient practices in the
production and consumption of products and materials resulting in valuable materials being
recovered for reuse and the potential for new jobs and new business opportunities.

2. Social By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management practices, the
resulting consequences are more appealing settlements. Better social advantages can lead
to new sources of employment and potentially lifting communities out of poverty especially in
some of the developing poorer countries and cities.
3. Environmental Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environmental through
reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can provide improved
air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Inter-generational Equity Following effective waste management practices can provide
subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more inclusive society and a
cleaner environment.

Objectives:-

Importance:-

Indias growth story, especially in the last few decades

has also resulted in a rapid increase in both domestic and
industrial waste. The main driver for domestic waste is
the rapid urbanisation that is slated to change India from a
largely rural to a majority urban country in the next decade
(2020). In contrast rural waste is largely agricultural in
nature and is dispersed over half-a-million habitations
making them manageable. However, rural areas do suffer
as pollution sinks for the encroaching urban sprawl.
The rapid growth of the Indian industry has led to
increased industrial waste generation. Coal ash from
thermal power stations accounts for more than 70% of all
industrial waste.
Solid waste management (SWM) has three basic
components, namely, collection, transportation and
disposal. The objective of SWM is to reduce the quantity of
solid waste disposed off on land by recovery of materials
and energy from solid waste in a cost effective and
environment friendly manner.
Lack of financial resources, institutional weaknesses,
improper choice of technology and public apathy towards
waste has made the prevalent system of waste
management far from satisfactory. For instance, the
practice of uncontrolled dumping of waste on the outskirts
of towns and cities have created serious environmental

and public health problems that threaten water quality and

urbanisation itself.
This unsatisfactory state of affairs is mirrored even in the
industrial (hazardous) sector, where the challenges are
steeper in terms of treatment and disposal of hazardous
waste. Waste is predominantly disposed off in landfills,
and partly by incineration. 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) is
seldom used in practice, despite being part of the policy
envelope for a while.
Waste in Urbanizing India Over 160,000 Metric Tons
(MT) of municipal solid waste is generated daily in the
country. Per capita waste generation in cities varies from
0.2 kg to 0.6 kg per day depending upon the size of
population. This is estimated to increase at 1.33%
annually. The total waste quantity generated by the
year 2047 is estimated to be about 260 million tons per
year. It is estimated that if the waste is not disposed off in
a more systematic manner, more than 1,400 km2 of land,
which is equivalent to the size of city of Delhi, would be
required in the country by the year 2047 for its disposal.
The Indian industrial sector generates an estimated 100
million tons/year of non-hazardous solid wastes, with coal
ash from thermal power stations accounting for more than
70 million tons/year. Over 8 million tons/year of
hazardous waste is generated in India. About 60% of
these wastes, i.e., 4.8 million tons/year is estimated to be

recyclable and the remaining 3.2 million tons/ year is nonrecyclable.

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA SNAPSHOT
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Therefore, authorities face the challenge of reinforcing
their available infrastructure for efficient waste
management and ensuring a scientific disposal of the
wastes. The key will be to start looking at means and
technologies to recover resources from waste
management.
Market Assessment
Estimates of the municipal1 and hazardous2 waste market
were above 1.5 billion and around 171 million
respectively. In light of Indias economic dynamism in the
interregnum, the combined market must now be over 3.7
billion (apart from nuclear waste management that is not in
the purview of SWM)
There is an increasing presence of the private sector in
the SWM particularly for door-to door collection of solid
waste, street sweeping in a limited way, secondary storage
and transportation and for treatment and disposal of
waste. Cities which have pioneered in public private
partnerships (PPPs) in SWM include Bangalore, Chennai,

Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Surat, Guwahati, Mumbai, Jaipur

and more.
The Government of India at the central level, has funded
various initiatives to address SWM by providing assistance
to the tune of 372.3 million under 12th Finance
Commission (329.4 million under the 11th Finance
Commission).
Policy and Regulatory Framework
The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the
pollution control boards: Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
together form the regulatory and administrative core of the
sector.
1. US Commercial Service 2004 2. US Commercial
Service 2006

Methodology:Management of wastes
Throughout history, four basic methods for managing wastes have been used: dumping;
incineration (burning); recycling; and waste prevention. How these four methods are utilized
depends on the kind of wastes being managed. Municipal solid waste is much different than
industrial, agricultural, or mining waste. And hazardous waste poses such serious problems that it
needs to be handled by specialized techniques, even when it is generated with other types of
wastes.
Landfills. Early humans did not worry much about waste management. They simply left their
garbage where it dropped. But as permanent communities developed, people began to place their

waste in designated dumping areas. The use of such open dumps for garbage is still common in
some parts of the world.
But open dumps have major disadvantages, especially in heavily populated areas. Toxic
chemicals can filter down through a dump and contaminate groundwater. (The liquid that filters
through a dump or land-filljust as water percolates or filters through coffee grounds to make
coffeeis called leachate.) Dumps also may generate methane, an explosive gas produced when
organic wastes decompose under certain conditions.
In many parts of the world today, open dumps have been replaced by landfills, also known as
sanitary landfills. The sanitary landfill was apparently invented in England in the 1920s. At a
landfill, garbage is covered at the end of every day with several inches of soil. Landfilling
became common in the United States in the 1940s. By the late 1950s, it was the dominant solid
waste disposal method in the nation.
Early landfills had significant leachate and methane problems. But those have largely been
resolved at landfills built in the past 20 years. Today's landfills are lined with several feet of clay
and with thick plastic sheets. Leachate is collected at the bottom, drained through pipes, and
processed. Methane gas also is safely piped out of the landfill.
The dumping of waste does not take place on land only. Ocean dumping makes use of barges that
carry garbage out to sea. This technique was once used as a disposal method by some U.S.
coastal cities and is still practiced by some nations. Sewage sludge, or processed sewage, was
dumped at sea in huge quantities by New York City until 1992, when it was finally prohibited.
Also called biosolids, sewage sludge is not generally considered solid waste but is sometimes
composted with organic municipal solid waste.
Incineration. Incineration has a long history in municipal solid waste management. Some
American cities began to burn their garbage in the late nineteenth century in devices called
cremators. These devices were not very efficient, however, and cities eventually went back to
dumping or other methods. In the 1930s and 1940s, many cities built new types of garbage
burners known as incinerators. Many incinerators have now been shut down, primarily because
of the air pollution they create.
Waste burning enjoyed yet another revival in the 1970s and 1980s. The new incinerators, many
of which are still in operation, are called resource recovery or waste-to-energy plants. In addition
to burning garbage, they produce heat or electricity that is used in nearby buildings or residences
or sold to a utility. Many local governments became interested in waste-to-energy plants
following the U.S. energy crisis in 1973. But, by the mid-1980s, it had become difficult to find
locations to build these facilities, once again mainly because of air quality issues.

Another problem with incineration is that it generates ash, which must be landfilled. Incinerators
usually reduce the volume of garbage by 70 to 90 percent. The rest comes out as ash that often
contains high concentrations of toxic substances.
Recycling and waste prevention. Municipal solid waste will probably always be landfilled or
burned to some extent. Since the mid-1970s, however, nondisposal methods such as waste
prevention and recycling have become more popular. Because of public concerns and the high
costs of landfilling and incineration, local governments want to reduce the amount of waste that
needs to be disposed.
Even the earliest civilizations recycled some items before they became garbage. Broken pottery
was often ground up and used to make new pottery, for example. Recycling has taken many
forms. One unusual type of recycling, called reduction, was common in large U.S. cities from
about 1900 to 1930. In reduction plants, wet garbage, dead horses, and other dead animals were
cooked in large vats to produce grease and fertilizer. A more familiar, and certainly more
appealing, type of recycling took place during World War II (193945), when scrap metal was
collected to help the war effort. Modern-day recycling has had two recent booms, from about
1969 to 1974 and another that began in the late 1980s. At the beginning of the twenty-first
century, the recycling rate in the United States had risen to 28 percent, an increase of more than
10 percent from a decade before.
Reuse and repair are the earliest forms of waste prevention, which also is known as waste
reduction. When tools, clothes, and other necessities were scarce, people naturally repaired them
again and again. When they were beyond repair, people found other uses for them.
One form of waste prevention, called source reduction, is a reduction in the quantity or the
toxicity of the material used for a product or packaging.