Q1-a

Adavantages
1-used in technology communication
2-improve the bandwidth efficiency
Q1-b
i)function of the guard band in FDM

frequency band between adjacent channels in multiplexing that is kept unused to

prevent the channels from overlapping and causing crosstalk among modulated
signals. Guard bands are commonly used in FDM but are also used in any data
transmission method that relies on frequencies.
II) 4 125 + 4 10 = 540 kHz,

Q1-C
We can allocate one slot to the first channel and two slots to the second channel.
Each frame carries 3 bits. The frame rate is 100,000 frames per second because it
carries 1 bit from the first channel. The bit rate is 100,000 frames/s 3 bits per
frame, or 300 kbps.

Q2-a

I suggest to use LAN technology due to

Cost efficiency

Installed base

Maintainability

Performance

Q2

Unicast dest. Add. Defines only one recipient. Relationship between sender
and recipient - 1- 1

Multicast dest.Add. - Defines a group of addresses. Relationship between

sender and recipient - 1- many.

Broadcast dest. Address To all the stations on the LAN. (48 - 1s)

Q2-c
It s multicast address
, we need to look at the second hexadecimal digit from the left. . If it is odd, the
address is multicast
Q2-d

Q2-e
In a full-duplex Ethernet,
each station can send data without the need to sense the line dedicated line.

Full duplex transmission of data.

QUESTION3
-A

Latency is the delay from input into a system to desired outcome; the
term is understood slightly differently in various contexts and latency
issues also vary from one system to another. Latency greatly affects how
usable and enjoyable electronic and mechanical devices as well as
communications are.
Q3-B
Latency = processing time + queuing time + transmission
time + propagation time

Processing time = 10 1 s = 10 s = 0.00001 s

Queuing time = 5 2 s = 10 s = 0.00001 s

Transmission time = 1,000,000 / (10 Mbps) = 1 s

Propagation time = (2000 km) / (2 108) = 0.01 s

Latency = 0.000010 + 0.000010 + 1 + 0.01 = 0.010020 s

Q3-C

The transmission time is dominant here because the packet

size is huge.

Which component is negligible

Processing and queuing time are negligible due to the small

size packet

Q4-A
yes
IT needs all the combination above which is can help her to develop the network in
both houses and install more devices and speed up the network
Q4-b
I recommended her to use LAN technology as she can have more options
Q4-c
Upgrade the Router Firmware
Put the router in the center of the house and put fan that prevent it to get warm and became
slow

Q4-d
hidden terminal occurs when a node is visible from a wireless access point (AP), but not from other
nodes communicating with said AP. This leads to difficulties in media access control.

terminal problem. Node A and C try and communicate with B

simultaneously, but cannot detect the interference.
A and C hidden from each other with respect to B

Q4-e

RTC/CTC Help us to Avoid hidden station problem which occur in station and A and
it make it visible for station B and C
Q4-f
1- Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
It is a transmission technology used in LAWN transmissions where the data signal is modulated
with a narrowband carrier signal that "hops" in a random but predictable sequence from
frequency to frequency as a function of time over a wide band of frequencies
2-Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Technique to expand the bandwidth of the original signal.

Replace each data bit with n bits using a spreading code