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Moment Diagrams and Equations for Maximum Deflection

5

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Fundamentals of
Structural Analysis
Second Edition

Kenneth M. Leet
Professor Emeritus, Northeastern University

Chia-Ming Uang,
Professo1; University ofCalifornia, San Diego'

Higher Education

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FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, SECOND EDITION

International Edition 2005
Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), for manufacture and export. This book
cannot be re-exported from the country to which it is sold by McGraw-Hill. The International
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1009 OB 07 06 05. 04 03 02
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The credits section for this book begins on page 742 and is considered an extension of the

copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Leet, Kenneth.
Fundamentals of structural analysis / Kenneth M. Leet, Chia Ming Uang. -2nd ed.
p. cm. - (McGraw-Hill series in civil and environmental engineering)

Includes index.

1. Structural analysis (Engineering). I. Uang, Chia-Ming. II. Title. III. Series.

TA645.L34 2005
2003026399

624.1 '71-dc22
ClP

When ordering this title, use ISBN 007-123830-1

Printed in Singapore

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This book is dedicated to our wives and children and the many
teachers and professional engineers who contributed to our
knowledge ofstructural analysis and behavior.

Kenneth Leet received his Ph.D. in structural engineering from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. As a professor of civil engineer
ing at Northeastern University, he taught graduate and undergraduate
courses in reinforced concrete design, structural analysis, foundations,
plates and shells, and capstone courses on comprehensive engineering
projects for over thirty years. Professor Leet was given an Excellence in
Teaching award at Northeastern University in 1992. He was also a faculty
member for ten years at Drexel University in Philadelphia.
In addition to being the author of the tirst edition of this book on
structural analysis, originally published by Macmillan in 198B, he is the
author of Fundamentals ofReinforced Concrete, published by McGraw
Hill in 1982 and now in its third edition.
Before teaching, he was employed by the Corps of Army Engineers as
a construction management engineer, by Catalytic Construction Company
as a field engineer, and by several structural engineering firms as a struc
tural designer. He has also served as a structural conslIltunt to a number of
government agencies and private firms, including the U.S. Depurtment of
Transportation, Procter & Gamble. Teledyne Engineering Services, and
the City of Philadelphia and Boston Bridge Departments.
As a member of the American Arbitration Association, the American
Concrete Institute, the ASCE, and the Boston Society of Civil Engineers,
Professor Leet actively participated in professional societies for many
years.

Chia-Ming Uang is a professor of structural engineering at the Univer

sity of California, San Diego (UCSD). He received u B.S. degree in civil
engineering from National Taiwan University and M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in civil engineering from the University of California, Berkeley.
His research areas include seismic analysis and design of steel, compos
ite, and timber structures.
Professor Uang also coauthored the text Ductile Design of Steel Struc
tures for McGraw-Hill. He received the UCSD Academic Senate Distin
guished Teaching Award in 2004. He is also the recipient of the ASCE
Raymond C. Reese Research Prize in 2001 and the Moissei ff Award in
2004.
vii

Preface

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

xv

Introduction
1.1 Overview of the Text
1.2 The Design Process: Relationship

of Analysis to Design
1.3 Strength and Serviceability
1.4 Historical Development of Structural

Systems
1.5 Basic Structural Elements
1.6 Assembling Basic Elements to Form
a Stable Structural System
L7
Analyzing by Computer
1.8
Preparation of Computations
Summary

20

23

24

25

Design Loads
Building and Design Code
Loads
Dead Loads
Live Loads
Wind Loads
Earthquake Forces
Other T.oads
Load Combinations
Summary

27

27

28

28

36

43

59

64

6S

66

Statics of Structures-Reactions
Introduction
Forces
Supports
Idealizing Structures
Free-Body Diagrams
Equations of Static Equilibrium
Equations of Condition
Influence of Reactions on Stability

and Determinacy of Structures

73

73

74

81

85

86

88

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

Chapter 3

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8

11

94

97

ix

~-

Contents

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

3.9 Classifying Structures

3.10 Comparison Between Determinate

105

and Indeterminate Structures

Summary

110

112

Trusses
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Trusses
4.3 Analysis of Trusses
4.4 Method of Joints
4.5 Zero Bars
4.6 Method of Sections
4.7 Determinacy and Stability
4.8 Computer Analysis of Trusses
Summary

121

Beams and Frames

163

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Scope of Chapter
5.3 Equations for Shear and Moment
5.4 Shear and Moment Curves
5.5 Principle of Superposition
5.6 Sketching the Deflected Shape

163

168

169

176

194

of a Beam or Frame
Degree of Indeterminacy
Summary

198

203

206

Cables
Introduction
6.1
6.2 Characteristics of Cables
6.3 Variation of Cable Force
6.4 Analysis of a Cable Supporting

Gravity (Vertical) Loads

6.5 General Cable Theorem
6.6 Establishing the Funicular Shape
of an Arch
Summary

221

5.7

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

121

124

125

126

130

131

139

145

148

221

222

223

224

225

228

231

Arches
235

7.1 Introduction
235

7.2 Types of Arches

235

7.3 Three-Hinged Arches

237

7.4 Funicular Shape for an Arch That

Supports a Uniformly Distributed Load 239

Summary
244

-,

Contents

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Live Load Forces: Influence Lines'

for Determinate Structures

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Influence Lines
8.3 Construction of an Influence
Line
8A
The Miiller-Breslau Principle
8.5 Use ofInfluence Lines
8.6 Influence Lines for Girders Supporting

Floor Systems
8.7 Influence Lines for Trusses
8.8 Live Loads for Highway and

Railroad Bridges
8.9 Increase-Decrease Method
8.10 Absolute Maximum Live Load

Moment
8.11 Maximum Shear
Summary
Deflections of Beams and Frames
Introduction
Double Integration Method
Moment-Area Method
Elastic Load Method
9A
9.5
Conjugate Beam Method
9.6
Design Aids for Beams
Summary

9.1
9.2
9.3

Chapter 10

Work-Energy Methods for

Computing Deflections
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Work
10.3 Strain Energy
lOA Deflections by the Work-Energy

Method (Real Work)

10.5 Virtual Work: Trusses
10.6 Virtual Work: Beams and

Frames
10.7 Finite Summation
10.8 Bernoulli's Principle of Virtual

Displacements
..._10.9 Maxwell-Betti Law of Reciprocal

Deflections
Summary

249

249

249

250

258

261

264

271

277

280

285

288

290

301

301

301

307

326

331

339

341

353

353

354

356

358

360

376

388

390

393

396

xi

xii

Contents

Chapter 11

Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

by the Flexibility Method

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Concept of a Redundant
11.3 Fundamentals of the Flexibility

409

409

409

410

Method

11.4 Alternative View of the Flexibility

Method (Closing a Gap)

11.5 Analysis Using Internal Releases

11.6 Support Settlements, Temperature

Change, and Fabrication Errors

11.7 Analysis of Structures with Several

Degrees of Indeterminacy
11.8 Beam on Elastic SUPPOlts
Summary

Chapter 12

Analysis of Indeterminate Beams

and Frames by the Slope-Deflection

Method

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Illustration of the Slope-Deflection

414

423

431

435

443

446

455

455

455

Method

12.3 Derivation of the Slope-Deflection

457

Equation

12.4 Analysis of Structures by the

463

Slope-Deflection Method

12.5 Analysis of Structures That Are Free

to Sidesway

477

12.6 Kinematic Indeterminacy

486

487

Summary

Chapter 13

497

Moment Distribution

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Development of the Moment

133

13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7

Distribution Method
Summary of the Moment Distribution

Method with No Joint Translation

Analysis of Beams by Moment

Distribution
Modification of Member Stiffness
Analysis of Frames That Are Free to

Sidesway
Analysis of an Unbraced Frame for

General Loading

497

498

503

504

511

526

530

Contents

13.8 Analysis of Multistory Frames

13.9 Nonprismatic Members
Summary

Chapter 14

Indeterminate Structures:

Influence Lines
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Construction of Influence Lines Using

Moment Distribution
14.3 Mtiller-Bre.slau Principle
14.4 Qualitative Influence Lines for

Beams
14.5 Live Load Patterns to Maximize Forces

in Multistory Buildings
Summary

Chapter 15

Approximate Analysis of

Indeterminate Structures
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Approximate Analysis of a Continuous

Beam for Gravity Load

15.3 Approximate Analysis of a Rigid

Frame for Vertical Load

15.4 Approximate Analysis of a

Continuous Truss
15.5 Estimating Deflections of Trusses
15.6 Trusses with Double Diagonals
15.7 Approximate Analysis of a Multistory

Rigid Frame for Gravity Load

15.8 Analysis of Unbraced Frames for

Lateral Load
15.9 Portal Method
15.10 Cantilever Method
Summary

Chapter 16

Introduction to the General

Stiffness Method
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Comparison Between Flexibility and

Stiffness Methods
16.3 Analysis of an Indeterminate Beam

by the General Stiffness Method

Summary

535

537

546

555

555

556

559

561

569

578

581

581

582

589

592

598

599

602

610

613

620

625

633

633

634

639

651

xiii

xiv

Contents

Chapter 17

Matrix Analysis of Trusses by the

Direct Stiffness Method

655

17.1 Introduction
17.2 Member a.nd Structure Stiffness

Matrices
17.3 Construction of a Member Stiffness

Matrix for an Individual Truss Bar

17.4 Assembly of the Structure Stiffness

Matrix
17.5 Solution of the Direct Stiffness Method
17.6 Member Stiffness Matrix of an

Inclined Truss Bar

17.7 Coordinate Transformation of a Member
Stiffness Matrix
Summary

Chapter 18

655

660

660

662

665

667

678

679

Matrix Analysis of Beams and Frames

by the Direct Stiffness Method

683

18.1 Introduction
18.2 Structure Stiffness Matrix
18.3 The::; )': 2 Rotational Stiffness Matrix

for a Flexural Member

18.4 The -t X -t Member Stiffness Matrix

in Local Coordinates
18.5 The 6 X 6 Member Stiffness Matrix

in Local Coordinates
18.6 The 6 x 6 Member Stiffness Matrix

in Global Coordinates
18.7 Assembly of a Structure Stiffness

Matrix-Direct Stiffness Method

Summary

Appendix Review of Basic Matrix Operations

Glossary
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems'
Credits
Index

683

685

686

695

705

713

716

718

721

73'3

737

742

743

.l
,~