]Progetto applieato A Divert sono F medal di Fras che vongore ulizat por descrvee le forze i otito rolfara. Gui si fa uso del modell tineare ~pe, ma per veloc il elevote@ posse vare un modelo quadrats (pe? in solio © pu® in dlscaso), (Si veda VEsercizio 38 dal parograle precedente). Aline sper tmontazion! hanno mostato che par i togito o2reo di una palioa da gol & ‘appxopsiato ulizare Il modelo ~pe" mente palénc soe, © i! modell lol"? mente scenda. In ogni caso, Indipendentemen'a dala =1(0)ulizzto per descivere Hotei, purché fle) >0 per >. fle) <0 per # <0], [a tspeso oll domanda posta nal ico & sempre la sesso E pitt veloce salire o scendere? Lanciamo una palla in aia: vogtiamo capire se sia maggiore, minore o uguale il tempo di salitarispeto al tempo di discesa. Prima di sisolvere matematicameate il problema, cerchiamo 4i svdopparlo da un punto di vista escusivamente fisic. 1. La pala ai massa m ha una velocitiniiale ay ditettaverticalmente Si assume che le pallasubisca a forza di ettrazione gravitazionae e che uaa forza di ait che i oppone suo moto abbia istensta p| 0), dove p & una costante positiva e o() & la veloctd dell pallaal'stante¢. Si in slita sia in discesa la somma delle force agenti sulla palla 2 dunque ~po — mg, ma si osservi che se durante 'asesa of) positivae la resistenza 2 una forza che tira verso il basso, in discesao(?) ® negative ela esstenza dovuta a ‘wito agise spingendo la palla verso lato, Pe la seconda legge di Newton, 'equazione del moto é H= (+82 cmn tt sm 2. Dimostrare che la funzione che assegna Valtezza della pallarspeto all superficie terre- stre in funzione del tempo & r0= (ns Mt) en) P)P ? vt) che la resistenza dell’ara sia yh della velocita, ‘punto precedente, dopo aver disegnato il grafico della funzione (@). pid veloce salire 0 i. In generale, non si pud risolvere esplicitamente I'equazione y(2) = 0. Possiamo tuttavia f= creace per x > 1, Usare questo risulato per decidere se 2h) @ positive o negativa, e per lorsanda posta nel titolo di questa cezions,PARAGRAFO 3.6 DERIVAZIONE IMPLICTTA. #287 Progetto Quando un pilota deve iniziare la disces tterraggio perun aeroplano, Tale traittoria In figura ® mostrata Ia traiettore di approceio al’ scan deve soddisfare le seguenti condizion: (@) Leatirudine di volo & h quando la discesa inizia, a una distanza orizontae I dal panto di aterraggio, Vorgine. i) Tpilota deve mantenere una velocitdorizzontale costante v durante tatta la discesa, (i) 11 mostlo dell accelerazione verticale non deve superare una costane k (molto minore dell acclerazione di gravit). 1. ‘Trovare un polinomio cubico P(x) = ax? + bx? + cx + d che soddisfi la condizione ), imponendo delle appropriate condizioni su P(3) ¢ P(x) all'iniio ¢ alla fine della discese 2, Usare le endizioni (i) (i) per far vedere che 3. Si supponge che la compagaia aerea decida di non permettere accelerazioni vertical che Ssuperino k = 860 mi/h. Se Paltiudine di crociera dell'eroplano @ 10 000 m e Is velo itd 2 300 km/s, quanto lontano dall'aeroporto deve iniziae la discesa? P24. Disegnace I traetoria di atterraggio quando le condizion del Problema 3 sono soddisfate. ne imp ‘Molte delle funzioni che abbiamo incontrato finora possono essere seritte esprimendo tuna vatiabile in modo esplicito rispetto all’altra variable; per esempio, oppure xsinx 6, in generale, y = f(x). Aloune funzioni, perd, sono definite implicitamente da una relazione che lega x ey, come Oo ety=25, ie] In aleani casi 2 possibile risolvere un'equazione di questo tipo rispetto a y, scriven- dola in modo esplicito come funzione (o pid funzioni) di x. Per esempio, risolvendo PEquazione 1 rispetto a y otteniamo y ~ -+/25 — x, quindi due funzioni determi- nate implicitamente dalla (1) sonocoat ‘This project can be completed anytime after you have studied Section 35 in the textbook. lh OO Discs cu from hexagons [APPLIED PROJECT THESHAPEOFACAN + I 3.5 | APPLIED PROJECT: THE SHAPE OF A CAN In this project we investigate the most economical shape fora ean, We firs interpret this to ‘mean that the volume V ofa cylindrical can is given and we need to find the height and rudius r that minimize the cost ofthe metal to make the can (see the figure) IF we disregar any waste metal in the manufacturing process, then the problem is to minimize the surface area ofthe cylinder. We solved this problem in Example 2 in Section 3.5 and we found that ‘= 2r; thats, the height should be the same as the diameter. But if you go to your cupboard or your supermarket witha ruler, you will discover that the height is usually greater than the diameter and the ratio i/r varies from 2 up to about 3.8, Let’s see if we can explain this phenomenon. tyne sng toe Sew ar ene Bu ipa won neuf purr i rte ha) hee comin ws nt hich ny edu io LS ass and cutting the circular lids and bases from the hexagons (sce the figure). Show that if this nce ada 2. The ees o/h we fin bl | a ile eco ha Sly oc en psec eg 4/5 1? + Darr + K(Aaer +h) where kis the reciprocal ofthe length that can be joined for the cost of one unit atea of ‘metal, Show that this expression is minimized when Wf amin & | mhfr— 45 FHI 4. Plot /V/k as a function of x = f/r and use your graph to argue that when a can is large or joining is cheap, we should make f/+ approximately 2.21 (as in Problem 2). But when the can is small or joining is costly, h/r should be substantially larger. 5. Our analysis shows that large cans should be almost square but small cans should be tll nd thin. Take a look at the relative shapes ofthe cans in a supermarket, Is out conclusion usually true in practice? Are there exceptions? Can you suggest reasons why small cans are not always tall and thin?iyi 0:9 ree Ap a 9. “This project can be completed anytime after you have studied Section 7. inthe textbook. ‘Bster’s box ‘An overhen view of the position of tsa bat, shown every ith of ‘second doting atypical sing, (ape from The Physics of Bascal) fia] [APPLIED PROJECT CALCULUS AND BASEBALL * APPLIED PROJECT: CALCULUS AND BASEBALL In this project we explore three of the many applications of calculus to baseball. The physical ieractions of the game, especialy the collision of ball and bat, ate quite complex and their models are discused in detail ina book by Robert Adair, The Physics of Baseball, 3 ed. (ow York: HarperPerennial, 2002). 1. It may surprise you o lear that the collision of baseball and bat lasts only about a thou- sandth ofa second. Here we calculate the average force onthe bat during this collision by frst computing the change in te balls momentum. "The momentum p ofan object isthe product ofits mass m and its velocity o, that i, p= mv. Suppose an object, moving along a straight line, is acted on by a force F = FC) that isa coninuous function of time. (a) Show that the change in momentum over a time interval [fo, 11] is equal to the integral of F from to; thats, show that pla) ~ plo) = [FOO dt ‘This integral scale the impulse ofthe force over the time interval (6) A pitcher throws «90-mi/h fastball oa batter, who hits a tin drive ciretly back tothe pitcher, The ball sin coutaet wit the bat for 0.001 s and leaves the bat with ‘elocity 110 mi/h. A baseball weighs 5 oz and, in US Customary units, is mass is ‘measured in slugs: mt = w/g where g = 32.f1/* {@) Find the change in the ball’s momentum (Gi) Find the average force onthe bat. 2. In this probiem we calculate the work required fora pitcher to throw a 90-mi/h fastball by first considering kinetic energy. “The kinetic energy K of an object of mass mand velocity v is given by K = |rmo" ‘Suppose an object of mass m, m ‘a straight line, s acted on by a force F = F(s) that depends on its positon s. According to Newion’s Second Law te Fup) ma = me ‘whore a and denote the acceleration and velocity ofthe object {@) Show that the work done in moving the abject from a position sto a postion ss qual te change inthe object’ kinetic energy; that is, show that we [°F as where 1 — o(s0) and 2, = (4) are the velocities of the object at the positions sp and 1. Hint: By the Chain Rule, oy Mb yy Ht dds dt ds (b) How many foot-pounds of work does it take to throw a baseball ata speed of 90 mi/h? 3, (@) An outfielder fields baseball 280 ft away from home plate and throws it directly to the catcher with an initial velocity of 100 ft/s, Assume that the velocity o(?) of the ball after 1 seconds satisies the differential equation de/di = — ju because of air resistance, How long does it take forthe ball fo reach home plate? (Ignore any ver cel motion of the ball.) (b) The manager of the team wonders whether the ball will reach home plate sooner if it is relayed by an infielder. The shoristop can position himself directly between the ‘outfielder and home plate, catch the ball thrown by the outfielder, tum, and throw the ball tothe eateher with an initial velocity of 105 fi/s. The manager clocks the relay time of the shortstop (catching, turning, throwing) at half a second, Low far from home plate should the shortstop position himself to minimize the total time for the ball to reach the plate? Should the manager encourage a direct throw or a relayed throw? Weat if the shortstop can throw at 115 f1/8? (€) For what throwing velocity of the shortstop does a relayed throw take the same time ‘asa direct throw?ivi 6209 Groen Mr [APPLIED PROJECT THE CALCULUS OF RAINBOWS + I APPLIED PROJECT: THE CALCULUS OF RAINBOWS “This project ean be completed anyeime after you have studied Section 3.1 inthe textbook, Rainbows are created when raindrops scatter sunlight. They have fascinated mankind since ancient times and have inspired attempts at scientific explanation since the time of Aristotle. Tn this project we use the ideas of Descartes and Newton to explain the shape, location, and colors of rainbows. 1. The igure shows a ray of sunlight entering aspherical raindrop at A, Some ofthe light rected, bt le tine A shows the pth ofthe pt ha enter the drop. Note thatthe Tights refrcted toward the normal line AO and in fut Shel’ Law says tht it~ bsin where aris the angle of incidence, is the ange of refraction, and k~ § isthe index of relation for water Foxmaton ofthe primary sinbow ACB some ofthe light passes through the drop and is refracted into the air, but the ine 'BC shows the part that is reflected. (The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.) ‘When the ray reaches C, part of it i reflected, but forthe time being we are more inter- ested in the part that leaves the raindrop at C. (Notice that it is refracted away from the ‘normal line.) The angle of deviation D(q) is the amount of clockwise rotation that the ray has tndergone during this three-stage process. Thus D(a) = (a ~ B) + (4 28) + (a~ p)= 7+ 2a 4B ‘Show thatthe minimum value of the deviation is D(a) ~ 138° and occurs when a= 59.4" ‘The significance of the minimum deviation is that when a ~ 59.4°we have D(a) ~ 0, s0 AD/Aa ~ 0. This means that many rays with « ~ 59.4° become deviated by appro? ‘mately the same amount. I isthe concentration of rays coming from near the direction of ‘minimuin deviation that ereats the brightness of the primary rainbow. The following figure shows that the angle of elevation from the observer up tothe highest point on the rainbow is 180° — 138° = 42°. (This angle is called the rainbow angle.) says from Sun 2. Problem | explains the location of the primary rainbow but how do we explain the colors? Sunlight comprises @ range of wavelengths, ftom the red range through orange, yellow, sreen, blue, indigo, and violet. As Newton discovered in his prism experiments of 1666, the index of refraction is different For each color, (The effect is called dispersion.) For red light the refractive index is k ~ 1.3318 whereas for violet light itis k = 1.3435. By repeating the calculation of Problem I for these values of k, show that the rainbow angleL 5.6 | APPLIED PROJECT: [ii WHERE TO SIT AT THE MOVIES This project ean be completed anytime ater you have studied Section 5. inthe textbook, APPLIED PROJECT WHERETO SITATTHE MOVIES ‘A movie theater has a screen that is positioned 10 ft off the floor and is 25 f high. The first ow of seats is placed 9 ft from the sereen and the rows are set 3 ft apart. The floor of the seating area is inclined at an angle of a = 20° above the horizontal and the distance up the incline that you sit is x. The theater has 21 rows of seats, so = x * 60, Suppose you decide thatthe best place to sit is inthe row where the angle @ subtended by the screen at your eyes is a maximum, Let's also suppose that your eyes are 4 ft above the floor, as shown in the oan 22-84) 1. Show that where a? = (9+ xc0s a)? + (1 — xsin a)? and b= 0 + xc0s a)? + (usin a ~ 6 2. Use a graph of # as function of x to estimate the value of x that maximizes 8, In which row should you sit? What is the viewing angle 8 inthis row’? 3. Use your computer algebra system to differentiate @ and find numerical value for the root ofthe equation d8/dx = 0. Does this value confirm your result in Problem 27 4. Use the graph of # to estimate the average value of on the interval 0 = x = 60. Then use your CAS to compute the average value. Compare with the maximum and minimum values of 6