Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
C. Immigration: Immigration has been the source of many controversies that affect the state,
national, and international politics: how to control the flow of immigrants, the length of time of
each nonresident may remain in U.S. territory, the type of labor nonresidents may perform and
other problems.
D. Water: After a devastating drought in the 1950s, the Texas legislature created the Texas Water
Development Board (TWDB) in 1957 and mandated statewide water planning.
E. Poverty and Social Problems: Texas has alarming numbers of children living in poverty and
single parent homes. Births to unwed teenagers, juvenile arrests, and violent acts committed by
teenagers and preadolescents is also a signal of social dysfunction.
A. Temporary Party Organization: Consists of primaries and conventions. These events are
temporary because they are not ongoing party activities.
B. Selection of National Convention Delegates: Selection of delegates to a national party
convention depends on the delegates support of candidates for the partys presidential
nomination.
C. Permanent Party Organization: Each major political party in the United States consists of
thousands of virtually autonomous executive committees at the local, state, and national
levels.
D. Conservatism: Conservatism (or conservativism) is any political philosophy that favors
tradition (in the sense of various religious, cultural, or nationally-defined beliefs and
customs) in the face of external forces for change, and is critical of proposals for radical
social change.
E. Liberalism: Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty
and
equality.
Whereas
the
role
of
liberty,
Politicians are always quick to blame the media when a news story doesn't put them in a
favorable light. But politicians use media to win elections by getting the exposure they need to
reach voters. Reporters have no choice but to cover the people chosen to lead government. In
election years, people who work in media should prepare themselves for the manipulation they'll
likely face when a politician's quest for office runs head-on into the media's desire to seek the
truth.
A. Staged Political Rallies: Rallies are designed to show the voters' spontaneous excitement
for a candidate. There's nothing wrong with that. But those homemade signs that you see
waving in the air are often drawn by campaign workers themselves, not people at home.
Sometimes the crowds are even made up of campaign workers and volunteers, so that the
TV cameras don't capture an empty room. They'll be dressed so they appear to be moms
and dads, factory workers and teachers, but that can be just an illusion.
B. News-less News Conferences: The sure-fire way for a candidate to get media coverage is
to invite reporters to a news conference for an "important announcement." That
announcement could be the same tired 10-point economic plan that the candidate has
announced twice a week for the past six months. It could be a "major endorsement" from
his Sunday School teacher or a "demand for the truth" about why an opponent refuse to
debate.
C. Exclusive One-on-One Interviews: Nothing tempts reporters like a chance for an
exclusive interview. A campaign will sometimes dangle these offers just before election
day to guarantee news coverage. Campaign experts know an exclusive interview will be
promoted heavily and be given more space in a newspaper or more time in a TV newscast
than a typical day-to-day campaign story. That's free publicity.
D. TV Commercials and Print Ads: Any candidate with enough money will spend some of it
on TV and print advertisements. Just like all other ads, the aim is to sell a product, not
necessarily to tell the entire truth about the candidate or his campaign.
E. Friendly, Harmless Media Coverage: Ever wonder why a politician who has no time to be
a guest on a show like Meet the Press is suddenly available to appear on The Late Show
with David Letterman? It's not because his schedule suddenly opened. President Obama
has even taken a seat next to Letterman. That type of setting allows a politician to be on
TV without being asked pesky questions about his policies.
A. Law Enforcement: The wheels of law enforcement start grinding when a crime is
detected. Detection takes place when the concerned law enforcement body (police force
or specialized agency) receive a report from the victim or a witness, or catch the crime
perpetrator. Thereafter, the law enforcers verify the information furnished and proceed
with the investigation.
B. Adjudication: The adjudication of a criminal case involves court processes. In plain
terms, adjudication refers to the legal process by which a judgment is pronounced by the
court to the parties in a case. As with the law enforcement component of the criminal
justice system, the courts are organized at federal, state, and special-jurisdiction levels.
C. Pretrial services: The adjudication process starts when the law enforcement body has
submitted the police/arrest report to the prosecutor. The prosecutor, in turn, determines
whether the incident will prosper into a criminal case, in which the suspected offender
will be charged with the crime.
D. Arraignment: If the prosecutor decides to press charges against a suspected offender, the
adjudication process advances to arraignment. During arraignment, the suspect is read the
charge/s filed against him or her. With the aid of a legal counsel, the suspect (now a
defendant) enters a plea of either guilty or not guilty.
E. Corrections: The third component of the criminal justice system is corrections. While it
implies reform and rehabilitation, corrections encompass all sentenced offenders,
including those who are on death row. Federal and state criminal justice systems hold
corrections as the replacement for penology that many find harsh and unforgiving.
payments such as welfare benefits. This expenditure can be funded in several different ways:
Taxation, Seignior age, the benefit from printing money, Borrowing money from the
population or from abroad, Consumption of fiscal reserves, Sale of fixed assets (e.g., land).
Borrowing:
fiscal
deficit
is
often
funded
by
issuing bonds,
like treasury
bills or consoles and gilt-edged securities. These pay interest, either for a fixed period or
indefinitely. If the interest and capital requirements are too large, a nation may default on its
debts, usually to foreign creditors. Public debt or borrowing refers to the government
borrowing from the public.
Consumer prior surpluses: A fiscal surplus is often saved for future use, and may be invested
in either local currency or any financial instrument that may be traded later once resources
are needed; notice, additional debt is not needed. For this to happen, the marginal propensity
to save needs to be strictly positive.
Economics Effects: Governments use fiscal policy to influence the level of aggregate demand
in the economy, to achieve economic objectives of price stability, full employment, and
economic growth. Keynesian economics suggests that increasing government spending and
decreasing tax rates are the best ways to stimulate aggregate demand, and decreasing
spending & increasing taxes after the economic boom begins.
Fiscal Straight-jacket: The concept of a fiscal straitjacket is a general economic principle that
suggests strict constraints on government spending and public sector borrowing, to limit or
regulate the budget deficit over a time. Most US states have balanced budget rules that
prevent them from running a deficit.
References
[1] Brown, Lyle C., Ted A. Lewis, Ryan Rynbrandt, Veronica Reyna, and Sonia R.
Garcia. Practicing Texas Politics. 16th ed. Vol. 2. Texas: Cengage Learning, 2015. Print.
Texas Southern University.