Using Compound Microscopes

Group: Charice, Alice, Lala, Janet, Holly

Mr.Bill, Biology

Due:Monday, October 17, 2016

Date: October 14, 2016

Honor Code: On my honor, I have neither received

nor given any unauthorized aid on this assignment.

INTRODUCTION:
According to Microscope.com and History of the Microscope, Zacharias Jansen and Han create,
and experimenting the first microscope. They create and discovery by outing several lenses. At
first, it was basically simple magnifier lens. The first microscope was the optical microscope. It
first appears in Netherland. There are many glasses the tube. The microscope used to have 9x
only.
According to the Microbe Hunter, Optical Microscope: the microscope use visible light (UV
light) to make an image, and for it to see. It can divide into several categories.
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Quoting to the dictionary.com, An optical instrument for forming magnified images of small
objects, consisting of an objective lens with a very short focal length and an eyepiece with a
longer focal length, lenses mounted in the same tube. We use microscope to see some of the
small things clearly that normal eye cant see.
Quoting to the Microbe Hunter, Stereo Microscope: these microscopes magnify up to about
maximum 100x and supply a 3-dimensional view of the specimen.
There are 13 types of microscopes and here is some significant:
Optical Microscopes: Optical microscope uses visible light (or UV light) to sharply magnify the
samples. The light rays refract with optical lenses.
Compound Microscope: Compound microscopes are light illuminated. The image seen with this
type of microscope is two dimensional. This microscope is the most commonly used. It has high
magnification. However, it has a low resolution.
Dissection or Stereoscope: A dissection microscope is light illuminated. The image that appears
is three dimensional. It is used for dissection to get a better look at the larger specimen. You
cannot see individual cells because it has a low magnification.
Confocal Microscope: This microscope uses a laser light. This light is used because of the
wavelength. Laser light scan across the specimen with the aid of scanning mirrors. Then image is
then placed on a digital computer screen for analyzing.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): SEM use electron illumination. The image is seen in 3-D.
It has high magnification and high resolution. The specimen is coated in gold and the electrons
bounce off to give you and exterior view of the specimen. The pictures are in black and white.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): TEM is electron illuminated. This gives a 2-D view.
Thin slices of specimen are obtained. The electron beams pass through this. It has high
magnification and high resolution.

MATERIALS:
- Onion cell
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- Onion roots
- Yogurt (undiluted)
- Yogurt (diluted)
- Toothpicks
- Compound Microscope
- Microscope slides
- Methylene Blue
- Small Knife
-Oil
- Dropper pipette
- Coverslips
- Gloves
- Glass Slides
- Cheek

PROCEDURE:
-Prepare the glass slides, and the coverslips for every sample.

Onion cell:
-First, takes a small knife; cut a thin and small piece inside of the onion so that it can fit in the
middle and between of the glass slide, and the coverslips.
-Second, put the small piece of onion cell in the middle of the glass slide. Then, add the coverslip
on the top.

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-Third, place the onion glass slide on the stage clip of the compound microscope.
-Fourth, move the objectives and see the 4x (low-power objective), you also need to move the
fine adjustment knob to focus.
-Fifth, you can also move the coarse adjustment knob to move up and down; move the slide
slowly until you can see the cell clearly.
-Sixth, repeat the steps by seeing the magnification 10x (medium-power objective).
-Seventh, observe the cell, and take a picture.

Onion root cells:

-First, cut the root of the onion; then, cut 1/10 of the root, just the small piece so that they can fit
in the middle and between of the glass slide, and the coverslips.
-Second, put the small piece of onion root cell in the middle of the glass slide. Then, add the
coverslip on the top.
-Third, place the onion root glass slide on the stage clip of the compound microscope.
-Fourth, move the objectives and see the 4x (low-power objective), you also need to move the
fine adjustment knob to focus.
-Fifth, you can also move the coarse adjustment knob to move up and down; move the slide
slowly until you can see the cell clearly.
-Sixth, repeat the steps by seeing the magnification 10x (medium-power objective).
-Seventh, observe the cell, and take a picture.

Yogurt (diluted):
-First, you need to put on the gloves.
-Second, take a toothpick; dip into the yogurt (diluted).

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-Third, take the toothpick, and fill a little bit so that it can fit in the middle of the glass slide and
the coverslip.
-Fourth, hold the slide over the fire 3 times.
-Fifth, use the pipette to put the methylene blue on.
-Sixth, move the objectives and see the 4x (low-power objective), you also need to move the fine
adjustment knob to focus.
-Seventh, you can also move the coarse adjustment knob to move up and down; move the slide
slowly until you can see the cell clearly.
-Eighth, repeat the steps by seeing the magnification 10x (medium-power objective).
-Ninth, observe the cell, and take a picture.
-Tenth, after that you put a little of the oil on top of the coverslip (the special oil in science use
for 100x objective; 100x objective is very special because it is the oil immersion lens).
-Eleventh, observe the cell with oil, and take a picture.

Yogurt (undiluted):
-First, you need to put on the gloves.
-Second, take a toothpick; dip into the yogurt (undiluted).
-Third, take the toothpick, and fill a little bit so that it can fit in the middle of the glass slide and
the coverslip.
-Fourth, hold the slide over the fire 3 times
-Fifth, use the pipette to put the methylene blue on.
- Sixth, move the objectives and see the 4x (low-power objective), you also need to move the
fine adjustment knob to focus.

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- Seventh, you can also move the coarse adjustment knob to move up and down; move the slide
slowly until you can see the cell clearly.
- Eighth, repeat the steps by seeing the magnification 10x (medium-power objective).
- Ninth, observe the cell, and take a picture.
- Tenth, after that you put a little of the oil on top of the coverslip (the special oil in science use
for 100x objective; 100x objective is very special because it is the oil immersion lens).
-Eleventh, observe the cell with oil, and take a picture.

Cheek cell:
-First, you need to put on the gloves
-Second, take the toothpick move up and down inside of your mouth for 5 seconds.
-Third, fill the cheek cell so that it can fit in the middle of the glass slide and the coverslip.
-Fourth, wait for 3-5 minutes for the cheek cell to dry.
-Fifth, hold the slide over the fire 3 times.
- Sixth, use the pipette to put the methylene blue on.
-Seventh, move the objectives and see the 4x (low-power objective), you also need to move the
fine adjustment knob to focus.
- Eighth, you can also move the coarse adjustment knob to move up and down; move the slide
slowly until you can see the cell clearly.
- Ninth, repeat the steps by seeing the magnification 10x (medium-power objective).
- Tenth, observe the cell, and take a picture.
- Eleventh, after that you put a little of the oil on top of the coverslip (the special oil in science
use for 100x objective; 100x objective is very special because it is the oil immersion lens).
-Twelfth, observe the cell with oil, and take a picture.
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DATA & RESULTS:

Onion cell:

-Onion cells (4x objective)

-Onion cell (10x objective)

-At first, in the 4x objective, all I can see is purple but then when I use the fine adjustment knob,
I can see the cells clearly. There are many purple holes
-In the 10x objective, I can see the cells even clearer, and closer to me. It looks really cool and
amazing through the 10x objective. There are even more holes.

Root cell:

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-Root cells (4x objective)

-Root cells (10x objective)

-In the 4x objective, I see the root cell is green, some parts are clear. It doesnt have hole but it
have dots on it. There is a line.
-In the 10x objective, I see the root cell have a darker color. Many cross lines, and we can look
closer to the root cell by looking through the 10x objective.

OUR TEAM CANNOT SEE ANYTHING WITH 40X AND 100X OBJECTIVE

Yogurt (diluted):

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-Cheek cells (4x objective)

-Cheek cell (10x objective)

-In 4x objective, I see the color blue and white mix with yellow. There are lots of holes. There is
one black line. I see it very clear by using the fine adjustment knob.
-In the 10x objective, I also see the color blue but the image isnt clear like the 4x objective
image. I can see little dark blue dots. There are many white dots. There is one black line.

Yogurt (undiluted):

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-Yogurt (undiluted) (4x objective)

-We can only see the color white and some blue dots.

Yogurt (diluted):
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-Yogurt (diluted) (4x objective)

-Yogurt (diluted) (10x objective)

-In the 4x objective, i can see the dark blue color. There is one straight black line. I also can see
the weird sharp shape. Around the weird shape are those purple dots.
-Int the 10x objective, i can see the dark blue color. There is one straight black line. The weird
shape looks clearer, it looks sharp. The weird shape looks like a very tiny and thin triangle
connect to others. Around the weird shape are those purple dots.

DISCUSSION:
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-Onion cell (source:Google)

-Bacteria in yogurt (source:Google)

-Onion root cell (source:Google)

-Cheek cell (source:Google)

Bacteria commonly found in yogurt:

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Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus

casei.

- Lactobacillus bulgaricus (source:Google)

- Streptococcus thermophiles (source:Google)

- Lactobacillus acidophilus (source:Google)

- Lactobacillus casei acidophilus (source:Google)

SHAPE AND STRUCTURES:

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Onion cell:
Quoting to the Reference.com, An onion cell has a rectangular shape. An onion cell's size can
range in length from 0.25 to 0.4 millimeters. An onion is a multicellular plant. Each cell type has
a nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria.
Onion root cell:
Quoting to the Value @ Amrita, An onion cell possesses eight chromosomes whereas human
cells possess forty six chromosomes. An onion root tip is a rapidly growing part of the onion and
thus many cells will be in different stages of mitosis. The onion root tips can be prepared and
squashed in a way that allows them to be flattened on a microscopic slide, so that the
chromosomes of individual cells can be observed easily.
Cheek cell:
Quoting to the Online Labs, As in all animal cells, the cells of the human cheek do not possess a
cell wall. A cell membrane that is semi-permeable surrounds the cytoplasm. Unlike plant cells, the
cytoplasm in an animal cell is denser, granular and occupies a larger space. The vacuole in an
animal cell is smaller in size, or absent. The nucleus is present at the Centre of the cytoplasm. The
absence of a cell wall and a prominent vacuole are indicators that help identify animal cells, such as
cells seen in the human cheek.

Compare:
Onion cell:
-My picture have the color purple, its clear, and easy to see. The image in the internet is also
purple, the picture also have cytoplasm, and nucleus.
Onion root cell:
-My picture is different from the internet picture. The colors, shape, lines, structure of my picture
are all different from the internet picture.

Cheek cell:
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-My picture is also different from the internet picture but it has the same color, blue. The internet
picture has the bigger dots than my picture, it isnt sharp like my picture, and it doesnt have the
little purple dots around.
Yogurt (diluted) (undiluted):
-My picture is completely different from the internet picture. The colors, shape, lines, structure
of my picture are all different from the internet picture.

I CAN LEARN:
-The new technique that I can learn is the compound microscope.
-I have more skill when I go to the lab. I can know what I should do when I go to the lab. I can
learn how to use the compound microscope very expert. I can see and learn more about onion
cell, onion root cell, cheek cell, yogurt (diluted), yogurt (undiluted). I can learn more about the
bacteria in yogurt. I know who was discovered the compound microscope.
-There is a lesson and experience that I wont ever forget is the oil that we use in science is the
oil can only touch the special lens (10x objective). Another 3 objectives like 4x, 10x, 40x, they
cannot touch the oil.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
-Methylene blue used to staining animal cells because we can see the cell visible under a
microscope when we put the methylene on top of the slide. We need to be careful while working
with the methylene blue because its very dangerous, it will stick to your clothes (hard to clean),
put on goggle because methylene will hurt your eyes.
-Quoting to the Brain Pop, 100x is the most powerful objective in the microscope. Notice the
word oil on the side of lens. This objective is an oil-immersion lens and to be used with a small
amount of immersion oil on the slide. The oil prevents light distortion and makes the image
clearer. Before you use the oil lens you will want to get the focus as sharp as possible on the 40x
objective. Using the applicator from the bottom of lens oil, add a single drop to the center of the
lens. Make sure that you dont get the lens oil on anything else. It should touch the drop of oil.
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Once you are using the 100x lens, its important that you not switch to the 40x objective, as you
could get oil on the lens and ruin it. The 100x objective oil is the only lens made to be used with
lens oil. Use only the fine focus adjustment knob with the oil immersion lens. Since the 100x
objective is so long and sits near to the slide, using the coarse adjustment knob could push this
lens through the slide and damage the slide, or even the lens. You need to use the fine adjustment
carefully.

Work Cited
Value @ Amrita, http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=188&sim=1102&cnt=1
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Online Labs, http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=79&brch=15&sim=125&cnt=1

History of the Microscope, http://www.history-of-the-microscope.org/
Microscope.com, http://www.microscope.com/
Microbe Hunter, http://www.microbehunter.com/
Dictionary.com, http://www.dictionary.com/
Brain Pop, https://www.brainpop.com/games/virtuallabsusingthemicroscope/

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