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10 11 2016
Google Search
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Famous web search engine" redirects here. For information about search engine popularity, see Web search engine Market share.
"Google.com" redirects here. For the company itself, see Google.
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Google Search, commonly referred to as Google Web Search or simply Google, is a web search engine developed by Google. It is the most-used search engine on the World Wide Web,[5] handling more than three billion searches each day.[6][7] As of February 2016 it is
the most used search engine in the US with 64.0% market share.[8]
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The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in publicly accessible documents offered by web servers, as opposed to other data, such as images or data contained in databases. It was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997.[3] Google Search
provides several features beyond searching for words.[10] These include synonyms, weather forecasts, time zones, stock quotes, maps, earthquake data, movie showtimes, airports, home listings, and sports scores. There are special features for numbers, dates, and some
specific forms, including ranges,[11] prices, temperatures, money and measurement unit conversions, calculations, package tracking, patents, area codes,[10] and language translation. In June 2011 Google introduced "Google Voice Search" to search for spoken, rather than
typed, words.[12] In May 2012 Google introduced a Knowledge Graph semantic search feature in the U.S.
Analysis of the frequency of search terms may indicate economic, social and health trends.[13] Data about the frequency of use of search terms on Google can be openly inquired via Google Trends and have been shown to correlate with flu outbreaks and unemployment
levels, and provide the information faster than traditional reporting methods and surveys. As of mid-2016, Googles search engine has begun to rely on these deep neural networks.[14]
In October 2016, Gary Illyes, a webmaster trends analyst with Google, announced that the search engine will be making a new, primary web index dedicated for mobile, with a secondary, less up-to-date index for desktop use. The change is a response from the continued
growth in mobile, and a push for web developers to adopt a mobile-friendly version of their websites. Illyes stated the change will happen in "months".[15]
Google Search
The order of search on Google's search-results pages is based, in part, on a priority rank called a "PageRank". Google Search provides many different options for customized search, using Boolean operators such as: exclusion ("-xx"), alternatives ("xx OR yy OR zz"), and
wildcards ("Winston * Churchill" returns "Winston Churchill", "Winston Spencer Churchill", etc.).[9] The same and other options can be specified in a different way on an Advanced Search page.
Competitors of Google include Baidu and Soso.com in China; Naver.com and Daum.net in South Korea; Yandex in Russia; Seznam.cz in the Czech Republic; Yahoo in Japan, Taiwan and the US, as well as Bing and DuckDuckGo.[16] Some smaller search engines offer facilities
not available with Google, e.g. not storing any private or tracking information; one such search engine is Ixquick.
Owner
Google (Alphabet)
Revenue
AdWords
Website
Google.com
IPv6
support
Yes, by arrangement[1] or
ipv6.google.com
Alexa rank
(US)
1 (November 2016)[2]
Commercial Yes
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Contents [hide]
1 Search
1.1 PageRank
1.2 Search products
1.3 Non-indexable data
1.4 Google optimization
1.5 Universal search
1.6 Dedicated mobile search results
2 Functionality
2.1 Search syntax
2.2 Query expansion
2.3 "I'm Feeling Lucky"
2.4 Rich snippets
2.5 Rich Card
2.6 Special features
2.7 Search options
2.8 Error messages
2.8.1 January 2009 malware bug
2.9 Google Doodles
2.10 Google Caffeine
2.11 Conversational search (OK Google)
2.12 Hummingbird update
3 Privacy
3.1 Encrypted search
3.2 FTC Fines
4 Search Suggestion
5 Instant Search
6 Redesign
7 Smartphone app
8 International
9 Search products
10 Energy consumption
11 Possible misuse of search results
12 Predicting behavior
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
Search
Registration Optional
Users
Launched
Written in
Python, C, C++[4]
[ edit ]
PageRank [ edit ]
Main article: PageRank
Google's rise to success was largely due to a patented algorithm called PageRank that helps rank web pages that match a given search string.[17] When Google was a Stanford research project, it was nicknamed BackRub because the technology checks backlinks to determine a site's importance. Previous keywordbased methods of ranking search results, used by many search engines that were once more popular than Google, would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page, or how strongly associated the search terms were within each resulting page. The PageRank algorithm instead analyzes humangenerated links assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important. The algorithm computes a recursive score for pages, based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. PageRank is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance. In
addition to PageRank, Google, over the years, has added many other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result lists, reported to be over 250 different indicators,[18][19] the specifics of which are kept secret to keep spammers at bay and help Google maintain an edge over its competitors globally.
In a potential hint of Google's future direction for their Search algorithm, Eric Schmidt, Google's then chief executive, said in a 2007 interview with the Financial Times: "The goal is to enable Google users to be able to ask the question such as 'What shall I do tomorrow?' and 'What job shall I take?'".[20] Schmidt reaffirmed
this during a 2010 interview with the Wall Street Journal: "I actually think most people don't want Google to answer their questions, they want Google to tell them what they should be doing next."[21]
In 2013 the European Commission found that Google Search favored Google's own products, instead of offering consumers the best result for their needs.[22] In February 2015 Google announced a major change to its mobile search algorithm which would favor mobile friendly over other websites. Nearly 60% of Google's
online search traffic comes from mobile phones. Google says it wants its users to have access to premium quality websites. Those websites which lack a mobile friendly interface would be demoted and it is expected that this update will cause a shake-up of ranks. Businesses who fail to update their websites accordingly
could see a dip in their regular websites traffic.[23]
Functionality
[ edit ]
Google search consists of a series of localized websites. The largest of those, the google.com site, is the top most-visited website in the world.[33] Some of its features include a definition link for most searches including dictionary words, the number of results you got on
your search, links to other searches (e.g. for words that Google believes to be misspelled, it provides a link to the search results using its proposed spelling), and many more.
Google applies query expansion to the submitted search query, transforming it into the query that will actually be used to retrieve results. As with page ranking, the exact details of the algorithm Google uses are deliberately obscure, but certainly the following
transformations are among those that occur:
Term reordering: in information retrieval this is a standard technique to reduce the work involved in retrieving results. This transformation is invisible to the user, since the results ordering uses the original query order to determine relevance.
Stemming is used to increase search quality by keeping small syntactic variants of search terms.[36]
There is a limited facility to fix possible misspellings in queries.
OR Search for either one, such as "price high OR low" searches for "price high" or "price low".
- (minus sign) Exclude a word or a phrase, such as "apple -tree" searches where word "tree" is not used.
"" Force inclusion of a word or a phrase (Note that the original + operator was removed on October 19, 2011).[34]
* Wildcard operator to match any words between other specific words, e.g. "type * blood".
.. Range operator,[50] e.g. "$50..$100".
Some of the query options are as follows:
define: The query prefix "define:" will provide a definition[49] of the words listed after it.
stocks: After "stocks:" the query terms are treated as stock ticker symbols[49] for lookup.
site: Restrict the results to those websites in the given domain,[49] such as, site:www.acmeacme.com . The option "site:com" will search all domain URLs named with ".com" (no space after "site:").
intext: Prefix to search in a webpage text, such as "intext:google search" will list pages with word "google" in the text of the page, and word "search" anywhere (no space after "intext:").
allintitle: Only the page titles are searched[49] (not the remaining text on each webpage).
intitle: Prefix to search in a webpage title,[49] such as "intitle:google search" will list pages with word "google" in title, and word "search" anywhere (no space after "intitle:").
allinurl: Only the page URL address lines are searched[49] (not the text inside each webpage).
inurl: Prefix for each word to be found in the URL;[49] others words are matched anywhere, such as "inurl:acme search" matches "acme" in a URL, but matches "search" anywhere (no space after "inurl:").
The page-display options (or query types) are:
cache: Highlights the search-words within the cached document, such as "cache:www.google.com xxx" shows cached content with word "xxx" highlighted.
link: The prefix "link:" will list webpages that have links to the specified webpage, such as "link:www.google.com" lists webpages linking to the Google homepage.
related: The prefix "related:" will list webpages that are "similar" to a specified web page.
info: The prefix "info:" will display some background information about one specified webpage, such as, info:www.google.com. Typically, the info is the first text (160 bytes, about 23 words) contained in the page, displayed in the style of a results entry (for just the 1 page as matching the search).
filetype: results will only show files of the desired type (e.g. filetype:pdf will return pdf files)
Privacy
[ edit ]
Searches made by search engines, including Google, leave traces. This raises concerns about privacy. In principle, if details of a user's searches are found, those with access to the informationprincipally state agencies responsible for law enforcement and similar matterscan make deductions about the user's
activities. This has been used for the detection and prosecution of lawbreakers; for example a murderer was found and convicted after searching for terms such as "tips with killing with a baseball bat".[74]
A search may leave traces both on a computer used to make the search, and in records kept by the search provider. When using a search engine through a browser program on a computer, search terms and other information may be stored on the computer by default, unless the browser is set not to do this, or they are
erased. Saved terms may be discovered on forensic analysis of the computer. An Internet Service Provider (ISP) or search engine provider (e.g., Google) may store records which relate search terms to an IP address and a time.[75] Whether such logs are kept, and access to them by law enforcement agencies, is subject
to legislation in different jurisdictions and working practices; the law may mandate, prohibit, or say nothing about logging of various types of information. Some search engines, located in jurisdictions where it is not illegal, make a feature of not storing user search information.[76]
Search Suggestion
[ edit ]
In 2008, Google started to give autocompleted search suggestions in a list below the search bar for incompletely entered queries.
Instant Search
[ edit ]
Google Instant, a feature that displays suggested results while the user types, was introduced in the US on September 8, 2010. In concert with the Google Instant launch, Google disabled the ability of users to choose to see more
than 10 search results per page. At the time of the announcement, Google expected Instant to save users 2 to 5 seconds in every search, collectively about 11 million seconds per hour.[81] Search engine marketing experts
speculated that Google Instant would have a great impact on local and paid search.[82] Google Search is a turn from a static HTML page into an AJAX application.[83]
Instant Search can be disabled via Google's "preferences" menu, but autocomplete-style search suggestions cannot be disabled, by intention.[84]
Google Suggestion displaying search suggestions starting with google sea. The first
suggested term, google search, is completed in gray text within the text box, and Google Instant
provides search results for this term while typing (not shown here).
The publication 2600: The Hacker Quarterly compiled a list of words that Google Instant did not show.[85][86][87] Most banned terms are those considered rude, but some apparently irrelevant searches including "Myleak" are
removed.[87]
In September 2012 several sources reported that Google had removed bisexual from the list of blacklisted terms for Instant Search.[88] As of August 2013 the word bisexual still did not autocomplete, and LGBT activists renewed efforts to have it whitelisted. As of June 2014 "bisexuality" (but not "bisexual") and "myleak"
were found.
Redesign
[ edit ]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2016)
In late June 2011, Google introduced a new look to the Google home page in order to boost the use of the Google+ social tools.[89]
One of the major changes was replacing the classic navigation bar with a black one. Google's digital creative director Chris Wiggins explains: "We're working on a project to bring you a new and improved Google experience, and over the next few months, you'll continue to see more
updates to our look and feel."[90] The new navigation bar has been negatively received by a vocal minority.[91]
In November 2013, Google started testing yellow labels for advertisements displayed in search results, to improve user experience. The new labels, highlighted in yellow color, and aligned to the left of each sponsored link help users clearly differentiate between organic and
sponsored results.[92]
Smartphone app
[ edit ]
A Google Search mobile app is available for Android, Windows Phone and iOS devices. In addition to allowing users to perform web searches, the app implements Google Now, Google's voice recognition and intelligent personal assistant software. Google Now uses a natural
language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of web services. Along with answering user-initiated queries, Google Now passively delivers information to the user that it predicts they will want, based on
their search habits.[93] Google Search for Android was originally introduced in 2007, the same year the Android operating system was introduced. On January 11, 2012, Google introduced an update where they included an updated and simplified user interface, along with other
improvements.[94] As of May 2016, around 20% of Google searches on Android used voice recognition.[95]
International
[ edit ]
On September 29, 2015, an Ex-Googler Sanmay Ved managed to buy the domain Google.com from Google via Google Domains, and gain full webmaster control.[97] Google later acknowledged the purchase,[98] and rewarded Ved who in turn requested that the reward be donated to charity. As a result, Google doubled
the reward.
Search products
[ edit ]
Energy consumption
[ edit ]
Google claims that a search query requires altogether about 1 kJ or 0.0003 kWh,[100] which is enough to raise the temperature of one liter of water by 0.24 C.
[ edit ]
In 2007, a group of Austrian researchers observed a tendency to misuse the Google engine as a "reality interface". Ordinary users as well as journalists tend to rely on the first pages of Google search, assuming that everything not listed there is either not important or merely does not exist. The researchers say that
"Google has become the main interface for our whole reality. To be precise: with the Google interface the user gets the impression that the search results imply a kind of totality. In fact, one only sees a small part of what one could see if one also integrates other research tools".[101]
Predicting behavior
[ edit ]
At the 2016 New Hampshire primary, the top-searched Democratic candidate was Bernie Sanders with 72% of the searches and won with 60% of the vote, according to real-time results of Google's trending search queries, and Hillary Clinton received 28% of the queries and 38% of the vote. The top-searched Republican
candidate was Donald Trump, who received 41% of the searches an hour before the polls closed and won with 35% of the vote and John Kasich got 16% of both the vote and the searches.[102]
See also
[ edit ]
Censorship by Google
Comparison of web search engines
Criticism of Google
Filter bubble
Google Panda
Google Penguin
Google Searchology
Google (verb)
Googlewhack
Halalgoogling
History of Google
List of Google domains
List of Google products
List of search engines
PRISM
Reunion
Social graph
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Timeline
Google Search
Googleofportal
Alphabet portal
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