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Introduction to Environmental
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Navindu Gupta
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
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Introduction to
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCES
Introduction to
ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCES
ISBN 978-81-7993-455-5
Suggested citation
Khoiyangbam, R.S., and N Gupta. 2012. Introduction to Environmental Sciences.
New Delhi: TERI
Published by
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Tel. 2468 2100 or 4150 4900
TERI Press
Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145
Darbari Seth Block
India +91 Delhi (0) 11
IHC Complex, Lodhi Road
E-mail teripress@teri.res.in
New Delhi 110 003
Web www.teriin.org
Printed in India
Preface
VI
Preface
R.S. Khoiyangbam
Navindu Gupta
Acknowledgements
R.S. Khoiyangbam
Navindu Gupta
Foreword
Foreword
learn format for quick and logical comprehension of the key environmental
issues; it also covers topics such as biostatistics, principle of analytical
methods, disaster management, and environmental management system
which rarely find place in other books on the subject. Analysis manual for
water and soil have also been incorporated in the book.
I am sure the book will be of great help not only to the students,
teachers, and researchers but also to the professionals and policy-makers.
H.S. Gupta
Director
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi-110012
Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
Foreword ix
12
2. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
15
15
16
18
21
35
44
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Environmental Segment
2.3 Toxic Chemicals in the Environment
2.4 Water Pollution
2.5 Air Pollutants
2.6 Control Techniques for air pollutants
1
3
3
5
6
7
8
9
11
3. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSTATISTICS
51
51
52
52
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Concepts
3.3 Tabular Form of Data Presentation
XII
Contents
55
60
64
68
72
74
75
77
78
79
4. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
81
81
82
84
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
5. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History and Concept
5.3 Basic Principles of Sustainable Development
5.4 Post-Brundtland World
5.5 Roots of Sustainability
5.6 Sustainable Development Indicators
5.7 Paradigm Towards a New
Disciplinesustainability Science
5.8 Conclusions
85
86
88
89
90
92
93
95
99
99
99
101
102
105
106
109
111
Contents
XIII
6. RESTORATION ECOLOGY
115
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Causes of Environmental Degradation
6.3 Consequences of Environmental Degradation
6.4 Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems
6.5 Forest Lands
6.6 Mined Areas
6.7 Shifting Cultivated Areas
6.8 Wetlands
6.9 Wastelands
6.10 Restoration of Agricultural lands
6.11 Waterlogged Soils
115
115
118
120
120
124
127
129
131
136
144
7. SOIL POLLUTION
149
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Functions of Soil
7.3 Land and Soil Resources in India
7.4 Soil Pollution
7.5 Soil Pollution Control
7.6 Soil as a Sink of Pollution
7.7 Soil Degradation
7.8 Problem Soils
7.9 Soil Quality
7.10 Approaches for Maintenance of Soil Quality
7.11 Policy Measures to Improve Soil Quality
7.12 Conclusions
149
150
150
151
154
156
156
158
160
163
167
169
171
171
172
172
173
174
176
178
184
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Why to Study Population at All?
8.3 Sources of Demographic Data
8.4 World Population Growth for 100 years
8.5 Some Terminologies used in Demography
8.6 Fertility
8.7 Mortality
8.8 Common Measures of Population Growth
XIV
Contents
184
186
187
188
188
189
191
193
194
199
199
199
205
207
213
222
226
9.1 Introduction
9.2 pH
9.3 Ion Meter
9.4 Electrical Conductivity Meter
9.5 Spectro Photometers
9.6 Flame Photometers
9.7 Limitations of Flame Photometer
227
10.1 Introduction
227
10.2 Moisture Content (Gravimetric Method)
(Jackson 1973)
227
10.3 Bulk Density
228
10.4 Texture
228
10.5 Determination of pH
232
10.6 Conductivity
234
10.7 Organic Carbon (WalkleyBlack method)
235
10.8 Total Nitrogen
236
10.9 Nitrate Nitrogen
238
10.10 Available Phosphorous
240
10.11 Potassium (Neutral Normal Ammonium
Acetate Method) (Hanway and Heidel 1952)
242
10.12 Determination of Sodium
243
10.13 Determination of Chloride
244
10.14 Determination of Alkalinity
246
Contents
XV
249
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Water Sampling Techniques
11.3 Temperature
11.4 Determination of Turbidity
11.5 Determination of pH
11.6 Electrical Conductivity
11.7 Determination of Total Dissolved Solids
11.8 Dissolved O2 (Winkler method)
11.9 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
11.10 Determination of Chloride
11.11 Determination of Fluoride Content
11.12 Determination of Salinity
11.13 Determination of Hardness
11.14 Determination of Permanent Hardness
11.15 Determination of Alkalinity
11.16 Calcium and Magnesium Content
11.17 Determination of Sodium Content
11.18 Determination of Potassium Content
249
249
251
251
255
256
257
258
260
262
264
265
265
267
268
269
270
271
275
275
276
276
277
277
279
279
281
283
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Noise
12.3 Characteristics of Sound
12.4 Decibels
12.5 Measurement of Noise
12.6 Perception of Sound and Hearing Mechanism
12.7 Effects of Noise Exposure
12.8 Control of Noise
12.9 Conclusion
285
285
287
289
295
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
XVI
Contents
298
301
302
307
14.1 Introduction
307
14.2 Types of Biodiversity
307
14.3 Importance and Value of Biodiversity
309
14.4 Threats to Biodiversity and Species Extinction
311
14.5 Genetic Erosion
313
14.6 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
314
14.7 Biodiversity Hotspots
317
14.8 Measurement of Biodiversity
318
14.9 Conservation Measures: In situ and Ex Situ conservation 319
14.10 Earth Summit and Agenda 21
320
14.11 Biological Diversity Act, 2002
321
325
325
326
328
329
331
331
334
337
338
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
341
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Objectives of Environmental Education
16.3 Guiding Principles and Goals of Environmental
Education
16.4 Formal and Non-Formal Environmental Education
16.5 Environmental Education in India
16.6 Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
16.7 Role of Mass Media in Environmental Conservation
341
341
343
345
348
350
351
Contents
XVII
355
355
357
359
370
374
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Disaster Managementdefinition and Types
17.3 Frequently Occurring Disasters in India
17.4 Pre- and Post-Disaster Management
17.5 Resettlement and Rehabilitation of People
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
18.3 Radiation Balance
18.4 Sources and Sinks of Major GHGs
18.5 Global Warming Potential of GHGs
18.6 Measurement of GHG Emission from Soils
18.7 Inventories of GHG Emissions
18.8 Conclusion
379
379
381
384
392
395
402
411
Index 413
About the Authors
427