Scribd Logo
Carica

Benvenuto in Scribd!

  • Lug Analysis - MechaniCalc

    Caricato da

    frvv
    18 visualizzazioni19 pagine
    Lug Analysis

    Titolo originale

    Lug Analysis _ MechaniCalc

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formati disponibili

    PDF o leggi online da Scribd

    Hai trovato utile questo documento?

    Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

    Segnala questo documento
    Lug Analysis

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    18 visualizzazioni19 pagine

    Lug Analysis - MechaniCalc

    Caricato da

    frvv
    Lug Analysis

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 19
    Lug Analysis ‘weet peumwtterconvehare) Get ‘lug, also known asa litng ug o = padeye. is essentially a plate wih 3 hole in where the hol sited tt ve pn, Lugs are ued in combination with levis pins to tans eae between ferent mechanical components. Common applations wher lugs are used nel ‘+ serongbacks with padeyes ted with sackles and other gging + connections beween actuators and other structure. tunion ln clei joint) + door hinges ‘Advantages of gs over athe ype of connections that are used eo transmt load include: + rotation between components is possible + qulekand simple instalation Lug Calculator (/calculators/lifting-lug-analysis/) ec out our aklorVakulorsting gaat based on temethodology desrbeshere + Lug Analysis Overview Vraerence/luganabsistanabsis-overvew) + simples Anais reterence/lug-anaysisasiplised-analysi) © Tension Fallure Across Net Section efeenceflug-analysissimpliid ensionfalure-acrossnetsecton) «© shear Tear Out Along Two Plhnes reference/ug-nalysisesimplies-sheorsearout) © Bearing Fallue reterencelg-analsistsimpiiea.beaingallte) + Air Foree Method ireferencellig-anaysistai-forcemethod) © Axal Loading Ueterencelag-anayista-force-axab lg) Transverse Loading referenceflug-analysistai-force-vansverse4v8) © Oblique Loacing Vteerence/kgarabsistaiforee-oblque-he + Deuble shear Jen: Serangth Ureverenceluganalysstair-‘orce-double-shear-sength) + ASME STH Method Ureference/uganalysissasmebor-nethos) Correction Factors iefreneeilug-anahsitasmexorrection eter) Design Factor & Service Class referencefluganalssasmedesign‘actor) © Lig Strength Calculations eterence/ug-anabsistasme-lugatrengh) + Append: reterencelug-analysssappendy) + Notes referencelug-anabsisinotes) + References reference/lg-anahisreferences) Lug Analysis Overview Analysis of lugs ceceptvely complex since there are several simultaneous, interacting failure modes. These folure odes are associated with diferent ares of ‘heli as usted inte gure below (Not: Figure not to scale eference/uganabsistnate-prsite) ‘The fare modes forthe gare Isted below. The numbers correspond with the labeled sections from the above figure: 4 Tension fare across the net section 2. shear falar along two planes 5. Bearing failure 4 Noop tension falure fracture on single plane 5. Out ofplane bucking (shire (not shown inthe gure) ‘There ate several common methods ofanatyeing 9 + Simplfed analysis-Thls methods bases on st principls and invelves making implying assumptions about the nature of te fllre an ealeultng factors of safety This has the advantage of being elativel easy, but only gives an approximate dterminacon ofthe adequacy af the ig + Air Fores Method - This methed considers most of the alse medes above, and uses emp ial curves to determina more accurate allowable loads. This ‘method allows for gs unde axial loading ansverse lading or oblaue loading, This method als accounts fo the interaction between the Lig ad the pt ‘+ ASME STH -This method considers most of the alae medes above, and uses simplifed equations with correction factors based on empirical data to determine more accurate allowable loads. This method Is simple han the A Ferce Method, bu ton alls fer lps under al leaing and does nat accoune forthe ineraction between the lg ane the pin lo these methods are descrived inthe following sections Simplified Analysis ‘his method isbase on et pices (a wells on he spite method ound in Brun tps arsazonconsAnab's Design Fide STrucures/ poss 1s2409/eras ss Hao Fabnodest tagemchancle ZOE Inkvt7e4dboa29991 Tests abSe) and valves mating "Smpliving assumptions about he nature of he fue, While is relatively easy to perform, only gives an approximate determination of he adequacy ofthe We ana should nat be employe for eral structure inthe simple analysis, the following fallure modes are considered + Tension fare across the net section shear aur along so planes + Bearing fare ‘actor of safety Uretorencelstength-of-nateriasallowable-stress-design) is caleubtes foreach of he faire modes, and a long, each foto of safety is acceptable then te lug canbe considered to pas. The Figure elow shows te lug in blue andthe pin in green |] _ to ce R CLhole ‘ha dimensions nthe figure ar: + Dy =hok ameter + Dy =pindameter + Re edge distance (sistance trom centr of holeto edge of gin rection of apple o2) + r= racus of curvature of edge of ig eater than or equalto + a= distance rom edge of holt edge of hg = R— 0.5Dy + wewath hickness (ot shown in igure thickness into the page) Zt in shear planelength due co cunature at end o ug (9 shear plane locating angle = 40" Mietwagen Hamburg Rent Tension Failure Across Net Section Tension faituxe aerss the net seton ours over the eros-secton hightghted in rd inthe figure below ‘The area ofthe net secon igen: Ac=(w— Dutt ‘The ultimate tensile adi the oad that woul resu in tense ature across he net sein, ands ven by Pay ~ Suche here Sq the ukimate tensile strength Ureferencermaterakpropertastsess-strain-cuve ofthe lug material The equation above assumes a uniform tense stress relerencelstrength-ot-matrialststveseandatran) oer the cosesactin. heal there willbe a stress concentration (reterencelstrengh-t ‘matarllsastress-conceteation du tothe lw of sess around the hole ‘The factor of afr is ven by: FS = 2 Shear Tear Out Along Two Planes Shear tear out occurs over the two shear planes highlighted in rein the Fgur below: The total shear plane area is giver by: A, = Bayt where Lys the length ofthe shear plane and ste lug thickness. A simp and conservative approach sto calcu the length of single snear lane as: Ly aa where = R- 0.5D,,9s shown nthe figure above. its desire to account fora slighty longer shear plane tis commen practice to considera 40 degre Ine extending fm the center ofthe shear pin. Atthe point where tha 2 deree ln intersects the pin hol, extend the shear plane horzantaly othe gute edge of he Nagin this case Lp is calculated a5: >» Ly a4 DEA costs)) 2 here bis the shear plane locating angle of 0° and Zs the loss in shear plane langth duet the curvature at she en ofthe lug. This oss is akulated as Note thet the lug end is fat thanx sinfinty and Zs zero. ‘The ut mate shear loads the lod hat would result shear tear out along the wo ples, ands gven by: where Sy is the ulimate shea strength of he ig materia ‘The actor af satis even by Bearing Failure searing occurs between the surtac ofthe pln and the ner src ofthe ole nthe lugs shown inthe igure eb ‘he bearing area is gen by: Dyt Note that since ne length ofthe bearing surface sequal tate diameter ofthe pn and since te dreumterence of acces gen by + melange ofthe bearing suraceis abo equal to 1 times the circumference ofthe pln + the swept ange ofthe bearing surlaceisequalte 2 radians = 15" ‘The uate bearing ads the load tht would result in bearing fare, andis ven by Pou = Sirs here Sry ithe minimum ofthe ukimate bering strength ofthe lug material andthe ubimate bearing strength ofthe pn material, The ukimace bearing strength ‘an be approximated a5 15S The actor af safer is ven by Po FSi = Ira bushings pressed int the lg. then bering needs tobe calculated for both sets of contact + Pinonbushing + susning on ug Mailing List Subscibe to receive ocasional updates onthe latest mprovements: mall Adress Air Force Method ‘The ir Force Method is widely used in industry ans docomentein the Sess Anahsis Manual of he A Force Fight Dynamics Laboratory (FO), This method fells closely with tha methods presented in Meleon & Hotlt an Brut (tps amazon.comvanalyei-Devgnslgntvehicl- Stretres/p/0961523409/efas bs Mes UTFRBnkCode= lag=mecharieale-20alnkIS=07e81db03299931 Tod e56051a0Sa), and relies heaiy on curves generated by empirical data. Athough this method is somewhat more complex than ether lug analss metnods, is increaibly useful because talbws fr Lgs Under acalleacing, ransverse leading, or obfque loacing, ad because it accounts forthe interaction between the lg ad te in Lug Calculator (/calculators/lifting-ug-analysis/) ec ou our eakubtor Veseuorfing- nays based on he Ar Force Metod deserbeshere ‘This section ascuses ania loading, wansverse loading, and oblique loading separate. These selonsasregard the fect ofthe pn onthe ig strength. A Giscussion ofthe pin and lginteracson given athe end, Axial Loading For ally loaded ug, the Ar Force method evaluates the lg for bearing far, shear-out allure, hoop tension failure and allure across the net section. Thre of ‘he allure mades are actually combined ino a single allare mode ~the "bearing strength” accounts er bearing Shear-out and hoop cension, Ths consistent wth {raf (tps amazon.convAnalyss-Desgnfgnt vehicle Structures 9o/096"S23209/ref=as.I.ss.¢Re=UTFablinkCade=Iitagemecranicale- 208lnitd-07e8' db a29995"r7Udte56051 98547) and Meleon & Hable ‘he dimensions of icarest for an axally loaded lug are shown nthe igure below: 9 “er g ‘The dimensions rom the figure inch: + D=hole diameter Dy =pinaareter "edge dstance tance from edge of hole to edge of bg = wewiath hekness Mietwagen Hamburg Rental m Bearing Strength Under Axial Load ‘The uimate bearing bad, accountng for bearing, shesr-out and hoop tensions given by FuiDt if Sy = 1.8015,, 1L.304Fig DE otherwise here D isthe hole diameter and ¢ ithe lug thickness. Figs 1 and Fry atthe lg ulate and yield bearing sesses, respectively and are gen bythe following uations: e/D<15 | efD215 emerges Fas KESe KS velsseaingsoes Fine: | KES, | KS, The equation for ultimate bearing load canbe condensed down to: Pout = K-rmin(Si,18048,)-De|P BID SEs 1 otherwise For ratios of e/D les than 15, thebole is dese tothe eageof the ug an so shear-out ana hoop tension are ely o be the mos critical allure modes. Fo ager values of €/D, the hole spaced farther rom the edge and so bearings key tobe the real allure mode ‘The factor Kin the equations above the allowsble ani Toad coefcent whieh accounts forthe interaction effects between the eiferet faire maces (bearing stearout and hoop tension, the value of K Is ead of of one ofthe fllowng two pot. The ist pots used fr Dt < 6, which s the mast common case If Djt > S then the gis thin, ad in that case the vale of Kis eas of ofthe second pot below, "2 eerwelirraertew koe) ‘Bushing Bearing Strength Under Axial Load thre sa bushing inthe lg. then the bearing rength for he bushing must be caleulsted. The bushing ukiate lad is gen by Pas 80455 2D4t here Dy sthe pn ameter, the bushing ticness (assumed tobe equalt the ig thickness. and Sg the compressive lela strength of the bushing ‘materia Tne Ai Force manual assumes the compressive utimate strength ofthe Bushing materia, Sa, tobe equalte 1.3048. thre sno bushing inthe ug, then the alulton should sie performed assuming that thelug materials the bushing materi "Net Section Strength Under Axial Load he net-secion uiimate laad accounts for tension flare across the net scion and aleulted by (w- Dit 5. < 1.8048, Post = |1.306Fy (uw — D)e otherwise where wis the wisth and Dis the hoe lometer. Fou, and Fay 20 the ulinate ad yes netsection stresses (raferencelstrengh-otematevalestess-onc stain respectively and are given by the fllowng equations sot = KS Vila netsectonseess: | Frys = KySw ‘The equation fort secon ulimate leas can be condensed dow to: Pras, = Ky tin (S,,1. 40484) -(w— D)-t he factor Kn the equations above ste net tension stress coeiient whichis a knock-down on the allowable interpolating between the ‘olloning plots sss, Tevalue of Ky s determined by Design Strength Under Axial Load ne design uksmate oad fran axially loaded lugs the minimum of he ukimate bearing lad the ukimate bushing lod, and the ukimate net-ection lod: Poise = mit (Prats Pass Pos Transverse Loading he ana for wansversely loaded lugs similar to sat fran axl loaded lg. However, the allure made for wansvers loading is more compli axialloacing and ferent cimensions are erica fr determining ug strength, The mensions of intrest er transversely ladles lug are shown below here hy, and are fare planes of nerest the lg is symmetac then the values fo these dimensions can be easly obtained fom the dimensions for an seal loaded lg hy = 0.5(w ~ D) fy hy = hy +051 conds°) Ayaa shouldbe noted that hy define asthe smalls dimension on any ada section around the ole but wilypeally be equal toa From the above dimeasions, ne effective edge asances calculates 6 he” Tie i hy TT ‘Th equation above is simply 2"vecprocl average” that gives more weghtingto dimension hy since that sation takes most ofthe load, wean Lug Strength Under Transverse Load femate transverse lad i given by: |FiarDt if Sy. < 1.3045 1S04F ,,,Dt otherwise Povt where Dis the hole diameter and ithe lug thickness, Fi an Fry, atthe higukimate ana yes bering stresses, respectively, and are gen by the following uations: fnat = Kin Sia Yield searing stress: | Fit = KinySiy here Kiny and Ky are te transverse utimate aye load coeticiens and ae determined from the follwing pet i Bushing Bearing Strength Under Transverse Load ‘The bearing strength forthe bushing na ansversely aded lug isthe sameas fran axl loaded Pour = Par here, gs the bushing bearing strength for an aly loaded lug teference/lug-analsstar-force-bushng-bearng-a Design Strength Under Transverse Load ‘The design ultimate load fora transversely loaded lugs the minimum ofthe utmate lg load andthe utimate bushing load Powsiz = min (Pits Poue) Looking for a Lug Calculator? (/calculators/lifting-lug-analysis/) Checkout ou ig aes Uealesortting uy anaysi based on the methodology dscbed nee + lows fr asa transverse or bique loading + Performs calculation or hig strength pin strength and double shea jin strength — Fs yeaelotorstengg-enalysn nw Oblique Loading nan oblquely loaded lg, the aplle loa has both axa and transverse components as shown nthe fgure below for an bliuely leaded pte applied lad should be broken out tthe aiatand wanserse compan, Pag and and the sensi the asa and ‘vanserse erections should be clelted as discussed inthe previous sector. Ar allowable load cure an ten be dined which kes the frm of an interaction ‘equation ani pen blow: Passe)", ( Pst) Puce Fars) = ‘The allowable lad curve defnas the Im at whieh the lugs expecedtofal~itdefnes the ulate lad fora gen combinstiono apple ae and wansvrse too nthe equation above, Past heal component ofthe ukimate lad, Py ihe arsverse cemperet ofthe arate fad Py she design strength under aaload Ureference/lug-anayss¥ai-forc-aualdesgn- with respect tothe imate load, Note that the apped oa completely axa then he value ‘sO and ene pont (Rye, By) bs along the xen end othe ultmat load fe smply the axal design svength. Likewise for a comaletlytranverze apple load inthis ease, the point les alg he yx nd so the Uimate lad isthe ansverse design ster For an applied load wth beth axial and transverse components the uninate loads aleulted by drawing a line om ne arg, through the point (Ras, Ry) aed ‘then though the allowable oad curve. Thisisthe load Ine, and ithas slope of Re Pe "Re Puce Poe he ulemate load ato are given bythe itersction ofthe loa ine with he allowable led curve, These ukimate ratios can then be used to calculate the utimate load values inthe ai an transverse airecsons, Uimate Axial Lad Ratio | Ukimate Transverse Load Ratio Passi _ Pest Feet Be Beat Pini Ieshouldbe nots that the equation forthe slope given above csagrees wth the slope pacifadin the Ar Force Manual, lscussonsghvenin the Aopen ieteencertg-anoyiobiqueaiserepancy Instead of determining the timate values by plting, they can be caleulate ect by noting that the ukimate ead components, Py and Pa 278 elated by Pret Parsi“ tan (a) hare crs the angle ofthe apliedoad wth respect tote al direction, teeeregartpheneutiecongorene The aqustion defining the allowable Fre ‘The utenaceappted tad can then de determined by: Paie = Peon + Pe ne factor of safer is aut by: Me ireeeretuaraatnenr att Pax Double Shear Joint Strength le imporeant for the pin inthe jan tobe strong enough tati¢wil aletibute the aad evenly over the gs Even though a weskpin ll nc commonly breakin race, excessive flexure athe pin wil cae the hod to "peak up earth shear ples such that he outer edges ofthe i ee high ods and the nner Prone ofthe ugs are reltvelyurloaded. This an cause tha matartal around the hles onthe outer surfaces ofthe igs o stretch far enough tonite a fracture, fans the hig lial at» lower load han presited. ‘one eect tha helps the situation shat as the lad concentrates ner the shear planes the bending arm's reduced, an therefore the Bening moment nthe pin le racuced. However, 2 study tea by Moleon and able found that ths daerearen bending memartie‘seldom mere than 25 percent ang usvally much zz” Since bang inthe pin aecss the strength ofthe lg tis erticl to acount forthe pin strength when analyzing th Joint. In ths sacson, 3 methed fr ealeustng ‘he allowable fo fra double shear joints presented, An example ofa double shear joint is shown below: Ina double shear oie, there are wouter female) gs single inne mae vg, 2d pin ‘the overall process determining the allowable lad Is Mutated inthe dgrar blow: rong pin rr Calculate Allowable Lo Calculate Joint Strength ignoring Pin Effects tat ignoring he ees af in bending, cakulate the imate loa ofeach lin the jin using the methods deseribedn the previous sections Vreterencehit- analyssai-free-ebque-ug- Then cleulae the nominal utima joint eae (rich doesnot account forthe pin strength Paso = min (2- Pa Passe) where Pie isthe utimate loa for the maleivg and Pus is theultimate load for a single female hig, Since there are 2 feral us supporting the lad then the Unite load with respect tothe female gsis = Paes Calculate Pin Shear and Bending Strengths ‘The shear sierath and the Bending strength ofthe pn shoul both be cakulate in Shear Strength ‘The uersate shear load ealulted by. Pur =2(ED§) Sar here Dp is the pin dlameter and Sp the ulate shear strength ofthe pin material. Note that twice the avea fs sed In caleulting pin shea strength since ‘here aretwo sear planes Pin Benaing Sangh ‘The umate bending load isthe apple lod that woul result in bending flue ofthe pn and is eakubtes by 2M Pore were Lar s the moment am and Mf the ukimate fling moment forthe pin the fad is istributed evenly across the entire width of the gs then the “ ban = ($4 $3) here ty isthe thickness of single female bg fy isthe thickness ofthe malelug. and g'sthe gap beeen the male and feral igs when the male iis entered between the female gs ‘elt ng manent fre pce Dh me Bp here Sa ps the urinate tense strength of he pia materia and hy the plastic bending coeticient. According to the Ai Force Manual “the value of iy» ves from 10 fora perfect elastic ino 1. for 2 perfectly past pi, with a value of 155 or pine made from reasonstly ductile materials (more than 5% elongation)” By Su Pin Strong or Weak in Bending? ‘once the pn strengths are caleulated, determine whether the pn strong or weakin bering. the pn ukimate bending load (Pp) is greater than ether the pla timate sear load (Py) or the nominal ubiatejintload (Py. om) ten the pin is elatvely song and isnot ritalin benarg. Ocherwise the pin is weak tnd s ertealin bending Yes 9 Sirona in Pas > Pasmm oF Pap > Psp? YE? Monee Strong Pin te pn strong th joint strength wb Fite by iter eh pn shed strength or by the nominaljoint stvength. othe case ofa stron pi the pin ulate bending load is cleulated assuming that the load distributes evenly over the fullwidth of ce gs: DR Sia (G+ F49) Por ‘The equation above isthe same as the equation presented eal forthe utinate pin bending lad, but withthe terms combined ino a single equation. Fora song pi the pla bending does no affect the joint strength andthe ulimatejintload is equate the nominal uhimate jin oat Poa = Panam Weak Pin tthe prs weakn benalng, then the load wllnat be dstributed evenly over te lg wlth. stead the load wil concentrate toward the shear planes and the nner portions of helugs wilde relatively unloaded, ecause of this, the hgs willl at lower lad than precited To acount for he low pin bending strength, 3 balanced design” ulimate loads cakulated. The goal ste determine the acu bearing wih ver whieh the Mas support the load. stead ofthe load being supported over the fl lug icknesses ty and the load wilnstead be astibuted over Some smaller with, by and 2ysae shown inthe fgure below. is assumed thatthe loads uniformly estibutes over these widens. Reducing the bearing wicth hast effects + The ulimate loads reduced forthe lugs the lugs flat fower oh {The momant arm forthe pins reduced, whieh Incraasas the p's mate bending lad (te pln fal at a higher loa he new Increased value of the pin ui bencing lad is caleulates by: vere nthe equation above, by and 2b, were substituted for fy and te fromm the previous pn bending equation, k's to find the values of by and by that result in the “balanced design” ukimate load, To determine the balanced design ukimate lad reduce the Bearing lugs are equal to one other as wel as equal othe ukimate bending ead ofthe pn. This requires an teratve wiaths of each of tre lugs until he timate ead procs. ‘once the balanced design ultimate adi found theultimate joint oad and the pin ukimateaending load are each equal tthe balanced loa Pup = Par = Palanat Calculate Alowable Load for Joint he umate Joint load (P, should have been calubes in one of the two previous secions, depend ng on whether he pin was strong ar weak n bending suongpins | Py = Pe Pus = Poland ‘The overall timate ad seounting for bot the uate joint ad andthe ultimate pin shear oad i aku bt Pay = min (Py Par) he factor of safer saluted by: Looking for a Lug Calculator? (/calculators/lifting-lug-analysis/) Checkoutour cleo ealeltosttingluganajish based onthe ethology described nee + Alows for aso transverse, or bique adn + ertorns calelations for ig strength, pin stergth, and double shear jin strength el |= ASME BTH Method ‘The ASME method of up analysis is deserved in ASME BTH1, ‘Design of SlowstheHook Ling Dewees." This method consiers the following fare modes, where ‘he numbers correspond tothe igure: Tension fare across the net section 2 shear falure along wo planes 3. Bearing fare 14 ractre on single plane Wiles actor of safety Ureference/strength-o-naterlstllowable-stress-design) on dshng (out-of-plane bucklng) snot expel caleulate, the efetve with {atetation accounts or Oe lug thiceressin an aero protect agains sing alae. ‘he denne tre rug eta hm gab of >, af Fw Dy =pingameter b, er with (stance between the edge af the hele and the eae ofthe gn the transverse direction) ‘Re edge distance sistance rom the center ofthe hele tothe ede of the lug inthe direction of apples load) radu of curvoture of edge of hg greater than oF equalto R) stance from the edge ofthe ale tothe edge ofthe ig — Fe — 0.5Dy hikes (et shown in igure thickness tothe page) 2 «loss in shear planelength duet curvature atthe end ofthe ig {9 shear plane locating angle ‘The dimensions rom the figure inl: Correction Factors The analysis in ASME BTH is very sar tothe simpliedanabssUreference/lug-analysisssimglies-aralss), withthe exception of several correction factors that are calealated based on test resus. These correction factors are dscusse below. Strength Reduction Factor The ug strengtn is reduced as thefitbetwean the pn and th holes losened. The ug strength spat much aected as longas the pin and hole area relatively ight fi ASME defines a strength reduction factor that can be used to accourt or the plnrhele larance as: HD, /Dy > 09 otherwise where Dy the pn ameter and Ds the hole smeter Shear Plane Locating Angle ‘sear plone beating angle suse te locate the two planes along which shear ear out occurs, as shown in the figure: CLhole Alarger value of resus na larger shear plone atea. Other methodologies commonly ake #38. constant vali ypeally 40", but ASME relates it othe rato of ‘hein dameterto the hole lamer such that loosestng pin has. a smaller shear plane area than 3 tighicing in Effective width ‘he term b is referred toa the net width andisthe cstance between the edge ofthe hele and the edge of the ug in the transverse dvection a5 shown inthe figure: CLhole Inthe tension caleulstions, an efecive width caleubted ani the smallest of he following: + hay abe ‘The ettectve wth should nee be lager than the actual net with ie ‘Thisimitis intend to protect agalnsteshig fale once the lg hekness drops below 1/8 ofthe net wlth b, the ‘eco widen is criven dow, Ths imi an be ignored the ls stillened or eanstained against bucking, + heya oh nya = 0.6), $2,/T2 —Trsequation sempre es to cet rests sve ‘The effective wth scakultes as bagy = min (byyasbespasbozes) Design Factor & Service Class 1 sign factor requied factor of sate, Na, sed inthe stent cleo, The vale for Ny canbe fund trom the able blow Design Factor ‘Condition Neoz00 ‘Design Category tars predictable bad, accurately defined or non severe enuironmental conditions, no more than 20,000 oad a cycles} N,=300 ‘Design Category ers (unpredictable oad, uncertain or severe environmental conditions) 1 seraceclas's used to account or fatigue Me and is defined tases onthe able below Service hss | Load Gyles o 0-20.000 00,001 -500,000, 300,001 2.000000, ‘Over 2000,000 Lug Strength Calculations ‘These strength calubons are only apocable for axl applied ods, as nceated by the applied fore arowin the fur belowe To determine whether the lp has sulien tenth

    Potrebbero piacerti anche