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ES
RII
Z IIL
ZR
ZS
Z 0m
Introduction
This paper deals with distance protection of doublecircuit transmission lines [1, 2, 3]. Such lines are
constructed mainly due to constrains in obtaining new rightof-ways and are very common in power networks. Two
three-phase circuits are arranged on the same tower and
due nearness of both circuits the magnetic coupling of them
has to be taken into account. A current flowing in one circuit
influences a voltage profile in the other circuit of a doublecircuit line, and vice versa. The considerations are limited
here to transposed lines and thus the symmetrical
components technique is applied. In relation to this
technique one uses the zero-sequence mutual impedance
(Z0m) for reflecting the mutual coupling effect. In turn, the
mutual impedance for the positive- and negative-sequence
as very small are usually neglected.
A distance protection is commonly applied for protecting
power system elements, mainly for overhead lines [1, 2, 3].
A principle of this protection is very well established,
however, there is still much room for research on the
distance protection subject. As for example, great interest in
operation of distance protection in power grids with
integrated wind farms is lately observed [4]. Very important
issue is related with influence of transformation of
instrument transformers on distance protection operation
[5]. With the aim of improving quality of distance protection
some knowledge-based [6, 7] and probabilistic [8]
techniques are proposed. The other aim of the research
conducted lately is related to development of both the
hardware [9] and software [10] tools for distance relays
testing and verification of their operation. The research area
for distance protection appears as very wide and contains
also investigation on power swing blocking [11]. An effort is
paid to fault identification in terms of fault detection,
direction discrimination and phase selection, which are also
related to some fault location techniques [12] as well.
Yet, the other branch of current research on distance
protection is devoted to measurement of fault-loop
impedance under specific fault conditions [1316]. In
particular, in [14, 15, 16] impedance measurement under
inter-circuit faults on a double-circuit line has been
considered. In [14, 15] a measurement algorithm together
with some limited evaluation was presented. This paper
continues this subject providing new, more general and
clear, derivation of the fault-loop impedance measurement
algorithm. As in [16], the generalized fault-loop model is
utilized for that. This was done with the aim of obtaining the
compact formula applicable for different fault types, i.e. only
SI {iSI}
iSII0
ER
Z IL
RI
V FL V SIph ,
I FL I SIph
Z 0L Z 1L
Z 1L
b)
I
bI
I SI0
Z 0m
Z 1L
cI
I SII0
aII
Inter-phase faults:
V FL V ph1 V ph2 ,
ph1-ph2, ph1-ph2-ph3,
ph1-ph2-E, ph1-ph2-ph3-E I FL I ph1 I ph2
bII
cII
Inter-circuit faults
The schematic diagrams of faulted towers under
different inter-circuit faults are shown in Fig.2. Two circuits
of four-conductor bundles (phases: aI, bI, cI and aII, bII, cII)
together with a shielding earth wire (Sh E) are hung on a
supporting tower. The models of the inter-circuit faults
I
II
involving phases a , b are presented in Fig.3.
RF
ES
RII
Z IIL
FII
ZR
ZS
ER
Z 0m
Phase-to-earth faults:
ph-E
a)
a)
FI
SI {iSI} {iSII}
{vA}
RELAYS
Z IL
RI
Trip
b)
(1)
I
II
Z 1L
Z 1L
Z 1L
(2)
I
II
Z 0L
Z 0L
Z 0L
I
V IF1 V S1 d Z 1L I S1
(4)
I
V IF2 V S2 d Z 1L I S2
(5)
I
II
V IF0 V S0 d Z 0L I S0
d Z 0m I S0
where:
Fig.2. Schematic diagram of faulted tower under inter-circuit faults:
a) phase-to-phase, b) phase-to-phase-to-earth
II
V II
F1 V S1 d Z 1L I S1
(7)
II
V II
F2 V S2 d Z 1L I S2
(8)
II
I
V II
F0 V S0 d Z 0L I S0 d Z 0m I S0
In order to formulate an algorithm for calculation of faultloop impedance by adaptive distance protection under intercircuit faults, the generalized fault-loop model [16] is stated:
II
V IFL
RF I F 0
(9)
where:
II
V IFL
fault-loop voltage between the fault points: FI, FII,
RF fault resistance,
IF fault path current (total fault current).
Z FL
(12)
II
I S1
II
d Z 1L
I
I S1
I
d Z 1L
II
I IIF1 (1 d ) Z 1L
b)
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
c a , c a E
a c , a c E
a1
a2
a 0II
a2
II
1
2
c b , c b E
b a , b a E
II
a0
b c , b c E
a2
I
I S2
I
d Z 1L
II
I IIF2 (1 d ) Z 1L
I IF2
a2
a2
a2
V FL d Z 1L I FL RF I F 0
I
(1 d ) Z 1L
I IF2 I IIF2
c)
I IIF0
II
d ( Z 0L
Z 0m )
II
I S0
V IIF0
II
(1 d )( Z 0L
Z 0m )
I IF0
I
I S0
I
d ( Z 0L
Z 0m )
a exp j2 / 3 ; j 1
(11)
II
d Z 1L
V IF2
I
II
( I S0
I S0
)
II
I S2
V IIF2
II
II
V II
F1 , V F2 , V F0 sequence voltages defined in (6)(8).
a1
I
(1 d ) Z 1L
I IF1 I IIF1
where:
a b , a b E
I IF1
V IF1
II
II II
II II
(10) V IFL
(a1I V IF1 a I2V IF2 a 0I V IF0 ) (a1IIV II
F1 a 2 V F2 a 0 V F0 )
I FL
V IIF1
V FL
I
(1 d )( Z 0L
Z 0m )
V IF0
I IF0 I IIF0
I
II
J 0 a 0I I S0
a 0II I S0
,
II
I
J 0m a 0I I S0
a 0II I S0
.
'
Z1L
(0.0276 j0.3151) /km,
where:
I
II
V FL (a1I a1II )V S1 (a I2 a II
2 )V S2 (a 0 a 0 )V S0 ,
I FL J 12
Z 0L
Z 1L
J0
Z 0m
Z 1L
J 0m ,
I
II
I
II
J 12 (a1I I S1
a1II I S1
) (a I2 I S2
a II
2 I S2 ) ,
'
Z 0L
(0.275 j1.0265 ) /km,
shunt capacitances:
'
C1L
13.0 nF/km ,
'
C0L
8.5 nF/km
'
, C0m
5.0 nF/km .
sub-system R:
100
a b c
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Time [ms]
b)
b)
c)
3
2
1
Imag(ZFL) [ ]
a b c
0
1
2
3
0
20
40
60
Time [ms]
80
100
120
10
Conclusions
New fault-loop impedance measurement algorithm
designated for inter-circuit faults on a double-circuit line has
been presented. It has been derived with use of a
generalized fault-loop model and the obtained formula is
compact and applicable for different faults. Complete oneend measurements are required for that. The algorithm is
stated in terms of symmetrical components what is also
useful for fault location purpose where a compensation for
line shunt capacitances is highly required for long lines.
The ATP-EMTP simulation-based evaluation showed
much superior operation of the adaptive distance protection
equipped with the developed fault-loop impedance
measurement over the standard protection in the case of
inter-circuit faults on a double-circuit transmission line.
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