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PhysicsLAB:DerivationofBohr'sModelfortheHydrogenSpectrum
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DerivationofBohr'sModelfortheHydrogenSpectrum
Bythemiddleofthe19thcenturyitwaswellknownbychemiststhatexcitedhydrogengasemittedadistinctemissionspectrum.Itwasnotedthatthe
samelineswerealwayspresentandthatthespacingbetweentheselinesbecamesmallerandsmaller.
In1885,thefirstpersontoproposeamathematicalrelationshipfortheselineswasaSwisshighschoolphysicsteacher,J.J.Balmer.Wenowcall
hydrogen'svisiblespectrumtheBalmerseries.Balmer'sempiricalformulaexactlymatchedtheexperimentalists'observedwavelengths.
WhereRiscalledtheRydbergconstantandhasawellestablishedvalueof1.0974x107m1.
Itwasn'tuntil1913thatNielsBohrdevelopedatheoryoftheatomthatexplainedwhythisformulaworked.
Derivation
Inanhydrogenatom,thecentripetalforceisbeingsuppliedbythecoulombforcebetweenitandtheprotoninthehydrogennucleus.
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RememberthatZrepresentstheatomicnumber(thenumberofprotons),thatelectronsandprotonshavethesamemagnitudecharge,e,andthata
negativeFelectrostaticmerelymeansthattheelectrostaticforceisattractive.Alsonotethatthevaluesofvnofrnareunknownsinthisequation.
Asameansofevaluatingthesetwounknowns,Bohrfirsthypothesizedthattheelectron'sangularmomentumwasquantized.
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Uponsolvingtheangularmomentumequationforvn,substitutingitintothecentripetalforceequationyieldsthefollowingexpressionforrn.
Foragroundstatehydrogenelectron,
orapproximatelyhalfofanAngstrom.
Bohr'ssecondhypothesisinhismodelwasthatanelectrononlylosesorreleasesenergy(andthereforeaphoton)whenitgoesthroughdeexcitationor
dropsfromahigherenergystatetoalowerenergystate.Inordertodeterminetheenergylostbytheelectron,anexpressionforanelectron'stotalenergy
hastobedeveloped.
Recallthattheelectricpotentialenergyforanelectronwouldequal
http://dev.physicslab.org/document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=atomicnuclear_bohrmodelderivation.xml
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PhysicsLAB:DerivationofBohr'sModelfortheHydrogenSpectrum
Byextendingthecentripetalforcerelationship,anexpressioncanalsobederivedfortheelectron'skineticenergy
Thus,thetotalenergy,En,ofanelectronequals
Inthisequation,noticethatthetotalenergyisnegative.Thisisinterpretingasmeaningthattheelectronistrappedinanenergywellaboutthenucleus
thatis,itwouldtaketheadditionofenergytoionizeorfreetheelectron.
Substitutinginthevalueforr1intothistotalenergyexpressionyieldsagroundstateenergyof2.18x1018Joulesor13.6eVforahydrogenatom.Using
thefactthatrn=n2r1
wecannowgeneratedthefirstfourenergylevelsforhydrogen.
E1=13.6eV
E2=E1/22=3.4eV
E3=E1/32=1.51eV
E4=E1/42=0.85eV
Bohr's second hypothesis combined with Planck's formula for quantized energy (E = hf) will now
allowustoderiveBalmer'sequation.Rememberthattheenergyreleasedbytheelectronduringde
excitationequalstheenergyoftheemittedphoton.
Let'sbeginbyassumingthatanelectronisfallingfromEj,ahighenergystate,toEi,alowerenergy
state.
http://dev.physicslab.org/document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=atomicnuclear_bohrmodelderivation.xml
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PhysicsLAB:DerivationofBohr'sModelfortheHydrogenSpectrum
Ifweleti=2,andj {3,4,5,6}thenwehavederivedBalmer'sempiricalformula!
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CatharineH.Colwell
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ApplicationProgrammer
MarkActon
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