PENYAKIT

INFEKSI
Asikin Nur
Bagian Biomedika Kedokteran Gigi
FKG UGM

Objectives
1. Definisi infeksi dan penyakit
2. Interaksi kompleks penyebab infeksi
3. Mekanisme patogenesis mikroorganisme

Infection:
invasion or colonization and multiplication of
microorganisms in body tissues
The presence of a particular type of microorganism
in apart of body where it is not normally found
Usually caused by a pathogenic microorganism

Disease
Pathological condition that affects part or all of an
organism, as a medical condition associated with
specific symptoms and signs.
Occurs when an infection results in any change
from a state of health
An abnormal state in which part or all of the body
is not properly adjusted or incapable of performing
its normal functions.

Pathogencity & Virulency

Patogenitas: kemampuan suatu mikroorganisme dalam menyebabkan penyakit
Virulensi: derajat patogenitas yang dinyatakan
dengan jumlah mikroorganisme atau
mikrogram toksin yang dibutuhkan untuk
membunuh hewan percobaan

Interaction of Host - MO
Simbiosis: a relationship between two
organisms in which at least one organism is
dependent on the other

Interaction of Host - MO
Comensalism: one of the organism benefits and the
other is unaffected
Ex. S. epidermidis (skin surface), corynebacteria (surface
of eye), mycobacteria (ear and external genitals)
Mutualism: a type of symbiosis that benefits both
organisms
Ex. E. coli (synthesize vit K and B)
Parasitism: one organism benefits by deriving nutrients
at the expense of the other
Ex. Disease causing-bacteria

Opportunistic Microorganism:
Ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal
habitat in a healthy person but may cause infection
in different site/ environments
Ex. - E.coli: urinary tract infection, pulmonary
infection and meningitis or organ abscesses
- Pneumocystis jirovecii: Pneumocystis
pneumonia (compromised host)

Etiology of Infectious disease

Koch`s Postulates:
1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the
disease.
2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and
grown in pure culture.
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the
disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible
laboratory animal.
4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal
and must be shown to be the original organism.

Exception to Koch`s Postulates:

Treponema pallidum --- syphilis, but virulent strains have
never been cultured on artificial media.
Mycobacterium leprae --- leprosy, has also never been
grown on artificial media.
Many rickettsial and viral pathogens cannot be cultured on
artificial media because they multiply only within cells.

Clasification of Infectious Disease

How it behave whitin a host and population
Communicable disease --- contagious disease
Ex: chicken fox, measles, genital herpes,
thypoid fever, TBC

Noncommunicable disease

Ex: Tetanus: Clostridium tetani

Frequency of occurance:
Sporadic disease: occasionally
Ex: Typhoid fever

Endemic disease: constantly present in a

population
Ex: common cold

Epidemic disease: many people in an area

acquire a certain disease in short period
Ex: influenza

Severity or duration of a disease

Acute

Ex: influenza

Chronic
Ex: TBC, Hepatitis B

Subacute
Ex: Sclerosing panencephalitis

Latent

Ex: Herpes: Varicella

Extent of Host Involvement

Local infection: (limited, small area)
Ex: Boils and abscesses

Systemic infection: (spread throughout the

body)
Ex: Measles

Focal infection: (enter blood or lymphatic vessel

and spread to other part od body)
Ex: Endocarditis caused by oral bacteria

The state of host resistance:

Primery Infection: an acute infection that causes
the initial illness

Secundary Infection: caused by opportunistic

pathogen after the primary infection

Transmission of Disease
Contact Transmission:

Direct Transmission: hepatitis A, Staphylococal

infection
Indirect Transmission: hepatitis B
Droplet Transmission: influenza

Vehicle Transmission: salmonela infection

Vector Transmission: typhoid fever (feces)

Development of Disease

Tortora et al 2013, Microbiology An Introduction

How Bacteria Develop Infection

Generate a biofilm
90% of infection cases are related to
biofilm formation
Biofilm is 1000 X stronger than a planktonic
mode

BIOFILM
Generate a biofilm
90% of infection cases are related to
biofilm formation
Biofilm is 1000 X stronger than a planktonic
mode

BIOFILM

Monroe D., et al. Bacterial Biofilms, PLOS Biology Vol. 8 No.11

Biolm model developed by S. intermedius

at the presence of Extracellular DNA

Dispersal

Adherence
Cells only

Cells + DNA

Microcolony

Biofilm development

Brain and liver abscesses caused by oral infection with

S. intermedius

Panoramic radiograph showing periodontal lesions near the upper right and left molar

Brain abscess lesions in the left frontal lobe

A large liver abscess lesion

Wagner et al, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology, 2006; 102: e21-e23

Brain abscess caused by lung infection with S.

intermedius

Brain abscesses mimicking brain metastases. (A) Time course of T1/T2 weighted MR images,
Gd: Gadolinium. (B) Papanicolaou staining and (C) gram staining of Bronchoalveolar lavage
(BAL) material.
Erne et al, Lancet, 2010, 375: 2050

References
1. Tortora G. J., Funke B.R. and Case C.J., 2013,
Microbiology An Introduction, 11th ed., Pearson,
Boston
2. Brooks G.F., Carrol K.C., Butel J.S., Morse S.A. and
Mietzner TA., 2010, Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg`s
Medical Microbiology, 25th ed., The McGraw-Hill
Comp. Inc.