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Elastic deformation
Plastic deformation
Fracture
Fatigue
Environmental crack growth
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Crack Instabilty
The critical crack length for given a
2
2 K Ic
ac = Q
a
T
a
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Initial feature
Characteristic pattern:
Initiating flaw
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Crack length a = ac
Crack mechanism = expected unstable mode
Usually ductile fracture
Example: Failure of a
High-Strength Steel Spring in Seawater
ductile
intergranular
pit
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Gaseous embrittlement
Hydrogen
H2S
Liquid embrittlement
Acid
Caustic (base)
Liquid metal
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Hydrogen embrittlement
Hydrogen generated at crack tip
Cathodic protection
Mg, Zn, Al creates Fe cathode
H liberated if acidic solution or oxygen depletion
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Cr-Mo-V steel at RT
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
SMB-30 (tested sea water with Mg, fractured at 30lb after 42mins)
Load
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
SMB-30 (tested sea water with Mg, fractured at 30lb after 42mins)
Area B
Area C
Area A
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Area B
Area A
Area C
Intergranular fracture
Corrosion pit?
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Transgranular embrittlement
Clean or roughened prior boundaries
Hydrogen promotes fracture across prior boundaries
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Packet
Block boundary
Aligned
substructure
20m
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Crystallographic Alignment in
Lath Martensitic Steel
500nm
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
500nm
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Delayed Fracture
Hydrogen introduced into defect-free specimen
Defect-free means no K>KIH
Hydrogen sources
Electroplating (particularly Cd-plating)
Cathodic protection (particularly Mg)
Environment
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Corrosion Fatigue
fatigue striations
In H2 (b):
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Corrosion Fatigue
Corrosion fatigue in sea
water
Fracture mode
Transgranular feathery
Secondary cracking
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Corrosion Fatigue
Corrosion fatigue in sea
water
Fracture mode
Transgranular feathery
Strong intergranular
component
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
Fracture mode
Transgranular
Branching from inclusions
Corrosion Fatigue
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008
MSE 200A
Fall, 2008