MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Simple microscope
a big magnifying lens
Compound microscope uses 2 or more lens

Evolution of Microscope

Zacharias Janssen
- (Netherlands) invented a telescope which is a reverse of a
microscope, also called microscope because it enlarge small object and also a compound
microscope because it uses 2 lens.
Robert Hooke
- made a microscope that was made up of brass, wood and
leather.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
- made a microscope that was made up of iron, alloy,
aluminum, stainless steel or plastic (used nowadays).
- Separate holder and lens microscope and soon becomes a
microscope with a box.
- First to observed microorganism.
Principles in viewing an object

Light - the longer the light is focused to an object the clearer the view of the object.
Light

Bend it

Refractive indexes
of light.

slow the movement of light

- a measure of how greatly a substance slows down the velocity

Refractive indexes

Velocity of light = the greater the magnification

Focal lengths
- distance between the center of the lens & object where you find it to
the focal point which is at its clearest condition.
Focal length

focused

Magnification

Resolution - to be able to distinguish small objects that are closed together.

Microscopes

Light microscopy - not heavy microscope

- utilizes light
2 kinds of light
- Artificial light
- Natural light

Bright Field microscopy

- used at the laboratory
- Background is bright while image is dark
- Uses stained objects.
Dark Field microscopy
- Background is dark while image is bright
- EX. STD organism (bright in dark background)

Phase Contrast microscopy - used contrast inside the cell to see intracellular
structures
Differential Interference microscopy
- create image by detecting the different
refractive indexes and thickness of the different parts of the specimen.
Fluorescence microscopy
- Fluorochrome stain (to see materials that are fluorescing
or emitting light, it shows a bright image of the object resulting from the fluorescent light
emitted by the specimen)
Electron microscopy
- uses electrons and the image is clearer compared to other but
so expensive.
Transmission Electron microscopy - scattered electron to see the specimen
- Specimen must be cut very thin
- stained by uranyl acetate & lead citrate (electron
dense material

Histology
- is the study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to
constitute organ.
How to get specimens

Biopsy
- removes specimen from living organisms
Autopsy
- removes specimen from dead organisms
Incision biopsy - removes a portion of the whole mass
Excision biopsy - removes the whole mass
Needles
- a blind biopsy under the guidance of CT scan
- Use for aspiration biopsy
Endoscopic -EX. Esophagoscopy, Gastroscopy, Deudenoscopy, Colonoscopy. Get a vibe
then have it biopsied.
Cannula
- hard plastic/silicon tubes inserted.
- used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

Preparation of tissues for study

Fixation
- uses formalin/ice as fixative
Embedding & Sectioning
- uses paraffin wax
- dehydrate first the specimen at increasing concentration of
alcohol
Microtome - used for cutting
Staining
- uses H&E stain (hematoxylin and eosin)

REVIEW THE BOOK OF JUNQUEIRAS BASIC HISTOLOGY FOR COMPLETE DEFINITIONS^^