SOLUTIONS FOR TUTORIAL -4 (September 13,2012)

1)
Hydrological Soil Group
B
Land use

CN

Product

CN

Product

Residential (30% impervious)

20

72

1440

20

81

1620

Residential (65% impervious)

85

510

90

540

Roads

98

882

98

882

Open Land: Good cover

61

244

74

296

Open Land: Fair cover

69

276

79

316

Parking lots etc

98

686

98

686

4038

50

50

Weighted CN = (4038+ 4340)/100

= 83.8
S=

25400
25400
254 =
254 = 49.1 mm
CN
83.8
( P 0.2S )2
P 0.8S

Direct runoff , Q =

(130 0.2 * 49.1)2

130 0.8 * 49.1

= 85.32 mm = 8.532 cm
2) Find a curve number for AMC 3 which is equivalent to CN = 83.8 under AMC 2 by
CN(III) = CN(II). exp[0.00673x(100-CN(II)]
= 83.8 x exp[0.00673x(100-83.8)
=93.45
S=

25400
25400
254 =
254 = 17.803 mm
CN
93.45

Direct runoff , Q =

( P 0.2S )2
P 0.8S
(130 0.2 *17.803)2
130 0.8 *17.803

= 110.83 mm

4340

3) CN for open land with fair grass cover are

CN = 69 for Group B and CN = 79 for Group C
Average CN = 74
S=

25400
25400
254 =
254 = 89.24 mm
CN
74
( P 0.2S )2
P 0.8S

Direct runoff , Q =

(130 0.2 * 74)2

130 0.8 * 74

=62.46 mm (before urbanisation)

After urbanisation P = 85.32 mm (from problem (1))
So the impact of urbanisation is to cause 85.32-62.46 = 22.86 mm in of additional runoff from the
storm.
4)

First, the depth of rainfall in a time interval of 2 hours, in total duration of storm is calculated. Then, the
corresponding intensity of effective rainfall is calculated to plot the effective rainfall hyetograph.

Effective rainfall = Actual depth of rainfall .t or 0, whichever is larger.

Time
from start
of
storm(h)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14

Time
interval
(h)

Accumulated
rainfall (cm)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

0
0.6
2.8
5.2
6.6
7.5
9.2
9.6

Depth of
rainfall
(cm)
0.6
2.2
2.4
1.4
0.9
1.7
0.4

Effective
Rainfall
(cm)

Intensity of
effective rainfall
(cm/h)

0
1.4
1.6
0.6
0.1
0.9
0

Total effective rainfall = Direct runoff due to storm = area of ER hyetograph

= (0.7+0.8+0.3+0.05+0.45) x 2 = 4.6 cm

0
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.05
0.45
0

x 5.0 x 10002 = 23000 m3

Volume of Direct runoff =

5)
Discharge(cumecs)
No.of
Distance(m) Depth(m) Rev

Obs.time(s) Velocity(m/s) Area(sq.m)

0.032

0.5

80

180

0.174222222

1.2

0.209067

1.1

83

120

0.253333333

2.2

0.557333

1.95

131

120

0.381333333

4.875

1.859

2.25

139

120

0.402666667

6.75

2.718

12

1.85

121

120

0.354666667

5.55

1.9684

15

1.75

114

120

0.336

5.25

1.764

18

1.65

109

120

0.322666667

4.95

1.5972

20

1.5

92

120

0.277333333

0.832

22

1.25

85

120

0.258666667

2.5

0.646667

23

1.75

70

150

0.181333333

24

1.3125

0.238

Total

Discharge

12.38967

Velocity is calculated as per the given formula using the no: of revolutions.
Area of cross section for each section is computed suing the formula for triangle (at both ends) and
trapezium at the intermediate sections. Discharge is calculated by multiplying velocity with
corresponding area. (refer to problem 7 solution for detailed methodology)
Thus, Total discharge = 12.39 cumecs

6)

Given the base flow can be assumed as 5 cumecs.

By reducing the area of the base flow from the hydrograph, we will get the area of the
hydrograph
Area of DRH =
6*60*60*0.5*(8+8+21+21+16+16+11+11+7+7+4+4+2+2) = 1.4904*106m3

direct runoff

Catchment area = 27*106 m2

Runoff depth = Runoff Volume / Catchment area = 0.0552m
Total Rainfall = 3.8 +2.8 = 6.6cm
Rainfall Runoff = 6.6 5.52 = 1.08 cm
When index = 0.1 cm/hr, Rainfall Runoff = 0.8 cm
When index = 0.135 cm/hr, Rainfall Runoff = 1.08 cm
Therefore index = 0.135 cm/hr
7)

The average velocity is calculated by taking the average of velocities at 0.2d and 0.8d.
Also, the water depth at intermediate points are interpolated for calculating the cross sectional
area.

Distance from left

water edge (m)
0
1.5
2.25
3
3.75
4.5
5.25
6
6.75
7.5
9

Water Depth (m)

0
1.3
1.9
2.5
2.1
1.7
1.35
1
0.7
0.4
0

Velocity (m/s)
at 0.2d at 0.8d
0
0
0.6
0.4

Average
velocity(m/s)
0
0.5

0.9

0.6

0.75

0.7

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.5

0.4
0

0.3
0

0.35
0

The cross sectional areas of 5 sections are computed using formula of triangle and trapezium as follows:
Section 1:

= 2.14 m2

Section 2:

= 3 m2

Similarly,
Section 3 area = 2.59 m2
Section 4 area = 1.54 m2
Section 5 area = 0.79 m2

Discharge is obtained by multiplying the area by corresponding mid section velocity.

Section
1
2
3
4
5

Area(sq.m)
2.14
3
2.59
1.54
0.79

Velocity(m/s)
0.5
0.75
0.6
0.5
0.35
Total

Discharge(cumec)
1.07
2.25
1.554
0.77
0.2765
5.9205

Thus total discharge through the channel = 5.9205 cumecs

8)

For each land use, there are two soil types

Land use

Soil Group

Area

CN

Wooded

0.5*0.5 = 0.25

55

0.5*0.5 = 0.25

70

Residential B

0.5*0.5 = 0.25

75

0.5*0.5 = 0.25

83

Weighted CN = 0.25* (55+70+75+83)

= 70.75
S=

25400
25400
254 =
254 = 105.01 mm
CN
70.75

Direct runoff , Q =

( P 0.2S )2
P 0.8S
(125 0.2 *105.01)2
125 0.8 *105.01
= 51.75 mm = 5.175 cm

Hence runoff depth = 5.175 cm

9)

Rainfall = 7.5 cm

For fallow, straight row and soil group A, CN= 77

S=

25400
254 = 75.87 mm
CN

Q=

( P 0.2S )2
= 26.38 mm
P 0.8S

For fallow, straight row and soil group B, CN= 86

S=

25400
254 = 41.35 mm
CN

Q=

( P 0.2S )2
= 41.20 mm
P 0.8S

For fallow, straight row and soil group A, CN= 91

S=

25400
254 = 25.12 mm
CN

Q=

( P 0.2S )2
= 51.49 mm
P 0.8S
10) From table, the four CN values are 80, 77, 78 and 80 respectively. A weighted CN therefore is

CN = 0.2 * 80 + 0.2 * 77 + 0.3* 78 + 0.3 * 80 = 79

S=

1000
1000
10 =
10 = 2.66 in
CN
79

Direct runoff , Q =

( P 0.2S )2
P 0.8S
(5 0.2 * 2.66)2
5 0.8 * 2.66
= 2.8 in

Hence runoff depth = 2.8 in

11)

The direct runoff hydrograph ordinates are estimated by subtracting the base flow (=8 cumecs)
from the observed stream flow

Day
24-May

25-May

Time
8:30 P.M
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
A.M
12:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30

Rainfall
(cm)

Observed
Streamflow
(cumecs)

Direct runoff
hydrograph(DRH
(cumecs)
5.7
7.0
8.0
23.4
65.8
161.3
269.9

0.4
0.7
3.4
5.6
5.3
0.5
0.2

312.2
233.2
122.4
63.6
51.0
34.8
20.2
11.2
10.0
8.6
Total

Total volume of runoff from the DRH, V d =

0.0
15.4
57.8
153.3
261.9
304.2
225.2
114.4
55.6
43.0
26.8
12.2
3.2
2.0
0.6
1275.6

= 2296080 m3
Runoff depth =
Knowing the runoff depth, we can calculate the -index by trial and error method.
The rainfall hyetograph can be obtained by converting the rainfall in terms of intensity (cm/h).

Day
24-May

25-May

Time
8:30
P.M
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
A.M

Rainfall
(cm)

Rainfall
intensity (cm/h)

0.4
0.7
3.4
5.6
5.3
0.5

0.8
1.4
6.8
11.2
10.6
1

0.2

0.4

1st trial: -index = 1 cm/h

This gives the runoff depth = 0.5 * [ (1.4-1) + (6.8-1) + (11.2-1) + (10.6-1)] = 13 cm >12.61 cm
2nd trial: -index = 1.5 cm/h
This gives the runoff depth = 0.5 * [ (6.8-1.5) + (11.2-1.5) + (10.6-1.5)] = 12.05 cm <12.61 cm
Thus, -index lies between 1 cm/h and 1.5 cm/h
Take -index = 1.2 cm/h
This gives the runoff depth = 0.5 * [(1.4-1.2)+(6.8-1.2) + (11.2-1.2) + (10.6-1.2)]= 12.6 cm
Thus we adopt the value of -index = 1.2 cm/h or 0.6 cm for 0.5 hr. This gives the excess rainfall hyetograph as
follows:

Day
24-May

25-May

Time
8:30 P.M
9:00
9:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00 A.M

Rainfall
(cm)
0.4
0.7
3.4
5.6
5.3
0.5
0.2

ERH
(cm)

0.1
2.8
5
4.7