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The Gauss Divergence theorem relates flux integrals and triple integrals.
Recall that when we evaluate a double integral over a surface we compute the
integral over the *skin* of the object enclosed by the surface (the boundary). In
triple integrals we integrate inside of the object:
Theorem 1 Gauss divergence theorem: Let T be a closed bounded region
in the space whose boundary T is a piecewise smooth orientable surface. Let
F~ be a continuous vector field whose partial derivatives are continuous in some
domain containing T . Then:
ZZZ
div F~ dV =
ZZ
F~ ~n dA
In this case:
T = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 4}
and
T = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4}
We first compute the triple integral over T using a change of variable to spherical
coordinates:
(x, y, z) = (r cos cos , r sin cos , r sin ), r [0, 2], [0, 2], [
and the Jacobian of change
x
r
J = x
x
, ]
2 2
of variables is:
y z
r r
y z = (x, y, z) = r2 cos .
(r, , )
y z
Then:
RRR
T
div F~ dV
=
=
=
=
=
R 2
2
16 0 [sin ]
d = 64 (4)
2
, ]
2 2
therefore
~ru ~rv = (4 cos u cos2 v, 4 sin u cos2 v, 4 cos v sin v)
and
F~ (~r(u, v)) = F~ (2 cos u cos v, 2 sin u cos v, 2 sin v) = (14 cos u cos v, 0, 2 sin v)
RR
~ du dv =
F~ (~r) N
R
R 2 R 2
R 2 R 2
4 cos u cos2 v
2
(14 cos u cos v, 0, 2 sin v) 4 sin u cos v
2
4 cos v sin v
dv du
Notice that:
R 2 R 2
0
=
=
=
=
R 2 R 2
3
R 2
R 2
2
2
56 0 cos2 u[sin v]
du 56 0 cos2 u[ sin3 v ]
du
2
2
R 2
56(2 23 ) 0 cos2 udu
R 2
2u du
56(2 23 ) 0 1 + cos
2
= 56(2 32 )
because
R 2
0
()
And:
R 2 sin3 v 2
[ 3 ] du
0
0
2
32
= 3 (F)
Adding () and (F) we obtain the same result that we got doing the triple
8
R 2 R 2
RR
T
F~ ~n dA, when
T = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 = z 2 , 0 z 2}
and F~ (x, y, z) = (4x, 3z, 5y)
3
F~ ~ndA =
RRR
T
divF~ dV,
where T = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 z 2 , 0 z 2}
RRR
T
divF~ dV
= 4
= 4
RRR
1dxdydz
T
R 2 R z R z2 x2
0
z 2 x2
1dydxdz,
Using polar coordinates, x = r cos and y = r sin and r [0, z] and [0, 2]:
4
R 2 R z R z2 x2
0
z 2 x2
1dydxdz = 4
R 2 R z R 2
= 8
R2Rz
0
rddrdz
rdrdz
z 2 dz = 32
3
RR
Example 3 For F~ (x, y, z) = (x3 , x2 y, x2 z), evaluate T F~ ~n dA when:
= 4
R2
0
F~ ~n dA =
ZZZ
divF~ dV
divF~ dV =
Z b Z Z
5x dxdy dz
x2 +y 2 a2
R b R 2 R a 3
2
2
5x
dx
dy
dz
=
5
r
cos
dr
d
dz
x2 +y 2 a2
0
0 0
h
i
r=a
R b R 2
r4
2
= 5 0
cos
0
4 r=0 d dz
4 R b R 2
5a
1
+
cos
2
= 4 0 0
d dz
2
4
4 Rb
5a
5ba4
=2
[sin
2]
dz
=
= 5ba
+
=0
4
8 0
4
()
F~ ~n dA =
RR
{x2 +y 2 =a2 ,0zb}
RR
{x2 +y 2 a2 ,z=b}
F~ ~n dA +
RR
F~ ~n dA
F~ ~n dA
{x2 +y 2 a2 ,z=0}
F~ ~n dA
a cos u
But
a4 cos4 u + a4 cos2 u sin2 u = a4 cos2 u(cos2 u + sin2 u) = a4 cos2 u
Hence:
RR
{x2 +y 2 =a2 ,0zb}
because 2
R 2
0
F~ ~n dA =
R b R 2
a2 cos2 u du dv
R b R 2
= a2 0 0 (1 + cos 2u) du dv = a2 b,
0
2
To compute:
ZZ
F~ ~n dA
{x2 +y 2 a2 ,z=0}
Then:
~ru = (cos v, sin v, 0) and ~rv = (u sin v, u cos v, 0)
obtaining:
~ = ~ru ~rv = (0, 0, u)
N
and
F~ (~r(u, v)) = (u3 cos3 v, u3 cos2 v sin v, 0)
Therefore:
3
3
3
2
~
~
F (~r(u.v)) N = (u cos v, u cos v sin v, 0) 0 = 0
u
Hence:
ZZ
F~ ~n dA = 0
{x2 +y 2 a2 ,z=0}
Finally, to compute:
ZZ
F~ ~n dA
{x2 +y 2 a2 ,z=b}
and
R 2 R a
F~ ~n dA =
4
bu3 cos2 vdu dv = ba4
(Check this last integral, we have done similar ones before!) Hence:
RR
T
F~ ~n dA =
RR
{x2 +y 2 =a2 ,0zb}
RR
{x2 +y 2 a2 ,z=b}
4
F~ ~n dA +
F~ ~n dA
4
= ba4 + 0 + ba4 = 5ba4 ,
RR
{x2 +y 2 a2 ,z=0}
F~ ~n dA