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1. Conceitos
de raciocnio lgico...............................................................................1

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2. Estruturas
Lgicas.................................................................................................1


3.
Lgica de Argumentao.......................................................................................6
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4.
de Associao.........................................................................................3
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5. Verdades
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6.
Diagramas
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7.
Combinatria
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e Probabilidade.................................................................16

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8. Teoria
dos Conjuntos...........................................................................................12

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progresses
9. Sequncias
Numricas:
aritmticas e geomtricas.............................31
10. Razes e propores, regras de trs simples e compostas, porcentagem.............37
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- Informtica
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1. Sistemas
operacionais abertos e fechados: instalao, configurao e operao...........
bancos

2.
Softwares
Aplicativos: processadores de texto, planilhas eletrnicas,
de dados,
multimdia,
armazenamento
de
dados,
cpia
de
segurana,
gerao
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digitalizaoWUDWDPHQWRVRXSHQDVFUXpLVGHVXPDQDVRXGHJUDGDQWHV
de material escrito. Softwares Utilitrios........................................................
44
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9LWLPRORJLD
navegadores,
correio
eletrnico,
transferncia
de
arquivos,

3.
Internet
e intranet:

sistemas
de
busca e pesquisa, grupos de discusso e comunidades, acesso distncia

a computadores,
proteo e segurana................................................................................ 76
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comunicao
locais
e remotas.........................

4. Comunicao:
protocolos
de
127
3
7
FRP

7(67(6eredes
5. Hardware
- microcomputador: configurao
e componentes.
Dispositivos

perifricos: classificao, noes gerais e operao............................................................ 138
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Bateria
de Testes...........................................................................................................
145

Lngua Portuguesa
Sendo isso, apenas isso, torna-se inevitvel a reciprocidade do amor.
LNGUA PORTUGUESA
1.1 LEITURA
E INTERPRETAO
DE DIVERSOS
INTERPRETAO
DE TEXTO:
TIPOS DE
DE TEXTO
TEXTO
(LITERRIOS
NO LITERRIOS)
LITERRIOS
TIPOS
(LITERRIOS
EE NO
VERBAL
E NO VERBAL
Entendemos por texto, um conjunto de ideias expressas

atravs de frases, oraes, pargrafos; com um estilo prprio
e com uma estrutura prpria produzido por um certo sujeito. A
estrutura de um texto varia de acordo com sua natureza. H o
texto literrio e o no literrio.
TEXTO
Denotao
Conotao
Texto no literrio
Texto literrio
Claro, objetivo
Figurado, subjetivo,
informativo
pessoal
A solido do jovem , apesar do que se pensa em contrrio, real e frequente. Embora acompanhado sempre e em
constante movimentao, o adolescente cr que o mundo
dos adultos; e esses esto ocupados demais para ouvir os
seus pequenos devaneios. H uma busca disfarada de ateno e apoio, que s uns poucos percebem, e rarssimos
se apressam em atender. A condio do homem , em si
mesma, de confronto com a solido, de que ele est, do bero sepultura, sempre cercado.
A descoberta dessa realidade que no triste ou alegre,
mas simplesmente um fato ocorre na puberdade, e nem
sempre pacfica. Esse contato pode deixar um travo de
melancolia, quando no h apoio compreensivo de um adulto
que se estima e no qual se confia e que d a entender que
j passou por isso e sabe do que se trata, embora no tenha
uma resposta definitiva para os mistrios da vida. (Luiz Carlos
Lisboa - Jornal da Tarde)
O texto literrio expressa a opinio pessoal do autor que

tambm transmitida atravs de figuras, impregnado de
subjetivismo. J o texto no literrio preocupa-se em transmitir uma mensagem da forma mais clara e objetiva possvel.
Como exemplo, podemos citar uma notcia de jornal como
texto no literrio e um romance de Ea de Queirs ou Jos
de Alencar como exemplo de texto literrio.
O texto de Luiz Carlos Lisboa um texto no literrio,

porque disserta sobre um certo tema: a descoberta da solido
de forma objetiva, informativa, etc. Se tivesse dado ao tema
um tratamento potico, musical, lrico, por exemplo, seria um
texto literrio, pois usaria recursos literrios, tais como a rima,
as figuras de linguagem, a fico para expressar sua opinio
sobre a descoberta da solido.
A compreenso do texto pode ser feita da seguinte forma, chamada objetiva:
Compreender um texto levar em conta os vrios aspectos que ele possui, por exemplo, um texto ter aspecto moral,
social, econmico, conforme a inteno do autor; para ratificar esses aspectos o autor se utiliza de um vocabulrio condizente com sua inteno. Ento ... como compreender textos
em prova, se cada pessoa possui um modo especfico de ver
os fatos? A resposta no simples. No obstante o valor
subjetivo do texto, ele possui uma estrutura interna que
bsica e a qual garantir uma compreenso objetiva.
Compreender um texto no literrio perceber no texto a
opinio, a inteno do autor, onde ele pretende chegar com
aquele texto. Se o autor contra ou a favor de um certo
tema, quais os aspectos que o autor levanta. Nossa compreenso ser sempre a partir das informaes que o texto nos
oferece.
Observe o texto a seguir:
ainda Lorenz, na mesma obra, quem identifica a frustrao dos jovens face a uma educao que, em nome da compreenso, baniu a firmeza e a liberdade com responsabilidade. Noes confusas de psicanlise, vagos anseios libertrios, muita teoria e pouco conhecimento serviram para reforar uma tolerncia preguiosa que passou a se constituir em
padro de comportamento para pais e educadores.
Aquela frustrao nasce dessa atitude que Lorenz chama de "muro de borracha" dbil, indefinida e acovardada do
adulto diante do jovem, to nociva quanto a ao punitiva
sistemtica de antigamente.
Educar tornou-se, h muito tempo, uma arte esquecida.
No contato com o adolescente, o pai ou aquele que estima
algum como se pode estimar um filho - no projeta apenas
uma imagem, mas ele mesmo. Por obra do amor, verdadeiro, atento, esquecido de si, profundamente interessado.
1) Segundo o texto, os jovens:

a) So autossuficientes.
b) Vivem no mundo da lua.
c) Necessitam de apoio e compreenso.
d) Esto sempre muito ocupados.
2) De acordo com o texto, pode-se afirmar que o homem:
a) Sente solido durante toda a vida.
b) Est sozinho apenas no momento da morte.
c) Est sozinho apenas no momento do nascimento.
d) Nunca est completamente sozinho.
3) Com relao solido, o texto afirma que:
a) O homem fica triste ao descobri-la.
b) O homem a descobre durante a adolescncia.
c) O jovem a encontra por falta de apoio e compreenso.
d) O jovem a encontra porque no confia nos adultos.
4) Segundo o texto, o amor:
a) um problema irrelevante na vida agitada do jovem.
b) E uma expresso romntica, uma frase fora de moda.
c) uma atitude hbil e simptica em relao ao jovem.
d) um meio pelo qual os adultos podem compreender as atitudes dos jovens.
5) O texto afirma que:
Lngua Portuguesa
a) As geraes mais velhas s se preocupam em
transmitir os seus valores aos mais jovens.
b) Os jovens acham que o mundo est errado e querem destru-lo.
c) A energia e a generosidade dos jovens os levam a
querer reformar o mundo.
d) normalmente uma hipocrisia o fato de os jovens
quererem reformar o mundo.
cado equivalente; de outra feita, utiliza-se de expresses,

palavras com significados opostos, contudo todos esses
recursos tm uma inteno, usar o texto como veculo ou de
emoo, ou de crtica, de revelao, informao, etc.
Peguemos como exemplo o texto de Luiz Carlos Lisboa.
No texto, h blocos de significados que se equivalem e
que tm um certo significado luz do contexto dado.
6) "... dbil, indefinida e acovardada do adulto diante

do jovem." As palavras sublinhadas podem ser substitudas, sem modificar o significado do texto, por:
1 Atitude dbil (= louca) indefinida, acovardada equivale a

ao primitiva, sistemtica.
2 Muita teoria equivale a pouco conhecimento.
3 Solido real e frequente anloga acompanhado, constante movimentao.
4 Bero anlogo sepultura.
a) maluco, incoerente, medroso.

b) fraco, indeterminado, medroso.
c) idiota, indeterminado, inseguro.
d) alegre, estpido, nervoso.
7) No pargrafo "A solido do jovem , apesar do que
se pensa em contrrio, real e frequente.", a frase
sublinhada d uma ideia de
a) concluso.
b) condio.
1-C
2- A
c) concesso.
d) indefinio.
RESPOSTAS
3- B 4- D 5- A
Exemplos:
6- B
O autor, no primeiro bloco de ideias, torna equivalente a

atitude dbil, indefinida e acovardada diante do jovem ao
punitiva. Em um outro contexto tal equivalncia seria impossvel, pois a atitude de liberdade total, num primeiro momento
no tem relao alguma punio sistemtica. Contudo, num
certo contexto, as palavras assumem significados equivalentes ou no.
7- C
Para compreendermos o texto preciso descobrir sua

estrutura interna. Nela, encontraremos ideias bsicas e acessrias e precisamos descobrir como essas ideias se relacionam. As ideias bsicas giram em torno do tema central, de
uma ideia ncleo contida no texto, a ela somam-se as ideias
acessrias, que s so importantes, enquanto corroboradoras
da ideia central.
Por exemplo, a ideia bsica do texto a presena da
solido em nossas vidas, na opinio de Luiz Carlos Lisboa, a
ela somam-se outras ideias sobre a educao dos jovens,
sobre a psicanlise, sobre o amor que so acessrias, porque no tratam diretamente do assunto da solido, mas so
acessrias, pois colaboram para a compreenso da ideia
bsica, central.
Geralmente, um texto trata de uma ideia bsica acompanhada de vrias ideias acessrias. Se h ideias bsicas e
ideias acessrias como ocorre a inter-relao dessas ideias?
Muitas vezes, a tcnica usada a de explanao de ideias "em cadeia", ocorre a explanao da ideia bsica e a seguir o desdobramento dessa ideia nos pargrafos subsequentes a fim de discutir, aprofundar o assunto.
J no texto-exemplo de Luiz Carlos Lisboa vemos que ele
vai preparando a introduo da ideia bsica com as ideias
acessrias, como se estivesse criando um ambiente propcio,
numa preparao textual onde o clmax seria a ideia bsica: a
descoberta da solido. E um crescer de expectativas at
chegar ao cerne da questo.
1) Sentido oposto: significa a ideia contrria de uma palavra em relao a outra.
2) Anlogo ou Equivalente: dizer que uma palavra anloga outra, significa dizer que ambas tm semelhanas de
significados, so equivalentes.
Num texto, palavras, oraes, frases, expresses so
justapostas, colocadas lado a lado visando a uma inteno do
autor que produz o texto. Por vezes, usa palavras de signifi-
No segundo bloco, muita teoria equivale a pouco conhecimento, em outro contexto tais afirmaes seriam opostas,
contraditrias, contudo no texto-exemplo so equivalentes,
pois assumem um significado de "coisas vazias" diante da
descoberta da solido, ento mais uma vez temos um termo
com um significado especfico num dado contexto.
No terceiro bloco, solido real e frequente esto lado a
lado das palavras acompanhando em constante movimentao. No contexto, elas so compreendidas como anlogas,
equivalentes, mas j sabemos que num outro contexto so
palavras que se opem. S assumem sentido anlogo devido
ideia do autor, sua inteno de reforar a contradio, a
confuso em que vive o adolescente.
No quarto bloco, bero anlogo sepultura, luz da
compreenso do texto so palavras que se equivalem, que
esto lado a lado equiparadas a lugares que contm a solido que cerca a vida das pessoas. Em outros contextos so
palavras opostas, pois significam vida e morte, mas no textoexemplo tudo uma coisa s: lugar de solido.
A oposio bsica do texto :
O Mundo dos adultos ocupados oposto busca disfarada de ateno e apoio.
Onde adultos se ocupam com um mundo parte dos
anseios, carncias, dvidas dos adolescentes cercados de
solido. importante ressaltar que as oposies, as equivalncias, a compreenso de certos termos s acontecem em
contextos determinados, pois dependendo da inteno do
autor as palavras podero se opor, equivaler-se, assumir
significados especficos, ainda como exemplo, recorremos
expresso "muro de borracha" que poderia significar at um
brinquedo em risco para o fsico da criana, contudo no textoexemplo significa a atitude dos pais diante dos filhos "dbil,
indefinida e acovardada" sem limites, sem a educao que
norteia a vida.
O texto poder utilizar diversos recursos, tudo, no entanto,
estar subordinado ideia do seu autor.
Lngua Portuguesa
ESTRUTURA E ORGANIZAO DO TEXTO
O bicho
Vi ontem um bicho
Na imundcie do ptio
Catando comida entre os detritos
Quando achava alguma coisa,
No examinava nem cheirava:
Engolia com voracidade.
O bicho no era um co,
No era um gato,
No era um rato.
O bicho, meu Deus, era um homem.
DEFINIO DE TEXTO
O texto uma mensagem, isto , um fato do discurso:
uma passagem falada ou escrita que forma um todo significativo independentemente da sua extenso.
O texto forma um todo, que pode ser:
uma palavra: No, talvez, sim ...
uma frase: Antes tarde do que nunca.
algumas ou centenas de pginas: um livro, um relatrio, um
ofcio, etc.
A ESTRUTURAO TEXTUAL
Um texto se realiza por meio de uma seleo de seu
material lingustico, a compreendidas a seleo vocabular, a
seleo da frase e a seleo do modo de organizao discursiva, ou seja, a narrao, a descrio e a argumentao.
Cada um desses modos de organizao possui determinadas
regularidades que lhe so prprias, alm daquelas regularidades que esto acima dessas gramticas particulares, ou
seja, as regularidades gerais do texto.
A estruturao de um texto se faz exatamente entre o
esperado, ou seja, o respeito quelas regularidades do modo
de organizao a que pertence e a criatividade do autor.
Portanto, escrever sempre um processo de seleo:
seleo de vocbulos, seleo de estruturas sintticas, seleo de organizao das frases na composio do texto, seleo de um modo de organizao discursiva... tudo em busca
do que parece mais adequado s finalidades do autor do
texto.
TIPOLOGIA TEXTUAL
Os textos variam conforme as intenes do autor, podendo ser narrativos, descritivos, dissertativos. Porm, raramente
um texto construdo com as caractersticas de um s tipo. O
mais comum encontrarmos os vrios tipos em um s texto.
O TEXTO NARRATIVO
(Manuel Bandeira. Estrela da vida inteira.

Rio de Janeiro, Jos Olympio, 1973.)
Toda a narrativa tem um narrador: aquele que conta a

histria. Mas o narrador pode ser de dois tipos, conforme a
sua perspectiva em relao aos fatos narrados: 1 ou 3 pessoa.
No texto acima, a histria contada em 1 pessoa (eu):
Vi ontem um bicho. O narrador relata um acontecimento que
o impressionou: um bicho catando restos de comida. Note
que, no desenvolvimento do enredo, no sabemos de que
animal se trata. S no desfecho o narrador nos revela que o
bicho um ser humano.
A narrao, alm de ser uma das mais importantes possibilidades da linguagem, tambm uma das prticas mais
comuns de nossa vida. A narrao associa nossa observao
do mundo com nossa existncia, nossa memria e nossa
imaginao.
Estrutura do texto narrativo:
1) ENREDO
a narrativa propriamente dita, que pode ser linear ou
retrospectiva, cuja trama mantm o interesse do leitor, que
espera por um desfecho. Chama-se simplesmente de ao.
2) PERSONAGEM
a pessoa que atua na narrativa. Pode ser principal ou
secundria, tpica ou caricatural.
Leia este trecho de um texto narrativo:
3) NARRADOR (PONTO DE VISTA)
A escrava pegou a filhinha

Nas costas
E se atirou no Paraba
Para que a criana no fosse judiada.
Geralmente, classifica-se em:

a) narrador-observador: o autor conta a histria como observador que sabe tudo. Usa a terceira pessoa.
b) narrador personagem: o autor conta encarnando-se
numa personagem, principal ou secundria. Usa a primeira
pessoa.
(Oswald de Andrade. Poesias Reunidas.

Rio de Janeiro, Civilizao Brasileira, 1972.)
Nesse texto, o importante o fato, a ao, o acontecimento: a escrava se mata junto com a filhinha recm-nascida,
para salv-la da escravido.
Releia o texto e repare que no sabemos como era a
escrava, nem como era sua filha, nem como era o rio. Esse
trecho s atribui importncia ao acontecimento em si.
Narrar, portanto, consiste em construir o conjunto de
aes que constituem a histria o enredo e relacion-las
s personagens seres que praticam atos ou sofrem os
fatos.
Vejamos mais um exemplo de narrao:
4) AMBIENTE
o meio fsico e social onde se desenvolve a ao das
personagens. Trata-se do pano de fundo ou do cenrio da
histria.
5) TEMPO
o elemento fortemente ligado ao enredo numa sequncia linear ou retrospectiva, ao passado, presente e futuro,
com seus recuos e avanos. Pode ser cronolgico (quando
avana no sentido do relgio) ou psicolgico (quando medido pela repercusso emocional, esttica e psicolgica nas
personagens).
Lngua Portuguesa
6) DISCURSO
A ORDEM DA NARRATIVA
o procedimento do narrador ao reproduzir as falas ou o

pensamento das personagens.
Entende-se por ordem o registro de um fato ou detalhe de

cada vez. Vejamos um exemplo:
H trs tipos de discurso:

x
Discurso direto: caracterizado pela reproduo fiel da

fala do personagem. As falas so reproduzidas integralmente e, via de regra, introduzidas por travesso.
Numa estrutura tradicional de discurso direto, a fala do
personagem acompanhada por um verbo de elocuo (verbo que indica a fala do personagem: dizer, falar, responder, indagar, perguntar, retrucar, afirmar,
etc.), seguido de dois-pontos.
Alguns autores modernos dispensam o emprego dos
verbos de elocuo em favor de um ritmo mais veloz
da narrativa, assim como tambm os sinais de pontuao que introduzem e delimitam as falas (doispontos, travesso, aspas, etc.).
Chega a polcia.
E os invasores saem.
A polcia se vai.
Os invasores voltam. (Jornal da Tarde)
Nesta pequena narrativa, que serve de ttulo para uma
reportagem, o jornalista registrou fatos na ordem em que
aconteceram, ou seja, em sequncia cronolgica ou linear:
comeo, meio e fim.
Muitas vezes, o autor pode fugir do convencional, alterando essa linearidade. Isso ocorre com mais frequncia no texto
literrio, em que se trabalha artisticamente a lngua com a
finalidade de provocar emoes no leitor.
Vejamos alguns exemplos:
1) O narrador antecipa o final da narrativa:
No dia em que o matariam, Santiago Nassar levantou-se
s 5h30 da manh para esperar o navio em que chegava o
bispo. (Gabriel Garcia Mrquez)
Observe o exemplo:
No primeiro pargrafo, o narrador j conta o que aconteceu personagem.
(Maurcio de Sousa)
A fala nos quadrinhos normalmente apresentada de

forma direta, nos bales, sem interferncia de narrador. No
caso desta tira, Mnica e Cebolinha estabelecem um dilogo.
x
Discurso indireto: caracterizado pelo fato de o narrador se apropriar da fala do personagem, ou seja, a fala
do outro vem pelas palavras do narrador. No discurso
indireto, observamos a seguinte estrutura: verbo de
elocuo (que o ncleo do predicado da orao
principal), seguido da orao subordinada (a fala do
personagem complementa o significado do verbo de
elocuo: disse que...; pensou que...; desempenhando
a funo de objeto direto ou indireto), introduzida por
uma conjuno integrante (que, se).
Observe o exemplo:
2) O narrador faz referncia a um fato anterior, que o leitor

no conhece, procurando criar suspense. Leia a primeira
linha de um conto:
Ento a mosca voltou a atacar. Ningum dava nada por
ela. Se no mundo dos insetos j seria presa fcil, o que dir
na longa noite dos brontossauros. (Chacal)
Fazendo referncia a um fato que o leitor desconhece, o
narrador desperta a curiosidade de saber como e por que a
tal mosca atacava e voltou a atacar.
3) Antes de comear a contar a histria propriamente dita, o
narrador inicia o texto com uma fala da personagem, mostrando que ela est mesmo em desequilbrio com o meio:
Que peixe esse? Perguntou a moa com afetada
admirao. Foi na cidade de Curupuru, no Maranho. A moa
nascera ali mesmo, crescera ali mesmo mas voltara semana
passada de uma temporada de um ano, na capital do estado.
Ela agora moa de cidade, no conhece mais peixe, nem
bicho do mato, nem farinha de pau. Evoluiu.
Que peixe esse?
Os homens e as mulheres no responderam nada. Olharam-se uns aos outros com ar de enfado.(Ferreira Gullar)
O detento disse que (ele) no confiava mais na Justia.

Logo depois, perguntou ao delegado se (ele) iria prend-lo.
x
indireto-livre: consiste na fuso entre narrador e personagem, isto , a fala da personagem insere-se no
discurso do narrador, sem o emprego dos verbos de
elocuo (como dizer, afirmar, perguntar, responder,
pedir e exclamar).
Observe o exemplo:
Agora (Fabiano) queria entender-se com Sinh Vitria a

respeito da educao dos pequenos. E eles estavam perguntadores, insuportveis. Fabiano dava-se bem com a ignorncia. Tinha o direito de saber? tinha? No tinha.
O CICLO NARRATIVO
Nos textos essencialmente narrativos, predominam
frases verbais, que indicam um processo, uma ao.
as
A narrativa tem como ponto de partida uma situao inicial, que se desenvolve numa para chegar a uma situao final,
diferente da inicial:
situao inicial - o personagem est apresentado numa
determinada situao temporal e espacial;
desenvolvimento - apresenta-se o conflito, e a ao se desenvolve at chegar ao clmax e, em seguida, a um desfecho;
situao final - passado o conflito, o personagem apresentado em uma nova situao h claros indcios de transformao, de mudana em relao ao incio da narrativa.
Lngua Portuguesa
NARRATIVA FICCIONAL
O TEXTO DESCRITIVO
A palavra fico vem do latim fictio, que deriva do verbo

fingere: modelar, criar, inventar. Quando identificamos uma
narrativa como ficcional, observamos nela uma realidade
criada, imaginria, no real.
A narrativa ficcional fruto da imaginao criadora. Sempre mantendo pontos de contato com o real, recria a realidade. Baseando-se nela ou dela se distanciando. Se os acontecimentos narrados, se os personagens apresentados aproximarem-se muito da realidade a ponto de nos confundir, falamos que a narrativa verossmil (semelhante verdade), se
os acontecimentos e personagens se mostrarem absurdos,
absolutamente improvveis, falamos que a narrativa inverossmil (que no semelhante verdade).
Leia este trecho descritivo de Guimares Rosa:

Sua casa ficava para trs da Serra do Mim, quase no
meio de um brejo de gua limpa, lugar chamado o Temor-deDeus. O Pai, pequeno sitiante, lidava com vacas e arroz; a
Me, urucuiana, nunca tirava o tero da mo, mesmo quando
matando galinhas ou passando descompostura em algum. E
ela, menininha, por nome Maria, Nhinhinha dita, nascera j
muito para mida, cabeudota e com olhos enormes.
Voc observou que o trecho acima, apresenta caractersticas de ambiente e de personagens. Essa caracterizao
obtida por meio da descrio.
O texto a seguir um trecho de Alice no Pas das Maravilhas de Lewis Carrol, um exemplo de narrativa de fico em
que podemos observar um universo imaginrio.
Descrever detalhar uma cena, objeto, sentimento, personagens, destacando-lhe caractersticas peculiares, de
modo a passar ao leitor/ouvinte uma imagem o mais prxima
possvel daquela que temos em mente.
Alice no Pas das Maravilhas
H duas maneiras bsicas de descrever: objetiva ou subjetivamente.
Lewis Carrol
Na descrio objetiva, a realidade retratada com a

maior fidelidade possvel, no se emitindo qualquer opinio
ou julgamento. Leia, agora, as seguintes descries objetivas:
Os anticorpos so molculas de protenas que possuem
dois stios especficos de combinao com os antgenos.
Existem, em cada molcula de anticorpo, duas cadeias polipeptdicas leves e duas cadeias pesadas, ligadas entre si por
pontes de enxofre.
Captulo 1
Para baixo na toca do coelho
(Amabis e Martho)
O apartamento que comprei tem trs dormitrios sendo

uma sute , uma sala em L, dois banheiros, cozinha, rea
de servio e dependncias de empregada.
Alice estava comeando a ficar muito cansada de estar
sentada ao lado de sua irm e no ter nada para fazer: uma
vez ou duas ela dava uma olhadinha no livro que a irm lia,
mas no havia figuras ou dilogos nele e para que serve um
livro, pensou Alice, sem figuras nem dilogos?
Ento, ela pensava consigo mesma (to bem quanto era
possvel naquele dia quente que a deixava sonolenta e estpida) se o prazer de fazer um colar de margaridas era mais
forte do que o esforo de ter de levantar e colher as margaridas, quando subitamente um Coelho Branco com olhos corde-rosa passou correndo perto dela.
No havia nada de muito especial nisso, tambm Alice
no achou muito fora do normal ouvir o Coelho dizer para si
mesmo Oh puxa! Oh puxa! Eu devo estar muito atrasado!
(quando ela pensou nisso depois, ocorreu-lhe que deveria ter
achado estranho, mas na hora tudo parecia muito natural);
mas, quando o Coelho tirou um relgio do bolso do colete, e
olhou para ele, apressando-se a seguir, Alice ps-se em p e
lhe passou a ideia pela mente como um relmpago, que ela
nunca vira antes um coelho com um bolso no colete e menos
ainda com um relgio para tirar dele. Ardendo de curiosidade,
ela correu pelo campo atrs dele, a tempo de v-lo saltar
para dentro de uma grande toca de coelho embaixo da cerca.
No mesmo instante, Alice entrou atrs dele, sem pensar
como faria para sair dali. A toca do coelho dava diretamente
em um tnel, e ento se aprofundava repentinamente. To
repentinamente que Alice no teve um momento sequer para
pensar antes de j se encontrar caindo no que parecia ser
bastante fundo.
(...)
Na descrio subjetiva, a realidade retratada de acordo com o ponto de vista do emissor, que pode opinar e expressar seus sentimentos. Leia, agora, os seguintes trechos
descritivos:
Este Quincas Borba, se acaso me fizeste o favor de ler
as Memrias pstumas de Brs Cubas, aquele mesmo
nufrago da existncia, que ali aparece, mendigo, herdeiro
inopinado, e inventor de uma filosofia. Aqui o tens agora em
Barbacena. Logo que chegou, enamorou-se de uma viva,
senhora de condio mediana e parcos meios de vida, to
acanhada, que os suspiros do namorado ficavam sem eco.
(Machado de Assis)
O senhor sabe: serto onde manda quem forte, com

as astcias. Deus mesmo, quando vier, que venha armado! E
bala um pedaozinho de metal ... serto onde o pensamento da gente se forma mais forte do que o poder do lugar.
Viver muito perigoso.
(Guimares Rosa)
CARACTERSTICAS DA DESCRIO
caracteriza, por meio de imagens ou de palavras, seres e
lugares;
emprega adjetivos, locues adjetivas, verbos de estado e
oraes adjetivas;
emprega geralmente verbos de estado, normalmente no
presente e no imperfeito do indicativo;
estabelece comparaes;
faz referncias s impresses sensitivas: cores, formas,
cheiros, gostos, impresses tteis, sons.
Lngua Portuguesa
A ORDEM NA DESCRIO
O TEXTO DISSERTATIVO
A descrio um verdadeiro retrato com palavras. Na

descrio literria, o escritor procura ordenar as frases de
modo a obter um texto que prenda a ateno do leitor.
Os textos descritivos dificilmente aparecem isolados.
Geralmente, fazem parte de um texto maior, do tipo narrativo.
H vrias maneiras de montar a descrio, dependendo
da posio (ponto de vista) do observador em relao quilo
que est sendo observado. As principais so:
a) Do particular para o geral
Vejamos um exemplo:
A pele da garota era desse moreno enxuto e parelho das
chinesas. Tinha uns olhos grados, lustrosos e negros como
os cabelos lisos, e um sorriso suave e limpo a animar-lhe o
rosto oval, de feies delicadas. (rico Verssimo)
Leia este trecho de um texto dissertativo:

A fim de apreender a finalidade e o sentido da vida
preciso amar a vida por ela mesma, inteiramente; mergulhar,
por assim dizer, no redemoinho da vida; somente ento apreender-se- o sentido da vida, compreender-se- para que se
vive. A vida algo que, ao contrrio de tudo criado pelo homem, no necessita de teoria, quem apreende a prtica da
vida tambm assimila a sua teoria.
(Wilhelm Reich. A revoluo sexual. Rio de Janeiro, Zahar, 1974)
O texto expe um ponto de vista (a finalidade da vida

viver) sobre um assunto-tema (no caso, o sentido e a finalidade da vida). Alm de apresentar o ponto de vista do autor,
o texto faz tambm a defesa desse ponto de vista: os porqus, os motivos que fundamentam a opinio de que a prtica intensa de viver que revela o sentido da vida; de que a
vida no precisa de teoria e que se identifica com o prprio
processo de viver intensamente.
defesa do ponto de vista, organizao dos motivos
que o justificam, exposio dos fundamentos em que uma
posio est baseada, chamamos argumentao.
b) Do geral para o particular

Vejamos um exemplo:
A rua estava de novo quase morta, janelas fechadas. A
valsa acabara o bis. Sem ningum. S o violinista estava ali,
fumando, fumegando muito, olhando sem ver, totalmente
desamparado, sem nenhum sono, agarrado a no sei que
esperana de que algum, uma garota linda, um fotgrafo,
um milionrio disfarado lhe pedisse pra tocar mais uma vez.
Defender uma opinio com argumentos coerentes e adequados o aspecto mais importante do texto dissertativo.
Alm da argumentao articulada, a dissertao deve apresentar tambm uma linguagem clara e uma estruturao
lgica (com introduo, desenvolvimento e concluso).
Dissertar , atravs da organizao de palavras, frases e
textos, apresentar ideias, desenvolver raciocnio, analisar
contextos, dados e fatos.
DESCRIO POTICA
Na poesia, a descrio est marcada pela funo ftica,
apresentando imagens inusitadas que recriam seres e/ou
ambientes. Dificilmente encontraremos objetividade nas descries poticas, pois, a poesia est marcada pelo subjetivismo. Observe o exemplo:
A ESTRUTURA DO TEXTO DISSERTATIVO

A dissertao obedece seguinte estrutura:
Introduo
Retrato
a parte na qual se apresenta a ideia central do texto e o
enfoque que se pretende abordar.
Eu no tinha este rosto de hoje

assim calmo, assim triste, assim magro,
nem estes olhos to vazios,
nem o lbio amargo.
Eu no tinha estas mos sem fora,
to paradas e frias e mortas;
eu no tinha este corao
que nem se mostra.
Desenvolvimento
O desenvolvimento da dissertao apresenta os diferentes aspectos da ideia exposta na introduo. Alm disso,
nessa parte que ser feita a fundamentao da ideia que se
pretende discutir, atravs de exemplos, argumentos, dados
estatsticos, fatos histricos, causas e consequncias etc.
Eu no dei por esta mudana,

to simples, to certa, to fcil:
- Em que espelho ficou perdida
a minha face?
Concluso
a retomada da ideia apresentada na introduo, s que
enriquecida pela fundamentao dada no desenvolvimento. A
concluso sintetiza a ideia central do texto e pode acrescentar sugestes, ampliando a discusso do tema.
(Ceclia Meireles - Obra potica.

Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar, 1985.)
DESCRIO TCNICA
Veja como est estruturado o texto que segue:
Na descrio tcnica procura-se transmitir a imagem do

objeto atravs de uma linguagem tcnica, com vocabulrio
preciso, normalmente ligado a uma rea da cincia ou da
tecnologia.
o caso da descrio de peas e aparelhos, de experincias e fenmenos, do funcionamento de mecanismos, da
redao de manuais de instruo e artigos cientficos.
Pode-se distinguir os homens dos animais pela conscincia, pela religio ou por tudo que se queira. Mas eles prprios
comeam a se diferenciar dos animais to logo comeam a
produzir seus meios de vida, passo este que condicionado
por sua organizao temporal. Produzindo seus meios de
vida, os homens produzem, indiretamente, sua prpria vida
material.
Lngua Portuguesa
O modo pelo qual os homens produzem seus meios de
vida depende, antes de tudo, da natureza dos meios de vidas
j encontrados e que tm de reproduzir. No se deve considerar tal modo de produo de um nico ponto de vista, a
saber: a reproduo da existncia fsica dos indivduos. Trata-se, muito mais, de uma determinada forma de atividade
dos indivduos, determinada forma de manifestar sua vida,
determinado modo de vida dos mesmos. Tal como os indivduos manifestam sua vida, assim so eles. O que eles so
coincide com sua produo, tanto com o que produzem como
com o modo como produzem.
Observe como a autora organizou o texto dedutivamente:

As expectativas num namoro so, na maioria das vezes,
muito diferentes para meninos e meninas. (hiptese geral)
Enquanto a maioria dos rapazes est doida para beijar,
tocar a menina e ter o mximo de intimidade sexual que puder, ela geralmente est interessada em sair com ele, namor-lo, apreciar sua companhia. (fatos particulares que exemplificam a hiptese geral)
(SUPLICY, Marta. Sexo para adolescentes. FTD, 1988. p. 82)
A ENUMERAO PARA ORGANIZAR O TEXTO
O que os indivduos so, portanto, depende das condies materiais de sua produo.
(MARX, Karl. In: ARANHA, Maria Lcia de Arruda & MARTINS, Maria
Helena. Temas de filosofia. So Paulo, Moderna, 1992.)
Leia o texto seguinte:

PRAZERES
A estrutura desse texto bem definida: introduo (primeiro pargrafo), desenvolvimento (segundo pargrafo),
concluso (ltimo pargrafo).
O primeiro olhar da janela de manh

O velho livro de novo encontrado
Rostos animados
Neve, o mudar das estaes
O jornal
O co
A dialtica
Tomar ducha, nadar
Velha msica
Sapatos cmodos
Compreender
Msica nova
Escrever, plantar
Viajar, cantar
Ser amvel
A ORDEM NA DISSERTAO
Assim como na descrio podemos partir do geral para o
particular e vice-versa, a exposio de ideias na dissertao
admite o mesmo caminho.
Nesse caso, estaremos trabalhando com dois mtodos
bsicos de raciocnio: a induo e a deduo.
Chama-se induo ao raciocnio que se baseia na observao e elementos conhecidos, concretos (o particular), para,
por meio deles, chegar a uma concluso ou a uma hiptese
possvel sobre uma determinada ideia ou fato (o geral).
Observe como o jornalista Gilberto Dimenstein escreveu a
respeito dos jovens brasileiros vtimas de assassinato.
VIOLNCIA MATA MAIS ENTRE OS JOVENS
De cada 10 jovens brasileiros entre 15 e 18 anos mortos
no ano de 1993, 6 deles foram assassinados. A pesquisa
revela que, atualmente, o homicdio est em primeiro lugar
entre as causas da morte a juventude. A pesquisa foi feita
pelo CBIA (Centro Brasileiro para Infncia e Adolescncia),
rgo vinculado ao Ministrio do Bem-Estar Social.
Apesar da fragilidade estatstica e o aumento da conscincia dos governantes sobre a situao da infncia, os ndices de violncia continuam crescendo.
(Folha de So Paulo, 26 jun 1994. Caderno Especial: Brasil 95)
Particular: dados da pesquisa feita pelo CBIA.
(Bertolt Brecht. Poemas e canes. Coimbra, 1975)
Como foi organizado esse poema? Qual a sequncia de

ideias? Observe que o texto no buscou desenvolver o conceito de felicidade, mas apresenta os elementos capazes de
representar a felicidade.
Pela enumerao de acontecimentos, objetos, pessoas,
sensaes, sentimentos, atividades, o autor diz o que felicidade.
A enumerao uma tcnica das mais ricas para escrever livremente e constitui um dos importantes recursos utilizados na literatura, principalmente na poesia moderna. No
texto enumerativo empregam-se elementos que dificilmente
aparecem em redaes tradicionais: tomar ducha, sapatos
cmodos, por exemplo. A enumerao uma forma concreta
de escrever: consiste em listar coisas, fatos, lembranas,
emoes, desejos, sensaes de nossa vida, do dia-a-dia, da
nossa histria. Observe outro texto em que se emprega o
processo de enumerao:
Geral: os ndices de violncia continuam aumentando apesar

do aumento da conscincia dos governantes sobre o problema.
O tipo de raciocnio conhecido como deduo segue o
caminho inverso ao da induo. Portanto, no raciocnio dedutivo partimos do geral para o particular, do desconhecido para
o conhecido. Obedecemos, geralmente, aos seguintes passos:
1) formulamos uma hiptese abstrata, de carter geral;
2) fazemos uma relao de fatos e provas (elementos concretos, conhecidos, observveis): o particular;
3) podemos ou no colocar uma concluso que confirme a
hiptese geral.
OS DOIS LADOS
Deste lado tem meu corpo
tem o sonho
tem minha namorada na janela
tem as ruas gritando de luzes e movimentos
tem meu amor to lento
tem o mundo batendo na minha memria
tem o caminho pro trabalho.
Do outro lado tem outras vidas vivendo da minha vida tem
pensamentos srios me esperando na sala de visitas
tem minha noiva definitiva me esperando com flores na
mo,
tem a morte, as colunas da ordem e da desordem.
(Murilo Mendes. Poesia completa e prosa, Nova Aguilar, 1994)
Lngua Portuguesa
Esse poema uma espcie de autorretrato, que enumera
elementos de dois lados diferentes da personalidade e da
vida do eu-lrico.
Perceba que o texto foi organizado pelo processo de
enumerao. Primeiro temos os elementos de um lado e,
depois, os elementos do outro.
O texto apresentado possui:

a) narrador-observador
b) narrador-personagem
3) Em qual elemento bsico da narrao possvel obter
uma sequncia linear ou retrospectiva ao passado, presente
e futuro?
RECONHECIMENTO DA ESTRUTURA
Para continuar trabalhando a estrutura e organizao do
texto, vamos exercitar a leitura com o objetivo de identificar o
modo como ele foi ordenado.
No se trata de entender o contedo, mas reconhecer a
estrutura, a arquitetao do texto. O que podemos perceber a
respeito da estrutura do texto abaixo?
4) Indique a alternativa que possui o discurso indireto-livre:

a) Quando me viu, Pedrinho me chamou de lado e perguntou
se era verdade que eu sabia fazer milagres.
O amor finalmente
um embarao de pernas,
uma unio de barrigas,
um breve tremor de artrias.
Uma confuso de bocas,
uma batalha de veias,
um rebolio de ancas,
quem diz outra coisa besta.
(Fernando Sabino)
b) No quero discutir com a senhora. Mas tambm no

quero ver meu filho duvidando do prprio pai.
(Lus F. Verssimo)
(Gregrio de Matos. Poemas escolhidos. So Paulo, Cultrix)
O texto apresenta uma enumerao de definies de

amor. Cada uma destas definies est organizada de modo
a apresentar uma parte do corpo. No final, um comentrio
jocoso encerra a sequncia.
c) Ela se referia a uma misteriosa casa na Avenida Joo

Pinheiro, onde sabamos que no morava ningum havia
anos. (...) amos sempre olh-la durante o dia, fascinados:
que haveria l dentro? No seria de espantar se de noite os
fantasmas se reunissem ali para celebrar o fato de j haverem morrido.
(Fernando Sabino)
d) Que que tem trazer uma flor para casa?

Veio do oculista e trouxe uma rosa. Acha direito?
Por que no?
(Carlos Drummond de Andrade)
EXERCCIOS
1)
a) enredo
b) personagem
c) ambiente
d) tempo
Observe:
Seriam onze horas da manh.

O Campos, segundo o costume, acabava de descer do
almoo e, a pena atrs da orelha, o leno por dentro do colarinho, dispunha-se a prosseguir no trabalho interrompido
pouco antes. Entrou no seu escritrio e foi sentar-se secretria.
(Alusio Azevedo)
O texto acima possui predominncia:

a) narrativa
b) descritiva
c) dissertativa
5) O texto a seguir apresenta:

Era de estatura regular, tinha as costas arqueadas e os
ombros levemente contrados, braos moles, cintura pouco
abaixo dos seios, desenhando muito a barriga. Quando andava, principalmente em ocasies de cerimnia, sacudia o
corpo na cadncia dos passos e bamboleava a cabea com
um movimento que afetava languidez. Muito plida, olhos
grandes e bonitos, repuxados para os cantos exteriores, em
um feitio acentuado de folhas de roseira; lbios descorados e
cheios, mas graciosos. Nunca se despregava das lunetas, e a
forte miopia dava-lhe aos olhos uma expresso mida de
choro.
(Alusio Azevedo)
2) Leia o texto a seguir:

Depois que terminei um curso de tcnicas de emergncia
mdica, eu estava ansiosa para colocar prova minhas novas aptides. Um dia, quando ia numa autoestrada, vi um
homem deitado no cho ao lado de um carro. Parei imediatamente, peguei meu estojo de primeiros socorros e corri
para ele.
a) narrao
b) descrio subjetiva
c) dissertao
d) descrio objetiva
6) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto dissertao:
Sou perita em emergncias disse eu a ele.

O senhor precisa de ajuda?
E preciso mesmo respondeu o homem.
Voc sabe trocar pneu?
(In revista Selees do Readers Digest, n 274.
Rio de Janeiro, maro de 1994)
a) formular uma hiptese abstrata, de carter geral;

b) fazer uma relao de fatos e provas;
c) colocar ou no uma concluso que confirme a hiptese
geral;
d) detalhar cenas, objetos, sentimentos, personagens, destacando suas caractersticas peculiares.
Lngua Portuguesa
7) Temos uma dissertao na alternativa:
a) Na plancie avermelhada os juazeiros alargavam duas
manchas verdes. (...)
A caatinga estendia-se, de um vermelho indeciso salpicado
de manchas brancas que eram ossadas. O voo negro dos
urubus fazia crculos altos em redor de bichos moribundos.
(Graciliano Ramos, Vidas Secas)
b) De longe via a aleia onde a tarde era clara e redonda.

Mas a penumbra dos ramos cobria o atalho.
Ao seu redor havia rudos serenos, cheiro de rvores, pequenas surpresas entre os cips.
Todo o jardim triturado pelos instantes j mais apressados da
tarde. De onde vinha o meio sonho pelo qual estava rodeada?
Como por um zunido de abelhas e aves. Tudo era estranho,
suave demais, grande demais.
A linguagem verbal aquela que tem por unidade a

palavra; as linguagens no verbais tm outros tipos de
unidade, como os gestos, o movimento, a imagem, etc. H,
ainda, as linguagens mistas, como por exemplo, as histrias
em quadrinhos, que normalmente utilizam a imagem e a
palavra.
Que tipo de linguagem veicula com maior rapidez uma
informao?
Veja estes smbolos abaixo:
Smbolo que se coloca na porta para indicar sanitrio masculino.
(Clarisse Lispector, Laos de Famlia)
c) Sempre fomos explorados. Somos oprimidos, mas no

vencidos. Lutamos, pelo elementar direito de a classe trabalhadora participar da vida poltica, social e econmica de sua
ptria. Intil tentar nos calar, nos deter, nos abater. Somos
multido. Estamos nas cidades e nos campos. Renascemos
em nossos filhos. Sabemos que, no futuro, estar em nossas
mos a riqueza que agora produzimos. (Panfleto de um Sindi-
Imagem indicativa de silncio.
cato, maio de 1981)
d) Na baixada, mato e campo eram concolores. No alto da

colina, onde a luz andava roda, debaixo do angelim verde,
de vagens verdes, um boi branco, de cauda branca. E, ao
longe, nas prateleiras dos morros cavalgam-se trs qualidades de azul. (Guimares Rosa, Sagarana)
8) Que tipo de descrio Garfield faz na tira a seguir?
Placas de trnsito frente proibido andar de bicicleta,

atrs quebra-molas.
A linguagem verbal a mais eficaz, porque transmite a

informao de forma mais objetiva e completa. A linguagem
visual, entretanto, a mais econmica, porque veicula a
informao com maior rapidez.
EXERCCIOS
1 Qual linguagem foi utilizada na figura abaixo?
a) verbal
b) no verbal
(Davis, Jim. Garfield em casa. Rio de Janeiro, Cedibra)
a) descrio subjetiva
b) descrio objetiva
1-A
2-B
3- D
RESPOSTAS
4- C 5- B 6- D
7- C
2 Qual linguagem foi utilizada na tira de Maurcio de

Sousa?
8- A
LINGUAGEM VERBAL E LINGUAGEM NO-VERBAL

Linguagem a representao do pensamento por meio
de sinais que permitem a comunicao e a interao entre as
pessoas.
As palavras, os gestos, o desenho, a escrita, a mmica, as
notas musicais, o cdigo Morse e o de trnsito, a pintura, a
dana, a arquitetura, a escultura, tudo isso linguagem. As
vrias linguagens podem ser organizadas em dois grupos: a
linguagem verbal, modelo de todas as outras, e as linguagens
no verbais.
(Maurcio de Sousa)
a) verbal
b) no verbal
RESPOSTAS
1-B 2-A
Lngua Portuguesa
SINNIMOS, ANTNIMOS E PARNIMOS
A semntica refere-se ao estudo do significado, em
todos os sentidos do termo. A semntica ope-se com frequncia sintaxe, caso em que a primeira se ocupa do que
algo significa, enquanto a segunda se debrua sobre as estruturas ou padres formais do modo como esse algo expresso (por exemplo, escritos ou falados).
SIGNIFICAO DAS PALAVRAS
Para o falante ou o escritor ser capaz de selecionar as
palavras adequadas para formar sua mensagem, preciso
conhecer o significado das palavras. Sendo assim, importante conhecer os fatos lingusticos.
SINNIMOS OU SINONMIA
Sinonmia ou sinnimos so palavras que possuem
significados iguais ou semelhantes.
Aquela garota veloz.
Aquela garota rpida.
Entre os sinnimos, h sempre um que se destaca por ser
mais expressivo, assim, no dicionrio, aparecem vrios significados de cada palavra, cabe ao escritor achar a mais apropriada ao seu contexto.
ANTNIMOS OU ANTONMIA
Antonmia ou antnimos so palavras que possuem
significados opostos.
Seu cabelo est muito comprido.
Seu cabelo est muito curto.
Algumas palavras opostas se originam de um prefixo de
sentido negativo ou oposto.
feliz infeliz
agradvel desagradvel
bendizer maldizer
HOMNIMOS OU HOMONMIA
Homonmia ou homnimos so palavras que possuem
significados diferentes, mas so iguais no som e/ou na escrita.
Preciso fazer um conserto na roupa.
(reparo)
Vou ao concerto esta noite.
(apresentao musical)
Os homnimos podem ser:
Homgrafos: possuem a mesma grafia, mas sons diferentes.
seco (substantivo) e seco (verbo)
olho (substantivo) e olho (verbo)
Homfonos: possuem o mesmo som, mas grafias diferentes.
cheque (ordem de pagamento)
xeque (lance de jogo de xadrez)
Homnimos perfeitos: possuem a mesma grafia e o

mesmo som.
o rio (substantivo) eu rio (verbo)
cedo (verbo) cedo (advrbio de tempo)
Veja, a seguir, a relao de alguns homnimos:
acender - pr fogo
ascender - subir
acento - sinal grfico
assento - lugar de sentar-se
ao - metal
asso - (verbo) 1 pessoa do indicativo
banco - assento
banco - estabelecimento
caar - pegar animais
cassar - anular
cela - pequeno quarto
sela - arreio e (verbo) 3 pessoa sing. do indicativo
censo - recenseamento
senso - juzo
cerrar - fechar
serrar - cortar
cesso - ato de ceder
seo, seco - diviso
sesso - reunio
cesto - balaio
sexto - numeral ordinal
cheque - ordem de pagamento
xeque - lance do jogo de xadrez
concerto - apresentao musical
conserto - (verbo) 1 pessoa singular do indicativo
coser - costurar
cozer - cozinhar
espiar - espionar
expiar - sofrer castigo
esttico - imvel
exttico - admirado
estrato - tipo de nuvem
extrato - resumo
incerto - no certo
inserto - includo
intercesso - interceder
interseo - corte feito no meio do objeto
lao - n
lasso - gasto, cansado, frouxo
manga - fruta da mangueira
manga - parte do vesturio
pao - palcio
passo - passada
ruo - desbotado
russo - da Rssia
so - saudvel, com sade
so - (verbo) 3 pessoa plural do indicativo
so - forma reduzida de santo
sexta - reduo de sexta-feira
cesta - recipiente
sesta - hora em que se descansa ou dorme aps o
almoo
taxar - estabelecer a taxa de
tachar - qualificar em mau sentido
PARNIMOS OU PARONMIA
Paronmia ou parnimos so palavras que possuem
significados diferentes, mas so muito parecidas no som e na
escrita.
O garotinho gosta de brincar de pio.
O garoto sonha em ser peo de boiadeiro.
10
Lngua Portuguesa
Veja, a seguir, a relao de alguns parnimos:
absolver - perdoar
absorver - sorver
acostumar - contrair hbito
costumar - ter por hbito
amoral - indiferente moral
imoral - contra a moral
apstrofe - figura de linguagem
apstrofo - sinal grfico
aprender - instituir-se
apreender - assimilar
arrear - pr arreios
arriar - descer, baixar
cavaleiro - aquele que anda a cavalo
cavalheiro - homem educado
comprimento - extenso
cumprimento - saudao
deferir - conceder, atender
diferir - ser diferente, adiar
delatar - denunciar
dilatar - alargar
descrio - ato de descrever
discrio - ser discreto
descriminar - inocentar
discriminar - distinguir
despensa - lugar onde se guardam mantimentos
dispensa - licena
destratar - insultar
distratar - desfazer
emergir - vir tona
imergir - mergulhar
emigrar - sair da ptria
imigrar - entrar num pas estranho para nele morar
eminente - notvel, clebre
iminente - prestes a acontecer
estdio - praa de esportes
estgio - preparao, perodo
flagrante - evidente
fragrante - perfumado
incidente - episdio
acidente - desastre
inflao - desvalorizao (dinheiro)
infrao - violao
infligir - aplicar castigo
infringir - no respeitar
tico - relativo ao ouvido
ptico - relativo viso
peo - amansador de cavalos, pea no jogo de xadrez
pio - brinquedo
pequenez - relativo a pequeno
pequins - originrio de Pequim, raa de ces
plaga - regio, pas
praga - maldio
pleito - disputa eleitoral
preito - homenagem
precedente - antecedente
procedente - proveniente
ratificar - confirmar
retificar - corrigir
reboco - argamassa de cal e areia
reboque - cabo que prende um veculo a outro
soar- produzir som
suar verter suor pelos poros
POLISSEMIA
Temos a polissemia quando uma palavra apresenta significado diferente que se explica dentro de um contexto.
A deciso est nas mos do papai.
(dependncia)
Machuquei minha mo.
(parte do corpo)
Ele passou a mo nas chaves do carro.
(apropriar-se de coisas alheias)
EXERCCIOS
1) Assinale o sinnimo da palavra destacada na seguinte
frase: Elogiou o deputado e todos os seus sequazes.
a) inimigos
b) parentes
c) partidrios
d) adversrios
e) alunos
2) Assinale o antnimo da palavra destacada na seguinte
frase, O prolixo professor Pinheiro discursava sobre a gramtica normativa.
a) sensual
b) lacnico
c) insolente
d) fatdico
e) trgicos
3) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto significao da
palavra:
a) Bruno far a cesso de seus livros.
b) Flvia est na seo de cosmticos.
c) A sesso ser presidida pela professora Jssica.
d) Todas as alternativas esto corretas.
e) Todas as alternativas esto incorretas.
4) Os significados das palavras parnimas:
imergir, eminncia, descrio so, respectivamente:
a) afundar, proximidade de ocorrncia, reserva
b) subir, proximidade de ocorrncia, exposio
c) afundar, excelncia, reserva
d) subir, excelncia, reserva
e) afundar, excelncia, exposio
5) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto aos homnimos:
a) cesto (balaio) sexto (numeral ordinal)
b) esttico (imvel) exttico (admirado)
c) coser (costurar) cozer (cozinhar)
d) cerrar (cortar) serrar (fechar)
e) lao (n) lasso (gasto)
1-C
11
RESPOSTAS
2-B
3-D
4-E
5-D
Lngua Portuguesa
SENTIDO PRPRIO E FIGURADO DAS PALAVRAS
DENOTAO E CONOTAO
CLASSES DE PALAVRAS: SUBSTANTIVO, ADJETIVO,

NUMERAL, PRONOME, VERBO, ADVRBIO,
PREPOSIO E CONJUNO: EMPREGO
E SENTIDO QUE IMPRIMEM S RELAES
QUE ESTABELECEM.
Denotao o emprego das palavras no seu sentido prprio.

Ontem fez muito frio.
Conotao o emprego das palavras no seu sentido figurado.
Morfologia o estudo da estrutura, da formao e da

classificao das palavras. A morfologia est agrupada em
dez classes, denominadas classes de palavras ou classes
gramaticais. As palavras podem ser de dois tipos quanto
sua flexo: variveis ou invariveis.
PALAVRAS VARIVEIS
Ele um homem frio.

Na primeira orao, a palavra frio possui o significado de
desprovido de calor.
Na segunda orao, a palavra frio possui o significado de
insensvel.
Os substantivos, os adjetivos, os artigos, os numerais, os

pronomes e os verbos flexionam-se, isto , podem apresentar
modificaes na forma, para exprimir os acidentes gramaticais de gnero, nmero, grau, pessoa, etc. So, portanto,
palavras variveis ou flexivas.
PALAVRAS INVARIVEIS
LINGUAGEM DENOTATIVA
muito utilizada no dia-a-dia, para que as pessoas possam se comunicar; muito utilizada na linguagem cientfica,
objetiva, mostrando sempre o sentido real ao leitor.
O corao um rgo fundamental para o corpo humano.
Os advrbios, as preposies, as conjunes e as interjeies tm uma s forma, rgida, imutvel. So, por conseguinte, palavras invariveis ou inflexivas.
CLASSE DE PALAVRAS
Existem dez classes gramaticais:
x Substantivos - classe de palavras variveis com que se
designam e nomeiam os seres em geral.
LINGUAGEM CONOTATIVA
muito utilizada em linguagem literria, nas propagandas, nas letras de msica, nas revistas, nos jornais; pois
mostra o sentido figurado.
Meu corao ficou apertado, quando o vi.
x Verbos - classe de palavras de forma varivel que exprimem o que se passa, isto , um acontecimento representado no tempo. Indicam ao, fato, estado ou fenmeno.
Toda palavra que se pode conjugar.
x Artigos - classe de palavras que acompanham os substantivos, determinando-os.
EXERCCIOS
x Adjetivos - classe de palavras que indicam as qualidades, origem e estado do ser. O adjetivo essencialmente
um modificador do substantivo.
1) Assinale a alternativa que apresenta uma denotao:

a) O brao da cadeira quebrou.
b) Quebrei o brao ao cair.
x Numerais - classe de palavras quantitativas. Indica-nos

uma quantidade exata de pessoas ou coisas, ou o lugar
que elas ocupam numa srie.
2) Assinale a alternativa que apresenta uma conotao:
x Pronomes - classe de palavras com funo de substituir

o nome, ou ser; como tambm de substituir a sua referncia. Servem para representar um substantivo e para o acompanhar determinando-lhe a extenso do significado.
a) Papai um bom garfo.

b) Comprei meia dzia de garfos.
3) Na orao, Vi em seu olhar uma nuvem de tristeza, temos:
x Advrbios - classe de palavras invariveis indicadoras de

circunstncias diversas; fundamentalmente um modificador do verbo, podendo tambm modificar um adjetivo,
outro advrbio ou orao inteira.
a) denotao
b) conotao
x Preposies - classe de palavras invariveis que ligam

outras duas subordinando a segunda primeira palavra.
4) Assinale a alternativa que possua o sentido conotativo:

a) A bomba destruiu o quarteiro.
b) Os bombeiros chegaram antes que o fogo se alastrasse.
c) Os olhos so o espelho da alma.
d) O mapa do tesouro estava perdido.
1-B
RESPOSTAS
2-A
3-B
x Conjunes - classe de palavras invariveis que ligam

outras duas palavras ou duas oraes.
x Interjeies - classe de palavras invariveis usadas
para substituir frases de significado emotivo ou sentimental.
4-C
12
Lngua Portuguesa
SUBSTANTIVO
Substantivo a palavra que d nome s pessoas, animais, lugares, coisas ou seres em geral. Divide-se em:
1) Comum: o substantivo que d nome a todos os seres da
mesma espcie: aluno, animal, vegetal, homem.
2) Prprio: o substantivo que d nome a um ser da mesma
espcie: Jlia, Brasil, Copacabana, Tatuap.
3) Concreto: o substantivo que designa seres de existncia
real ou que a imaginao representa: mulher, pedra, Deus,
fada, lobisomem.
4) Abstrato: o substantivo que designa qualidade ou sentimento, ao e estado dos seres, dos quais se podem abstrair (separar) e sem os quais no poderiam existir: beleza,
coragem, brancura (qualidades), viagem, estudo, doao,
esforo, fuga (aes), amor, saudade, alegria, dor, fome
(sentimentos, sensaes), vida, morte, cegueira, doena
(estados).
5) Simples: o substantivo formado por um s elemento
(radical): discos, flor, vitrola, couve.
6) Composto: o substantivo formado por mais de um elemento: couve-flor, guarda-chuva, pingue-pongue, p de moleque, passatempo.
7) Primitivo: o substantivo que foi criado antes de outros
no uso corrente da lngua: livro, pedra, dente, flor.
8) Derivado: o substantivo que foi criado depois de outro
no uso corrente da lngua: livreiro, pedreiro, dentista, florista.
9) Coletivo: o substantivo que representa um conjunto de
seres da mesma espcie: lbum, esquadrilha.
Alguns coletivos mais comuns:
Grupos de pessoas
assembleia: de pessoas reunidas, de parlamentares
associao: de scios
auditrio: de ouvintes
banca: de examinadores
banda: de msicos
bando: de desordeiros, malfeitores
batalho: de soldados
cabido: de cnegos
cmara: de vereadores, parlamentares (oficialmente reunidos)
cambada: de desordeiros
caravana: de viajantes, peregrinos
caterva: de desordeiros, malfeitores
choldra: assassinos, malfeitores
chusma: de pessoas em geral, de criados
claque: de pessoas pagas para aplaudir
clero: de religiosos
colnia: de imigrantes, migrantes
comitiva: de acompanhantes
corja: de ladres, malfeitores
corpo: de eleitores, alunos, jurados
corpo docente: de professores
coro: de cantores
elenco: de atores de uma pea, filme etc.
exrcito: de soldados
falange: tropas, anjos, heris
filarmnica: de msicos (sociedade musical)
grmio: de estudantes
guarnio: de soldados (que guarnecem um lugar)

irmandade: de membros de associao religiosa
junta: de mdicos, examinadores
jri: de jurados
legio: de soldados, anjos, demnios
leva: de presos, recrutas
malta: de malfeitores, desordeiros
multido: de pessoas em geral
orquestra: de msicos
peloto: de soldados
piquete: de grevistas
plantel: de atletas
plateia: de espectadores
pliade: de poetas, artistas
populao: de habitantes
prole: de filhos
quadrilha: ladres, malfeitores
romaria: de peregrinos
tribo (nao): de ndios
tripulao: de marinheiros, aerovirios
tropa: de soldados, pessoas
turma: de estudantes, trabalhadores, pessoas em geral
Grupos de animais ou vegetais
alcateia: de lobos
bando: de aves
boiada: de bois
cacho: de uvas, bananas
cfila: de camelos
cardume: de peixes
colmeia: de abelhas
colnia: de bactrias, formigas, cupins
enxame: de abelhas, insetos
fato: de cabras
fauna: de animais prprios de uma regio
feixe: de lenha, capim
flora: de vegetais prprios de uma regio
junta: de bois
manada: de animais de grande porte
matilha: de ces
ninhada: de filhotes de animais
nuvem: de insetos (gafanhotos, mosquitos, etc)
rebanho: de gado
rcua: animais de carga
rstia: de alho ou cebola
revoada: de pssaros
tropilha: de cavalos
vara: de porcos
Outros grupos
acervo: de obras de arte
alameda: de rvores (em linha)
alfabeto: de letras
antologia: de textos literrios ou cientficos
armada: de navios de guerra
arquiplago: de ilhas
arsenal: de armas, munies
atlas: de mapas
baixela: de objetos de mesa
bateria: peas de guerra ou de cozinha; instrumentos de
percusso
biblioteca: de livros catalogados
cinemateca: de filmes
constelao: de estrelas
cordilheira: de montanhas
enxoval: de roupas
esquadra: de navios de guerra
esquadrilha: de avies
federao: de estados
frota: de navios, avies, veculos
galeria: de esttuas, quadros
molho: de chaves
pinacoteca: de quadros
trouxa: de roupas
vocabulrio: de palavras
13
Lngua Portuguesa
Substantivos com mudana de sentido na mudana
de gnero
GNERO DOS SUBSTANTIVOS

Gnero a propriedade que as palavras tm de indicar o
sexo real ou fictcio dos seres.
Na lngua portuguesa so dois os gneros: o masculino e
o feminino.
FORMAO DO FEMININO
De modo geral, forma-se o feminino substituindo-se a
desinncia "o" pela desinncia "a": menino, menina; gato,
gata.
Todavia, os processos de formao so bem variados:
Masculino
alfaiate
ano
aviador
av
bode
frade
frei
genro
gigante
heri
juiz
maestro
Feminino
costureira
an
aviadora
av
cabra
freira
sror
nora
giganta
herona
juza
maestrina
Masculino
doutor
cavaleiro
cavalheiro
compadre
cnsul
hspede
oficial
judeu
ateu
hebreu
profeta
ru
Feminino
doutora
amazona
dama
comadre
consulesa
hspeda
oficiala
judia
ateia
hebreia
profetisa
r
Substantivos que merecem destaque quanto ao gnero:
Masculino
Feminino
H substantivos que so masculinos ou femininos, conforme o sentido com que se achem empregados.
Masculino
o guia: pessoa de grande
inteligncia ou sutileza.
o cabea: chefe, lder
o capital: dinheiro
o caixa: pessoa que trabalha em
tal seo.
o cisma: separao
o cura: padre
o estepe: pneu reserva
o grama: unidade de massa
o guarda: vigilante
o guia: pessoa que orienta
o lente: professor
o lotao: veculo
o moral: nimo
o rdio: aparelho
Feminino
a guia: ave de rapina
a cabea: parte do corpo
a capital: cidade principal
a caixa: objeto
a cisma: ideia fixa, desconfiana
a cura: restabelecimento
a estepe: plancie de vegetao herbcea.
a grama: relva
a guarda: vigilncia
a guia: documento
a lente: o disco de vidro
a lotao: capacidade
a moral:tica
a rdio: estao
SUBSTANTIVOS UNIFORMES
So aqueles que apresentam uma nica forma para o
masculino e feminino.
1) Epicenos: designam o sexo de certos animais com o auxlio dos adjetivos macho e fmea: o jacar (macho ou fmea);
o tigre (macho ou fmea); a pulga (macho ou fmea).
2) Sobrecomuns: designam pessoas com uma forma nica
para o masculino e feminino:
o apndice
a aguardente
o blido
o champanha
a alface
a apendicite
o cadver (homem ou mulher); a vtima (homem ou mulher);

o cnjuge (homem ou mulher); a criana (menino ou menina).
o cl
o d
o eclipse
o eczema
a aluvio
a blide
a cal
a cataplasma
3) Comuns de dois gneros: sob uma s forma designam

os indivduos dos dois sexos, sendo auxiliados pelo artigo,
adjetivo ou pronome:
o estratagema
o formicida
o gengibre
o guaran
o lana-perfume
o magma
o milhar
o proclama
o saca-rolhas
o ssia
o teorema
o trema
a clera
a comicho
a derme
a dinamite
a elipse
a entorse
a gnese
a libido
a matin
a omelete
a omoplata
a sentinela
Substantivos que admitem os dois gneros

o gape ou a gape
o caudal ou a caudal
o diabete(s) ou a diabete(s)
o laringe ou a laringe
o personagem ou a personagem
o usucapio ou a usucapio
o colega, a colega; artista famoso, artista famosa;

esse pianista, essa pianista; o reprter, a reprter.
NMERO DOS SUBSTANTIVOS
Em portugus, h dois nmeros gramaticais: o singular,
que indica um ser ou um grupo de seres: ave, bando; e o
plural, que indica mais de um ser ou um grupo de seres:
aves, bandos.
Os substantivos flexionam-se no plural conforme as regras:
1) Pelo acrscimo no plural de "s", o que se d se o substantivo terminar em vogal ou ditongo oral: asa, asas; txi,
txis; tubo, tubos; ba, bas; vu, vus.
2) Pelo acrscimo de "es" ao singular nos terminados em
"r" ou "z": colher, colheres; dlar, dlares; amor, amores;
cruz, cruzes; giz, gizes.
3) Os substantivos terminados em "al", "el", "ol", "ul" pluralizam-se trocando o "l" final por "is": jornal, jornais; anel,
anis; anzol, anzis; azul , azuis; lcool, alcois.
14
Lngua Portuguesa
4) Os terminados em "il" admitem duas formas:
OBSERVAES:
os oxtonos mudam "il" em "is": barril, barris; funil, funis;
a) A palavra "guarda" pode ser substantivo ou verbo: quando

verbo (verbo guardar), fica invarivel; quando substantivo
(o homem que guarda), vai para o plural.
os paroxtonos mudam "il" para "eis": fssil, fsseis; rptil,

rpteis.
5) Os terminados em "m" trocam esta letra por "ns": nuvem,
nuvens; fim, fins.
6) Os terminados em "s" monosslabos ou oxtonos formam
o plural acrescentando-se "es": ingls, ingleses; lils, lilases;
gs, gases.
7) Os terminados em "s" paroxtonos ou proparoxtonos so
invariveis: o lpis, os lpis; o atlas, os atlas; o nibus, os
nibus.
verbo
os guarda
os guarda
os guarda
substantivo
chuvas
comidas
sis
substantivo
os guardas
os guardas
os guardas
adjetivo
florestais
civis
noturnos
b) Palavras compostas com a palavra "gro"
8) Os terminados em "x" so invariveis: o trax, os trax; o

fnix, os fnix.
a palavra "gro" vai para o plural quando indica grnulo, a

unidade: gros de bico.
9) Os terminados em "o" admitem trs hipteses:
a palavra "gro" fica no singular quando significa grande:

os gro-duques, as gr-duquesas.
a) uns formam o plural com o acrscimo de "s": mo, mos;

bno, bnos; rgo, rgos; irmo, irmos.
b) outros, mais numerosos, mudam "o" em "es": limo,
limes; porto, portes; balo, bales; melo, meles.
c) outros, enfim, trocam "o" por "es": po, pes; co,
ces; aldeo, aldees; sacristo, sacristes.
c) Plural de substantivos diminutivos:

O plural dos terminados em "zinho" ou em "zito" se faz
flexionando-se o substantivo primitivo, retirando-se o "s" final
e acrescentando-se "zinhos" ou "zitos".
Exemplos: papelzinho / papi(s) / papeizinhos;
limozito / lime(s) / limezitos.
PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS COMPOSTOS

Os substantivos terminados em "r" fazem o plural de duas
maneiras:
Existem quatro hipteses:

1) Pluralizam-se os dois elementos formados por:
florzinha / flore(s) / florezinhas;

florzinha / florzinhas.
substantivo + substantivo: couve-flor, couves-flores.

GRAU DOS SUBSTANTIVOS
substantivo + adjetivo: amor-perfeito, amores-perfeitos.
Grau dos substantivos a propriedade que essas palavras tm de exprimir as variaes de tamanho dos seres.
adjetivo + substantivo: bom-dia, bons-dias.

numeral + substantivo: segunda-feira, segundas-feiras.
So dois os graus do substantivo: aumentativo e diminutivo.
2) Apenas o segundo elemento varia:

1) Aumentativo: forma-se com os sufixos ao, alha, arra,
zio, ona, o, az, etc.: garrafo, papelo, cartaz (carta), ladravaz (ladro), lobaz (lobo), ricao, balao, barcaa, mulheraa, vidraa, dramalho (drama), vagalho (vaga), balzio
(bala), copzio (copo), pratzio (prato), beiorra (beio), cabeorra (cabea), manzorra (mo), vozeiro (voz), homenzarro, canzarro, bocarra (boca), naviarra (navio).
verbo + substantivo: guarda-roupa, guarda-roupas.

palavra invarivel ou prefixo + palavra invarivel:
sempre-viva, sempre-vivas; ex-diretor, ex-diretores.
palavras repetidas: reco-reco, reco-recos.
3) Apenas o primeiro elemento varia:
com preposio expressa: p de moleque, ps de moleque;
mo de obra, mos de obra.
quando o segundo elemento indica finalidade ou semelhana do primeiro: sof-cama, sofs-cama; peixe-boi, peixes-boi.
4) Os dois elementos ficam invariveis:
verbo + advrbio: o bota-fora, os bota-fora.
verbo + substantivo no plural: o saca-rolhas, os saca-rolhas.
2) Diminutivo: forma-se com os sufixos acho, ebre, eco,

ico, inho, ito, ejo, etc.: mosquito, cabrito, senhorita, fogacho
(fogo), riacho, populacho, penacho (pena), animlculo (animal), febrola (febre), gotcula (gota), versculo (verso), montculo (monte), partcula (parte), radcula (raiz), glbulo (globo),
clula (cela), animalejo, lugarejo, vilarejo, ilhota, fortim (forte),
espadim (espada), camarim (cmara), casebre (casa).
Observao: O diminutivo pode exprimir carinho ou desprezo. (carinho: filhinho, mezinha. desprezo: padreco, jornaleco, lugarejo)
O grau aumentativo exprime um aumento do ser relativamente ao seu tamanho normal.
15
Lngua Portuguesa
Pode ser formado sinttica ou analiticamente.
ADJETIVO
1) Aumentativo sinttico: forma-se com sufixos especiais:
copzio (copo), barcaa (barca), muralha (muro).
2) Aumentativo analtico: forma-se com o auxlio do adjetivo grande, e de outros do mesmo sentido: letra grande, pedra enorme, esttua colossal.
So palavras que indicam qualidade, propriedade ou

estado do ser.
Exemplo: Meu caderno novo j est sujo.
EXERCCIOS
O adjetivo pertence a um inventrio aberto, sempre suscetvel de ser aumentado. A estrutura interna ou constitucional do adjetivo consiste nas lnguas flexveis, na combinao
de um signo lexical expresso pelo radical com signos morfolgicos expressos por desinncias e alternncias, ambas
destitudas de existncia prpria fora dessas combinaes.
No portugus, entre as desinncias est a marca da gradao, isto , o grau absoluto ou relativo da parte, ou aspecto
(qualidade) significada no radical. (belo-belssimo), bem
como afixos de gnero e de nmero. A relao gramatical
instaurada entre o signo delimitador e o signo delimitado
geralmente expressa pela concordncia. Evanildo Bechara
1) Assinale a alternativa que apresenta os substantivos classificados como comuns de dois gneros.
O adjetivo pode ser expresso atravs de duas palavras:

o que se chama de locuo adjetiva.
a) o lojista, o herege, o mrtir, o intrprete

b) o apstolo, o carrasco, o cnjuge, a criana
c) o tatu, a girafa, a tainha, a avestruz
d) o patriarca, o frade, o confrade, o carneiro
e) o ente, a testemunha, o cnjuge, a testemunha
Locuo adjetiva
de abdmen
de abelha
de acar
de agricultor
de gua
de aluno
de anjo
de bexiga
de cabea
de calor
de cnjuge
de corpo
de costas
de ensino
de estmago
de febre
de filho
de gelo
de homem
de irmo
de lago
de leite
de me
de pele
de sangue
de trax
de voz
O grau diminutivo exprime um ser com seu tamanho normal diminudo. Pode ser formado sinttica ou analiticamente.
1) Diminutivo sinttico: forma-se com sufixos especiais:
casebre (casa), livreco (livro), saleta (sala).
2) Diminutivo analtico: forma-se com o adjetivo pequeno,
ou outros equivalentes: chave pequena, casa pequenina,
semente minscula.
2) Assinale a alternativa em que as formas do plural de todos

os substantivos se apresentam de maneira correta:
a) alto-falantes, coraozinhos, afazeres, vveres.
b) espadas, frutas-po, p de moleques, peixe-boi.
c) vai-volta, animaizinhos, beija-flores, salvo-condutos.
d) animalzinhos, vai-voltas, vai-vns, salvos-condutos.
e) bates-bolas, cavalos-vapores, bens-te-vis, vices-reis.
3) A alternativa em que o plural dos nomes compostos est
empregado corretamente :
a) p de moleques/ beija-flores/ obras-primas/ navios-escolas.
b) ps de moleques/ beija-flores/ obras-primas/ navios-escolas.
c) ps de moleque/ beija-flores/ obras-primas/ navios-escola.
d) p de moleques/ beijas-flores/ obras-primas/ navios-escola.
e) ps de moleque/ beijas-flores/ obra-primas/ navio-escolas.
4) O plural dos nomes compostos est correto em todas as
alternativas, exceto em:
ADJETIVOS PTRIOS
a) Ela gosta de amores-perfeitos e cultiva-os.

b) Os vice-diretores reunir-se-o na prxima semana.
c) As aulas sero dadas s segundas-feiras.
d) H muitos beijas-flores no meu quintal.
e) H vrios cafs-concerto nesta avenida.
Designam nacionalidade ou lugar de origem de algum ou

de alguma coisa:
5) Assinale a alternativa em que o substantivo composto no

esteja corretamente flexionado no plural.
a) Aqui, os ps de vento levantam telhados.
b) H tempo eu no via bem-te-vis de pele e osso.
c) Dois tecos-tecos sobrevoam o local do acidente.
d) Nos vaivns da burocracia, foi-se o meu precioso tempo.
e) No aguento mais os entra e sai nesta casa.
1-A
2-C
RESPOSTAS
3-C
4-D
Adjetivo
abdominal
apcola
sacarino
agrcola
aqutico, hidrulico
discente
angelical
cstico, vesical
ceflico
trmico
conjugal
corporal, corpreo
dorsal
didtico
estomacal, gstrico
febril
filial
glacial
humano
fraternal, fraterno
lacustre
lcteo, lctico
materno, maternal
cutneo
hemtico, sanguneo
torcico
vocal
5-C
16
Brasil - brasileiro
Acre - acriano
Alagoas - alagoano
Amazonas - amazonense
Bahia - baiano
Esprito Santo - esprito-santense
Rio Grande do Norte - norte-rio-grandense
Joo Pessoa - pessoense
Salvador - soteropolitano ou salvadorense
Belo Horizonte - belorizontino
Niteri - niteroiense
So Paulo (capital) paulistano
So Paulo (estado) paulista
Rio de Janeiro (capital) carioca
Rio de Janeiro (estado) fluminense
Lngua Portuguesa
FORMAO DO ADJETIVO
Alguns adjetivos possuem, para o comparativo de superioridade, formas sintticas, herdadas do latim. So elas: bom melhor, mau - pior, grande - maior, pequeno - menor.
Quanto formao, o adjetivo pode ser:

1) Primitivo (o que no deriva de outra palavra): bom, forte,
feliz.
O grau superlativo divide-se em:

1) Absoluto:
2) Derivado (o que deriva de substantivos ou verbos): famoso, carnavalesco.
a) Analtico:
A menina muito bela.
3) Simples: brasileiro, escuro, etc.

b) Sinttico:
A menina belssima.
4) Composto: castanho-claro, azul-marinho.

FLEXO DO ADJETIVO
2) Relativo:
O adjetivo varia em gnero, nmero e grau.
a) De Superioridade:
GNERO DO ADJETIVO
Analtico:
Joo o mais alto de todos.
Quanto ao gnero, dividem-se os adjetivos em:

1) Uniformes: aqueles que tm uma s forma para os dois
gneros: mesa azul, olho azul.
2) Biformes: apresentam duas formas, uma para o masculino, outra para o feminino: mau m, esperto esperta, ativo
ativa, ateu ateia.
Sinttico:
Este monte o maior de todos.
b) De Inferioridade:
Joo o menos rpido de todos.
O grau superlativo exprime uma qualidade no mais alto
grau de intensidade possvel. Pode ser relativo ou absoluto.
NMERO DO ADJETIVO
Os adjetivos simples seguem as mesmas regras de flexo
numrica dos substantivos: igual - iguais, azul - azuis, feroz ferozes.
O superlativo relativo indica que entre os seres que possuem determinada qualidade, h um que a possui num grau
inexcedvel.
O superlativo absoluto isola o ser qualificado no seu mais
alto e intenso grau possvel, podendo assumir a forma sinttica ou analtica.
PLURAL DOS ADJETIVOS COMPOSTOS

1) Os componentes sendo adjetivos, somente o ltimo toma
a flexo do plural: tecido verde-claro, tecidos verde-claros;
cabelo castanho-escuro, cabelos castanho-escuros.
2) Os componentes sendo palavra invarivel + adjetivo,
somente este ltimo se flexionar: menino mal-educado,
meninos mal-educados.
3) Os compostos de adjetivo + substantivo so invariveis:
farda verde-oliva, fardas verde-oliva; terno amarelo-canrio,
ternos amarelo-canrio.
O superlativo absoluto sinttico d-se por meio dos seguintes sufixos: ssimo, imo e rimo.
O superlativo absoluto analtico d-se por meio de advrbios de intensidade que precedem o adjetivo.
Alguns adjetivos possuem formas literrias, cultas, de
superlativo absoluto sinttico:
4) Invariveis ficam tambm as locues adjetivas formadas

de cor + substantivo:
vestido cor-de-rosa, vestidos cor-de-rosa.
GRAU DO ADJETIVO
O grau do adjetivo exprime a intensidade das qualidades
dos seres. So dois os graus do adjetivo: o comparativo e o
superlativo.
O grau comparativo pode ser:
1) De Igualdade:
A casa to antiga quanto o homem.
2) De Superioridade:
A casa mais antiga do que o homem.
3) De Inferioridade:
A casa menos antiga do que o homem.
17
acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acrrimo
agudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acutssimo
amargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amarssimo
amigo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amicssimo
spero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . asprrimo
clebre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . celebrrimo
comum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . comunssimo
cristo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cristianssimo
cruel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . crudelssimo
difcil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dificlimo
doce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .dulcssimo
dcil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . doclimo
fcil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . faclimo
feio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fessimo
feliz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . felicssimo
feroz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ferocssimo
fiel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fidelssimo
frgil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .fraglimo, fragilssimo
frio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frigidssimo
grande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mximo
humilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . humlimo
incrvel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . incredibilssimo
inimigo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .inimicssimo
Lngua Portuguesa
legal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .legalssimo
livre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . librrimo
magro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . macrrimo
mal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .malssimo, pssimo
negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nigrrimo
nobre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nobilssimo
pequeno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mnimo
pobre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pauprrimo
provvel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . probabilssimo
sbio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sapientssimo
sagrado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sacratssimo
simples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . simplicssimo
terrvel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . terribilssimo
veloz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .velocssimo
6) Marque:
a) se I e II forem verdadeiras.
b) se I e III forem verdadeiras.
c) se II e III forem verdadeiras.
d) se todas forem falsas.
"... eu no sou propriamente um autor defunto, mas um defunto autor."
I. no primeiro caso, autor substantivo; defunto adjetivo.
II. no segundo caso, defunto substantivo; autor adjetivo.
III. em ambos os casos, tem-se um substantivo composto.
7) Substitua as locues adjetivas pelo adjetivo correspondente.
EXERCCIOS
1) Analise o grau do adjetivo grifado nas frases que seguem,
de acordo com o seguinte cdigo:
1 - comparativo de igualdade
2 - comparativo de superioridade
3 - comparativo de inferioridade
4 - superlativo absoluto
5 - superlativo relativo
a) ( ) E a vida seguia muito calma.
b) ( ) Foi a mais alta demonstrao de amor.
c) ( ) Livre-nos Deus dessa misrrima condio.
d) ( ) A vida mais breve do que a morte.
e) ( ) O lazer to importante quanto o trabalho.
f) ( ) Ele foi menos delicado do que eu.
a) chuvas de vero
b) voz de prata
c) hbitos contra a moral
d) questo sem dvida
e) plantas do lago
f) regime de chuva
g) astcia de raposa
h) congresso de bispos
i) cor de chumbo
8) A locuo adjetiva correspondente a cstico :
a) de cabea
b) de estmago
c) de acar
d) de bexiga
2) Assinale a orao em que o termo cego(s) um adjetivo.

a) "Os cegos, habitantes de um mundo esquemtico, sabem
aonde ir..."
b) "O cego de Ipanema representava naquele momento todas
as alegorias da noite escura da alma..."
c) "Todos os clculos do cego se desfaziam na turbulncia do
lcool."
d) "Naquele instante era s um pobre cego."
e) "... da Terra que um globo cego girando no caos."
9) Aponte a alternativa que possua um adjetivo biforme e um

adjetivo uniforme respectivamente:
3) No se flexionam os compostos abaixo, em qualquer de

seus elementos, exceto:
10) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto formao do

plural dos adjetivos compostos:
a) azul-claro
b) verde-alface
c) amarelo-laranja
d) castanho-avel
e) verde-garrafa
a) moas surdas-mudas
b) saias azuis-celestes
c) ternos verde-oliva
d) tecidos furta-cor
a) interior - hipcrita
b) cru - europeu
c) so - audaz
d) paulista - mau
11) Aponte a alternativa correta:

4) O adjetivo est mal flexionado em grau em:
a) O adjetivo formado por cor + de + substantivo no recebe
s no plural.
b) A palavra ultravioleta varivel.
c) O plural de azul-marinho azul-marinhos.
d) O adjetivo marrom-caf varivel, acrescentasse s nos
dois elementos.
a) livre: librrimo
b) magro: macrrimo
c) doce: doclimo
d) triste: tristssimo
e) fcil: faclimo
5) Assinale a nica alternativa em que se encontram as formas corretas do superlativo erudito dos adjetivos soberbo,
malvolo e magro.
a) soberbssimo / malevolssimo / magrrimo
b) magrssimo / maleovolrrimo / soberblimo
c) superbssimo / malevolentssimo / macrrimo
d) soberbrrimo / magrlimo / malevolentrrimo
e) magrrimo / superbrrimo / malevolentssimo
18
RESPOSTAS
1 a) 4; b) 5; c) 4; d) 2; e) 1; f) 3
2-E
3-A
4-C
5-C
6-A
7 a) estivais; b) argntea; c) imorais;
d) indubitveis; e) lacustres; f) pluvial;
g) vulpina; h) episcopal; i) plmbea.
8-D
9-C
10 - B
11 - A
Lngua Portuguesa
Mas com alguns nomes de cidades conservamos
o artigo.
ARTIGO
Artigo uma palavra que antepomos aos substantivos
para determin-los; indica-se ao mesmo tempo gnero e
nmero.
Exemplos:
O Rio de Janeiro, O Cairo, O Porto.
Obs.: Pode ou no ocorrer crase antes dos nomes de cidade,
conforme venham ou no precedidos de artigo.
Dividem-se os artigos em:

definidos: o, a, os, as
indefinidos: um, uma, uns, umas.
Exemplo: Vou a Paris.

Vou Paris dos museus.
Os definidos determinam os substantivos de modo preciso, particular: Viajei com o mdico.
3) Toda cidade / toda a cidade.

Todo, toda designam qualquer, cada.
Os indefinidos determinam os substantivos de modo

vago, impreciso, geral: Viajei com um mdico.
FLEXO DO ARTIGO
Exemplo: Toda cidade pode concorrer (qualquer cidade).

Todo o, toda a designam totalidade, inteireza.
O artigo se flexiona em gnero e nmero:
Exemplo: Conheci toda a cidade (a cidade inteira).
Combinaes dos artigos:
No plural, usa-se todos os, todas as, exceto antes de

numeral no seguido de substantivo.
artigo
definido
o
a
os
as
preposies
de
em
do
no
da
na
dos
nos
das
nas
a
ao
aos
s
artigo
indefinido
um
uma
uns
umas
por(per)
pelo
pela
pelos
pelas
Exemplos:
Todas as cidades vieram.
Todos os cinco clubes disputaro o ttulo.
Todos cinco so concorrentes.
4) Tua deciso / a tua deciso.
preposies
em
num
numa
nuns
numas
de
dum
duma
duns
dumas
De maneira geral, facultativo o uso do artigo antes dos

possessivos.
Exemplos: Aplaudimos tua deciso.
Aplaudimos a tua deciso.
Particularidades
Se o possessivo no vier seguido de substantivo explcito
obrigatria a ocorrncia do artigo.
O artigo transforma qualquer palavra em substantivo.

o pobre (adjetivo = pobre)
palavra substantivada
Exemplo: Aplaudiram a tua deciso e no a minha.

5) Decises as mais oportunas / as mais oportunas decises.
o sim (advrbio = sim)
palavra substantivada
No superlativo relativo, no se usa o artigo antes e depois

do substantivo.
O artigo distingue os homnimos e define o seu significado:
Exemplos: Tomou decises as mais oportunas.

Tomou as decises mais oportunas.
o caixa (pessoa) a caixa (objeto)

errado: Tomou as decises as mais oportunas.
EMPREGO DO ARTIGO
6) Faz uns dez anos.
1) Ambas as mos.
O artigo indefinido, posto antes de um numeral, designa

quantidade aproximada.
Usa-se o artigo entre o numeral ambas e o substantivo.

Exemplo: Faz uns dez anos que sa de l.
Exemplo: Ambas as mos so perfeitas.
7) Em um / num.
2) Estou em Paris / Estou na famosa Paris.
Exemplos:
No se usa artigo antes dos nomes de cidades, a menos
que venham determinados por adjetivos ou locues adjetivas.
Estava em uma cidade grande.

ou
Estava numa cidade grande.
Exemplo: Vim de Paris. Vim da luminosa Paris.
19
Lngua Portuguesa
Os artigos definidos e indefinidos contraem-se com preposies: de + o = do, de + a = da, etc.
As formas de + um e em + um podem-se usar contradas
(dum e num) ou separadas (de um, em um).
Exemplos: Estava em uma cidade grande. ou Estava numa
cidade grande.
EXERCCIOS
1) Coloque o artigo nos espaos vazios conforme o termo
subsequente o aceite ou no. Quando necessrio, faa a
contrao de preposio com o artigo.
a) Afinal, estamos em .......... Brasil ou em .......... Portugal?
b) Viajamos para .......... Estados Unidos, fora isso nunca
samos de .......... casa.
c) Todos .......... casos esto sob controle.
d) Toda .......... famlia estrangeira que vem para o Brasil
procura logo seus parentes.
e) Todos .......... vinte jogadores esto gripados.
f) Todos .......... quatro saram.
NUMERAL
Numeral uma palavra que exprime nmero de ordem,
mltiplo ou frao.
CLASSIFICAO DO NUMERAL
De acordo com o que indica, o numeral pode ser classificado em:
a) cardinal: indica quantidade exata de seres: um, dois, trs,
quatro, cinco . . .
b) ordinal: indica a ordem dos seres numa determinada
srie: primeiro, segundo, terceiro, quarto, quinto ...
c) multiplicativo: indica uma quantidade multiplicada do
mesmo ser: dobro, triplo, qudruplo, quntuplo ...
d) fracionrio: indica em quantas partes a quantidade foi
dividida: meio, tero, quarto, quinto. . .
2) Nas frases que seguem, h um artigo (definido ou indefinido) grifado. Indique o seu valor, de acordo com o cdigo que
segue.
QUADRO DOS NUMERAIS

cardinais
1 - O artigo est especificando o substantivo.

2 - O artigo est generalizando o substantivo.
3 - O artigo est intensificando o substantivo.
4 - O artigo est designando a espcie toda do substantivo.
5 - O artigo est conferindo maior familiaridade ao substantivo.
6 - O artigo est designando quantidade aproximada.
a) ( ) Afinal, todos sabiam que o Joo no seria capaz disso.
b) ( ) Anchieta catequizou o ndio brasileiro e lhe ensinou os
rudimentos da f catlica.
c) ( ) Respondeu as perguntas com uma convico, que no
deixou dvida em ningum.
d) ( ) No vamos discutir uma deciso qualquer, mas a deciso que desencadeou todos esses acontecimentos.
e) ( ) Tomemos ao acaso um objeto do mundo fsico e observemos a sua forma.
f) ( ) Durante uns cinco dias frequentou minha casa, depois
desapareceu.
3) Procure e assinale a nica alternativa em que h erro,
quanto ao emprego do artigo.
a) Nem todas as opinies so valiosas.
b) Disse-me que conhece todo o Brasil.
c) Leu todos os dez romances do escritor.
d) Andou por todo Portugal.
e) Todas cinco, menos uma, esto corretas.
4) Em todas as alternativas abaixo, h artigos definidos ou
indefinidos, exceto em:
a) Ele passou uns dez dias na fazenda.
b) Em certos momentos, vejo-me pensando em ti.
c) Viajarei terra de meus avs.
d) Votarei num deputado que seja honesto e trabalhador.
RESPOSTAS
1) a) no, ; b) os, ; c) os; d) ; e) os; f)
2) a) 5; b) 4; c) 3; d) 1; e) 2; f) 6
3) A
4) B
um
dois
trs
quatro
cinco
seis
sete
oito
nove
dez
onze
doze
treze
catorze ou
quatorze
quinze
dezesseis
dezessete
dezoito
dezenove
vinte
trinta
quarenta
cinquenta
sessenta
setenta
oitenta
noventa
cem
duzentos
trezentos
quatrocentos
quinhentos
seiscentos
setecentos
oitocentos
novecentos
mil
milho
bilho
20
ordinais
primeiro
segundo
terceiro
quarto
quinto
sexto
stimo
oitavo
nono
dcimo
dcimo primeiro
dcimo segundo
dcimo terceiro
dcimo quarto
dcimo quinto
dcimo sexto
dcimo stimo
dcimo oitavo
dcimo nono
vigsimo
trigsimo
quadragsimo
quinquagsimo
sexagsimo
septuagsimo
octogsimo
nonagsimo
centsimo
ducentsimo
trecentsimo
quadringentsimo
quingentsimo
sexcentsimo ou
seiscentsimo
setingentsimo
ou setingentsimo
octingentsimo
nongentsimo ou
noningentsimo
milsimo
milionsimo
bilionsimo
multiplicativos
dobro
triplo
qudruplo
quntuplo
sxtuplo
stuplo
ctuplo
nnuplo
dcuplo
undcuplo
duodcuplo
cntuplo
-
fracionrios
meio
tero
quarto
quinto
sexto
stimo
oitavo
nono
dcimo
onze avos
doze avos
treze avos
catorze avos
quinze avos
dezesseis avos
dezessete avos
dezoito avos
dezenove avos
vinte avos
trinta avos
quarenta avos
cinquenta avos
sessenta avos
setenta avos
oitenta avos
noventa avos
centsimo
ducentsimo
trecentsimo
quadringentsimo
quingentsimo
sexcentsimo
setingentsimo
octingentsimo
nongentsimo
milsimo
milionsimo
bilionsimo
Lngua Portuguesa
EMPREGO DOS NUMERAIS
EXERCCIOS
1) Na designao de papas, reis, sculos, captulos, tomos

ou partes de obras, usam-se os ordinais para a srie de 1 a
10; da em diante, usam-se os cardinais, desde que o numeral venha depois do substantivo.
1) O ordinal trecentsimo septuagsimo corresponde a:

a) 37
b) 360
c) 370
2) O ordinal nongentsimo quinquagsimo corresponde a:

Exemplos: D. Pedro II (segundo),
Lus XV (quinze),
D. Joo VI (sexto),
Joo XXIII (vinte e trs),
Pio X (dcimo),
Captulo XX (vinte).
a) 95
b) 950
c) 9050
3) O ordinal quingentsimo octogsimo corresponde a:

a) 58
2) Quando o substantivo vier depois do numeral, usam-se

sempre os ordinais.
b) 580
4) O ordinal quadragsimo oitavo corresponde a:

a) 480
Exemplos: primeira parte, dcimo quinto captulo, vigsimo

sculo.
3) Na numerao de artigos, leis, decretos, portarias e outros
textos legais, usa-se o ordinal at 9 e da em diante o cardinal.
Exemplos: artigo 1 (primeiro), artigo 12 (doze).
4) Aos numerais que designam um conjunto determinado de
seres d-se o nome de numerais coletivos.
c) 588
b) 448
c) 48
5) Em todas as frases abaixo, os numerais foram corretamente empregados, exceto em:

a) O artigo vinte e cinco deste cdigo foi revogado.
b) Seu depoimento foi transcrito na pgina duzentos e vinte e
dois.
c) Ainda no li o capitulo stimo desta obra.
d) Este terremoto ocorreu no sculo dez antes de Cristo.
6) Em todas as frases abaixo, a palavra grifada um numeral, exceto em:
Exemplos: dzia, centena.

5) A leitura e escrita por extenso dos cardinais compostos
deve ser feita da seguinte forma:
a) Se houver dois ou trs algarismos, coloca-se a conjuno
e entre eles.
a) Ele s leu um livro este semestre.

b) No preciso mais que uma pessoa para fazer este servio.
c) Ontem tarde, um rapaz procurou por voc.
d) Voc quer uma ou mais caixas deste produto?
7) Assinale os itens em que a correspondncia cardinal /
ordinal est incorreta; em seguida, faa a devida correo.
Exemplos: 94 = noventa e quatro

743 = setecentos e quarenta e trs.
b) Se houver quatro algarismos, omite-se a conjuno e entre
o primeiro algarismo e os demais (isto , entre o milhar e a
centena).
a) 907 = nongentsimo stimo

b) 650 = seiscentsimo quingentsimo
c) 84 = octingentsimo quadragsimo
d) 321 = trigsimo vigsimo primeiro
e) 750 = setingentsimo quinquagsimo
Exemplo: 2438 = dois mil quatrocentos e trinta e oito.

8) Assinale a incorreta quanto aos numerais empregados:
Obs.: se a centena comear por zero, o emprego do e
obrigatrio.
Exemplo: 5062 = cinco mil e sessenta e dois.
Ser tambm obrigatrio o emprego do e se a centena
terminar por zeros.
Exemplo: 2300 = dois mil e trezentos.
c) Se houver vrios grupos de trs algarismos, omite-se o e
entre cada um dos grupos.
a) Voc deve ler o pargrafo segundo.

b) D. Pedro primeiro foi o prncipe regente.
c) Releia o artigo dcimo terceiro.
d) Cludia encenar o captulo quinto.
9) Aponte a alternativa correta:
a) 637 seiscentos e trinta e sete
b) 981 nonagsimo octingentsimo primeiro
c) 123 centsimo ducentsimo terceiro
d) 444 quadringentsimo quadragsimo quarto
6) Formas variantes:
10) As palavras quntuplo e quinto so respectivamente:

a) ambos multiplicativos
b) multiplicativo e fracionrio
c) ambos fracionrios
d) fracionrio e multiplicativo
Alguns numerais admitem formas variantes como catorze

/ quatorze, bilho / bilio.
1-C
Exemplo: 5 450 126 230 = cinco bilhes quatrocentos e cinquenta milhes, cento e vinte e seis mil duzentos e trinta.
Nota: As formas cincoenta (50) e hum (1) so erradas.
RESPOSTAS
3-B
4-C
5-D
7 b) seiscentsimo quinquagsimo
c) octogsimo quarto
d) trecentsimo vigsimo primeiro
2-B
8-C
21
9-D
6-C
10 - B
Lngua Portuguesa
x Quanto acentuao, os pronomes oblquos monossilbicos dividem-se em:
PRONOMES
Pronomes so palavras que substituem os substantivos
ou os determinam, indicando a pessoa do discurso.
a) tnicos: mim, ti, si

b) tonos: me, te, se, lhe, lhes, o, a, os, as, nos, vos
x Associados a verbos terminados em r, -s ou z e
palavra eis, os pronomes o, a, os, as assumem antigas formas lo, la, los, ls, caindo aquelas consoantes. Exemplos:
A interpretao de um pronome depende de suas relaes textuais. De acordo com essas funes de representar,
retomar ou anunciar, o pronome pode ser:
a) pronome substantivo:
Mandaram prend-lo.
Ei-lo aqui!
quando identifica a pessoa gramatical;

quando retoma um substantivo a que j se fez referncia
no contexto lingustico ou antecipa termos a que se far ainda
referncia.
Associados a verbos terminados em ditongo nasal (-am, em, -o, -e), os ditos pronomes tomam a forma no, na, nos,
nas:
As duas funes podem ocorrer ao mesmo tempo.
Trazem-no.
Do-nos de graa.
Fiquei muito tempo sem saber que eu tinha me e que

ela estava muito tempo perto de mim, diz Sally.
x Pronomes oblquos reflexivos so os que se referem

ao sujeito da orao, sendo da mesma pessoa que
este. Exemplos:
No trecho acima, eu remete a Sally, a autora do enunciado; ela representa ao substantivo me, anteriormente expresso.
b) pronome adjetivo: quando acompanha um substantivo
explcito no texto. Funciona como um adjetivo, embora no
atribua qualidade ao ser designado pelo substantivo.
Alexandre s pensa em si.

Eu me machuquei na escada.
Com exceo de o, a, os, as, lhe, lhes, os demais pronomes oblquos podem ser reflexivos.
Aquela fazenda fica to longe daqui...
x Os pronomes migo, tigo, sigo, nosco, vosco, do portugus antigo, se combinaram com a preposio com,
dando as formas atuais: comigo, contigo, conosco,
convosco.
O pronome destacado um pronome adjetivo, j que

acompanha um substantivo.
CLASSIFICAO E EMPREGO DOS PRONOMES
PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS
PRONOMES PESSOAIS
Os pronomes possessivos referem-se s pessoas do

discurso, atribuindo-lhes a posse de alguma coisa. Por exemplo, na frase:
So palavras que substituem os substantivos e representam as pessoas do discurso.

x As pessoas do discurso so trs:
1 pessoa a que fala: eu, ns
2 pessoa - a com quem se fala: tu, vs
3 pessoa a de que se fala: ele, ela, eles, elas
Meu palet azul-marinho.

A palavra meu informa que o palet pertence 1 pessoa
(eu). Meu, portanto, um pronome possessivo.
x Os pronomes pessoais se dividem em retos e oblquos.

Os pronomes retos funcionam, em regra, como sujeito da
orao, e os oblquos, como objetos ou complementos.
Exemplos:
sujeito
Eu
Ela
objeto
te
me
verbo
convido.
chamou.
Quadro dos pronomes possessivos

pronomes possessivos
singular
1 pessoa
2 pessoa
3 pessoa
meu, minha, meus minhas

teu, tua, teus, tuas
seu, sua, seus, suas
plural
1 pessoa
2 pessoa
3 pessoa
nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas

vosso, vossa, vossos, vossas
seu, sua, seus, suas
Quadro dos pronomes pessoais singular e plural

pessoas do
discurso
retos
Emprego
x
oblquos
1 pessoa
2 pessoa
3 pessoa
eu
tu
ele / ela
me, mim, comigo

te, ti, contigo
o, a, lhe, se, si, consigo
1 pessoa
2 pessoa
3 pessoa
ns
vs
eles / elas
nos, conosco
vos, convosco
os, as, lhes, se, si, consigo
Os possessivos seu(s), sua(s) tanto podem referir-se

3 pessoa (seu pai = o pai dele), como 2 pessoa, do
discurso (seu pai = o pai de voc).
Por isso toda vez que os ditos possessivos derem margem ambiguidade, devem ser substitudos pelas expresses dele(s), dela(s).
Voc sabe bem que eu no sigo a opinio dele.
22
Lngua Portuguesa
x Os possessivos devem ser usados com critrio. Substitu-los pelos pronomes oblquos comunica frase
desenvoltura e elegncia
Situao no contexto lingustico

-
O Sr. casado h 69 anos. Como essa experincia?

(a experincia de ser casado h 69 anos)
O vento vindo do mar acariciava-lhe os cabelos.

x Alm da ideia de posse, podem ainda os possessivos
exprimir:
O pronome situa a palavra no contexto lingustico, ou

seja, retoma uma informao previamente fornecida.
No caso seguinte, diferente dos anteriores, o pronome
introduz um elemento novo no enunciado:
1) clculo aproximado, estimativa:
Creio que o grande desafio justamente este, tornar feliz

a infncia.
Ele poder ter seus quarenta e cinco anos.

2) familiaridade ou ironia, aludindo-se personagem de uma
histria:
Neste caso, o pronome antecede a nova informao.
O nosso homem no se deu por vencido.

Quadro dos pronomes demonstrativos
3) o mesmo que os indefinidos certo, algum:
pronomes demonstrativos
Cornlio, como sabemos, teve suas horas amargas.
4) afetividade, cortesia:
Como vai, meu menino?
1 pessoa
este, esta, estes, estas, isto
2 pessoa
esse, essa, esses, essas, isso
3 pessoa
aquele, aquela, aqueles, aquelas, aquilo
x No plural se usam os possessivos substantivados no

sentido de parentes, famlia:
Emprego dos pronomes demonstrativos
assim que um moo deve zelar o nome dos seus?

Podem os possessivos serem modificados por um advrbio de intensidade:
Levaria a mo ao colar de prolas, com aquele gesto to
seu, quando no sabia o que dizer.
x Quando desnecessrios, omitem-se os pronomes
possessivos, principalmente antes de nomes de partes do corpo:
Estendi o brao para apanhar a flor.
PRONOMES DEMONSTRATIVOS
Pronomes demonstrativos so os que indicam o lugar, a
posio ou a identidade dos seres, relativamente s pessoas
do discurso. Exemplos:
Situao no espao
1 De modo geral, os demonstrativos este(s), esta(s), isto

se aplicam a pessoas ou coisas que se acham perto da pessoa que fala ou lhe dizem respeito; ao passo que esse(s),
essa(s), isso aludem a coisas que ficam prximas da pessoa
com quem se fala ou a ela se referem.
Exemplos:
Leve este livro para voc.
Esta a minha opinio.
No sei onde andas com essa cabea.
Praxinoa, esse teu vestido de pregas te vai muito bem.
(Ceclia Meireles)
Isto (que eu tenho) o que h de melhor.
Isso (que dizes) no me parece certo.
Campanhas de vacinao sempre provocaram resistncia, mas isso era antigamente.
(Joo Ubaldo Ribeiro)
2 Usa-se nisto adverbialmente, como sinnimo de nesse
momento, nesse entretempo.
Vou fechar esta porta.

(A porta est perto do falante.)
Nisto deu um vento e uma folha caiu. (Monteiro Lobato)
Por favor, feche essa porta!

(A porta est perto do ouvinte.)
No raro os demonstrativos aparecem na frase, em construes redundantes, com finalidade expressiva, para salientar algum termo anterior:
Quem poderia fechar aquela porta?

(A porta est afastada do falante e dos ouvintes.)
Situao no tempo
Neste momento, todos os bares esto repletos.
(tempo presente em relao ao falante.)
Essa noite eu o procurei e contei a verdade.
(tempo passado pouco distante em relao ao falante.)
Naquele tempo ainda no havia microcomputadores.
(tempo distante em relao ao falante.)
Bernardina, essa que dera em cheio casando com o Manuel da Ventosa.

(Alexandre Herculano)
A estrada do mar, larga e oscilante, essa, sim, o tentava.
(Jorge Amado)
Ora o povo, esse o que precisa saber que existe Deus.
(Camilo Castelo Branco)
Subindo pelo Vale do Itaja, alcanamos Brusque e, depois, Blumenau, cidades essas que nos impressionaram pela
sua avanada indstria fabril.
Ter sede e no poder beber, isso que atroz!
23
Lngua Portuguesa
4 O pronome demonstrativo neutro o pode representar um
termo ou contedo de uma orao inteira, caso em que aparece geralmente, como objeto direto, predicativo ou aposto.
Exemplos:
Ia dizer-lhe umas palavras duras, mas no o fiz.
Quiseram gratificar-me, o que me deixou constrangido.
Ningum teve coragem de falar antes que ela o fizesse.
(Jos Conde)
Era uma bela ponte, ele prprio o reconhecia.
(Anbal Machado)
Era meu o universo; mas, ai triste! no o era de graa.
(Machado de Assis)
Se lagoa existiu, pouca coisa o indica.
(Carlos Povina Cavalcanti)
Dirs que sou ambicioso? Soubo deveras, mas...
(Machado de Assis)
O jantar ia ser um desastre. Todos o pressentiam.
(Fernando Namora)
Para evitar a repetio de um verbo anteriormente expresso, comum empregar-se, em tais casos, o verbo fazer,
chamado, ento, verbo vicrio (= que substitui, que faz as
vezes de). Exemplos:
Ia dizer-lhe umas palavras duras, mas no o fiz.
Ele ajudava os pobres e o fazia sem alarde.
O jornal informa e o faz corretamente, afirmava, vitorioso,
o editorial. (Jorge Amado)
5 Em frases como a seguinte, este refere-se pessoa
mencionada em ltimo lugar, aquele mencionada em primeiro lugar:
O referido advogado e o Dr. Tancredo Lopes eram amigos ntimos: aquele casado, solteiro este. (Valentim Magalhes)
PRONOMES RELATIVOS
Pronomes relativos so palavras que representam substantivos j referidos, com os quais esto relacionadas. Da
denominarmos relativos.
2. Antecedente no expresso
Quem no tem co, caa com gato.
Onde eu nasci passa um rio.
Quadro dos pronomes relativos
pronomes relativos
variveis
o qual, os quais, a qual, as quais
cujo, cujos, cuja, cujas
quanto, quantos, quanta, quantas
invariveis
que
quem
onde
Emprego dos pronomes relativos

1 O antecedente do pronome relativo que pode ser
nome de coisa ou de pessoa, ou o demonstrativo o, ou outro
pronome. Exemplos:
H coisas que aprendemos tarde.
Vi-a falar com desdm, e um pouco de indignao, da
mulher de que se tratava, alis sua amiga.
(Machado de Assis)
Bendito o que, na terra, o fogo fez, e o teto.
(Olavo Bilac)
O relativo que s vezes equivale a o que, coisa que, e se
refere a uma orao:
No chegou a ser padre, mas no deixou de ser poeta,
que era a sua vocao natural. (Machado de Assis)
2 Numa srie de oraes adjetivas coordenadas, pode
ocorrer a elipse do relativo que:
A sala estava cheia de gente que conversava, ria, fumava. (Lcio de Mendona)
3 O relativo quem sempre regido de preposio e, na
lngua moderna, se refere exclusivamente a pessoas ou coisas personificadas:
O funcionrio por quem fui atendido mostrou-se gentil.
Antecedente
Ao encontro malsoante sem quem deve-se preferir sem o

qual:
O termo j referido anteriormente, retomado na nova

orao pelo pronome relativo, chama-se antecedente.
Estvamos esperando Otvio, sem o qual no podamos

sair.
As mos que dizem adeus so pssaros...

(Mrio Quintana)
(mos =antecedente)
(que = pronome relativo)
O antecedente pode estar expresso ou no na orao.
1. Antecedente expresso
O pssaro legendrio uirapuru, que imita todos os demais,
canta para aqueles que amam as aves e a sua msica.
(Luiz Carlos Lisboa)
Os italianos dirigem-se principalmente para o Sul da provncia, onde se dedicam lavoura de subsistncia e vitivinicultura.
(Almanaque Abril)
uma velha mesa esta sobre a qual bato hoje a minha
crnica.
(Vincius de Moraes)
4 Cujo (e suas flexes) pronome adjetivo e equivale a

do qual, da qual, dos quais, das quais:
O cavalo um animal cujo pelo liso. (= o pelo do qual
liso)
O substantivo determinado por este pronome no vir
precedido de artigo: cujo pelo (e no cujo o pelo).
5 O relativo o qual (e suas flexes), principalmente
quando regido de preposio, pode substituir o pronome que:
um passado extinto e de que (ou do qual) ningum se
lembra.
Por amor da clareza usa-se o qual em vez de que, quando este vier distanciado de seu antecedente, ensejando falsos sentidos:
Regressando de Ouro Preto, visitei o stio de minha tia, o
qual me deixou encantado.
24
Lngua Portuguesa
6 As preposies ante, aps, at, desde, durante, entre,
perante, mediante, segundo (vale dizer, preposies com
duas ou mais slabas), bem como as monosslabas sem e
sob e todas as locues prepositivas, constroem-se com o
pronome, o qual e nunca com o pronome relativo que. As
preposies contra, para e sobre usam-se, de preferncia,
com o pronome o qual. Exemplos:
2) cada
Pode apresentar-se na frase com valor:
a) distributivo: Cada livro custou dez dlares!
b) Intensivo: L na cidade tem cada moa bonita!
3) demais
Perguntei-lhe quantos eram os temas sobre os quais ele

devia falar.
Teve ento incio um breve cerimonial contbil, durante o
qual s se ouvia o rudo da pena arranhando o papel.
(Herberto Sales)
E Lusa estaria presente a ltima testemunha perante a
qual ele seria invisvel ao vexame.
(Fernando Namora)
As preposies monossilbicas a, com, de, em e por,
quando iniciam oraes adjetivas restritivas, empregam-se,
de preferncia, com o pronome que:
A moa [a que me refiro] no desta cidade.
No encontrei os livros [de que precisava].
Significa os outros, os restantes:

Dos quadros que fiz s tenho dois: os demais eu vendi.
4) menos, mais
Menos invarivel:
preciso gastar menos gua.
Mais significa muitos, uma infinidade, em frases como:
Os ndios avanavam, atirando flechas e mais flechas.
5) nenhum
PRONOME INDEFINIDO
Proposto ao substantivo, aviva a negao:
Os pronomes indefinidos so os que se referem terceira
pessoa do discurso, de modo vago ou impreciso.
Algum arrematou a obra de Portinari no leilo.
Todos cumpriram seu dever cvico.
6) certo
Antepe-se ao substantivo, podendo, em alguns casos, vir
precedido do artigo um:
Quadro dos pronomes indefinidos

pronomes indefinidos
variveis
algum, alguma, alguns, algumas
nenhum, nenhuma, nenhuns, nenhumas
todo, toda, todos, todas
muito, muita, muitos, muitas
pouco, pouca, poucos, poucas
certo, certa, certos, certas
outro, outra, outros, outras
quanto, quanta, quantos, quantas
tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas
vrio, vria, vrios, vrias
diverso, diversa, diversos, diversas
qualquer, quaisquer
Tinha certo ar de superioridade.

Chegamos ao stio de um certo Eufrsio.
invariveis
algo
algum
nada
ningum
tudo
cada
outrem
quem
mais
menos
demais
7) qual
Como pronome indefinido, tem o sentido de cada qual:
Em seguida desceram, e j no eram dois, mas sim dez
meninos, qual mais fagueiro, e todos diziam que iam acabar
com a ratazana. (Lus Henrique Tavares)
8) qualquer
O plural deste pronome quaisquer:
Locues pronominais indefinidas
Executamos quaisquer servios.
cada um / cada uma / cada qual

quem quer que / quantos quer que
toda aquela que / todo aquele que
seja quem for / seja qual for
qualquer um / qualquer um
um ou outro / uma ou outra
tal e tal / tal qual / tal e qual / tal ou qual
Pode apresentar-se com sentido depreciativo:

A inteno dele mostrar que no criado de qualquer.
(Machado de Assis)
9) todo
Modernamente, costuma-se distinguir todo (= cada, qualquer) e todo o (= inteiro, completo):
Emprego dos pronomes indefinidos

1) algum
Anteposto ao substantivo, tem significao positiva; proposto, apresenta valor negativo:
Algum amigo os traiu. (= um amigo)
Amigo algum os traiu. (=nenhum amigo)
Seu Ivo no mora em parte nenhuma.

(Graciliano Ramos)
Li todo o livro. (= o livro todo ou inteiro)

Li todo livro que encontrasse. (= cada ou qualquer livro)
Usa-se como advrbio, no sentido de completamente,
mas geralmente flexionando-se em gnero e nmero:
Os ips estavam todos floridos.
A roupa estava toda molhada.
25
Lngua Portuguesa
10) tudo
FORMAS DE TRATAMENTO
Pode-se dizer, indiferentemente, tudo que ou tudo o que:

Esquea tudo que ficou atrs.
Esquea tudo o que ficou atrs.
Entre os pronomes pessoais incluem-se os pronomes de

tratamento, que so palavras ou expresses utilizadas para
as pessoas com quem se fala. So, portanto, pronomes de 2
pessoa, embora sejam empregados com verbo na 3 pessoa.
Esses pronomes, que aparecem apenas na linguagem
formal, expressam uma atitude cerimoniosa do emissor em
relao ao interlocutor ou pessoa de quem se fala.
PRONOMES INTERROGATIVOS
Os pronomes interrogativos so os pronomes indefinidos
usados na formulao de perguntas diretas ou indiretas.
Que pas este?
Quem vem l?
Quero saber quem vem l
Vossa Alteza precisa descansar.

Quando se referir 3 pessoa, o pronome de tratamento
precedido de sua:
Sua Alteza retornar em Breve.
Quadro dos pronomes interrogativos

Quadro dos pronomes de tratamento
pronomes interrogativos
qual e quais
quanto, quantos, quanta, quantas
que
quem
pronomes de
tratamento
abreviatura
singular
plural
v.
v v.
Voc
Emprego dos pronomes interrogativos
Usado para pessoas familiares, ntimas.
1) que
Senhor, Senhora
pronome substantivo quando equivaler a que coisa.

Nesse caso, admite tambm a forma o que.
Sr., Sr.
Srs., Sr.
as
Usados para manter uma distncia respeitosa.

Vossa Senhoria
V.S.
V.S.
as
Usado para correspondncias comerciais.

Mas que significa isso? perguntou o moo insatisfeito...
(Carlos Drummond de Andrade)
Vossa Excelncia
V.Ex.
V.Ex.
as
Usado para altas autoridades: presidente, etc.

2) quem
Vossa Eminncia
V.Em.
V.Em.
as
Usado para cardeais.
pronome substantivo e refere-se a pessoas.
Vossa Alteza
- Quem sou eu? ele perguntou num ltimo esforo.
(Otto Lara Resende)
V.A.
V V.A A.
V.S.
V.Rev.ma
V.Rev.mas
Usado para prncipes e duques

Vossa Santidade
Usado para o Papa
3) qual
Vossa Reverendssima
Pode ser pronome adjetivo ou substantivo:
Usado para sacerdotes e religiosos em geral.
- Quais so os smbolos da ptria? (pronome adjetivo)

- Leve esses livros daqui!! Agora!
- Quais? (pronome substantivo)
Vossa Magnificncia
V.Mag.a
V.Mag.as
Usado para reitores de universidades.

Vossa Majestade
4) quanto
V.M.
V V.M M.
Usado para reis e rainhas.
Pode ser pronome substantivo ou pronome adjetivo:
O pronome voc
Perguntei quanto era. (pronome substantivo)

- Quanto tempo faz que a gente no se encontra? (pronome adjetivo)
O pronome voc perdeu seu carter de tratamento cerimonioso sendo hoje, no Brasil, utilizado em situaes informais, substituindo o pronome de segunda pessoa tu.
5) cad?
Voc sempre foi resistente ideia de gravar discos. O que

o fez mudar de ideia?
A expresso que feito de, reduzida para que de, deu

origem aos interrogativos cad, quede e qued, bastante
utilizados na linguagem coloquial e j incorporados pela literatura.
E cad doutor? Cad remdio? Cad jeito?
(Monteiro Lobato)
Qued o meu dinheiro?
(O que feito do meu dinheiro?)
Como se v pelo exemplo, voc faz referncia segunda

pessoa, mas exige verbo na terceira.
Este pronome resulta das transformaes fonticas pelas
quais passou o pronome de tratamento Vossa Merc.
Apesar de ser considerado pela NGB como pronome de
tratamento, voc enquadra-se mais apropriadamente na
categoria de pronome pessoal, visto que substitui tu em quase todo o territrio brasileiro.
26
Lngua Portuguesa
Deve-se notar ainda o emprego de voc como pronome
que indetermina o sujeito:
Mas o que voc pode fazer contra as foras da natureza?
A norma culta da lngua condena esse emprego do termo,
preferindo a impessoalizao com o pronome se:
O que se pode fazer contra as foras da natureza?
A expresso a gente
Na linguagem coloquial, o pronome ns frequentemente
substitudo por a gente.
Um segurana nos xingou e queria nos agredir para que a
gente sasse da estao.
A expresso pode ainda apresentar valor impessoal,
indeterminado:
Eu sabia os riscos que estava correndo. A gente sempre
pensa: comigo no vai acontecer. A aconteceu, diz.
(a gente pensa = pensa-se)
A norma culta da lngua tende a rejeitar essas construes, comuns na fala coloquial.
Senhor, senhora, senhorita
Os pronomes senhor, senhora e senhorita so largamente
utilizados no Brasil como forma de respeito e cortesia.
1 Identifique a alternativa em que todas as palavras destacadas so pronomes:

Um s aluno nos prestou nenhuma colaborao.
Quem a ajudar a alcanar todo o sucesso?
Aquele ao qual se entregou o prmio ficou muito feliz.
Todos os que ajudam so nossos amigos.
2 Assinale a alternativa que completa, corretamente, a

frase:
Era para _______ falar _______ ontem, mas no _______
localizei em parte alguma.
a)
b)
c)
d)
5 Considere os enunciados a seguir:

I. O senhor no deixe de comparecer. Precisamos do seu
apoio.
II. Voc quer que te digamos a verdade?
III. Vossa Excelncia conseguiu realizar todos os vossos
intentos?
IV. Vossa Majestade no deve preocupar-se unicamente com
os problemas dos seus auxiliares diretos.
Verifica-se que h falta de uniformidade no emprego das
pessoas gramaticais nos enunciados:
a)
b)
c)
d)
II e IV
III e IV
I e IV
II e III
6 Assinale a alternativa correta quanto ao emprego do pronome relativo:

a) um homem em cuja honestidade se pode confiar.
b) Machado de Assis foi um escritor que as obras ficaram
clebres.
c) Comprou uma casa suntuosa, cuja casa lhe custou uma
fortuna.
d) Preciso de um pincel delicado, sem o cujo no poderei
assinar minha obra.
7 - Por favor, empreste-me .......... lpis que est a perto de
voc. .......... aqui est com a ponta quebrada para ..........
fazer o exerccio.
EXERCCIOS
a)
b)
c)
d)
c) mim ti - eu mim ti
d) eu ti mim mim tu
mim comigo o
eu com ele o
eu com ele lhe
mim consigo lhe
3 Assinale a alternativa em que o pronome destacado foi

empregado corretamente:
a) Aguarde um instante. Quero falar consigo.
b) lamentvel, mas isso sempre ocorre com ns dois.
c) O processo est a para mim examinar.
d) Vossa Senhoria preocupa-se com problemas cuja soluo foge a vossa alada.
a) este; Esse; mim

b) este; Esse; eu
c) esse; Este; eu
d) esse; Este; mim
8 - Assinale o item em que h erro no emprego do pronome
demonstrativo:
a) Paulo, que isso que voc leva?
b) Amai vossos irmos! so essas as verdadeiras palavras
de amor.
c) Trinta de dezembro de 1977! Foi significativo para mim
esse dia.
d) Pedro, esse livro que est com Jos meu.
e) No estou de acordo com aquelas palavras que Jos pronunciou.
9 - Assinale o item em que houve erro no emprego do proa
nome de 1 pessoa, pois usou-se a forma oblqua no lugar da
reta:
a) Vieram at mim rapidamente
b) cedo para mim dar a resposta
c) Para mim ele o maior
d) Ela chegou antes de mim
4 Identifique a srie de pronomes que completa adequadamente as lacunas do seguinte perodo:

Os desentendimentos entre ______ e _____ advm de uma
insegurana que a vida estabeleceu para _______traar um
caminho que vai de _______ a ______ .
a) eu tu eu mim tu
b) mim ti mim mim tu
27
1-D
4-C
7-C
RESPOSTAS
2-B
3-B
5-D
6-A
8-C
9-B
Lngua Portuguesa
VERBO
Verbo uma palavra que exprime ao, estado, fato ou
fenmeno.
5) Para marcar um fato futuro, mas prximo; neste caso,

para impedir qualquer ambiguidade, se faz acompanhar geralmente de um adjunto adverbial:
Outro dia eu volto, talvez depois de amanh...
(A. Bessa Lus)
PRETRITO IMPERFEITO DO INDICATIVO
Dentre as classes de palavras, o verbo a mais rica em

flexes. Com efeito, o verbo possui diferentes flexes para
indicar a pessoa do discurso, o nmero, o tempo, o modo e a
voz. O verbo flexiona-se em nmero e pessoa:
1 pessoa
2 pessoa
3 pessoa
singular
eu trabalho
tu trabalhas
ele trabalha
plural
ns trabalhamos
vs trabalhais
eles trabalham
EMPREGO DE TEMPOS E MODOS VERBAIS

Tempo a variao que indica o momento em que se d
o fato expresso pelo verbo. Os trs tempos naturais so o
Presente, o Pretrito (ou Passado) e o Futuro.
O Presente designa um fato ocorrido no momento em
que se fala; o Pretrito, antes do momento em que se fala;
e o Futuro, aps o momento em que se fala.
Leio uma revista instrutiva. (Presente)
Li uma revista instrutiva. (Pretrito)
Lerei uma revista instrutiva. (Futuro)
A prpria denominao deste tempo Pretrito Imperfeito

ensina-nos o seu valor fundamental: o de designar um fato
passado, mas no concludo (imperfeito = no perfeito, inacabado).
Podemos empreg-lo assim:
1) Quando, pelo pensamento, nos transportamos a uma poca passada e descrevemos o que ento era presente:
O calor ia aumentando e o vento despenteava meu
cabelo.
2) Pelo futuro do pretrito, para denotar um fato que seria
consequncia certa e imediata de outro, que no ocorreu, ou
no poderia ocorrer:
Se eu no fosse mulher, ia tambm!
PRETRITO MAIS-QUE-PERFEITO DO INDICATIVO
1) O Pretrito Mais-Que-Perfeito indica uma ao que ocorreu antes de outra j passada:
A conversa ficara to tediosa, que o homem se desinteressou.
TEMPOS DO MODO INDICATIVO
2) Na linguagem literria emprega-se, s vezes, o mais-queperfeito em lugar:
1) Presente: estudo
a) do futuro do pretrito (simples ou composto):
Um pouco mais de sol e fora (= teria sido) brasa,
Um pouco mais de azul e fora (= teria sido) alm,
Para atingir ... (S Carneiro)
2) Pretrito:
Imperfeito: estudava
Perfeito: estudei
Mais-que-perfeito: estudara
b) do pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo:

Quem me dera! (= quem me desse)
Prouvera a Deus! (= prouvesse a Deus)
3) Futuro:
do Presente: estudarei
do Pretrito: estudaria
FUTURO DO PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO

Dados os tempos do modo indicativo, veremos, em seguida, o emprego dos mesmos e sua correlao.
1) o futuro do presente emprega-se para indicar fatos certos

ou provveis, posteriores ao momento em que se fala:
As aulas comearo depois de amanh.
PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
2) Como forma polida de presente:
No, no posso ser acusado. Dir o senhor: mas o que aconteceu? E eu lhe direi: sei l! (= digo)
O presente do indicativo emprega-se:

1) Para enunciar um fato atual:
Cai a chuva.
O cu est limpo.
3) Como expresso de uma splica, desejo ou ordem; neste

caso, o tom de voz pode atenuar ou reforar o carter imperativo:
Honrars pai e me!
Lers porm algum dia
Meus versos, dalma arrancados, ... (G. Dias)
2) Para indicar aes e estados permanentes:

A terra gira em torno do prprio eixo.
Deus Pai!
3) Para expressar uma ao habitual do sujeito:
Sou tmido.
Como muito pouco.
FUTURO DO PRETRITO DO INDICATIVO
4) Para dar vivacidade a fatos ocorridos no passado

(presente histrico):
A Avenida o mar dos folies. Serpentinas cortam o
ar..., rolam das escadas, pendem das rvores e dos fios ... (M. Rebelo)
1) O futuro do pretrito emprega-se para designar aes

posteriores poca em que se fala:
Depois de casado, ele se transformaria em um homem
de bem.
28
Lngua Portuguesa
2) Como forma polida de presente, em geral denotadora de
desejo.
PRETRITO PERFEITO DO SUBJUNTIVO

Pode exprimir um fato:
Desejaramos cumprimentar os noivos.

3) Em certas frases interrogativas e exclamativas, para denotar surpresa ou indignao:
1) Passado (supostamente concludo):

Espero que voc tenha encontrado aquele endereo.
2) Futuro (terminado em relao a outro futuro):
Espero que ela tenha feito a lio quando eu voltar.
O nosso amor morreu... Quem o diria?

TEMPOS DO MODO SUBJUNTIVO
PRETRITO MAIS-QUE-PERFEITO
DO SUBJUNTIVO
1) Presente: estude
Pode indicar:
2) Pretrito:
Imperfeito: estudasse
Perfeito: tenha (ou haja) estudado
Mais-que-perfeito: tivesse (ou houvesse) estudado
1) Uma ao anterior a outra passada:

Esperei-a um pouco, at que tivesse terminado seu jantar.
3) Futuro:
Simples: estudar
Composto: tiver (ou houver) estudado
2) Uma ao irreal no passado:

Se a sorte os houvesse coroado com os seus favores,
no lhes faltariam amigos.
Quando nos servimos do modo indicativo, consideramos

o fato expresso pelo verbo como real, certo, seja no presente, seja no passado, seja no futuro.
FUTURO DO SUBJUNTIVO SIMPLES
Ao empregarmos o modo subjuntivo, encaramos a existncia ou no existncia do fato como uma coisa incerta,
duvidosa, eventual ou, mesmo, irreal.
Este tempo verbal marca a eventualidade no futuro e

emprega-se em oraes subordinadas:
Se quiser, irei v-lo.
Farei conforme mandares.
Quando puder, venha ver-me.
Observemos estas frases:

Afirmo que ela estuda. (modo indicativo)
Duvido que ela estude. (modo subjuntivo)
Afirmei que ela estudava. (modo indicativo)
Duvidei que ela estudasse. (modo subjuntivo)
FUTURO DO SUBJUNTIVO COMPOSTO

Indica um fato futuro como terminado em relao a outro
fato futuro (dentro do sentido geral do modo subjuntivo):
D. Flor, no leia este livro; ou, se o houver lido at aqui,
abandone o resto.
PRESENTE DO SUBJUNTIVO
Pode indicar um fato:
MODOS DO VERBO
1) Presente:
No quer dizer que se conheam os homens quando se
duvida deles.
2) Futuro:
No dia em que no faa mais uma criana sorrir, vou vender
abacaxi na feira.
(A. Bessa Lus)
PRETRITO IMPERFEITO DO SUBJUNTIVO
Os modos indicam as diferentes maneiras de um fato se

realizar. So trs:
1) o Indicativo: Exprime um fato certo, positivo:
Vou hoje.
Sairs cedo.
2) o Imperativo: Exprime ordem, proibio, conselho, pedido: Volte logo. No fiquem aqui. Sede prudentes.
3) o Subjuntivo: Enuncia um fato possvel, duvidoso,
hipottico: possvel que chova. Se voc trabalhasse...
Pode ter o valor de:

1) Passado:
Todos os domingos, chovesse ou fizesse sol, estava eu
l.
2) Futuro:
Aos sbados, treinava o discurso destinado ao filho que
chegasse primeiro.
3) Presente:
Tivesses corao, terias tudo.
Alm desses trs modos, existem as formas nominais

do verbo (infinitivo, gerndio, particpio), que enunciam um
fato de maneira vaga, imprecisa, impessoal.
1) Infinitivo: plantar, vender, ferir.
2) Gerndio: plantando, vendendo, ferindo.
3) Particpio: plantado, vendido, ferido.
Chamam-se formas nominais porque, sem embargo de
sua significao verbal, podem desempenhar as funes
prprias dos nomes substantivos e adjetivos: o andar, gua
fervendo, tempo perdido.
29
Lngua Portuguesa
O Infinitivo pode ser Pessoal ou Impessoal.
A DNP (desinncia nmero-pessoal) indica que o verbo est

na 1 pessoa do plural. A DMT (desinncia modo-temporal
indica que o verbo est no futuro do presente do indicativo.
1) Pessoal, quando tem sujeito:

Para sermos vencedores preciso lutar.
(sujeito oculto ns)
Dividem-se os tempos em primitivos e derivados.

So tempos primitivos:
2) Impessoal, quando no tem sujeito:

Ser ou no ser, eis a questo.
1) o Infinitivo Impessoal.
O infinitivo pessoal ora se apresenta flexionado, ora no

flexionado:
2) o Presente do Indicativo (1 e 2 pessoa do singular e 2

pessoa do plural).
Flexionado: andares, andarmos, andardes, andarem
3) o Pretrito Perfeito do Indicativo (3 pessoa do plural).

FORMAO DO IMPERATIVO
No flexionado: andar eu, andar ele.

Quanto voz, os verbos se classificam em:
O imperativo afirmativo deriva do presente do indicativo,

da segunda pessoa do singular (tu) e da segunda do plural
(vs), mediante a supresso do s final; as demais pessoas
(voc, ns, vocs) so tomadas do presente do subjuntivo.
1) Ativos: O sujeito faz a ao.

O patro chamou o empregado.
2) Passivos: O sujeito sofre a ao.
O empregado foi chamado pelo patro.
O imperativo negativo no possui, em Portugus, formas

especiais; suas pessoas so iguais s correspondentes do
presente do subjuntivo.
3) Reflexivos: O sujeito faz e recebe a ao.

A criana feriu-se na gangorra.
O infinitivo, em portugus, pode ser pessoal

(quando tem sujeito) ou impessoal (quando no tem
sujeito). Veja:
Verbos Auxiliares so os que se juntam a uma forma nominal de outro verbo para constituir os tempos compostos e as
locues verbais: ter, haver, ser, estar.
impessoal
cantar
Tenho estudado muito esta semana.

Jacinto havia chegado naquele momento.
Somos castigados pelos nossos erros.
O mecnico estava consertando o carro.
O secretrio vai anunciar os resultados.
Os verbos da lngua portuguesa se agrupam em trs
conjugaes, de conformidade com a terminao do infinitivo:
1) Os da 1 conjugao terminam em ar: cantar
2) Os da 2 conjugao terminam em er: bater
3) Os da 3 conjugao terminam em ir: partir.
Cada conjugao se caracteriza por uma vogal temtica:
A (1 conjugao), E (2 conjugao), I (3 conjugao).
FORMAO DOS TEMPOS COMPOSTOS

Eis como se formam os tempos compostos:
1) Os tempos compostos da voz ativa so formados pelos
verbos auxiliares ter ou haver, seguidos do particpio do verbo principal:
Observaes:
Tenho falado. Haviam sado.
O verbo pr (antigo poer) perdeu a vogal temtica do infinitivo. um verbo anmalo da segunda conjugao.
A nossa lngua possui mais de 11 mil verbos, dos quais
mais de 10 mil so da primeira conjugao.
Num verbo devemos distinguir o radical, que a parte
geralmente invarivel e as desinncias, que variam para
denotar os diversos acidentes gramaticais.
radical
cantcantbatbat-
pessoal
cantar eu
cantares tu
cantar ele
cantarmos ns
cantardes vs
cantarem eles
desinncia
a
or
er
ias
radical
partpartdizdiss
desinncia
ir
imos
er
eram
2) Os tempos compostos da voz passiva se formam com o

concurso simultneo dos auxiliares ter (ou haver) e ser, seguidos do particpio do verbo principal:
Tenho sido maltratado.
Tinham (ou haviam) sido vistos no cinema.
Outro tipo de conjugao composta tambm chamada
conjugao perifrstica so as locues verbais, constitudas de verbo auxiliar mais gerndio ou infinitivo:
Tenho de ir hoje.
Hei de ir amanh.
Estava lendo o jornal.
H a desinncia modo-temporal, indicando a que modo

e tempo a flexo verbal pertence e h a desinncia nmero-pessoal indicando a que pessoa e nmero a flexo verbal
pertence.
Quanto conjugao, dividem-se os verbos em:
Ex.: canta - re mos DNP
DMT
2) Irregulares: os que sofrem alteraes no radical e nas

terminaes afastando-se do paradigma. Dar, ouvir, etc.
1) Regulares: os que seguem um paradigma ou modelo

comum de conjugao. Cantar, bater, partir, etc.
30
Lngua Portuguesa
Entre os irregulares, destacam-se os anmalos, como o
verbo pr (sem vogal temtica no infinitivo), ser e ir (que
apresentam radicais diferentes).
So verbos que possuem profundas modificaes em
seus radicais.
3) Defectivos: os que no possuem a conjugao completa,
no sendo usados em certos modos, tempos ou pessoas:
abolir, reaver, precaver, etc.
CONJUGAO DOS VERBOS AUXILIARES
Futuro do presente simples

serei
sers
ser
seremos
sereis
sero
terei sido
ters sido
ter sido
teremos sido
tereis sido
tero sido
estarei
estars
estar
estaremos
estareis
estaro
terei
ters
ter
teremos
tereis
tero
Futuro do presente composto

terei estado
terei tido
ters estado
ters tido
ter tido
ter estado
teremos estado
teremos tido
tereis estado
tereis tido
tero tido
tero estado
haverei
havers
haver
haveremos
havereis
havero
terei havido
ters havido
ter havido
teremos havido
tereis havido
tero havido
MODO INDICATIVO
Futuro do pretrito simples
Presente
sou
s
somos
sois
so
estou
ests
est
estamos
estais
esto
tenho
tens
tem
temos
tendes
tm
seria
serias
seria
seramos
sereis
seriam
hei
hs
h
havemos
haveis
ho
estaria
estarias
estaria
estaramos
estareis
estariam
teria
terias
teria
teramos
tereis
teriam
haveria
haverias
haveria
haveramos
havereis
haveriam
Futuro do pretrito composto

teria sido
terias sido
teria sido
teramos sido
tereis sido
teriam sido
Pretrito perfeito simples

fui
foste
foi
fomos
fostes
foram
estive
estiveste
esteve
estivemos
estivestes
estiveram
tive
tiveste
teve
tivemos
tivestes
tiveram
houve
houveste
houve
houvemos
houvestes
houveram
teria estado
terias estado
teria estado
teramos estado
tereis estado
teriam estado
teria tido
terias tido
teria tido
teramos tido
tereis tido
teriam tido
teria havido
terias havido
teria havido
teramos
havido
tereis havido
teriam havido
MODO SUBJUNTIVO
Presente
Pretrito perfeito composto

tenho sido
tens sido
tem sido
temos sido
tendes sido
tm sido
tenho estado
tens estado
tem estado
temos estado
tendes estado
tm estado
tenho tido
tens tido
tem tido
temos tido
tendes tido
tm tido
tenho havido
tens havido
tem havido
temos havido
tendes havido
tm havido
seja
sejas
seja
sejamos
sejais
sejam
estava
estavas
estava
estvamos
estveis
estavam
tinha
tinhas
tinha
tnhamos
tnheis
tinham
havia
havias
havia
havamos
haveis
haviam
fosse
fosses
fosse
fssemos
fsseis
fossem
estivera
estiveras
estivera
estivramos
estivreis
estiveram
tivera
tiveras
tivera
tivramos
tivreis
tiveram
haja
hajas
haja
hajamos
hajais
hajam
houvera
houveras
houvera
houvramos
houvreis
houveram
estivesse
estivesses
estivesse
estivssemos
estivsseis
estivessem
tivesse
tivesses
tivesse
tivssemos
tivsseis
tivessem
houvesse
houvesses
houvesse
houvssemos
houvsseis
houvessem
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito simples

fora
foras
fora
framos
freis
foram
tenha
tenhas
tenha
tenhamos
tenhais
tenham
Pretrito Imperfeito
Pretrito imperfeito
era
eras
era
ramos
reis
eram
esteja
estejas
esteja
estejamos
estejais
estejam
tenha sido
tenhas sido
tenha sido
tenhamos
sido
tenhais sido
tenham sido
tenha estado
tenhas estado
tenha estado
tenhamos
estado
tenhais estado
tenham estado
tenha tido
tenhas tido
tenha tido
tenhamos
tido
tenhais tido
tenham tido
tenha havido
tenhas havido
tenha havido
tenhamos
havido
tenhais havido
tenham havido
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito composto

tinha sido
tinhas sido
tinha sido
tnhamos
sido
tnheis sido
tinham sido
tinha sido
tinhas sido
tinha sido
tnhamos
sido
tnheis sido
tinham sido
tinha sido
tinhas sido
tinha sido
tnhamos
sido
tnheis sido
tinham sido
tinha sido
tinhas sido
tinha sido
tnhamos
sido
tnheis sido
tinham sido
tivesse sido
tivesses
sido
tivesse sido
tivssemos
sido
tivsseis
sido
tivessem
sido
31
tivesse estado
tivesses
estado
tivesse estado
tivssemos
estado
tivsseis
estado
tivessem
estado
tivesse tido
tivesses
tido
tivesse tido
tivssemos
tido
tivsseis
tido
tivessem
tido
tivesse havido
tivesses
havido
tivesse havido
tivssemos
havido
tivsseis
havido
tivessem
havido
Lngua Portuguesa
Futuro simples
for
fores
for
formos
fordes
forem
estiver
estiveres
estiver
estivermos
estiverdes
estiverem
Gerndio
tiver
tiveres
tiver
tivermos
tiverdes
tiverem
houver
houveres
houver
houvermos
houverdes
houverem
sendo
estando
tiver estado
tiveres estado
tiver estado
tivermos
estado
tiverdes estado
tiverem estado
havendo
Gerndio composto
tendo sido
tendo estado
sido
estado
Futuro composto
tiver sido
tiveres sido
tiver sido
tivermos
sido
tiverdes sido
tiverem sido
tendo
tendo tido
tendo havido
Particpio
tiver tido
tiveres tido
tiver tido
tivermos
tido
tiverdes tido
tiverem tido
tiver havido
tiveres havido
tiver havido
tivermos
havido
tiverdes havido
tiverem havido
tido
havido
O processo verbal pode ser representado por uma locuo verbal (verbo auxiliar + verbo principal em uma de suas
formas nominais). Nas locues verbais, o verbo auxiliar
aparece desprovido de sua significao; no entanto, o responsvel pela indicao das flexes de tempo, pessoa, modo
e nmero.
MODO IMPERATIVO
CONJUGAO DOS VERBOS REGULARES
Afirmativo
s (tu)
seja (voc)
sejamos (ns)
sede (vs)
sejam (vocs)
est (tu)
esteja (voc)
estejamos
(ns)
estai (vs)
estejam
(vocs)
PARADIGMAS DAS CONJUGAES REGULARES
tem (tu)
tenha (voc)
tenhamos
(ns)
tende (vs)
tenham (vocs)
h (tu)
haja (voc)
hajamos
(ns)
havei (vs)
hajam
(vocs)
Modelos
1 conjugao sonhar
2 conjugao receber
3 conjugao decidir
MODO INDICATIVO
Negativo
no sejas (tu)
no seja (voc)
no sejamos
(ns)
no
sejais
(vs)
no
sejam
(vocs)
no
estejas
(tu)
no
esteja
(voc)
no
estejamos (ns)
no estejais
(vs)
no estejam
(vocs)
no tenhas
(tu)
no tenha
(voc)
no tenhamos (ns)
no tenhais
(vs)
no tenham
(vocs)
no hajas
(tu)
no
haja
(voc)
no
hajamos (ns)
no hajais
(vs)
no hajam
(vocs)
Infinitivo impessoal
estar
ter
sonho
sonhas
sonha
sonhamos
sonhais
sonham
recebo
recebes
recebe
recebemos
recebeis
recebem
haver
recebi
recebeste
recebeu
recebemos
recebestes
receberam
ter estado
ter tido
ter havido
Infinitivo pessoal
ser (eu)
seres (tu)
ser (ele)
sermos
(ns)
serdes
(vs)
serem
(eles)
estar (eu)
estares (tu)
estar (ele)
estarmos
(ns)
estardes
(vs)
estarem
(eles)
ter (eu)
teres (tu)
ter (ele)
termos
(ns)
terdes
(vs)
terem
(eles)
haver (eu)
haveres (tu)
haver (ele)
havermos
(ns)
haverdes (vs)
haverem
(eles)
tenho sonhado
tens sonhado
tem sonhado
temos sonhado
tendes sonhado
tm sonhado
tenho recebido
tens recebido
tem recebido
temos recebido
tendes recebido
tm recebido
sonhava
sonhavas
sonhava
sonhvamos
sonhveis
sonhavam
recebia
recebias
recebia
recebamos
recebeis
recebiam
ter estado
teres estado
ter estado
termos
estado
terdes estado
terem estado
ter tido
teres tido
ter tido
termos
tido
terdes tido
terem tido
tenho decidido
tens decidido
tem decidido
temos decidido
tendes decidido
tm decidido
Pretrito imperfeito
Infinitivo pessoal composto

ter sido
teres sido
ter sido
termos sido
terdes sido
terem sido
decidi
decidiste
decidiu
decidimos
decidistes
decidiram
Infinitivo impessoal composto

ter sido
decido
decides
decide
decidimos
decidis
decidem
Pretrito perfeito simples

sonhei
sonhaste
sonhou
sonhamos
sonhastes
sonharam
FORMAS NOMINAIS
ser
Presente
decidia
decidias
decidia
decidamos
decideis
decidiam
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito simples

ter havido
teres havido
ter havido
termos
havido
terdes havido
terem havido
sonhara
sonharas
sonhara
sonhramos
sonhreis
sonharam
32
recebera
receberas
recebera
recebramos
recebreis
receberam
decidira
decidiras
decidira
decidramos
decidreis
decidiram
Lngua Portuguesa

tinha sonhado
tinhas sonhado
tinha sonhado
tnhamos
sonhado
tnheis sonhado
tinham sonhado
tinha recebido
tinhas recebido
tinha recebido
tnhamos
recebido
tnheis recebido
tinham recebido
tinha decidido
tinhas decidido
tinha decidido
tnhamos
decidido
tnheis decidido
tinham decidido
tivesse sonhado
tivesses sonhado
tivesse sonhado
tivssemos
sonhado
tivsseis sonhado
tivessem sonhado
tivesse recebido
tivesses recebido
tivesse recebido
tivssemos
recebido
tivsseis recebido
tivessem recebido
tivesse decidido
tivesses decidido
tivesse decidido
tivssemos
decidido
tivsseis decidido
tivessem decidido
Futuro simples
Futuro do presente simples
sonharei
sonhars
sonhar
sonharemos
sonhareis
sonharo
receberei
recebers
receber
receberemos
recebereis
recebero
sonhar
sonhares
sonhar
sonharmos
sonhardes
sonharem
decidirei
decidirs
decidir
decidiremos
decidireis
decidiro
receber
receberes
receber
recebermos
receberdes
receberem
decidir
decidires
decidir
decidirmos
decidirdes
decidirem
Futuro composto
Futuro do presente composto
terei sonhado
ters sonhado
ter sonhado
teremos sonhado
tereis sonhado
tero sonhado
terei recebido
ters recebido
ter recebido
teremos recebido
tereis recebido
tero recebido
terei decidido
ters decidido
ter decidido
teremos decidido
tereis decidido
tero decidido
tiver sonhado
tiveres sonhado
tiver sonhado
tivermos sonhado
tiverdes sonhado
tiverem sonhado
tiver recebido
tiveres recebido
tiver recebido
tivermos recebido
tiverdes recebido
tiverem recebido
tiver decidido
tiveres decidido
tiver decidido
tivermos decidido
tiverdes decidido
tiverem decidido
MODO IMPERATIVO
Futuro do pretrito simples
sonharia
sonharias
sonharia
sonharamos
sonhareis
sonhariam
receberia
receberias
receberia
receberamos
recebereis
receberiam
decidiria
decidirias
decidiria
decidiramos
decidireis
decidiriam
Afirmativo
sonha (tu)
sonhe (voc)
sonhemos (ns)
sonhai (vs)
sonhem (vocs)
recebe (tu)
receba (voc)
recebamos (ns)
recebei (vs)
recebam (vocs)
decide (tu)
decida (voc)
decidamos (ns)
decidi (vs)
decidam (vocs)
Futuro do pretrito composto

teria sonhado
terias sonhado
teria sonhado
teramos sonhado
tereis sonhado
teriam sonhado
teria recebido
terias recebido
teria recebido
teramos recebido
tereis recebido
teriam recebido
teria decidido
terias decidido
teria decidido
teramos decidido
tereis decidido
teriam decidido
MODO SUBJUNTIVO
Negativo
no sonhes (tu)
no sonhe (voc)
no
sonhemos
(ns)
no sonheis
(vs)
no
sonhem
(vocs)
Presente
sonhe
sonhes
sonhe
sonhemos
sonheis
sonhem
receba
recebas
receba
recebamos
recebais
recebam
decida
decidas
decida
decidamos
decidais
decidam
recebesse
recebesses
recebesse
recebssemos
recebsseis
recebessem
sonhar
decidisse
decidisses
decidisse
decidssemos
decidsseis
decidissem
receber
tenha recebido
tenhas recebido
tenha recebido
tenhamos recebido
tenhais recebido
tenham recebido
decidir
Infinitivo impessoal composto

ter sonhado

tenha sonhado
tenhas sonhado
tenha sonhado
tenhamos sonhado
tenhais sonhado
tenham sonhado
no decidas (tu)
no decida (voc)
no
decidamos
(ns)
no
decidais
(vs)
no
decidam
(vocs)
FORMAS NOMINAIS
Pretrito imperfeito
sonhasse
sonhasses
sonhasse
sonhssemos
sonhsseis
sonhassem
no recebas (tu)
no receba (voc)
no
recebamos
(ns)
no recebais
(vs)
no recebam
(vocs)
ter recebido
ter decidido
Infinitivo pessoal
tenha decidido
tenhas decidido
tenha decidido
tenhamos decidido
tenhais decidido
tenham decidido
sonhar (eu)
sonhares (tu)
sonhar (ele)
sonharmos (ns)
sonhardes (vs)
sonharem (eles)
33
receber (eu)
receberes (tu)
receber (ele)
recebermos (ns)
receberdes (vs)
receberem (eles)
decidir (eu)
decidires (tu)
decidir (ele)
decidirmos (ns)
decidirdes (vs)
decidirem (eles)
Lngua Portuguesa
Infinitivo pessoal composto
ter sonhado
teres sonhado
ter sonhado
termos sonhado
terdes sonhado
terem sonhado
ter recebido
teres recebido
ter recebido
termos recebido
terdes recebido
terem recebido
ter decidido
teres decidido
ter decidido
termos decidido
terdes decidido
terem decidido
Presente do subjuntivo: nomeie, nomeies, nomeie, nomeemos,

nomeeis, nomeiem.
Imperativo afirmativo: nomeia, nomeie, nomeemos, nomeai, nomeiem.
regular o resto da conjugao.
Assim se conjugam: apear, atear, cear, folhear, frear, passear,
gear, bloquear, granjear, hastear, lisonjear, semear, arrear, recrear,
estrear, etc.
Odiar
Gerndio
sonhando
recebendo
Presente do indicativo: odeio, odeias, odeia, odiamos, odiais, odeiam.

Pretrito imperfeito: odiava, odiavas, odiava, odivamos, odiveis,
odiavam.
Pretrito perfeito: odiei, odiaste, odiou, odiamos, odiastes, odiaram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: odiara, odiaras, odiara, odiramos,
odireis, odiaram.
Presente do subjuntivo: odeie, odeies, odeie, odiemos, odieis,
odeiem.
Imperativo afirmativo: odeia, odeie, odiemos, odiai, odeiem.
decidindo
Gerndio composto
tendo sonhado
tendo recebido
tendo decidido
Particpio
sonhado
recebido
Assim se conjugam: mediar, remediar, incendiar, ansiar, etc.

decidido
Optar
VERBOS IRREGULARES
A seguir, apresentamos algumas conjugaes dos principais verbos irregulares:
Presente do indicativo: opto, optas, opta, optamos, optais, optam.

Presente do subjuntivo: opte, optes, opte, optemos, opteis, optem.
1 CONJUGAO - ar
Obs.: No caso do verbo optar a irregularidade est na pronncia. Nas trs pessoas do singular e na terceira do plural do presente
do indicativo e do presente do subjuntivo, a vogal o do radical
pronunciada aberta e fortemente.
Aguar
2 CONJUGAO - er
Presente do indicativo: guo, guas, gua, aguamos, aguais,

guam.
Pretrito perfeito: aguei, aguaste, aguou, aguamos, aguastes,
aguaram.
Presente do subjuntivo: gue, gues, gue, aguemos, agueis,
guem.
Verbo regular nos demais tempos. Assim se conjugam desaguar, enxaguar e minguar.
Dar
Presente do indicativo: dou, ds, d, damos, dais, do.
Pretrito perfeito: dei, deste, deu, demos, destes, deram.
Pretrito imperfeito: dava, davas, dava, dvamos, dveis, davam.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: dera, deras, dera, dramos, dreis,
deram.
Futuro do presente: darei, dars, dar, daremos, dareis, daro.
Futuro do pretrito: daria, darias, daria, daramos, dareis, dariam.
Presente do subjuntivo: d, ds, d, demos, deis, deem.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: desse, desses, desse, dssemos, dsseis, dessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: der, deres, der, dermos, derdes, derem.
Imperativo afirmativo: d, d, demos, dai, deem.
Infinitivo impessoal: dar.
Infinitivo pessoal: dar, dares, dar, darmos, dardes, darem.
Gerndio: dando.
Particpio: dado.
Moscar (desaparecer)
Presente do indicativo: musco, muscas, musca, moscamos, moscais, muscam.
Presente do subjuntivo: musque, musques, musque, mosquemos,
mosqueis, musquem.
Nomear
Presente do indicativo: nomeio, nomeias, nomeia, nomeamos,
nomeais, nomeiam.
Pretrito imperfeito: nomeava, nomeavas, nomeava, nomevamos,
nomeveis, nomeavam.
Pretrito perfeito: nomeei, nomeaste, nomeou, nomeamos, nomeastes, nomearam.
Abster-se
Presente do indicativo: abstenho-me, abstns-te, abstm-se, abstemo-nos, abstendes-vos, abstm-se.
Pretrito imperfeito: abstinha-me, abstinhas-te, etc.
Pretrito perfeito: abstive-me, etc.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: abstivera-me, etc.
Futuro do presente: abster-me-ei, etc.
Futuro do pretrito: abster-me-ia, etc.
Imperativo afirmativo: abstm-te, abstenha-se, abstenhamo-nos,
abstende-vos, abstenham-se.
Presente do subjuntivo: que me abstenha, que te abstenhas, etc.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: se me abstivesse, se te abstivesses, etc.
Futuro do subjuntivo: se me abstiver, etc.
Gerndio: abstendo-se.
Particpio: abstido.
Caber
Presente do indicativo: caibo, cabes, cabe, cabemos, cabeis, cabem.
Pretrito perfeito: coube, coubeste, coube, coubemos, coubestes,
couberam.
Pretrito imperfeito: cabia, cabias, cabia, cabamos, cabeis, cabiam.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: coubera, couberas, coubera, coubramos, coubreis, couberam.
Futuro do presente: caberei, cabers, caber, caberemos, cabereis,
cabero.
Futuro do pretrito: caberia, caberias, caberia, caberamos, cabereis, caberiam.
Presente do subjuntivo: caiba, caibas, caiba, caibamos, caibais,
caibam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: coubesse, coubesses, coubesse, coubssemos, coubsseis, coubessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: couber, couberes, couber, coubermos, couberdes, couberem.
Observao: O verbo caber no se apresenta conjugado nem
no imperativo afirmativo nem no imperativo negativo.
34
Lngua Portuguesa
Crer
Poder
Presente do indicativo: creio, crs, cr, cremos, credes, creem.

Pretrito perfeito: cri, creste, creu, cremos, crestes, creram.
Pretrito imperfeito: cria, crias, cria, criamos, crieis, criam.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: crera, creras, crera, crramos, crreis,
creram.
Presente do subjuntivo: creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais,
creiam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: cresse, cresses, cresse, crssemos, crsseis, cressem
Futuro do subjuntivo: crer, creres, crer, crermos, crerdes, crerem.
Imperativo afirmativo: cr, creia, creiamos, crede, creiam.
Imperativo negativo: no creias (tu), no creia (voc), no creiamos
(ns), no crede (vs), no creiam (vocs)
Presente do indicativo: posso, podes, pode, podemos, podeis,

podem.
Pretrito imperfeito: podia, podias, podia, podamos, podeis, podiam.
Pretrito perfeito: pude, pudeste, pde, pudemos, pudestes, puderam.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: pudera, puderas, pudera, pudramos,
pudreis, puderam.
Presente do subjuntivo: possa, possas, possa, possamos, possais,
possam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: pudesse, pudesses, pudesse,
pudssemos, pudsseis, pudessem.
Futuro: puder, puderes, puder, pudermos, puderdes, puderem.
Infinitivo pessoal: poder, poderes, poder, podermos, poderdes,
poderem.
Gerndio: podendo.
Particpio: podido.
Assim se conjugam: ler e descrer.

Dizer
Presente do indicativo: digo, dizes, diz, dizemos, dizeis, dizem.
Pretrito perfeito: disse, disseste, disse, dissemos, dissestes, disseram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: dissera, disseras, dissera, dissramos,
dissreis, disseram.
Futuro do presente: direi, dirs, dir, diremos, direis, diro.
Futuro do pretrito: diria, dirias, diria, diramos, direis, diriam.
Presente do subjuntivo: diga, digas, diga, digamos, digais, digam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: dissesse, dissesses, dissesse,
dissssemos, disssseis, dissessem.
Futuro: disser, disseres, disser, dissermos, disserdes, disserem.
Particpio: dito.
Assim se conjugam: bendizer, condizer, contradizer, desdizer,
predizer, maldizer ...
Escrever
Escrever e seus derivados descrever, inscrever, prescrever,
proscrever, reescrever, sobrescrever, subscrever so irregulares
apenas no particpio: escrito, descrito, inscrito, prescrito, proscrito,
reescrito, sobrescrito, subscrito.
Observao: O verbo poder no se apresenta conjugado nem

no imperativo afirmativo nem no imperativo negativo.
Pr (antigo poer)
Presente do indicativo: ponho, pes, pe, pomos, pondes, pem.
Pretrito imperfeito: punha, punhas, punha, pnhamos, pnheis,
punham.
Pretrito perfeito: pus, puseste, ps, pusemos, pusestes, puseram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: pusera, puseras, pusera, pusramos,
pusreis, puseram.
Futuro do presente: porei, pors, por, poremos, poreis, poro.
Futuro do pretrito: poria, porias, poria, poramos, poreis, poriam.
Presente do subjuntivo: ponha, ponhas, ponha, ponhamos, ponhais, ponham.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: pusesse, pusesses, pusesse,
pusssemos, pussseis, pusessem.
Futuro: puser, puseres, puser, pusermos, puserdes, puserem.
Imperativo afirmativo: pe, ponha, ponhamos, ponde, ponham.
Infinitivo pessoal: pr, pores, pr, pormos, pordes, porem.
Infinitivo impessoal: pr.
Gerndio: pondo.
Particpio: posto.
Fazer
Presente do indicativo: fao, fazes, faz, fazemos, fazeis, fazem.
Pretrito perfeito: fiz, fizeste, fez, fizemos, fizestes, fizeram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: fizera, fizeras, fizera, fizramos, fizreis, fizeram.
Futuro do presente: farei, fars, far, faremos, fareis, faro.
Futuro do pretrito: faria, farias, faria, faramos, fareis, fariam.
Presente do subjuntivo: faa, faas, faa, faamos, faais, faam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: fizesse, fizesses, fizesse, fizssemos, fizsseis, fizessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: fizer, fizeres, fizer, fizermos, fizerdes, fizerem.
Imperativo afirmativo: faze, faa, faamos, fazei, faam.
Assim se conjugam: desfazer, refazer, satisfazer.
Ler
Presente do indicativo: leio, ls, l, lemos, ledes, leem.
Pretrito imperfeito: lia, lias, lia, lamos, leis, liam.
Pretrito perfeito: li, leste, leu, lemos, lestes, leram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: lera, leras, lera, lramos, lreis, leram.
Presente do subjuntivo: leia, leias, leia, leiamos, leiais, leiam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: lesse, lesses, lesse, lssemos,
lsseis, lessem.
Imperativo afirmativo: l, leia, leiamos, lede, leiam.
Assim se conjugam: reler, tresler.
Assim se conjugam os verbos derivados de pr, como por exemplo: antepor, compor, depor, dispor, impor, propor, pressupor,
repor, etc.
Prover
Presente do indicativo: provejo, provs, prov, provemos, provedes, proveem.
Pretrito imperfeito: provia, provias, provia, provamos, proveis,
proviam.
Pretrito perfeito: provi, proveste, proveu, provemos, provestes,
proveram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: provera, proveras, provera, provramos, provreis, proveram.
Futuro do presente: proverei, provers, prover, proveremos, provereis, provero.
Futuro do pretrito: proveria, proverias, proveria, proveramos,
provereis, proveriam.
Presente do subjuntivo: proveja, provejas, proveja, provejamos,
provejais, provejam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: provesse, provesses, provesse,
provssemos, provsseis, provessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: prover, proveres, prover, provermos, proverdes, proverem.
Imperativo afirmativo: prov, proveja, provejamos, provede, provejam.
Gerndio: provendo.
Particpio: provido.
Perder
Querer
Presente do indicativo: perco (com e fechado), perdes, perde,

perdemos, perdeis, perdem.
Presente do subjuntivo: perca, percas, perca, percamos, percais,
percam.
Imperativo afirmativo: perde, perca, percamos, perdei, percam.
Regular nos demais tempos e modos.
Presente do indicativo: quero, queres, quer, queremos, quereis,

querem.
Pretrito imperfeito: queria, querias, queria, queramos, quereis,
queriam.
Pretrito perfeito: quis, quiseste, quis, quisemos, quisestes, quiseram.
35
Lngua Portuguesa
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: quisera, quiseras, quisera, quisramos,
quisreis, quiseram.
Futuro do presente: quererei, querers, querer, quereremos, querereis, querero.
Futuro do pretrito: quereria, quererias, quereria, quereramos,
querereis, quereriam.
Presente do subjuntivo: queira, queiras, queira, queiramos, queirais, queiram.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: quisesse, quisesses, quisesse,
quisssemos, quissseis, quisessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: quiser, quiseres, quiser, quisermos, quiserdes, quiserem.
Imperativo afirmativo: quer tu, queira voc, queiramos ns, querei
vs, queiram vocs.
Imperativo negativo: no queiras tu, no queira voc, no queiramos ns, no queirais vs, no queiram vocs.
Gerndio: querendo.
Particpio: querido.
Valer
Presente do indicativo: valho, vales, vale, valemos, valeis, valem.
Pretrito imperfeito: valia, valias, valia, valamos, valeis, valiam.
Pretrito perfeito: vali, valeste, valeu, valemos, valestes, valeram.
Presente do subjuntivo: valha, valhas, valha, valhamos, valhais,
valham.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: valesse, valesses, valesse,
valssemos, valsseis, valessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: valer, valeres, valer, valermos, valerdes,
valerem.
Imperativo afirmativo: vale, valha, valhamos, valei, valham.
Imperativo negativo: no valhas, no valha, no valhamos, no
valhais, no valham.
Gerndio: valendo.
Particpio: valido.
Assim so conjugados: equivaler e desvaler.
Requerer
Ver
Presente do indicativo: requeiro, requeres, requer, requeremos,
requereis, requerem.
Pretrito perfeito: requeri, requereste, requereu, requeremos, requerestes, requereram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: requerera, requereras, requerera,
requerramos, requerreis, requereram.
Futuro do presente: requererei, requerers, requerer, requereremos, requerereis, requerero.
Futuro do pretrito: requereria, requererias, requereria, requereramos, requerereis, requereriam.
Presente do subjuntivo: requeira, requeiras, requeira, requeiramos,
requeirais, requeiram.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: requeresse, requeresses, requeresse, requerssemos, requersseis, requeressem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: requerer, requereres, requerer, requerermos,
requererdes, requererem.
Imperativo afirmativo: requere, requeira, requeiramos, requerei,
requeiram.
Gerndio: requerendo. / Particpio: requerido.
O verbo requerer no se conjuga como querer.
Saber
Presente do indicativo: sei, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabeis, sabem.
Pretrito imperfeito: sabia, sabias, sabia, sabamos, sabeis, sabiam.
Pretrito perfeito: soube, soubeste, soube, soubemos, soubestes,
souberam.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: soubera, souberas, soubera, soubramos, soubreis, souberam.
Presente do subjuntivo: saiba, saibas, saiba, saibamos, saibais,
saibam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: soubesse, soubesses, soubesse, soubssemos, soubsseis, soubessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: souber, souberes, souber, soubermos, souberdes, souberem.
Imperativo afirmativo: sabe, saiba, saibamos, sabei, saibam.
Presente do indicativo: vejo, vs, v, vemos, vedes, veem.

Pretrito perfeito: vi, viste, viu, vimos, vistes, viram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: vira, viras, vira, vramos, vreis, viram.
Imperativo afirmativo: v, veja, vejamos, vede, vejam.
Presente do subjuntivo: veja, vejas, veja, vejamos, vejais, vejam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: visse, visses, visse, vssemos,
vsseis, vissem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: vir, vires, vir, virmos, virdes, virem.
Gerndio: vendo. / Particpio: visto.
Assim se conjugam: antever, prever e rever.
3 CONJUGAO ir
Agredir
Presente do indicativo: agrido, agrides, agride, agredimos, agredis,
agridem.
Presente do subjuntivo: agrida, agridas, agrida, agridamos, agridais, agridam.
Imperativo afirmativo: agride, agrida, agridamos, agredi, agridam.
Cair
Presente do indicativo: caio, cais, cai, camos, cas, caem.
Pretrito imperfeito: caa, caas, caa, caamos, caeis, caam.
Pretrito perfeito: ca, caste, caiu, camos, castes, caram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: cara, caras, cara, caramos, careis,
caram.
Imperativo afirmativo: cai, caia, caiamos, ca, caiam.
Presente do subjuntivo: caia, caias, caia, caiamos, caiais, caiam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: casse, casses, casse, cassemos, casseis, cassem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: cair, cares, cair, cairmos, cairdes, carem.
Assim so conjugados: atrair, recair, sair, trair, subtrair etc.
Trazer
Cobrir
Presente do indicativo: trago, trazes, traz, trazemos, trazeis, trazem.
Pret. imperfeito: trazia, trazias, trazia, trazamos, trazeis, traziam.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: trouxera, trouxeras, trouxera, trouxramos, trouxreis, trouxeram.
Futuro do presente: trarei, trars, trar, traremos, trareis, traro.
Futuro do pretrito: traria, trarias, traria, traramos, trareis, trariam.
Presente do subjuntivo: traga, tragas, traga, tragamos, tragais,
tragam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: trouxesse, trouxesses, trouxesse, trouxssemos, trouxsseis, trouxessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: trouxer, trouxeres, trouxer, trouxermos, trouxerdes, trouxerem.
Imperativo afirmativo: traze, traga, tragamos, trazei, tragam.
Infinitivo pessoal: trazer, trazeres, trazer, trazermos, trazerdes,
trazerem.
Gerndio: trazendo.
Particpio: trazido.
Presente do indicativo: cubro, cobres, cobre, cobrimos, cobris,

cobrem.
Presente do subjuntivo: cubra, cubras, cubra, cubramos, cubrais,
cubram.
Imperativo afirmativo: cobre, cubra, cubramos, cobri, cubram.
Particpio: coberto.
O verbo cobrir tem o o substitudo por u na primeira pessoa
do presente do indicativo, nas pessoas do presente do subjuntivo e
nas formas derivadas do imperativo. Assim se conjugam: dormir,
tossir, descobrir, engolir, etc.
Construir
Presente do indicativo: construo, constris, constri, construmos,
construs, constroem.
Pretrito imperfeito: construa, construas, construa, construamos,
construeis, construam.
36
Lngua Portuguesa
Pretrito perfeito: constru, construste, construiu, construmos,
construstes, construram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: construra, construras, construra,
construramos, construreis, construram.
Imperativo afirmativo: constri, construa, construamos, constru,
construam.
Imperativo afirmativo: pede, pea, peamos, pedi, peam.

O verbo pedir regular nas demais formas.
Assim se conjugam: medir, despedir, impedir, expedir.
Remir
Assim se conjugam: destruir e reconstruir.
Presente do indicativo: redimo, redimes, redime, remimos, remis,

redimem.
Presente do subjuntivo: redima, redimas, redima, redimamos,
redimais, redimam.
Ferir
Presente do indicativo: firo, feres, fere, ferimos, feris, ferem.
Presente do subjuntivo: fira, firas, fira, firamos, firais, firam.
Rir
O verbo ferir tem o e do radical substitudo por i na primeira

pessoa do singular do presente do indicativo, nas pessoas do presente do subjuntivo e nas formas derivadas do imperativo.
Assim se conjugam: competir, divertir, expelir, vestir, inserir e
os derivados de ferir.
Frigir
Presente do indicativo: frijo, freges, frege, frigimos, frigis, fregem.
Presente do subjuntivo: frija, frijas, frija, frijamos, frijais, frijam.
Imperativo afirmativo: frege, frija, frijamos, frigi, frijam.
Particpio: frito.
Presente do indicativo: rio, ris, ri, rimos, rides, riem.

Pretrito imperfeito: ria, rias, ria, ramos, reis, riam.
Pretrito perfeito: ri, riste, riu, rimos, ristes, riram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: rira, riras, rira, rramos, rreis, riram.
Futuro do presente: rirei, rirs, rir, riremos, rireis, riro.
Futuro do pretrito: riria, ririas, riria, riramos, rireis, ririam.
Presente do subjuntivo: ria, rias, ria, riamos, riais, riam.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: risse, risses, risse, rssemos,
rsseis, rissem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: rir, rires, rir, rirmos, rirdes, rirem.
Imperativo afirmativo: ri, ria, riamos, ride, riam.
Infinitivo pessoal: rir, rires, rir, rirmos, rirdes, rirem.
Gerndio: rindo.
Particpio: rido.
O verbo frigir regular no resto da conjugao.
Assim se conjuga: sorrir.
Fugir
Sortir
Presente do indicativo: fujo, foges, foge, fugimos, fugis, fogem.

Imperativo afirmativo: foge, fuja, fujamos, fugi, fujam.
Presente do subjuntivo: fuja, fujas, fuja, fujamos, fujais, fujam.
O verbo fugir apresenta o g substitudo por j antes de a e de o.
Presente do indicativo: surto, surtes, surte, sortimos, sortis, surtem.

Presente do subjuntivo: surta, surtas, surta, surtamos, surtais,
surtam.
Imperativo afirmativo: surte, surta, surtamos, sorti, surtam.
Imperativo negativo: no surtas, no surta, no surtamos, no
surtais, no surtam.
Ir
Presente do indicativo: vou, vais, vai, vamos, ides, vo.
Pretrito imperfeito: ia, ias, ia, amos, eis, iam.
Pretrito perfeito: fui, foste, foi, fomos, fostes, foram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: fora, foras, fora, framos, freis, foram.
Futuro do presente: irei, irs, ir, iremos, ireis, iro.
Futuro do pretrito: iria, irias, iria, iramos, ireis, iriam.
Presente do subjuntivo: v, vs, v, vamos, vades, vo.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: fosse, fosses, fosse, fssemos,
fsseis, fossem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: for, fores, for, formos, fordes, forem.
Imperativo afirmativo: vai, v, vamos, ide, vo.
Imperativo negativo: no vs, no v, no vamos, no vades, no
vo.
Infinitivo pessoal: ir, ires, ir, irmos, irdes, irem.
Gerndio: indo.
Particpio: ido.
Sortir significa abastecer, fazer sortimento, combinar. No

confundir com surtir (= ter como resultado, alcanar efeito, originar),
que s tem as terceiras pessoas:
O plano surtiu efeito.
As negociaes no surtiram efeito.
Sumir
Presente do indicativo: sumo, somes, some, sumimos, sumis,
somem.
Presente do subjuntivo: suma, sumas, suma, sumamos, sumais,
sumam.
Imperativo afirmativo: some, suma, sumamos, sumi, sumam.
Assim se conjugam: subir, acudir, bulir, escapulir, fugir, consumir, cuspir etc.
Mentir
Presente do indicativo: minto, mentes, mente, mentimos, mentis,
mentem.
Presente do subjuntivo: minta, mintas, minta, mintamos, mintais,
mintam.
Imperativo afirmativo: mente, minta, mintamos, menti, mintam.
Assim se conjugam: sentir, cerzir, competir, consentir, pressentir, etc.
Ouvir
Presente do indicativo: ouo, ouves, ouve, ouvimos, ouvis, ouvem.
Presente do subjuntivo: oua, ouas, oua, ouamos, ouais,
ouam.
Imperativo afirmativo: ouve, oua, ouamos, ouvi, ouam.
Particpio: ouvido.
Pedir
Presente do indicativo: peo, pedes, pede, pedimos, pedis, pedem.
Presente do subjuntivo: pea, peas, pea, peamos, peais,
peam.
Vir
Presente do indicativo: venho, vens, vem, vimos, vindes, vm.
Pretrito imperfeito: vinha, vinhas, vinha, vnhamos, vnheis, vinham.
Pretrito perfeito: vim, vieste, veio, viemos, viestes, vieram.
Pretrito mais-que-perfeito: viera, vieras, viera, viramos, vireis,
vieram.
Futuro do presente: virei, virs, vir, viremos, vireis, viro.
Futuro do pretrito: viria, virias, viria, viramos, vireis, viriam.
Presente do subjuntivo: venha, venhas, venha, venhamos, venhais,
venham.
Pretrito imperfeito do subjuntivo: viesse, viesses, viesse, vissemos, visseis, viessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: vier, vieres, vier, viermos, vierdes, vierem.
Infinitivo pessoal: vir, vires, vir, virmos, virdes, virem.
Imperativo afirmativo: vem, venha, venhamos, vinde, venham.
Gerndio: vindo.
Particpio: vindo.
37
Lngua Portuguesa
Assim se conjugam: intervir, advir, convir, provir, sobrevir.
Modo indicativo
Pretrito
perfeito
Presente
VERBOS ANMALOS
Verbos anmalos so aqueles cujos radicais sofrem
vrias irregularidades e no se enquadram em nenhuma
classificao. So considerados anmalos os verbos ser, ir,
pr e vir, cujas conjugaes j vimos anteriormente.
precavemos
precaveis
-
precavi
precaveste
precaveu
precavemos
precavestes
precaveram
Pretrito maisque-perfeito
VERBOS ABUNDANTES
Verbos abundantes so aqueles que possuem duas
formas, geralmente no particpio. Veja, a seguir, uma lista de
alguns verbos abundantes:
precavera
precaveras
precavera
precavramos
precavreis
precaveram
Pretrito
imperfeito
precavia
precavias
precavia
precavamos
precaveis
precaviam
Futuro do
presente
Futuro do
pretrito
precaverei
precavers
precaver
precaveremos
precavereis
precavero
precaveria
precaverias
precaveria
precaveramos
precavereis
precaveriam
Modo subjuntivo
infinitivo
emergir
encher
entregar
envolver
enxugar
expelir
expressar
exprimir
expulsar
extinguir
fixar
frigir
fritar
ganhar
gastar
imprimir
incluir
isentar
inserir
limpar
matar
misturar
morrer
nascer
ocultar
pagar
pegar
prender
romper
salvar
secar
segurar
soltar
sujeitar
suprimir
suspender
tingir
vagar
particpio
regular
emergido
enchido
entregado
envolvido
enxugado
expelido
expressado
exprimido
expulsado
extinguido
fixado
frigido
fritado
ganhado
gastado
imprimido
includo
isentado
inserido
limpado
matado
misturado
morrido
nascido
ocultado
pagado
pegado
prendido
rompido
salvado
secado
segurado
soltado
sujeitado
suprimido
suspendido
tingido
vagado
particpio
irregular
emerso
cheio
entregue
envolto
enxuto
expulso
expresso
expresso
expulso
extinto
fixo
frito
frito
ganho
gasto
impresso
incluso
isento
inserto
limpo
morto
misto
morto
nato
oculto
pago
pego
preso
roto
salvo
seco
seguro
solto
sujeito
supresso
suspenso
tinto
vago
Futuro
precavesse
precavesses
precavesse
precavssemos
precavsseis
precavessem
precaver
precaveres
precaver
precavermos
precaverdes
precaverem
Modo Imperativo
Afirmativo
Negativo
precavei
-
Formas nominais
Infinitivo pessoal o
precaver
precaveres
precaver
precavermos
precaverdes
precaverem
precaver
Gerndio
precavendo
Particpio
precavido
REAVER
Modo indicativo
Presente
reavemos
reaveis
-
VERBOS DEFECTIVOS
Verbos defectivos so os que no possuem todas as
formas, ou seja, no tm a conjugao completa.
Conjugao de alguns verbos defectivos
Pretrito
imperfeito
Presente
Pretrito maisque-perfeito
reouvera
reouveras
reouvera
reouvramos
reouvreis
reouveram
PRECAVER
38
Pretrito
perfeito
reouve
reouveste
reouve
reouvemos
reouvestes
reouveram
Futuro do
presente
reaverei
reavers
reaver
reaveremos
reavereis
reavero
Pretrito
imperfeito
reavia
reavias
reavia
reavamos
reaveis
reaviam
Futuro do
pretrito
reaveria
reaverias
reaveria
reaveramos
reavereis
reaveriam
Lngua Portuguesa
FuturoSimples: neste tempo, os pronomes oblquos so antepostos
ao verbo: se me lembrar, se te lembrares, se se lembrar, etc.
Futuro Composto: neste tempo os pronomes oblquos so antepostos ao verbo: se me tiver lembrado, se te tiveres lembrado, se se tiver
lembrado, etc.
Imperativo Afirmativo: lembra-te, lembra-se, lembremo-nos, lembrai-vos, lembrem-se.
Imperativo Negativo: no te lembres, no se lembre, no nos lembremos, etc.
Infinitivo Presente Impessoal: ter-me lembrado.
Infinitivo Presente Pessoal: lembrar-me, lembrares-te, lembrar-se,
lembrarmo-nos, lembrardes-vos, lembrarem-se.
Infinitivo Pretrito Pessoal: ter-me lembrado, teres-te lembrado, terse lembrado, termo-nos lembrado, terdes-vos lembrado, terem-se
lembrado.
Infinitivo Pretrito Impessoal: ter-se lembrado.
Gerndio Presente: lembrando-se.
Gerndio Pretrito: tendo-se lembrado.
Particpio: no admite a forma pronominal.
Modo subjuntivo
Pretrito
imperfeito
Presente
-
Futuro
reouvesse
reouvesses
reouvesse
reouvssemos
reouvsseis
reouvessem
reouver
reouveres
reouver
reouvermos
reouverdes
reouverem
Modo Imperativo
Afirmativo
Negativo
reavei
-
LOCUO VERBAL
Locuo verbal a combinao de verbos auxiliares
(ter, haver, ser e estar, ou outro qualquer que funcione como
auxiliar) com verbos nas formas nominais.
Formas nominais
Gerndio
reavendo
Particpio
reavido
Tenho estudado muito.

Hei de comprar uma casa.
Estou esperando voc.
VERBOS PRONOMINAIS
EXERCCIOS
So verbos pronominais aqueles que s se conjugam

com os pronomes oblquos tonos (me, te, se, nos, vos, se)
na mesma pessoa gramatical do sujeito, expressando reflexibilidade. Exemplos: pentear-se, queixar-se, lembrar-se, etc.
CONJUGAO DOS VERBOS PRONOMINAIS:
VERBO LEMBRAR-SE
Indicativo Presente: lembro-me, lembras-te, lembra-se, lembramonos, lembrai-vos, lembram-se.
Pretrito Imperfeito: lembrava-me, lembravas-te, lembrava-se,
lembrvamo-nos, lembrveis-vos, lembravam-se.
Pretrito Perfeito Simples: lembrei-me, lembraste-te, lembrou-se,
etc.
Pretrito Perfeito Composto: tenho-me lembrado, tens-te lembrado,
tem-se lembrado, temo-nos lembrado, tendes-vos lembrado, tm-se
lembrado.
Pretrito Mais-Que-Perfeito Simples: lembrara-me, lembraras-te,
lembrara-se, lembrramo-nos, lembrreis-vos, lembraram-se.
Pretrito Mais- Que-Perfeito Composto: tinha-me lembrado, tinhaste lembrado, tinha-se lembrado, tnhamo-nos lembrado, tnheis-vos
lembrado, tinham-se lembrado.
Futuro do Presente Simples: lembrar-me-ei, lembrar-te-s, lembrarse-, lembrar-nos-emos, lembrar-vos-eis, lembrar-se-o.
Futuro do Presente Composto: ter-me-ei lembrado, ter-te-s lembrado, ter-se- lembrado, ter-nos-emos lembrado, ter-vos-eis lembrado, ter-se-o lembrado.
Futuro do Pretrito Simples: lembrar-me-ia, lembrar-te-ias, lembrarse-ia, lembrar-nos-amos, lembrar-vos-eis, lembrar-se-iam.
Futuro do Pretrito Composto: ter-me-ia lembrado, ter-te-ias lembrado, ter-se-ia lembrado, ter-nos-amos lembrado, ter-vos-eis lembrado, ter-se-iam lembrado.
Subjuntivo Presente: lembre-me, lembres-te, lembre-se, lembremonos, lembreis-vos, lembrem-se.
Pretrito Imperfeito: lembrasse-me, lembrasses-te, lembrasse-se,
lembrssemo-nos, lembrsseis-vos, lembrassem-se.
Pretrito Perfeito: nesse tempo no se usam pronomes oblquos
pospostos, mas antepostos ao verbo: que me tenha lembrado, que te
tenhas lembrado, que se tenha lembrado, etc.
Pretrito Mais-Que-Perfeito: tivesse-me lembrado, tivesses te lembrado, tivesse-se lembrado, tivssemo-nos lembrado, tivsseis-vos
lembrado, tivessem-se lembrado.
1 - Se voc ............ no prximo domingo e ................ de

tempo ............... assistir a final do campeonato.
a) vir / dispor / v
b) vir / dispuser / vai
c) vier / dispor / v
d) vier / dispuser / v
e) vier / dispor / vai
2 - Ele ............... que lhe ............... muitas dificuldades, mas
enfim ............... a verba para a pesquisa.
a) receara / opusessem / obtera
b) receara / opusessem / obtivera
c) receiara / opossem / obtivera
d) receiara / oposessem / obtera
e) receara / opossem / obtera
3 - A segunda pessoa do singular do pretrito perfeito do

indicativo do verbo precaver :
a) precavias
b) precavieste
c) precaveste
d) precaviste
e) n.d.a.
4 - Assinale a alternativa que se encaixe no perodo seguinte:
"Se voc .......... e o seu irmo ......., quem sabe voc .............
o dinheiro.
a) requeresse / interviesse / reouvesse
b) requisesse / intervisse / reavesse
c) requeresse / intervisse / reavesse
39
Lngua Portuguesa
d) requeresse / interviesse / reavesse
e) requisesse / intervisse / reouvesse
Sairei cedo para alcanar os excursionistas

(modifica o verbo sairei).
Eram exerccios bem difceis
(modifica o adjetivo difceis).
5 - Assinale a opo que completa corretamente as lacunas

da seguinte frase:
"Quando ............... mais aperfeioado, o computador certamente ............... um eficiente meio de controle de toda a vida
social."
a) estivesse / ser
b) estiver / seria
c) esteja / era
d) estivesse / era
e) estiver / ser
CLASSIFICAO DOS ADVRBIOS

1) De Afirmao: sim, certamente, deveras, realmente,
incontestavelmente, efetivamente.
2) De Dvida: talvez, qui, acaso, porventura, provavelmente, decerto, certo.
6 - Quando ............ todos os documentos, ............... um requerimento e ............... a chamada de seu nome.
a) obtiver / redija / aguarda
b) obteres / rediges / aguardes
c) obtiveres / redige / aguarda
d) obter / redija / aguarde
e) obtiver / redija / aguarde
3) De Intensidade: muito, mui, pouco, assaz, bastante,

mais, menos, to, demasiado, meio, todo, completamente,
profundamente, demasiadamente, excessivamente, demais,
nada, ligeiramente, levemente, quo, quanto, bem, mas,
quase, apenas, como.
4) De Lugar: abaixo, acima, acol, c, l, aqui, ali, a, alm,
algures, aqum, alhures, nenhures, atrs, fora, afora, dentro,
longe, adiante, diante, onde, avante, atravs, defronte, aonde, donde, detrs.
7 - Ele ............... numa questo difcil de ser resolvida e

............... seus bens graas ao bom senso.
5) De Modo: bem, mal, assim, depressa, devagar, como,

adrede, debalde, melhor, pior, alis, calmamente, livremente,
e quase todos os advrbios terminados em "mente".
6) De Negao: no, absolutamente.
a) interviu / reouve
b) interveio / rehaveu
c) interviu / reaveu
d) interveio / reouve
e) interviu / rehouve
7) De Tempo: agora, hoje, amanh, depois, ontem, anteontem, j, sempre, nunca, jamais, ainda, logo, antes, cedo,
tarde, ora, afinal, outrora, ento, breve, a, entrementes, brevemente, imediatamente, raramente, finalmente, comumente,
presentemente, etc.
8 - Indique a frase onde houver uma forma verbal incorreta.

a) Os vegetais clorofilados sintetizam seu prprio alimento.
b) Se ela vir de carro, chame-me.
c) Lembramos-lhes que o eucalipto uma excelente planta
para o reflorestamento.
d) H rumores de que pode haver novo racionamento de
gasolina.
e) n.d.a.
1-D
5-E
RESPOSTAS
2-B
3-C
6-E
7-D
4-A
8-B
H ainda advrbios interrogativos: onde? aonde?

quando? como? por que?: Onde esto eles? Quando sairo? Como viajaram? Por que no telefonaram?
LOCUES ADVERBIAIS
So duas ou mais palavras com funo de advrbio: s
tontas, s claras, s pressas, s ocultas, toa, de vez em
quando, de quando em quando, de propsito, s vezes, ao
acaso, ao lu, de repente, de chofre, a olhos vistos, de cor,
de improviso, em breve, por atacado, em cima, por trs, para
trs, de perto, sem dvida, passo a passo, etc.
Exemplos:
Ele, s vezes, age s escondidas.
O segredo sempre virar direita.
ADVRBIO
tarde ela trabalha no hospital, mas noite ela est em

casa.
uma palavra que modifica (que se refere) a um verbo, a

adjetivo, a um outro advrbio.
A maioria dos advrbios modifica o verbo, ao qual acrescenta uma circunstncia. S os de intensidade que podem
tambm modificar adjetivos e advrbios.
Mora muito longe
(modifica o advrbio longe).
FLEXO DOS ADVRBIOS

Alguns advrbios flexionam-se no comparativo e no superlativo.
Grau comparativo:
de igualdade: to + advrbio + quanto
40
Lngua Portuguesa
Cheguei to cedo quanto queria.
PREPOSIO
de superioridade: mais + advrbio + que
Cheguei mais cedo que queria.
Preposio a palavra que liga um termo a outro:
de inferioridade: menos + advrbio + que

Cheguei menos cedo que queria.
Casa de pedra; livro de Paulo; falou com ele.

Dividem-se as preposies em essenciais (as que sempre
foram preposies) e acidentais (palavras de outras classes
gramaticais que, s vezes, funcionam como preposio).
Grau superlativo:
analtico:
1) Preposies Essenciais: a, ante, aps, at, com, de,

ds, desde, para, per, perante, por, sem, sob, sobre, trs.
Eles estavam muito felizes.

Ele chegou muito cedo.
Exemplos:
sinttico:
Fumava cigarro aps cigarro.
Eles estavam felicssimos.
Ele chegou cedssimo.
Est vestida de branco.

2) Preposies Acidentais: conforme, consoante, segundo,
durante, mediante, visto, como,exceto, salvo, etc.
EXERCCIOS
Exemplos:
1) H dois advrbios em todas as alternativas, exceto na:
Os heris tiveram como prmio uma coroa de louros.
a) Ela cantava muito bem.
b) Hoje, talvez eu v s compras.
c) Eu no gostei de chegar tarde ao trabalho.
d) Masa muito calma.
e) O motorista dirige muito devagar.
Vov dormiu durante a viagem.

LOCUES PREPOSITIVAS
So expresses com a funo das preposies.
2) Assinale a alternativa que contm um advrbio de afirmao:

a) Sem dvida, ele um grande pintor.
b) Ele, provavelmente, sara do emprego.
c) Absolutamente, no entendo nada de espanhol.
d) Calmamente, expliquei a situao a ela.
e) Talvez ela venha ao nosso encontro.
Em geral so formadas de advrbio (ou locuo adverbial)

+ preposio: abaixo de, acima de, por trs de, em frente de,
junto a, perto de, longe de, depois de, antes de, atravs de,
embaixo de, em cima de, em face de, etc.
Exemplo:
Passamos atravs de mata cerrada.
3) Aponte a alternativa que no contm uma locuo adverbial:
COMBINAES E CONTRAES
As preposies a, de, em, per e para, unem-se com
outras palavras, formando um s vocbulo.
a) Jos deixou o escritrio s pressas.

b) J sei a lio de cor.
c) Em breve sair o novo cd de Roberto Carlos.
d) Atualmente, h vrios filmes em cartaz.
e) Assim, ela tornou-se rica e famosa.
H combinao quando a preposio se une sem perda

de fonema; se a preposio sofre queda de fonema, haver
contrao.
4) Na orao Joana trabalha muito longe de casa temos o

grau:
A preposio combina-se com os artigos, pronomes demonstrativos e com advrbios.
a) comparativo de superioridade
b) superlativo sinttico
c) superlativo analtico
d) comparativo de igualdade
e) comparativo de inferioridade
As preposies a, de, em, per contraem-se com os artigos, e, algumas delas, com certos pronomes e advrbios.
1-D
RESPOSTAS
2-A
3-D
4-C
a+a=
a + as = s
a + aquele = quele
a + aquela = quela
a + aquilo = quilo
de + o = do
de + ele = dele
de + este = deste
41
de + isto = disto
de + aqui = daqui
em + esse = nesse
em + o = no
em + um = num
em + aquele = naquele
per + o = pelo
Lngua Portuguesa
EXERCCIOS
1) Assinale a alternativa em que a palavra em destaque
preposio:
a) A professora recolheu as provas antes do horrio.
b) Obriguei-a a estudar mais.
c) Fomos ao cinema, depois levei-as para tomar um lanche.
d) A noite estava to bonita!
e) A me brigou com as filhas.
a) exceto, segundo, perante, em

b) trs, salvo, de, por
c) menos, a, sem, visto
d) entre, sobre, contra, desde
e) afora, fora, visto
1-B
2-C
RESPOSTAS
3-D
4-B
5-A
2) Aponte a alternativa que contm somente preposies

acidentais:
6-E
7-D
INTERJEIO
Interjeio a palavra que exprime um estado emotivo.
As interjeies so um recurso da linguagem afetiva e emocional. Podem exprimir e registrar os mais variados sentimentos.
a) afora, contra, perante, sobre

b) desde, segundo, afora, mediante
c) exceto, salvo, mediante, visto
d) durante, desde, entre, segundo
e) trs, com, contra, perante
Classificam-se em:
3) Nas oraes:
1) de dor: ai! ui! ai de mim!

2) de desejo: oxal! tomara!
3) de alegria: ah! oh! eh! viva!
4) de animao: eia! coragem!
avante! upa! fora! vamos!
5) de aplauso: bem! bravo!
apoiado!
6) de averso: ih! chi! irra! ora
bolas!
I - Valter foi a Portugal no ano passado.

II - A sua cano linda!
III - Ele a iludiu com falsas promessas.
temos, respectivamente:
a) preposio pronome artigo
b) pronome preposio artigo
c) artigo artigo preposio
d) preposio artigo pronome
e) artigo preposio pronome
7) de apelo: ! al! psit! psiu!

8) de silncio: psiu! silncio!
9) de repetio: bis!
10) de saudao: al! ol!
salve! bom dia!
11) de advertncia: cuidado!
devagar! ateno!
12) de indignao: fora! morra!
LOCUO INTERJETIVA
4) Assinale a alternativa cuja lacuna no pode ser preenchida

com a preposio entre parnteses:
a) Grande parte .............. doaes foram desviadas. (de + as)
b) Ele no tem muita sorte ............. amor. (de + o)
c) Ela tomou a criana ............... brao e a levou. (per + o)
d) O prisioneiro foi levado ............... cela. (a + a)
e) Eu deixei o livro ............... lugar. (em + esse)
5) Aponte a alternativa que preenche corretamente as frases
abaixo:
I - O filme .......... assistimos era timo.
II - O emprego .......... aspiras muito difcil.
III - A menina .......... gosto a Mariana.
uma expresso formada de mais de uma palavra, com

valor de interjeio: Meu Deus! Muito bem! Ai de mim! Ora
bolas! Valha-me Deus! Quem me dera!
As interjeies so proferidas em tom de voz especial e,
dependendo desta circunstncia, a mesma interjeio pode
expressar sentimentos diversos.
EXERCCIOS
1) Nas oraes:
I - Espero que ele viva por muitos anos.
II - Viva o meu time!
as palavras em destaque so respectivamente:
a) interjeio verbo
b) ambos so interjeies
c) verbo interjeio
d) ambas so verbos
e) verbo substantivo
a) a que, a que, de que

b) que, a que, de que
c) a que, de que, que
d) de que, a que, que
e) a que, a que, que
2) Aponte a alternativa incorreta quanto sua classificao:
6) Assinale a alternativa que preencha as lacunas da

orao:
............ as ltimas semanas, o movimento caiu ...............
10% e 20%.
a) Mediante - sob
b) Durante - aps
c) Desde - sob
d) Desde - ante
e) Durante - entre
a) Tomara que voc vena! (desejo)

b) Basta! No quero ouvir mais nada! (cessao)
c) Nossa! Quase fui atropelado. (espanto)
d) Credo! No suporto manga. (alvio)
e) Raios! Mas que demora! (impacincia)
3) As interjeies so utilizadas para:
7) Aponte a alternativa que contm somente preposies

essenciais:
a) expressar sentimentos
b) ligar termos de uma orao
c) dar uma circunstncia ao verbo
d) ligar termos entre si
e) n.d.a.
42
Lngua Portuguesa
4) A interjeio oxal indica estado de:
4) Explicativas: exprimem explicao, um motivo: que, porque, porquanto, pois. As conjunes explicativas aparecem
normalmente depois de oraes imperativas.
a) admirao
b) advertncia
c) concordncia
d) apelo
e) desejo
Exemplo: Venha, porque quero conversar com voc.

5) Conclusivas: expressam concluso: logo, portanto, por
conseguinte, por isso, pois (depois de verbo).
5) Assinale a alternativa que substitua a expresso em destaque:
Exemplo: As rvores balanavam, logo estava ventando.
Que desagradvel, l vem voc com essa mesma conversa.
CONJUNES SUBORDINATIVAS
a) Oxal!
b) Boa!
c) Ih!
d) Fora!
e) Salve!
Podem ser:
1) Causais:
porque, que, pois, como, porquanto, visto que, desde que,
etc.
1-C
2-D
RESPOSTAS
3-A
4-E
5-C
Exemplo:
No me interessa a opinio deles, porque todos ali so imbecis.
CONJUNO
2) Comparativas:
Conjuno a palavra invarivel que liga oraes ou
termos da orao.
como, tal qual, assim como, que nem, como quanto, etc.
Exemplo:
Exemplos:
Talvez ningum pense como ns pensamos.
Comi mas no gostei.
3) Concessivas:
Samos de casa quando amanhecia.

As conjunes dividem-se em coordenativas e subordinativas.
embora, conquanto, ainda que, mesmo que, por mais que,

por menos que, se bem que, posto que, nem que, dado que,
sem que, etc.
Quando a conjuno liga as oraes sem fazer com que

uma dependa da outra ou sem que a segunda complete o
sentido da primeira, ela coordenativa.
Exemplo:
Quando a conjuno liga duas oraes que se completam

uma a outra e faz com que a segunda dependa da primeira,
ela subordinativa.
4) Condicionais:
CONJUNES COORDENATIVAS
Foi ao encontro, embora estivesse atrasado.
se, caso, desde que, salvo se, contanto que, a no ser que, a
menos que, sem que, etc.
Exemplo: No irei sem que ela me telefone.
Podem ser:
5) Conformativas:
1) Aditivas: do ideia de adio: e, nem, mas tambm, mais

ainda, seno, tambm, como tambm, bem como.
como, conforme, segundo, consoante, etc.

Exemplo:
Exemplo: A doena vem a cavalo e volta a p.

2) Adversativas: exprimem mais contraste, oposio, ressalva, compensao: mas, porm, todavia, contudo, entretanto,
seno, ao passo que, no entanto, apesar disso.
Exemplo: Querem ser ricos, mas no trabalham.
3) Alternativas: exprimem alternativa, alternncia: ou,
ou . . . ou, ora . . . ora, j . . . j, seja . . . seja, quer . . . quer.
Exemplo: A louca ora o acariciava, ora o renegava freneticamente.
Cada um colhe, conforme semeia.

6) Consecutivas:
que (precedido dos termos intensivos tal, to, tanto, tamanho), de sorte que, de modo que, de forma que, de maneira
que, sem que, etc.
Exemplo:
Era to feio que metia medo nas crianas.
43
Lngua Portuguesa
7) Finais:
a fim de que, para que, que, porque, etc.
2) Na orao No corra, que perigoso., temos a conjuno coordenativa:
Exemplo:
8) Proporcionais:
a) adversativa
b) conclusiva
c) aditiva
d) explicativa
e) alternativa
proporo que, medida que, ao passo que, quanto mais,

quanto menos, etc.
3) Aponte a alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna:
Exemplo:
Trata-se de um homem mais inteligente .................. bonito.
As criaturas so mais perfeitas proporo que so mais

capazes de amar.
a) que
b) como
c) logo
d) porque
e) e
Enganou-os para que no a enganassem.
9) Temporais:
enquanto, quando, logo que, assim que, depois que, agora
que, antes que, desde que, at que, sempre que, etc.
4) Assinale a conjuno que d ideia de causa:

Exemplo:
a) O filho maior que o pai.
b) Quando ela acordou, eu j havia sado.
c) Marcelo no viajou porque no dispunha de dinheiro.
d) Ignoro como ele fez isso.
e) Embora descontente, aceitou a proposta.
Todos se calaram, depois que protestei.

10) Integrantes:
que, se.
Exemplo:
5) Assinale a alternativa que d ideia de concesso:
Sonhei que o mundo havia acabado.
a) Seu choro era to forte que todos podiam ouvi-lo.

b) Foi a Petrpolis a fim de que pudesse rev-la.
c) Se voc no voltar, irei busc-la.
d) Ainda que voc no merea, lhe darei o carro.
e) medida que chorava, explicava o que havia acontecido.
Observao: As conjunes subordinativas integrantes introduzem as oraes subordinadas substantivas. As demais

conjunes subordinativas introduzem as oraes subordinadas adverbiais. A classificao das conjunes depender
unicamente da significao que elas derem orao que
introduzem.
LOCUO CONJUNTIVA
So duas ou mais palavras que tm valor de conjuno.
Geralmente constituda de que precedido de advrbio,
preposio ou particpio.
visto que
ainda que
a menos que
medida que
no entanto
ainda quando
j que
desde que
de modo que
uma vez que
por consequncia
logo que
se bem que
por mais que
por menos que
proporo que
posto que
a fim de que
6) A vida transcorre entre o sucesso e o insucesso. importante, ..............., que o adolescente enfrente adversidades,
fracassos e frustraes para que possa, segundo a cano
popular, "sacudir a poeira e dar volta por cima".
A conjuno que introduz uma ideia de concluso :
a) porquanto
b) porm
c) pois
d) contudo
e) conquanto
7) Em: ". . . esses merecem perdo ou reparao total?" - o

conectivo ou encerra a ideia de:
a) excluso
b) alternncia
c) adio
d) condio
e) simultaneidade
Exemplo:
J que todos saram, desisto do negcio.
EXERCCIOS
1) Na orao Segundo o jornal noticiou, o ndice de
desemprego aumentar., temos a conjuno subordinativa:
a) consecutiva
b) condicional
c) causal
d) temporal
e) conformativa
1-E
44
2-D
3-A
RESPOSTA
4-C
5-D
6-C
7-B
Lngua Portuguesa
Uma variante da voz reflexiva a que denota reciprocidade, ao mtua ou correspondida. Os verbos desta voz, por
alguns chamados recprocos, usam-se geralmente, no plural
e podem ser reforados pelas expresses um ao outro, reciprocamente, mutuamente.
VOZES VERBAIS: ATIVA E PASSIVA
VOZES DO VERBO
Voz do verbo a forma que este toma para indicar que a
ao verbal praticada ou sofrida pelo sujeito.
Ex.: Amam-se como irmos.

Os pretendentes insultaram-se.
(Pronome reflexivo recproco)
Trs so as vozes dos verbos: a ativa, a passiva e a reflexiva.
CONVERSO DA VOZ ATIVA NA PASSIVA
Um verbo est na voz ativa quando o sujeito agente,

isto , faz a ao expressa pelo verbo.
Pode-se mudar a voz ativa na passiva sem alterar substancialmente o sentido da frase:
Ex.: Gutenberg inventou a imprensa.
A imprensa foi inventada por Gutenberg.
Ex.: O caador abateu a ave.

Um verbo est na voz passiva quando o sujeito paciente, isto , sofre, recebe ou desfruta, a ao expressa pelo
verbo.
Ex.: A ave foi abatida pelo caador.
Obs.: S verbos transitivos podem ser usados na voz passiva.
Observe que o objeto direto ser o sujeito da passiva, o

sujeito da ativa passar a agente da passiva e o verbo ativo
revestir a forma passiva, conservando o mesmo tempo.
Ex.: Os calores intensos provocam as chuvas.
As chuvas so provocadas pelos calores intensos.
Eu o acompanharei. Ele ser acompanhado por mim.
Obs.: Quando o sujeito da voz ativa for indeterminado, no
haver complemento agente da passiva.
FORMAO DA VOZ PASSIVA

A voz passiva, mais frequentemente, formada:
Ex.: Prejudicaram-me. Fui prejudicado.
1) Pelo verbo auxiliar ser seguido do particpio do verbo principal (passiva analtica).
Ex.: O homem afligido pelas doenas.
EXERCCIOS
1) Transpondo para a voz passiva a orao O faro dos ces
guiava os caadores, obtm-se a forma verbal:
Na passiva analtica, o verbo pode vir acompanhado pelo

agente da passiva. Menos frequentemente, pode-se exprimir
a passiva analtica com outros verbos auxiliares.
Ex.: A aldeia estava isolada pelas guas.
(agente da passiva)
2) Com o pronome apassivador se associado a um verbo
ativo da terceira pessoa (passiva pronominal).
a) guiava-se
b) ia guiando
c) guiavam
d) eram guiados
e) foram guiados
2) Diante das alternativas expostas, assinale a que se encontra na voz reflexiva:
a) Antigamente contavam-se muitas histrias.
b) O garoto feriu-se com o objeto pontiagudo.
c) Os artistas foram aplaudidos pela plateia.
d) As mercadorias foram repostas conforme a demanda.
e) Questes polmicas permeiam a sociedade.
Ex.: Regam-se as plantas.

Organizou-se o campeonato.
(sujeito paciente)
(pronome apassivador ou partcula apassivadora)
3) "O velho casaro foi substitudo por um enorme edifcio."

Passando esta frase para a voz ativa, temos:
VOZ REFLEXIVA
Na voz reflexiva o sujeito , ao mesmo tempo, agente e
paciente: faz uma ao cujos efeitos ele mesmo sofre.
Ex.: O caador feriu-se.
A menina penteou-se.
a) O velho casaro, substituram-no por um enorme edifcio.

b) Um enorme edifcio substituiu o velho casaro.
c) O velho casaro substituiu o enorme edifcio.
d) Substituiu-se o enorme edifcio pelo velho casaro.
e) NDA
O verbo reflexivo conjugado com os pronomes reflexivos me, te, se, nos, vos, se. Estes pronomes so reflexivos
quando se lhes podem acrescentar: a mim mesmo, a ti mesmo, a si mesmo, a ns mesmos, etc., respectivamente.
Ex.: Consideras-te aprovado? (a ti mesmo)
pronome reflexivo
1-D
45
RESPOSTAS
2-B
3-B
Lngua Portuguesa
separar oraes coordenadas sindticas, exceto as iniciadas pela conjuno e, ou e nem:
Fez o que pde, pois sentia-se culpado pelo acidente.
PONTUAO
isolar as oraes subordinadas adjetivas explicativas:

O homem, que um ser inteligente, tambm passvel de
erro.
EMPREGO DOS SINAIS DE PONTUAO
1) VRGULA ( , )
Geralmente, a vrgula utilizada para dar uma breve
pausa na leitura.
separar as oraes subordinadas adverbiais, principalmente

quando vm antepostas orao principal:
Quando as frias chegaram, todos foram para o Nordeste.
para separar oraes reduzidas:
Terminada a aula, os alunos foram dispensados.
A vrgula entre os termos de uma orao

Emprega-se a vrgula para:
No se usa vrgula entre:
separar elementos de uma enumerao:

Crianas, jovens e velhos manifestaram-se contra a violncia.
o sujeito e o predicado:
Os alunos da escola formaram uma comisso.
separar o aposto:
Madalena, aquela moa alegre, possua uma vida infeliz.
o verbo e seus complementos:

O turista pediu informao
ao motorista.
verbo
objeto indireto
separar o vocativo:
O jantar est servido, senhor!
sujeito
predicado
objeto direto
o nome e o complemento nominal:

indispensvel.
A leitura do jornal
separar o adjunto adverbial antecipado:

Logo pela manh, ouviu-se um terrvel estrondo.
nome
Observao: Se o adjunto adverbial viesse no final da frase,

no seria necessrio o uso da vrgula.
complemento nominal
o nome e o adjunto adnominal:

da manh entrava pelas janelas.
A claridade
nome
adjunto adnominal
isolar o nome do lugar nas datas:

So Paulo, 07 de outubro de 1963.
a orao principal e a subordinada substantiva, desde que

no seja apositiva:
que voc seja feliz.
Espero
indicar a omisso de um termo:

Todos estavam alegres; eu, muito triste.
orao principal
orao subordinada substantiva
2) PONTO FINAL ( . )
Observao: Neste exemplo, foi omitido o verbo estava. . . .
eu estava muito triste.
depois do sim e do no, usados como resposta, no incio da
frase:
O ponto final usado para representar a pausa mxima

com que se encerra o perodo.
Emprega-se o ponto final:
no perodo simples:
Voc vai escola?

Sim, vou. ou No, vou ficar em casa.
A partida de futebol foi emocionante.

para separar palavras e expresses explicativas ou retificativas como por exemplo, ou melhor, isto , alis, alm disso,
ento, etc.
Eles foram praia ontem, alis, anteontem.
para separar termos deslocados de sua posio normal na
frase:
De doce, eu gosto.
para separar elementos paralelos de um provrbio:
Tal pai, tal filho.
no perodo composto:
No quero que voc tenha medo de mim.
nas abreviaturas:
d.C. - depois de Cristo
Av. avenida
pl. - plural
3) PONTO-E-VRGULA ( ; )
O ponto-e-vrgula utilizado para marcar uma pausa
intermediria entre o ponto e a vrgula.
A vrgula entre oraes

No perodo composto, emprega-se a vrgula para:
Emprega-se o ponto-e-vrgula para:

separar oraes coordenadas assindticas:
separar oraes coordenadas, se uma delas j tiver vrgula:
Foi at a cozinha, bebeu um copo de gua, pensou por
alguns instantes, acendeu seu cigarro.
Fazia muito calor naquela manh; alguns hspedes, pensava eu, tinham ido piscina.
46
Lngua Portuguesa
separar oraes coordenadas de sentido oposto:
verbo no imperativo:
As crianas viajaro hoje; os adultos amanh.
Venha c! Apague a luz!
separar itens de uma enumerao, de um regulamento, de

um decreto, de uma lei, etc.
Depois de vocativo:
Tenha pacincia, Joo!
Art. 17 - Fica vedado:

I - fumar em local fechado;
II - ter animais de grande e mdio porte;
III - usar o ptio para promover festas;
IV - usar o salo de festas para reunies.
7) RETICNCIAS (. . .)
As reticncias so utilizadas para indicar que a frase foi
interrompida. Emprega-se as reticncias para indicar:
4) DOIS-PONTOS ( : )
dvida, hesitao ou surpresa:
Os dois-pontos so utilizados para marcar uma sensvel

suspenso da voz de uma frase no concluda.
Eu estava pensando . . . no sei se invisto o dinheiro em

aes ou em imveis.
Emprega-se os dois-pontos:
interrupo da fala do narrador ou da personagem:
para anunciar a fala da personagem:

O professor ordenou:
Faam silncio!
Eu te amo, disse Lusa em voz baixa. Como Alfredo

no escutou, Lusa ia dizer outra vez: eu te . . ., mas foi
interrompida com a chegada de seu pai.
para anunciar uma enumerao:

Os entrevistados do programa sero os seguintes: J
Soares, Marta Suplicy, Antonio Fagundes e Paulo Maluf.
supresso de palavras:
para anunciar um esclarecimento:

Escute bem isto: s se vive bem quando se tem paz.
Samantha parecia impaciente:

Mame, eu quero . . . a senhora sabe . . . eu . . . eu
quero muito bem a senhora.
ao final de uma frase, que o sentido continua:
para anunciar uma citao:

O filsofo Descartes disse: Penso, logo existo.
E a vida continua . . .
na invocao das correspondncias:

Prezado amigo:
8) PARNTESES ( ( ) )
antes de oraes apositivas:

Ns defendemos uma ideia: que todos devem ter acesso
sade, segurana e educao.
Os parnteses so usados para intercalar pequenos comentrios que no se encaixam na ordem lgica da frase.
Empregam-se os parnteses para:
5) PONTO DE INTERROGAO ( ? )
isolar palavras explicativas:
O ponto de interrogao utilizado para marcar as oraes interrogativas diretas.
Onde estaro os livros que perdi?
Observaes:
a) O ponto de interrogao no empregado nas perguntas
indiretas:
A diretora da escola pediu aos alunos que conservassem

a escola, e todos (menos o Carlos) resolveram ajudar.
destacar datas:
Gregrio de Matos (1633 - 1695) foi a maior expresso
do Barroco brasileiro.
Melissa perguntou onde estariam os livros que perdeu.

isolar frases intercaladas:
b) O ponto de interrogao e o de exclamao podem aparecer lado a lado em frases de entonao interrogativa e exclamativa:
O senhor outra vez?! Assim no possvel!
O senhor Irineu (que Deus o tenha!) era uma pessoa

arrogante e mal-humorada.
indicaes cnicas (em peas de teatro, roteiros de tev
etc.):
6) PONTO DE EXCLAMAO ( ! )
Emprega-se o ponto de exclamao, geralmente,
depois de:
frases exclamativas:
Que dia lindo!
interjeies e onomatopeias:
Puxa!
Plim - plim!
(Entra Ivone desesperada)

Onde, onde esto as crianas?
9) TRAVESSO ( )
O travesso usado para indicar com que pessoa do
discurso est a fala.
Emprega-se o travesso para:
47
Lngua Portuguesa
indicar a mudana do interlocutor no dilogo:
Art. 1. Constituem Princpios Fundamentais de Contabilidade (PFC) os enunciados por esta Resoluo.
Bom dia, Jos. Como vai?

Bom dia, querida. Eu estou bem.
1. A observncia dos Princpios Fundamentais de Contabilidade obrigatria no exerccio da profisso e constitui condio de legitimidade das Normas Brasileiras de
Contabilidade (NBC).
isolar a parte final de um enunciado:

Todos ns cometemos erros erros, s vezes, injustificveis.
isolar palavras ou frases, usa-se travesso duplo:
14) CHAVE ( { ) OU CHAVES ( { } )

A chave utilizada para dividir um assunto. As chaves
so muito empregadas em matemtica.
A Chula dana tpica do sul do pas acompanhada

a sanfona ou violo.
(Mack / 92) - Sejam os conjuntos
ligar grupos de palavras que indicam itinerrio:
A = {x | x mltiplo de 7} e 9 = {x 0 |12 < x < 864}.
A rodovia Presidente Dutra a estrada que liga Rio

So Paulo.
Ento o nmero de elementos de A 1 B :

a) 78 b) 100 c) 122 d) 146 e) 166
Resposta: Alternativa c.
10) ASPAS ( )
As aspas so utilizadas para isolar do contexto frases ou
palavras alheias.
15) BARRA ( / )
A barra muito utilizada nas abreviaes das datas
e em algumas abreviaturas.
Empregam-se as aspas:
no incio e no fim de uma citao:
01 / 06 / 94
A/C - ao(s) cuidado(s)
Deus, Deus! onde ests que no respondes?

(Castro Alves)
nas palavras ou expresses estrangeiras, arcasmos, neologismos, grias, etc.
EXERCCIOS
1) Assinale a alternativa corretamente pontuada:
a) Hoje, em dia, atravs do avano da medicina, muitas doenas tm cura.
b) Hoje em dia atravs do avano da medicina, muitas doenas, tm cura.
c) Hoje em dia, atravs do avano da medicina, muitas doenas tm cura.
d) Hoje em dia, atravs do avano da medicina muitas doenas tm cura.
Fui ao show do Roberto Carlos.

O novo cd dos Tits sinistro!
dar nfase a palavras e expresses:
Meu irmo no isso que dizem.
ironizar os termos de uma orao:
2) Observe as frases:
Havia sempre um porqu em tudo que dizia.
11) COLCHETES ( [ ] )
I - Mame sempre dizia: Cuidado com os falsos amigos.

II - Terminado o discurso, o governador retirou-se.
III - Espero, que voc alcance seus objetivos.
Os colchetes so utilizados com a mesma finalidade dos

parnteses, principalmente na linguagem cientfica e religiosa.
Verificamos que est (esto) corretamente pontuada( s):
estrbico. Adj. 1. Relativo ao, ou prprio do estrabismo

(1). 2. Diz-se de indivduo atacado de estrabismo
(1). [Sin.: caolho, vesgo, zarolho.]
a) apenas a I
b) apenas a II
c) apenas a I e a II
d) apenas a III
3) Naquele momento s desejava uma coisa: que Alberto
retornasse o mais breve possvel.
12) ASTERISCO ( * )
O asterisco utilizado para chamar a ateno do leitor
para alguma nota (observao), ou para substituir um nome
que no se quer mencionar.
Assinale a alternativa correta:

a) Os dois-pontos antecipam um desejo do autor.
b) Os dois-pontos anunciam uma citao.
c) Os dois-pontos anunciam a fala da personagem.
d) Os dois-pontos anunciam e introduzem um esclarecimento.
O Marqus * * *
13) PARGRAFO ( )
O pargrafo utilizado para indicar um item de um texto
ou artigo de lei.
48
1-C
RESPOSTAS
2-C
3-D
Lngua Portuguesa
Observao:
Se houver partcula atrativa, dever ser usada a prclise.
Assim:
COLOCAO PRONOMINAL
Os pronomes oblquos tonos (o, a, os, as, lhe, lhes, me,
te, se, nos, vos) podem ocupar trs posies na orao em
relao ao verbo:
No o compreenderia.
a) antes do verbo neste caso tem-se a prclise e diz-se

que o pronome est procltico.
Emprega-se, geralmente, a nclise:
Uso da nclise
Nunca se fala nestas coisas aqui.

Quero que todos me acompanhem.
com verbos no incio do perodo:
Sabe-se que a temperatura global est em mdia cerca

de meio grau Celsius mais alta do que h 100 anos.
b) no meio do verbo tem-se a mesclise, e o pronome

est mesocltico.
Ajudar-te-ei amanh sem falta.

Dir-lhe-ei depois o que desejo.
com verbos no modo imperativo afirmativo:

Diga, diga-lhe toda a verdade.
Levante-se da, senhor Belchior...

c) depois do verbo tem-se, ento, a nclise, e o pronome
est encltico.
Ouviu-se um alarido.
Faltavam-me alguns relgios.
com verbos no gerndio, desde que no venham precedidos da preposio em:

Para tratar o enfermo, no basta ter pena dele, consolando-o e ouvindo-o com interesse.
Uso da prclise
com verbos no infinitivo impessoal:
A prclise ser obrigatria:

No sou desumano, no traria o bicho aqui para maltrat quando houver palavra de sentido negativo antes do verbo.
lo.
Casos especiais
Nada lhe posso dizer.

Ningum me procurou.
A seguir, alguns casos em que o pronome oblquo vem

acompanhado de locuo verbal.
quando conjuno subordinativa e pronome relativo estiverem presentes na orao.

Quero que me entendas.
Ainda que a encontre, no conversaremos.
O recibo que lhe deram no vlido.
a) Quando o verbo principal de uma locuo verbal encontra-se no infinitivo ou no gerndio, coloca-se o pronome oblquo depois do verbo auxiliar ou depois do verbo principal:
Quero-lhe pedir dinheiro.
v. auxiliar
em oraes iniciadas por palavras interrogativas.
em oraes que exprimem desejo, iniciadas por palavras

exclamativas.
partcula v. auxiliar
atrativa
quando se usar gerndio com em.

Em se tratando de medicina, ele especialista.
Em se apresentando condies, faremos o que pedes.
partcula v. principal
atrativa
b) Quando o verbo principal de uma locuo verbal encontrase no particpio, coloca-se o pronome oblquo depois do verbo auxiliar:
Tinha-me consultado sobre a sua deciso.
v. auxiliar
v. principal no particpio
Usa-se a mesclise os seguintes tempos verbais:
Observao:
futuro do presente:
Se a locuo verbal vier precedida de partcula atrativa, o

pronome oblquo dever vir antes do verbo auxiliar:
Dir-lhe-ei a verdade na ocasio certa.
Se a locuo verbal vier precedida de partcula atrativa, o

pronome dever vir antes do verbo auxiliar ou depois do
verbo principal:
No lhe quero pedir dinheiro. No quero pedir-lhe dinheiro.
Deus me acuda!
Como me recordo daquele feriado!
Uso da mesclise
Quero pedir-lhe dinheiro.

v. auxiliar v. principal
no infinitivo
Observao:
Quando nos enviaro as passagens?

Quem te perdoou a dvida?
v. principal
no infinitivo
futuro do pretrito:
Dir-lhe-ia a verdade na ocasio certa.
No me tinha consultado sobre a sua deciso.

partcula v. auxiliar
atrativa
49
Lngua Portuguesa
EXERCCIOS
CONCORDNCIA VERBAL E NOMINAL
1 A colocao do pronome tono est incorreta apenas em:
a) No poderia consult-lo fraca luz da masmorra.
b) Nunca mais v-los-ia, nunca!
c) Quaresma, porm, enganava-se em parte.
d) O que o fazia sofrer era aquela semivida de moa, mergulhada na loucura e na modstia.
2 Assinale a alternativa em que o pronome oblquo esteja
colocado de maneira correta, segundo a norma culta gramatical.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Talvez tenha solicitado-me o pedido.

Jamais convidei-o para compor minha equipe.
Se for necessrio, calarei-me.
At l muitos s se tero arrependido.
3 Assinale a alternativa em que ocorre nclise:

a) Os senadores cujos mandatos se prorrogaram foram
cassados.
b) Repetir-se-, assim, o que neste ano j aconteceu com
tantos outros feriados.
c) Para assust-lo, os soldados atiram a esmo.
d) No nos iludamos, o jogo est feito.
4 Assinale a alternativa em que ocorre prclise:
a) Apanhei-te, cavaquinho.
b) Quem te viu, quem te v.
c) At o final do ano, abster-me-ei da meditao contemplativa.
d) Faa-se logo o que precisa ser feito.
5 - As fotos que ................ esto timas; ................ em breve
conforme ................ por telefone.
a) me mandaram; devolv-las-ei; lhes informei.
b) mandaram-me; devolverei-as; informei-lhes
c) me mandaram; devolverei-as; lhes informei
d) mandaram-me; devolv-las-ei; informei-lhes
a) Usa-se a prclise quando o verbo vem precedido de expresses negativas;

b) Usa-se a prclise com verbo no infinitivo;
c) Usa-se a mesclise com o verbo no futuro do presente e
no futuro do pretrito;
d) Usa-se a nclise quando a frase se inicia com o verbo.
7 - Assinale a alternativa em que h erro de colocao do
pronome pessoal tono:
a) Ela deve passar no vestibular porque se esforou o ano
inteiro.
b) No venha-me dizer que no tem dinheiro.
c) Era meu desejo reencontrar-te um dia.
d) Mostrar-lhe-ia todos os encantos do Rio de Janeiro.
1-B
5-A
RESPOSTAS
2-D
3-C
6-B
7-B
4-B
8-D
O verbo concorda com o sujeito em nmero e pessoa com

as seguintes regras:
1) Sujeito composto anteposto ao verbo: este fica no
plural.
O pai, a me e o filho esto ausentes.
2) Sujeito composto posposto ao verbo: este pode concordar com o ncleo mais prximo ou com todos os ncleos
indo para o plural.
Est ausente o pai, a me e o filho.
Esto ausentes o pai, a me e o filho.
3) Sujeito composto por pronomes pessoais diferentes:
o verbo vai para o plural concordando com a pessoa que
possui prioridade gramatical (ou seja, 1 pessoa prevalece
sobre 2 e 3; 2 pessoa prevalece sobre a 3).
Eu, tu, ele e ela somos bons amigos. (eu - ns)
Tu, ele e ela sois bons amigos. (tu - vs)
Ela e tu ireis embora. (tu - vs)
4) Sujeito composto: tendo seus ncleos ligados por no
s ... mas tambm, tanto ... quanto, no s ... como, o
verbo concorda com o mais prximo ou vai para o plural.
No s a moa, mas tambm o prncipe estariam pobres.
Obs.: Caso se trate de uma simples comparao, o verbo
fica no singular.
Este aumento de salrio, assim como o anterior, no
compensou.
5) Sujeito ligado por "com": o verbo ir para o plural se
indicar cooperao na ao, visto que a preposio forma
verdadeiro sujeito composto, equivalente a e; se a preposio
com exprimir circunstncia de companhia, o verbo fica no
singular.
6 - Assinale a afirmao incorreta:
8 - H um erro de colocao pronominal em:

a) Nunca o decepcionei.
b) Passe-me a manteiga, por favor.
c) No se faa de bobo.
d) Entrarei no baile, se deixarem-me.
CONCORDNCIA VERBAL
Napoleo com seus soldados invadiram a Europa.

Egas Monis, com a mulher e os filhos, apresentou-se ao
rei da Espanha.
6) Sujeito ligado por "ou": levar-se- em conta para o
verbo ficar:
a) no singular:
excluso: Pedro ou Paulo ser eleito.
sinonmia: A glotologia ou a lingustica uma cincia que se
ocupa da linguagem humana.
b) no plural:
incluso: O calor ou o frio excessivo prejudicam certas plantas. (ou = e)
antonmia: O choro ou o riso constituam o viver daquela
gente.
retificao: O ladro ou os ladres no deixaram nenhum
vestgio.
Porm: na antecipao do verbo, d-se concordncia com o
mais prximo.
Nenhum vestgio de sua presena deixou o autor ou
autores do crime.
50
Lngua Portuguesa
7) Sujeitos representados por "um e outro": o verbo pode
ficar no singular ou no plural.
Um e outro testemunho o condenavam (ou condenava).
8) Sujeitos representados por "um ou outro": o verbo fica
no singular.
Uma ou outra pode alugar a casa.
9) Sujeito representado por "nem um, nem outro": exige
o verbo no singular.
b) Os que indicam fenmenos da natureza: chover, ventar,

nevar, gear, etc.
c) Os verbos haver, fazer, estar, ir, ser (com referncia a
tempo).
H trs dias que no o vejo.
Faz quatro meses que no nado.
Vai em dois anos ou pouco mais . . .
cedo.
Est frio.
Entretanto:
Afirma-se que nem um, nem outro falou a verdade.

O verbo ser concorda com o predicativo.
10) Sujeito representado por expresso como "a maioria
de" (a maior parte, parte de) + um nome no plural: o verbo
ir para o singular ou plural.
A maioria dos doidos ali metidos esto (ou est) em
perfeito juzo.
11) Sujeito representado por um coletivo: o verbo fica no
singular, embora em escritores clssicos se encontrem exemplos de concordncias no com o coletivo, mas com a
ideia de plural que ele encerra (silepse).
Mas nem sempre o povo acerta.
So dez horas.
uma hora.
Os verbos existir, acontecer, so pessoais, ou seja, admitem sujeito e concordam com ele.
Existem duas manchas na parede.
(sujeito = duas manchas)
Aconteceram fatos estranhos.
(sujeito = fatos)
Nas locues verbais, o verbo impessoal transmite a sua
impessoalidade para o verbo auxiliar.
12) Sujeito representado pela palavra "que" pronome

relativo: o verbo concorda em nmero e pessoa com o antecedente da palavra "que".
Fui eu que te vesti do meu sudrio.
No s tu que me ds felicidade.
Vai haver novas oportunidades.

(no h sujeito)
Est fazendo dez anos que . . .
Porm:
13) Sujeito representado pelo pronome "quem": o verbo

vai para a 3 pessoa do singular, ou concorda com o sujeito
da orao principal.
Vo existir novas oportunidades.

(existir = verbo pessoal)
Estavam acontecendo coisas estranhas.
(estar = verbo pessoal)
Mas no sou eu quem est em jogo. (ou "estou")

14) Sujeito composto seguido de um aposto resumidor:
o verbo concorda com a palavra resumidora e no com o
sujeito composto.
Jogos, convenes, espetculos, nada o distraa.
Desvios, fraudes, roubos, tudo era permitido.
15) Verbo + pronome apassivador "se": concorda com o
sujeito paciente em nmero e pessoa.
18) O verbo "dar", "bater" + hora(s): estes verbos concordam com o sujeito expresso hora(s).
Deram h pouco nove horas!
Bateram devagar dez horas!
Porm:
Se, na orao, vem a palavra relgio, funcionando como
sujeito, o verbo concordar com ela em nmero e pessoa.
Ouviam-se aplausos no salo.

Compram-se livros usados.
Vendem-se apartamentos.
Que horas deu o relgio?

Vai dar dez horas o relgio da S.
16) Verbo + ndice de indeterminao do sujeito "se":

fica o verbo na 3 pessoa do singular.
Precisa-se de carpinteiros.
Gosta-se de praias naquela regio.
Necessita-se de outras explicaes.
19) O verbo "ser":

a) Com as palavras tudo, isto, isso, aquilo, o que e o predicativo no plural, o verbo ser tambm pode ir para o plural ou
ficar no singular.
17) Verbos impessoais: ficam, normalmente, na 3 pessoa

do singular:
Tudo eram memrias na infncia.

Isto no so coisas que voc possa dizer.
Tudo so flores.
a) O verbo haver no sentido de existir, acontecer.

Havia dois alunos no corredor.
Houve fatos estranhos naquela cidadezinha.
b) O sujeito que d nome pessoa concorda com o verbo

ser.
O filho as alegrias do pai.
51
Lngua Portuguesa
c) O sujeito que d nome a algo pede o verbo concordando
com o predicativo no plural.
O problema so as suas dvidas.
d) O pronome pessoal sujeito ou predicativo pede a concordncia do verbo com ele.
Ele era todo ouvidos e angstia.
O trouxa neste caso fui eu.
4) O verbo concorda em nmero e pessoa com o sujeito.

Portanto, no est correta a alternativa:
a) Faltam ainda seis meses para o vencimento.
b) Existem fortes indcios de melhoria geral.
c) No provm da os males sofridos.
d) Os fatos que o perturbam so bem poucos.
e) Sero considerados vlidos tais argumentos?
5) Quando ............... dez minutos para o trmino da aula,
................. na lousa as tarefas de casa.
e) As expresses muito, pouco, mais de, menos de,

tanto, quando indicam preo, quantidade, peso ficam com o
verbo no singular.
Duas horas no tanto assim.
Oitocentos gramas muito.
a) faltar / sero escritos.

b) faltar / sero escritas.
c) faltar / ser escrito.
d) faltarem / sero escritas.
e) faltarem / ser escrito.
f) Em horas, datas e distncias, o verbo ser impessoal e

concorda com o predicativo.
6) Conheci-a, ..................... poucos dias,

...............novas oportunidades para encontr-la.
Hoje so quatorze de outubro.

predicativo
Hoje dia quatorze de outubro.
predicativo
a) deve haver / faltar

b) devem haver / faltaro
c) deve haver / faltaro
d) devem haver / faltaro
e) devem haver / faltar
zero hora em So Paulo.

So dez horas da manh.
So cem quilmetros daqui at l.
mas
no
7) Assinale a frase que contm um erro no que diz respeito

ao emprego do verbo "fazer":
Obs.: Em datas, o verbo ser pode concordar com a ideia da

palavra dia, mesmo que ela no aparea.
Hoje 2 de outubro.
EXERCCIOS
a) Faz trs anos que regressaram.

b) Fazem-se muitos trabalhos apressadamente.
c) J deve fazer dois anos que vieram para o Brasil.
d) Vo fazer dois anos que l estive pela ltima vez.
e) Aqui faz veres terrveis.
8) Assinale a alternativa em que a concordncia est incorreta, segundo o uso clssico da lngua portuguesa.
1) Indique a alternativa correta:
a) Mais de um jornal publicou a notcia.

b) Ele e tu iro ao teatro.
c) Sou eu quem paga.
d) No fui eu a que chegou primeiro.
e) Cada um dos jogadores daquele quadro j ganhou um
prmio.
a) Tratavam-se de questes fundamentais.

b) Comprou-se terrenos no subrbio.
c) Reformam-se ternos.
d) Obedeceram-se aos severos regulamentos.
e) Precisam-se de datilgrafas.
2) A relao de verbos que completam, convenientemente e
respectivamente, as lacunas dos perodos abaixo :
9) Este ano, ................ as festas que ................, que eu no

comparecerei a nenhuma.
a) so / so / eram / Devem.
b) / so / era / Deve.
c) / / era / Devem.
d) so / / era / Deve.
e) so / / eram / Deve.
a) pode haver / haver

b) podem haver / houverem
c) pode haver / houver
d) pode haver / houverem
e) pode haverem / houver
I. Hoje .......... 24 de janeiro.

II. Trinta quilmetros .......... muito.
III. J .......... uma e vinte.
IV. .......... ser duas horas.
10) Assinale a alternativa incorreta:
3) Nas cinco alternativas, h duas concordncias verbais

erradas. Indique-as.
a) Eu, tu e nossos amigos iremos no mesmo avio.
b) Tu e meus amigos ireis no mesmo trem.
c) Tu e meus amigos iro no mesmo automvel.
d) V. Ex, eles e aqueles garotos seguireis depois.
e) Margarida e vossa tia seguireis primeiro.
a) Precisam-se alunos especializados.

b) Precisa-se de alunos especializados.
c) Precisa-se de alunos competentes.
d) Assiste-se a filmes nacionais.
e) Obedea-se aos regulamentos.
1-C
6-C
52
2-C
7-D
RESPOSTAS
3-C
8-B
4-C
9-C
5-D
10 - A
Lngua Portuguesa
CONCORDNCIA NOMINAL
9) Anexo, incluso, junto, bastante e nenhum, concordam,

normalmente, com os substantivos a que se referem.
1) Quando o adjetivo se referir a um s nome, o substantivo

concorda com ele em gnero e nmero.
Segue anexa a cpia do contrato.

Vo inclusos os requerimentos.
Seguem juntas as notas.
Bastantes pessoas ignoram esse plural.
Homens nenhuns, nenhumas causas.
Boa rvore no d maus frutos.

2) Quando o adjetivo se referir a dois ou mais substantivos
do mesmo gnero e do singular e vier posposto, toma o
gnero deles e vai facultativamente, para o singular ou plural.
Observaes:
a) Alerta e menos so sempre invariveis.
Disciplina, ao e coragem digna (ou dignas).

Estamos alerta.
H situaes menos complicadas.
H menos pessoas no local.
Porm: Dedicado o pai, o filho e o irmo.

(adjetivo anteposto concordar com o mais prximo).
de gneros diferentes e do singular e vier posposto, poder ir para o masculino plural ou concordar com o mais prximo.
b) Em anexo sempre invarivel.

Seguem, em anexo, as fotografias.
10) Meio - meia, como adjetivo concordam em gnero e
nmero com o substantivo que modificam, mas como advrbio meio permanece invarivel.
Escolheste lugar e hora maus.

Escolheste lugar e hora m.
Porm: Sinto eterno amor e gratido.
(adjetivo anteposto concordar com o mais prximo).
Obs.: como adjetivo, modifica o substantivo; como advrbio,

modifica o adjetivo, o verbo e o prprio advrbio.

de gneros diferentes e do plural e vier posposto, tomar
o plural masculino ou concordar com o mais prximo.
J meio-dia e meia (hora). (substantivo)

Comprei dois meios litros de leite. (substantivo)
Quero meio quilo de caf. (substantivo)
Ele sentia-se meio cansado. (adjetivo)
Elas pareciam meio tontas. (adjetivo)
Minha me est meio exausta. (adjetivo)
Rapazes e moas estudiosos (ou estudiosas).

de gnero e nmero diferente e vier posposto, poder
concordar com o mais prximo ou ir para o plural masculino.
Esto nesse caso palavras como: pouco, muito, bastante,

barato, caro, meio, longe, etc.
Primos, primas e irms educadssimas (ou educadssimos).
11) Dado e visto e qualquer outro particpio, concordam

com o substantivo a que se referem.
6) Pode o adjetivo ainda concordar com o mais prximo

quando os substantivos so ou podem ser considerados
sinnimos.
Dados os conhecimentos (substantivo masculino)

Dadas as condies (substantivo feminino)
Vistas as dificuldades (substantivo feminino)
12) As expresses um e outro e nem um nem outro so
seguidas de um substantivo singular.
Gratido e reconhecimento profundo.

7) Quando dois ou mais adjetivos se referem ao mesmo
substantivo determinado pelo artigo, ocorrem trs tipos de
construo:
. . . mas aprovei um e outro ato.

. . . mas uma e outra coisa duraram.
Porm:
Estudo as lnguas inglesa e francesa.

Estudo a lngua inglesa e a francesa.
Estudo a lngua inglesa e francesa.
Quando um e outro for seguido de adjetivo, o substantivo fica no singular e o adjetivo vai para o plural.
8) As palavras: mesmo, prprio e s (quando equivale a

sozinho) concordam segundo a regra geral em gnero e
nmero com a palavra a que se referem. S quando equivale
a somente advrbio e invarivel.
Ela mesma me avisou.
Vocs prprios me trouxeram a notcia.
Ns no estivemos ss.
S eles no concordaram.
Uma e outra parede sujas.

Um e outro lado escuros.
13) A palavra possvel em o mais . . . possvel, o pior
possvel, o melhor possvel, mantm-se invarivel.
Praias o mais tentadoras possvel.
Porm:
Obs.: A expresso a ss invarivel.

Exemplo:
Gostaria de ficar a ss por uns momentos.
Com o plural os mais, os menos, os piores, os melhores, a palavra possvel vai para o plural.
Praias as mais tentadoras possveis.
53
Lngua Portuguesa
14) A palavra obrigado concorda com o nome a que se
refere.
Muito obrigado (masculino singular)
Muito obrigada (feminino singular)
Eles disseram muito obrigados (masculino plural)
15) O verbo ser mais adjetivo.
Nos predicados nominais em que ocorre o verbo ser mais
um adjetivo, formando expresses do tipo bom, claro,
evidente, etc., h duas construes:
se o sujeito no vem precedido de nenhum modificador,
tanto o verbo quanto o adjetivo ficam invariveis.
Cerveja bom.
proibido entrada.
se o sujeito vem precedido de modificador, tanto o verbo
quanto o predicativo concordam regularmente.
A cerveja boa.
proibida a entrada.
16) Concordncia do Adjetivo (Predicativo)
a) Predicativo do Sujeito: concorda com o sujeito em nmero e gnero:
As crianas estavam tristonhas.
3) Assinale, dentre as frases abaixo, as opes corretas

quanto concordncia nominal.
a) meio-dia e meia.
b) proibido entrada.
c) proibida a entrada.
d) Seguem anexo os documentos.
e) Seguem anexo notas fiscais.
f) Envio inclusas as faturas.
g) permitido a entrada.
Questes de 4 a 6 - Responda, segundo o cdigo:
a) Apenas correta a I.
b) Apenas correta a II.
c) Apenas correta a III.
d) Todas corretas.
e) Todas erradas.
4) I. expressamente proibido entrada.
II. Ma muito bom para os dentes.
III. Ser necessria tal atitude?
5) I. Na sala, havia lugares bastantes para todos.
II. Eu mesmo, uma mulher experiente, cometo erros infantis.
III. necessrio, neste momento, a exatido dos fatos.
b) Predicativo do Objeto:
6) I. Encontrei uma e outra janela aberta.

II. Marta estava meia preocupada.
III. Seguia anexo ao envelope uma lista de preos.
Se o objeto direto for simples o adjetivo predicativo concorda em gnero e nmero com o objeto.
Trouxeram-na desmaiada.
7) Assinale o item que apresenta erro de concordncia:
Se o objeto direto for composto o adjetivo predicativo dever flexionar-se no plural e no gnero dos objetos.
A justia declarou criminosas a atriz e suas amigas.
a) Os fatos falam por si s.

b) Ele estuda a histria e a mitologia egpcia.
c) Estes produtos custam cada vez mais caro.
d) Ela mesma nos agradeceu.
e) Ele mesmo construiu sua casa.
17) Substantivos ligados por ou: o adjetivo concorda com o

mais prximo ou, ento, vai para o plural.
uma flor ou um fruto saboroso OU saborosos.
18) Dois ou mais ordinais determinando o substantivo: este
ficar no singular ou no plural.
a primeira e segunda ferida (OU feridas) do corao.
8) Elas ............... enviaram os atestados ............... s procuraes.

a) mesmos, anexas
b) mesmas, anexas
c) mesmos, anexos
d) mesmas, anexos
e) mesmo, anexo
9) Apenas uma alternativa preenche corretamente os espaos existentes na sentena abaixo. Assinale-a:
EXERCCIOS
1) Assinale a alternativa em que ocorre erro na concordncia
do verbo ser e do predicativo.
Aqueles seguranas esto ............... porque encontraram

............... marcas de mo.
a) perigoso contratos muito longos.

b) Foi arriscada a sua proposta.
c) necessrio atitudes desse tipo.
d) No parecia, mas era claro sua inteno.
e) Cerveja gelada bom para a sade.
a) alerta bastante
c) alertas bastantes
e) n.d.a.
2) Assinale a alternativa em que ocorra algum erro de concordncia nominal.
a) justa mesmas
c) justa mesmo
e) justas - mesma
a) Saiba que voc cometeu um crime de lesa-majestade.

b) Estejam alerta, pois o inimigo no manda aviso.
c) H menos indecises do que parece.
d) Permitiram-me que as deixo s.
e) Ele sentiu que precisava ficar a ss.
b) alerta - bastantes
d) alertas - bastante
10) No foi ............... a nota que receberam. Elas .......fizeram

o trabalho.
1-D
2-D
6-E
7-A
54
b) justo - mesmo
d) justo - mesmas
RESPOSTAS
3 a; b;
c; f
8-D
4-D
5-A
9-B
10 - A
Lngua Portuguesa
No sentido de pertencer, caber, transitivo indireto
(preposio a).
REGNCIA VERBAL E NOMINAL
Assiste ao diretor comunicar as novas regras.

VTI
REGNCIA VERBAL
No sentido de morar, residir intransitivo.
Quando o termo regente um verbo.
H dois anos ele assiste em So Paulo
Precisamos de alimento.
termo regente
(verbo)
OI
VI
termo regido
(objeto indireto)
Agradecer
H verbos que admitem mais de uma regncia sem que o
sentido seja alterado.
os favores que fez.
Nunca esquecerei
verbo transitivo direto
objeto direto
objeto referindo-se a coisa, transitivo direto.

Agradeci o presente. Agradeci-o.
VTD
Nunca esquecerei
dos favores que me fez.
verbo transitivo indireto
objeto indireto
H outros verbos que mudando a regncia, mudam de

significado.
VTI
OI
com os dois objetos, transitivo direto e indireto.

Agradeci o presente mame.
Agradeci-o mame.
Agradeci-lhe o presente.
O policial visou o alvo e atirou.

transitivo direto
OD
objeto referindo-se a pessoa, transitivo indireto

(preposio a).
Agradeci ao mdico. Agradeci-lhe.
(visar = apontar, mirar)
Ele visava a uma boa colocao na firma.

transitivo indireto (visar = pretender)
Ajudar
transitivo direto.
REGNCIA DE ALGUNS VERBOS
Sempre ajudo mame nos afazeres de casa.

VTD
Agradar e desagradar
transitivo direto e indireto. (preposio a).
No sentido de fazer carinho, transitivo direto.
Ajudei-a a lavar a loua.
O pai agradava a filha.

VTD
VTDI OD
OD
No sentido de contentar, transitivo indireto (preposio a).

O filme agradou
OI
Amar
transitivo direto.
ao pblico.
VTI
OD
OI
As crianas amam seus brinquedos.

VTD
OD
Aspirar
intransitivo.
No sentido de respirar, sorver, transitivo direto.
Amei demais e no fui correspondido.
Aspirei
o ar da manh.
VTD
OD
VI
Apelar
no sentido de pretender, desejar, transitivo indireto
(preposio a).
Ele aspirava
transitivo indireto (preposio para e de).

No conseguindo resolver seus problemas, apelou para os pais.
VTI
OI
ao cargo de diretor.
VTI
OI
Assistir
Atender
No sentido de ver, transitivo indireto (preposio a).
No sentido de levar em considerao, transitivo indireto

(preposio a).
Assistimos
ao jogo de basquete.
VTI
OI
Teobaldo no atendia aos pais.

VTI
No sentido de prestar assistncia, ajudar, transitivo

direto.
A enfermeira assistiu o paciente com muito cuidado.
VTD
OI
No sentido de satisfazer, atentar, observar, transitivo

indireto (preposio a).
Mame atendia a todas as vontades de Joo.
VTI
OD
55
OI
Lngua Portuguesa
No sentido de acolher ou receber, transitivo direto.
Ensinar
O diretor da escola atendeu os pais.

VTD
transitivo direto e indireto.
OD
Helena ensina ingls aos alunos.

No sentido de conceder ou deferir um pedido, transitivo
direto.
O chefe no atendeu as exigncias dos empregados.
VTD
VTDI
OD
OI
Esquecer e lembrar
OD
transitivo direto quando no for pronominal.
Atingir
Esqueci o seu nome.

Lembrei o seu aniversrio.
transitivo direto.
O policial no atingiu o alvo.
VTD
transitivo indireto quando for pronominal (preposio de).
OD
Chamar
Esqueci-me do seu nome.

Lembrei-me do seu aniversrio.
No sentido de convidar, convocar, transitivo direto.

Ns chamamos os acionistas para uma reunio de emergncia.
VTD
OD
Informar
transitivo direto e indireto.
No sentido de denominar, cognominar, transitivo

direto ou transitivo indireto.
Chamaram-
no
empregadinho.
no
de empregadinho.
Informou os colegas de seus problemas.

VTDI
VTD
ChamaramVTD
lhe
empregadinho.
VTDI
lhe
de caloteiro.
VTI
ChamaramVTDI
OI
OD
Ir
preposio
predicativo do objeto
objeto
OI
Informou aos colegas os seus problemas.
preposio
Chamaram-
OD
intransitivo (com preposio).
Chegar
Fui escola.
VI
intransitivo (preposio a).

Fui para Salvador.
VI
Cheguei escola.
VI
adjunto adverbial
Namorar
Consistir
transitivo direto.
transitivo indireto (preposio em).
Joo namorou Clara durante cinco anos.
VTD
O futuro da nossa empresa consiste em nossa honestidade.

VTI
OD
OI
Obedecer e desobedecer
Contentar-se
transitivo indireto (preposio a).
transitivo indireto (preposio com, em, de).
Os filhos obedecem aos pais.
VTI
Ela contenta-se com to pouco.

VTI
OI
OI
Aquele motorista desobedeceu aos sinais.

VTI
OI
Custar
No sentido de ser custoso, ser difcil, transitivo indireto.
Custou mame acreditar naquele terrvel acidente.
VTI
Pagar e perdoar
transitivo direto quando o objeto refere-se coisa.
OI
Vou pagar o livro.

VTD
No sentido de acarretar, transitivo direto e indireto.

O trabalho custou-nos muita ateno.
VTDI
OI
OD
Papai perdoou suas falhas.

VTD
OD
56
OD
Lngua Portuguesa
transitivo indireto quando o objeto refere-se pessoa
(preposio a).
No sentido de passar visto, transitivo direto.

O gerente visou o cheque.
VTD
Vou pagar ao dentista.

VTI
OD
OI
No sentido de pretender, ter em vista, transitivo indireto

(preposio a).
Papai perdoou aos meninos.

VTI
OI
Sempre visei ao seu bem.

transitivo direto e indireto quando possui os dois objetos.
VTI
OI
Papai perdoou as falhas aos meninos.

VTDI
OD
EXERCCIOS
OI
1) Assinale a regncia verbal incorreta:

Precisar
a) Visei um passaporte e fui viajar.
b) Quero um bom emprego.
c) Aninha sempre obedece a me.
d) Esqueci-me do endereo.
e) Simpatizo com voc.
No sentido de marcar com preciso, transitivo direto.

O reprter no precisou o local do acidente.
VTD
OD
No sentido de necessitar, transitivo indireto (preposio

de).
2) Escolha a regncia verbal correta do verbo chamar:
Preferir
a) Chamamo-la de esperta.
b) Chamamo-la esperta.
c) Chamamos-lhe esperta.
d) Todas as alternativas esto corretas.
e) Nenhuma das alternativas est correta.
transitivo direto e indireto (preposio a).
3) A regncia est correta em:
Eu preciso de silncio para pensar.

VTI
OI
Prefiro vinho a cerveja.

VTDI
OD
OI
Prefiro o vinho cerveja.

Presidir
transitivo direto ou transitivo indireto.
Ele presidiu a Cmara dos Deputados.
VTD
OD
Ele presidiu Cmara dos Deputados.

VTI
OI
Querer
a) Prefiro caf do que ch.

b) Pedro namora com Joana.
c) Informei o endereo ao turista.
d) Cheguei na casa de Marta s cinco horas.
e) Ele contenta-se por to pouco.
4) Assinale a alternativa em que o verbo custar tem o
mesmo significado da orao abaixo:
Custa-me acreditar que voc disse isso.
a) A ida ao teatro custou-lhe caro.
b) Naquela tarde custou-me chegar escola.
c) A perda dos documentos custou-me muito.
d) Quanto custa esta joia?
e) Os alimentos custam muito caro.
No sentido de desejar, transitivo direto.

Quero uma boa casa para morar.
VTD
OD
No sentido de estimar, gostar, transitivo indireto

(preposio a).
Quero bem ao Bruno.
VTI

a) No informaram aos alunos sobre as provas.
b) No informaram os alunos sobre as provas.
c) No informaram aos alunos as provas.
d) No informaram os alunos das provas.
e) No informaram das provas aos alunos.
OI
Simpatizar e antipatizar
transitivo indireto (preposio com)
Simpatizo com Lusa.
Visar

a) assistir ao jogo (= ver)
b) assistir o paciente (= prestar assistncia)
c) assistir em Minas Gerais (morar)
d) assistir o professor (= caber)
e) assiste ao menino (= pertencer)
No sentido de apontar, mirar, transitivo direto.

O atirador visou o alvo.
VTD
1-C
OD
57
2-D
RESPOSTAS
3-C
4-B
5-A
6-D
Lngua Portuguesa
REGNCIA NOMINAL
EXERCCIOS
1) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto regncia nominal:
Quando o termo regente um nome (substantivo, adjetivo

ou advrbio).
termo regente termo regido
(substantivo) (complemento nominal)
a) Ele sempre foi desfavorvel a sua contratao.

b) Era uma pessoa curiosa de religio.
c) Permaneciam atentos de problemas financeiros.
d) A cerveja prefervel ao vinho.
e) Sou favorvel a uma nova reunio.
Estou preocupado com o desemprego.
2) Assinale a alternativa que no admite ambas as regncias:
Tenho amor ao prximo.
termo regente
(adjetivo)
termo regido
(complemento nominal)
a) As crianas esto imunes ao / do vrus da gripe.

b) Tenho horror a / de insetos.
c) Este filme contemporneo ao / de outro.
d) Sou devoto ao / de Santo Expedito.
e) O manual constitudo de / por novas regras de acentuao.
Agiram favoravelmente sua deciso.

termo regente
(advrbio)
termo regido
(complemento nominal)
H nomes que admitem mais de uma preposio sem que

o sentido seja alterado:
Estou apto a este tipo de trabalho.
Estou apto para este tipo de trabalho.
H outros nomes, que dependendo do sentido, pedem
outras preposies:
Tenho muita considerao por pessoas que trabalham.
Tenho muita considerao sobre o trabalho filantrpico.
Veja alguns nomes com as respectivas regncias:
acessvel a
acostumado a, com
adaptado a
aflito com, por
agradvel a
alheio a, de
alienado de
aluso a
ambicioso de
analogia com, entre
anlogo a
apto a, para
atento a, em
averso a, para, por
vido de, por
benfico a
capaz de, para
compatvel com
compreensvel a
comum a, de
constante de, em
constitudo de, por, com
contemporneo a, de
contrrio a
cuidadoso com
curioso de, a
desatento a
descontente com
desejoso de
devoto a, de
diferente de
difcil de
digno de
entendido em
equivalente a
erudito em
essencial para
estranho a
fcil de
falha de, em
falta de
favorvel a
fiel a
firme em
generoso com
grato a
hbil em
habituado a
horror a
hostil a
impossvel de
imprprio para
imune a, de
incompatvel com
indeciso em
independente de, em
indiferente a
indigno de
leal a
medo a, de
necessrio a
passvel de
perito em
possvel de
prefervel a
prejudicial a
prximo a, de
relacionado com
3) Jorge estava habituado ............... trabalhar noite,

mas isto no era benfico ............... sua sade,
descontente .............. a situao, pediu demisso.
a) por - a com
b) - com
c) - a - pela
d) a com
e) em em
4) As palavras aluso, erudito, passvel regem, respectivamente, as preposies:
a) a - em - de
b) de - em - com
c) por - de - em
d) a - de - de
e) por - em - de
5) Joana muito cuidadosa ............... os filhos, j seu marido
desatento ............... tudo.
a) a com
b) com por
c) a - de
d) a por
e) com - a
6) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto regncia nominal:
a) Sou contrrio ao voto dele.
b ) Sua atitude no foi compatvel ao seu pensamento.
c) Ele era entendido em histria.
d) Fica prximo ao Largo do Paissandu.
e) Sou leal aos meus princpios.
7) Ocorre regncia nominal inadequada em:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Ele sempre foi insensvel a elogios.

Estava sempre pronta a falar.
Sempre fui solcito com a moa.
Estava muito necessitado em carinho.
Era impotente contra tantas maldades.
1-C
58
2-B
3-D
RESPOSTAS
4-A
5-E
6-B
7-D
Lngua Portuguesa
CASOS EM QUE O USO DA CRASE OBRIGATRIO
CRASE
Crase a fuso de duas vogais a + a (), indicada pelo
acento grave. A crase pode ocorrer com a juno da preposio com:
o artigo feminino a ou as:
Fomos escola.
a mquina
o a dos pronomes demonstrativos aquele, aquela, aquilo:

Entreguei os documentos a aquele senhor.

a bala
A carta foi escrita a mquina.

Ele foi ferido a bala.
nas expresses moda de e maneira de, mesmo quando
subentendidas:
pronome demonstrativo
Entreguei os documentos quele senhor.
Usava sapatos Lus XV. ( moda de)
o a do pronome relativo a qual (as quais):
na indicao de horas:
A casa a a qual comprei h muitos anos foi demolida.

preposio
em frente
espera de
medida que
Locues adverbiais femininas que indiquem instrumento

no levam o acento de crase.
artigo
preposio
parte
s vezes
proporo que
Exceo:
Fomos a a escola.

preposio
nas locues adverbiais, prepositivas e conjuntivas femininas:
O avio chegar s quinze horas.
pronome relativo
CASOS FACULTATIVOS
A casa qual comprei h muitos anos foi demolida.
So casos em que pode ou no ocorrer a crase:
A regncia de alguns verbos exige a preposio a.
antes de nomes femininos:

No conte isso a ( ) Carla.
Veja alguns exemplos:
antes de pronomes possessivos femininos:

Obedeo a ( ) minha me.
Fui feira.
Pea sua me que lhe conte uma histria.
Referi-me sua atual situao.
depois da preposio at:

Fui at a ( ) escola.
CASOS EM QUE NO OCORRE A CRASE:
CASOS ESPECIAIS
antes de substantivos masculinos:

No assisto a jogo de futebol.
antes da palavra casa:
antes de verbos:
Assim que cheguei em casa, comeou a chover.
A palavra casa, no sentido de lar, residncia, no admite

o uso da crase. Se a palavra casa vier determinada, leva o
acento de crase.
antes de artigo indefinido:

noite iremos a uma festa.
Voltei a casa depois do trabalho.

Vou casa de meus pais nas prximas frias.
antes de pronome indefinido:

Desejo a todos boa viagem.
antes da palavra terra:
antes de pronomes pessoais do caso reto, do caso oblquo e de alguns pronomes de tratamento que no admitem
artigo:
Depois de meses no navio, os marinheiros voltaram a

terra.
Regressarei terra dos meus avs.
Dei um presente a ela.

Todos se dirigiram a mim.
Contei meus planos a Vossa Majestade.
quando o a aparece antes de uma palavra no plural, dando
um sentido genrico:
Ele se referiu a mulheres estranhas.
nas expresses formadas por palavras repetidas:
cara a cara frente a frente
A palavra terra, no sentido de cho firme, no admite o

uso da crase. Se a palavra terra vier determinada, leva o
acento de crase.
Se estivermos em dvida quanto ao emprego da crase,

basta recorrermos a trs regras bsicas:
1 REGRA:
Troca-se a palavra feminina por uma masculina correspondente.
Vou feira. Ela visitou a irm.
Vou ao cinema. Ela visitou o irmo.
59
Lngua Portuguesa
2 REGRA:
5) Assinale a alternativa em que todas as locues devem

receber o acento de crase:
Troca-se o a craseado por para a:

a) as vezes a esmo a parte
b) em frente a a espera de a medida que
c) a mquina as vezes a proporo que
d) a espera de a bala as pressas
Irei Argentina. Irei a Portugal.

Irei para a Argentina. Irei para Portugal.
3 REGRA:
Troca-se cheguei de por a e cheguei da por :
6) Todas as alternativas possuem casos facultativos no uso

da crase, exceto:
Cheguei de Belo Horizonte.

Irei a Belo Horizonte.
Cheguei da Bahia.
Irei Bahia.
a) Vou at farmcia.
b) Ela deu um presente sua melhor amiga.
c) Bento entregou a carta Maria.
d) Beatriz devolver o livro senhora.
EMPREGO DE H E A
7) Aponte a alternativa em que no ocorre o uso da crase:
Essas duas formas, em relao ao tempo, tm o seguinte uso:

H:
usado no sentido de tempo decorrido, (verbo haver).
a) Ele age as escondidas.

b) A mulher a qual me refiro minha professora.
c) Dia a dia, os problemas se tornam mais difceis.
d) Irei a Austrlia assim que puder.
8) Fui .......... cidade .......... dez horas para conhecer ..........
minhas primas.
No o vejo h trs semanas.
usado no sentido de tempo futuro, (preposio).
a) - s - as
b) a - s - as
c) - as - s
d) - s - s
Daqui a cinco dias, retornaremos ao trabalho.
9) Aponte a alternativa incorreta quanto ao uso da crase:
A:
EXERCCIOS
1) Fui .......... So Paulo negociar .......... poucas coisas que
ainda possuo.
a) Ele deve tomar o remdio gota a gota.

b) No conte o meu segredo ningum.
c) Junto porta, Roberto esperava ansioso.
d) Ele no voltar quele lugar.
10) Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente as
lacunas das oraes abaixo:
a) as
b) a as
c) a s
d) ao as
2) .......... poucos meses, papai referia-se .......... mame com
muito carinho.
Eu o conheci .......... muitos anos.

Voltarei .......... terra natal.
As crianas foram .......... casa.
Daqui .......... vinte dias iremos .......... Salvador.
a) A
b) H a
c) A a
d) H
a) h - a - - h - a
b) a - - - - a
c) - a - a - -
d) h - - a - a - a
3) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto ao uso do acento de

crase:
11) Ocorre o uso do acento de crase:

a) antes de artigo indefinido
b) antes de verbos
c) na indicao de horas
d) antes de substantivos masculinos
a) Vou a Paris no prximo ano.

b) Partirei s duas horas.
c) Gosto de comida a italiana.
d) Ele saiu s pressas.
12) O uso do acento de crase proibido:

4) Assinale a alternativa que preencha corretamente as lacunas das oraes abaixo:
Ele saiu .......... p.
Ele obedece .......... professora.
Pea .......... ela que venha me encontrar.
Vou visitar .......... terra dos meus tios.
a) a - - a -
b) - a - a -
c) - - - a
d) a - a - - a
a) nas locues que indiquem instrumento.

b) nas expresses moda de
c) na indicao de horas
d) antes de pronomes possessivos femininos.
1-B
7-C
60
2-D
8-A
RESPOSTAS
3-C
4-A
9-B
10 - D
5-B
11 - C
6-D
12 - A
Lngua Portuguesa
6) Assinale a alternativa que possua os substantivos composto, coletivo e abstrato, respectivamente:
EXERCCIOS FINAIS
1) Assinale a alternativa corretamente pontuada:

a) No gosto de alguns de seus amigos, ou melhor de
nhum deles.
b) No, gosto de alguns de seus amigos, ou melhor de
nhum deles.
c) No gosto de alguns, de seus amigos, ou melhor, de
nhum deles.
d) No gosto de alguns de seus amigos, ou melhor, de
nhum deles.
e) No, gosto de alguns, de seus amigos, ou melhor, de
nhum deles.
ne-
a) couve-flor, pedra, mar

b) p-de-moleque, amor, lua
c) batalho, peixe, sol
d) soldados, assembleia, tristeza
e) guarda-noturno, arsenal, beleza
nenenene-
2) As frases abaixo esto corretas quanto sua justificativa,

exceto:
a) O Diretor * * * (o asterisco substitui um nome que no se
quer mencionar)
b) 09/10/89 (a barra utilizada nas abreviaes de data)
c) Se a = { x 0 z* / / x / # 2} . . . (as chaves so muito empregadas em matemtica)
d) Dona Felicidade [ que muito gorda ] anda sempre doente. (os colchetes tm a mesma finalidade que o ponto-evrgula)
e) No deixe o stress tomar conta de voc. (as aspas so
usadas nas expresses estrangeiras).
3) Observe as frases:
I - O rapaz revoltado, comeou a agredir o colega.
II - Vocs vo escola; ns ao cinema.
III - Na confuso ningum se lembrou de entregar, os documentos.
7) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto ao gnero do substantivo:

a) o d
b) a cataplasma
c) o comicho
d) a derme
e) o eclipse
8) Aponte a alternativa que possua um epiceno, um sobrecomum e um comum de dois gneros, respectivamente:
a) aranha, cnjuge, paciente
b) leo, cliente, carrasco
c) indivduo, tubaro, diplomata
d) sardinha, dentista, defunto
e) cachorro, estudante, modelo
9) O plural est corretamente flexionado em:
a) coraozinhos, balos, cidados
b) guardies, guardas-sis, gro-priores
c) beijo-de-moas, ave-marias, abaixo-assinados
d) bel-prazeres, os ganha-pouco, frutas-pes
e) guardas-chuvas, p-de-moleques, frutas-pes
10) Assinale a alternativa em que o diminutivo expressa ideia
afetiva:
Verificamos que est (esto) corretamente pontuada( s):

a) No vou ler este livreco!
b) Mariana ganhou uma cartilha nova.
c) Joo sempre toma conta de seu irmozinho.
d) Fui multado por aquele guardinha.
e) No lerei este jornaleco.
a) apenas a I
b) apenas a II
c) apenas a III
d) apenas a I e II
e) apenas a II e III
11) O adjetivo correspondente a de acar :

4) Assinale a alternativa em que se usa a vrgula:
a) glacial
b) sacarino
c) lcteo
d) vesical
e) apcola
a) entre o nome e o adjunto adnominal

b) entre o sujeito e o predicado
c) entre uma enumerao de palavras
d) entre o verbo e seus complementos
e) entre o nome e o adjunto adnominal
5) Assinale a alternativa que preencha as lacunas da frase
abaixo:
..... Papai ..... por que ns temos que nos mudar para o interior ..... perguntou a menina.....
a) travesso, vrgula, ponto de interrogao, ponto
b) aspas, travesso, ponto de interrogao, aspas
c) travesso, vrgula, ponto de exclamao, ponto
d) travesso, vrgula, ponto, ponto
e) aspas, vrgula, ponto de interrogao, aspas
12) Aponte a alternativa que possua um adjetivo uniforme

e um adjetivo biforme respectivamente:
a) comum loquaz
b) ru - veloz
c) breve estudioso
d) so - plebeu
e) hipcrita - til
13) Assinale a alternativa correta quanto ao plural dos adjetivos compostos:
61
Lngua Portuguesa
a) blusas cor de laranja
b) calas verdes-garrafas
c) empresas lusas-brasileiras
d) raios ultravioletas
e) casacos marrons-cafs.
20) O homem ......................... mais admiro o meu pai.
21) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto a abreviatura do

pronome de tratamento correspondente:
a) a quem
c) do qual
e) de quem
a) agudo acutssimo
b) ruim - pssimo
c) sbio sapientssimo
d) feio - fessimo
e) doce - doclimo
b) em que
d) com quem
a) Papa - V. S.
b) Cardeal - V. Em
c) Rei - V. Mag
d) Prncipe - V. A.
e) Sacerdote - V. Rev.ma
15) Assinale a alternativa correta quanto ao emprego do

artigo:
a) Agarrei as cordas com ambas as mos.
b) A Vossa Majestade muito estranha ...
c) O Urano um planeta.
d) O Fernando Henrique Cardoso presidente do Brasil.
e) A Sua Majestade est muito cansada.
22) Assinale a alternativa incorreta quanto colocao pronominal:

a) Fiquei observando a mulher que se dirigia portaria.
b) Ningum o viu desde ontem.
c) Procurar-me-iam se precisassem de dinheiro.
d) Me contaram que voc est desempregado.
e) Talvez a encontre na escola.
16) O ordinal octingentsimo trigsimo sexto equivale a:

23) Assinale a alternativa que contm somente verbos pronominais:
a) 8036
b) 806
c) 836
d) 86
e) 83
a) arrepender, prazer, querer, abster

b) dar, apiedar, odiar, aguar
c) lembrar, amar, nevar, dignar
d) atrever, arrepender, fazer, fizer
e) abster, dignar, lembrar, atrever

24) Aponte a orao em que o verbo est na 2 pessoa do
plural:
a) sculo V - (quinto)
b) tomo III - (trs)
c) artigo XVI - (dezesseis)
d) Joo XXIII - (vinte e trs)
e) ato VII - (stimo)
18) Assinale a alternativa que preencha corretamente as
lacunas das frases abaixo:
I - Se tu vais a escola, irei ......................... .
II - Mandaram este comunicado para ...... ler.
III - Voc trouxe o caderno ......................... .
IV - No existe nada entre ..................... e ele.
a) com voc, mim, consigo, eu
b) contigo, mim, com voc, mim
c) contigo, eu, consigo, mim
d) consigo, eu, consigo, mim
e) com voc, eu, com voc, eu
a) Contai a vossa histria.

b) Conte a sua histria.
c) Conta a tua histria
d) Contem a sua histria.
e) Contemos a nossa histria.
25) A polcia ............... no caso e ................. o mistrio.
a) interviu resolveram
d) interviu - resolveu
b) interveio resolveu
e) interviu - resolveste
c) interveio - resolveste
26) Assinale a orao em que o verbo est incorretamente
empregado:
19) Assinale a alternativa que preencha adequadamente

a orao:
.............................. bola que est perto de voc minha,
....................... aqui do meu primo.
a) Aquela esta
b) Esta - esta
c) Essa essa
d) Essa - esta
e) Esta - aquela
a) Ele previu o acidente.

b) Pea-lhe que intervenha a meu favor.
c) Todos se dispuseram a colaborar.
d) Ainda que se prevesse o temporal, a enchente ocorreria.
e) Quando voc o vir, diga-lhe que aguardo sua resposta.
a) O futuro do subjuntivo expressa um fato que vai acontecer
relacionado a outro fato futuro.
62
Lngua Portuguesa
b) O pretrito mais-que-perfeito expressa um fato anterior a
outro fato que tambm passado.
c) O pretrito imperfeito expressa um fato j concludo em
poca passada.
d) O presente do subjuntivo expressa um fato atual, exprimindo suposio, dvida, possibilidade.
e) O futuro do pretrito expressa um fato futuro, mas de forma hipottica em relao a um momento passado.
28) Assinale a alternativa que contm um advrbio de tempo
e de negao:
a) s vezes, no gosto de pensar no passado.
b) Atrs da porta ficava uma cadeira velha.
c) Maria andava apressadamente pelas ruas.
d) Agora s espero que voc volte logo.
e) Possivelmente iremos ao teatro noite.
c) a h
d) h - a
e) - h
34) Assinale o uso incorreto quanto ao uso do acento de
crase:
a) Chegarei casa de meus parentes daqui a uma semana.
b) Joo foi andar cavalo.
c) Gosto de arroz grega.
d) Assisto novela todas as noites.
e) noite, viajaremos tranquilos.
35) Assinale a alternativa que preenche corretamente as
lacunas das oraes abaixo:
29) Na orao Possivelmente, virei aqui amanh, temos

advrbio de:
I - Romrio fez um gol ............... Pel.

II - ............... sculos que no a vejo.
III - Muita gente veio ............... reunio.
IV - Fui assistir ............... um show de Caetano Veloso.
a) intensidade - tempo - lugar

b) dvida - lugar - tempo
c) modo - lugar - dvida
d) dvida - afirmao - negao
e) afirmao - dvida - lugar
a) a - h - a a
b) - - - a
c) a - h - a
d) a - a - h -
e) - h - - a
30) Nas oraes:

GABARITO
I - Vou a Curitiba no prximo ms.
II - Fernanda estuda noite.
III - Ele a trouxe de Paris.
IV - Ele beijou a minha mo rapidamente.
1-D
6-E
11 - B
16 - C
21 - C
26 - D
31 - B
temos, respectivamente:
a) preposio, pronome, preposio, artigo
b) artigo, pronome, preposio, pronome
c) pronome, artigo, pronome, preposio
d) preposio, preposio, pronome, artigo
e) artigo, pronome, pronome, artigo
31) As interjeies caramba! e bravo! indicam estado de:
2-D
7-C
12 - C
17 - B
22 - D
27 - C
32 - A
3-B
8-A
13 - A
18 - C
23 - E
28 - A
33 - C
4-C
9-D
14 - E
19 - D
24 - D
29 - B
34 - B
5-A
10 - C
15 - A
20 - A
25 - B
30 - D
35 - E
BIBLIOGRAFIA
a) desejo espanto
b) espanto - aplauso
c) aplauso dor
d) animao - advertncia
e) averso - alegria
Bechara, Evanildo.
Moderna Gramtica Portuguesa Rio de Janeiro: Lucerna,
2005.
32) ........ partir daquele momento, senti que ......... minha

preocupao no era necessria.
Cipro Neto, Pasquale.

Gramtica da lngua portuguesa / Pasquale & Ulisses - Nova
edio conforme o Acordo Ortogrfico - So Paulo: Scipione,
2008.
a) a a
b) - a
c) a
d) -
e) - h
33) Assisti ............... uma pea de teatro ............... cinco
dias atrs.
a) a
b) a -
Cegalla, Domingos Paschoal.

Novssima Gramtica da Lngua Portuguesa So Paulo:
Companhia Editora Nacional, 2002.
Paschoalin, Maria Aparecida.
Gramtica: teoria e exerccios / Paschoalin & Spadoto - So
Paulo: FTD, 1996.
63
Lngua Portuguesa
Infante, Ulisses.
Curso de Gramtica Aplicada aos textos So Paulo: Scipione,
1995.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Barbosa de Souza, Jsus.

Minigramtica / Jsus & Samira - So Paulo: Saraiva, 1997.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Terra, Ernani.
Minigramtica - So Paulo: Scipione, 1995.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Andr, Hildebrando A. de.

Gramtica Ilustrada - So Paulo: Moderna, 1997.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Cereja, William Roberto.

Texto e interao: uma proposta de produo textual
a partir de gneros e projetos / William Roberto Cereja, Thereza Cochar Magalhes - So Paulo: Atual, 2000.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Infante, Ulisses.
Textos: leituras e escritas: literatura, lngua e redao
- So Paulo: Scipione, 2000.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Terra, Ernani
Portugus para o ensino mdio: lngua, literatura e produo
de textos: volume nico / Ernani Terra & Jos Nicola, Floriana
Toscano Cavallete. So Paulo: Scipione, 2002.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Faraco & Moura

Lngua e Literatura / Carlos Emlio Faraco e Francisco Marto
Moura - 20. ed - So Paulo: tica, 2000.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Sargentim, Hermnio
Redao - Coleo Horizontes - So Paulo: IBEP
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
SITES PESQUISADOS
_________________________________________________
http://exercicios.brasilescola.com/gramatica/exercicios-sobrevozes-verbo.htm
http://www.linguacomtexto.com/download/vozes_verbais.htm
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
ANOTAES
_________________________________________________
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t:
NOES BSICAS DE LGICA:

CONECTIVOS, TAUTOLOGIA, CONTRADIES,
PROPOSIES, IMPLICAES, EQUIVALNCIAS, VALORES LGICOS, TABELAS-VERDADE, ARGUMENTOS, SILOGISMO, AFIRMAES
E NEGAES.
INTRODUO
Lgica a cincia que trata dos princpios vlidos
do raciocnio e da argumentao. Seu estudo trata das
formas do pensamento em geral e das operaes
intelectuais que visam determinao do que verdadeiro ou no, ou seja, um encadeamento coerente de
alguma coisa que obedece a certas convenes ou
regras. Assim, o estudo da Lgica um esforo no
sentido de determinar as condies que permitem tirar
de determinadas proposies (ponto ou idia de que se
parte para estruturar um raciocnio), tambm chamadas
de premissas, uma concluso delas derivada.
No Brasil, fala-se espanhol.
u:
Toda ave voa.
v:
O nmero 3 par.
x:
O nmero 7 primo.
z:
O nmero 7 mpar.
Perceba que estamos utilizando uma letra minscula

para nomearmos as proposies, desta forma, quando nos
referirmos na proposio r, estamos nos referindo a "O
nmero 2 primo."
VALORES LGICOS DAS PROPOSIES
Valor lgico a classificao da proposio em
verdadeiro (V) ou falso (F), pelos princpios da no contradio e do terceiro excludo. Sendo assim, a classificao
nica, ou seja, a proposio s pode ser verdadeira ou
falsa.
Para as proposies utilizadas no tpico anterior, os
valores lgicos so:
r:
O nmero 2 primo. (Verdadeiro)
s:
Marte o planeta vermelho. (Verdadeiro)
t:
No Brasil, fala-se espanhol. (Falso)
u:
Toda ave voa. (Falso)
v:
O nmero 3 par. (Falso)
PROPOSIES
x:
O nmero 7 primo. (Verdadeiro)
A proposio todo o enunciado com palavras e/ou

smbolos que representam um pensamento de sentido
completo.
z:
O nmero 7 mpar. (Verdadeiro)
ESTRUTURAS LGICAS
CONCEITOS INICIAIS DO RACIOCNIO LGICO
CONECTIVOS
Toda proposio uma representao lgica do juzo
que afirma (valor lgico verdadeiro) ou nega (valor lgico
falso) a identidade representativa de dois conceitos. As
regras que determinam quais as proposies que devem
ser verdadeiras constituem a lgica matemtica.
Assim sendo, tm-se exemplos de proposies
abaixo:
5 > 1 (valor lgico verdadeiro)
5 = 1 (valor lgico falso)
No caso das proposies, a lgica matemtica tem
como base dois princpios:
&
&
As proposies podem ser conectadas atravs dos

seguintes conectivos: e, ou, no, se... ento..., ... se e
somente se...
Os conectivos so representados por smbolos, como
mostra a tabela abaixo:
Princpio da no-contradio:
"Uma proposio no pode ser verdadeira e falsa ao
mesmo tempo".
Conectivo
Smbolo
Princpio do terceiro excludo:

"Toda proposio ou falsa ou verdadeira, no
existe uma terceira opo".
ou
no
~ ou
se... ento

Outros exemplos de proposies:

r:
s:
Conectivo tudo aquilo que estabelece uma conexo, isto , que une uma coisa a outra. Na lgica, o conectivo um termo ou smbolo dele, que relaciona proposies
de modo tal que a verdade ou inverdade da afirmao
resultante determinada pela verdade ou inverdade dos
seus componentes.
O nmero 2 primo.
Marte o planeta vermelho.
/yJLFD
... se e somente se...
PROPOSIES SIMPLES E COMPOSTAS
e)
As proposies so classificadas em simples e

compostas:
g)
Proposies Simples ou Atmica: so as proposies formadas por uma nica proposio, ou seja, no
contm nenhuma outra como parte integrante de si mesma.
Essas proposies so nomeadas por letras minsculas do
alfabeto:
a, b, c,..., p, q,...
Proposies Composta ou Molecular: So as
proposies formadas por combinaes de duas ou mais
proposies simples. Tais combinaes so feitas atravs
dos conectivos. Essas proposies so nomeadas por
letras maisculas do alfabeto: A, B, C,..., P, Q,...
A partir das proposies simples citadas acima, podese gerar, utilizando conectivos, outras compostas como:
W:
O nmero 2 primo e o nmero 7 mpar.
Y:
O nmero 3 par ou o nmero 7 primo.
D:
Se o nmero 7 primo ento ele mpar.
K:
O nmero 3 par se e somente se for mltiplo de 2.
Utilizando os smbolos que representam os conectivos tem-se que as proposies compostas acima podem
ser escritas como:
f)
h)
P Y (Q Z R)
(P Q) Y R
(P Q) Y (~R Y S)
P ((Q Y Q) Z S)
Resoluo:
a)
Se h nuvens, chover.
b)
Se aparecerem nuvens hoje, amanh no teremos

bom tempo.
c)
No teremos bom tempo amanh pois chover e

ventar.
d)
Se no surgirem nuvens hoje, amanh teremos bom

tempo.
e)
H nuvens, de modo que teremos chuva ou vento.
f)
Se h nuvens, chover; ou teremos vento.
g)
Teremos nuvens hoje se e somente se chover; mas

no teremos vento e teremos bom tempo amanh.
h)
Nuvens hoje se e s se amanh chover, mas sem

vento, ou fizer bom tempo.
Exemplo 2: Considerando as proposies simples:
P:
O estudante comete erros.
W:
rYz
Q:
H motivao para o estudo.
Y:
vZx
R:
O estudante aprende a matria.
D:
xz
K:
va
Os valores lgicos das proposies W, Y, D e K so

respectivamente V, V, F, V.
Para se formar proposies compostas utiliza-se
apenas os conectivos, e, ou, se... ento, se e somente se;
no se utiliza o conectivo no; basicamente, a partir de um
proposio possvel construir uma negao e com duas
ou mais proposies pode-se formar estruturas conhecidas
como:
&
conjunes (r e z)
&
disjunes (r ou z)
&
condicionais (se r, ento z)
&
bicondicionais (r se e somente se z)
P:
Simbolizar:
a)
Se o estudante no comete erros, aprende a matria.
b)
Se h motivao para o estudo, o estudante no

comete erros.
c)
Se no h motivao para o estudo, ento o estudante comete erros ou no aprende a matria.
d)
Se o estudante comete erros, ento, se no h

motivao para o estudo, o estudante no aprende a
matria.
e)
O estudante no comete erros ou aprende a matria

se h motivao para o estudo.
f)
O estudante comete erros; alm disso, h motivao

para o estudo e o estudante aprende a matria.
Resoluo:
a)
b)
Exemplo 1: Considerando as proposies simples:
c)
h nuvens hoje
d)
Q:
chover
R:
ventar
S:
far bom tempo amanh
~PR
Q~P
~ Q (P Z ~ R)
P (~ Q ~ R)
e)
Q (~ P Z R)
f)
P Y (Q Y R)
EXERCCIOS DE FIXAO:
Conectivos
Traduza as proposies moleculares abaixo.

a)
PQ
b)
P~Q
c)
~ S Y (Q Y R)
d)
~PS
1)
Considerando as proposies simples:

P:
Q:
R:
S:
T:
Paulo aprovado no exame.

Paulo conclui a sua tese.
Paulo recebe o ttulo de doutor.
Paulo lecionar na faculdade.
Paulo ensinar no colgio.
/yJLFD
Traduza as proposies moleculares abaixo.
a)
(P Y Q) Z ~ R
b)
(~ P Y ~ Q) ~ S
c)
(P Y Q Y R) ~ T
d)
R (S Y ~ T)
e)
R (P Y Q)
f)
~ P (~ R Y S)
g)
S (P Y Q Y R)
h)
2)
T~R
Considerando as proposies simples:

P:
Q:
R:
S:
Paulo diminui os erros cometidos.

H motivao para o estudo.
Paulo aprendeu a matria.
O professor bom.
TABELA-VERDADE E
QUESTES DE ASSOCIAO
Da mesma forma que as proposies simples podem
ser verdadeiras ou falsas, as proposies compostas
podem tambm ser verdadeiras ou falsas. O valor-verdade
de uma expresso que representa uma proposio composta depende dos valores-verdade das subexpresses que a
compem e tambm a forma pela qual elas foram compostas.
As tabelas-verdade explicitam a relao entre os
valores-verdade de uma expresso composta em termos
dos valores-verdade das subexpresses e variveis que a
compem.
Na tabela seguinte, encontra-se todos os valores
Lgicos possveis de uma proposio composta correspondente das proposies simples abaixo:
p:
Evandro estudioso.
q:
Ele passar no concurso.
Simbolizar:
a)
Se o professor bom, Paulo aprende a matria.
b)
Se o professor no bom, no h motivao

para ao estudar.
c)
O professor bom, h motivao para estudar

e, alm disso, Paulo aprende a matria
d)
Paulo no aprendeu a matria, ele no diminuiu os erros cometidos.
e)
Se Paulo no diminuiu os erros cometidos, o

professor no era bom ou no havia motivao
para estudar.
f)
Paulo aprende a matria ou diminui os erros

cometidos.
Respostas:
1)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
2)
Paulo aprovado no exame e concluiu sua

tese ou no recebe o ttulo de doutor.
Paulo no aprovado no exame e no conclui
sua tese somente se no lecionar na faculdade.
Paulo aprovado no concurso, conclui a tese
e recebe o ttulo de doutor somente se no
ensinar no colgio.
Paulo recebe o ttulo de doutor somente se
lecionar na faculdade e no ensinar no colgio.
Paulo recebe o ttulo de doutor somente se
aprovado no concurso e concluir a tese.
Paulo no aprovado no concurso somente se
no receber o ttulo de doutor e lecionar na
faculdade.
Paulo lecionar na faculdade se e somente se
for aprovado no concurso, concluir a tese e
receber o ttulo de doutor.
Paulo ensinar no colgio se e somente se no
lecionar na faculdade.
a)
RS
b)
~Q~S
S ^ Q ^ R d)
~R^~P
~ P (~ S v ~ Q)
RvP
c)
e)
f)
/yJLFD
Teorema do nmero de linhas da tabela-verdade

A tabela-verdade lista todas as possveis combinaes de valores-verdade V e F para as variveis envolvidas
na expresso cujo valor lgico deseja-se deduzir. A tabelaverdade de uma proposio composta com n proposies
simples componentes contm 2n linhas. Ou seja, cada
proposio simples tem dois valores V ou F, que se excluem. Para n proposio simples (atmicas) distintas, h
tantas possibilidades quantos so os arranjos com repetio de (V e F) elementos n a n. Segue-se que o nmero de
linhas da tabela-verdade 2n. Assim, para duas proposies so 4 linhas; para trs proposies so 8; etc.
Ento, para se construir uma tabela-verdade procede
se da seguinte maneira:
1-
Determina-se o nmero de linhas da tabela-verdade

que se quer construir;
2-
Observa-se a precedncia entre os conectivos, isto

, determina-se a forma das proposies que ocorrem no problema;
3-
Aplicam-se as definies das proposies Lgicas

que o problema exigir.
Operaes lgicas sobre as proposies

e sua tabela-verdade
Uma srie de operaes realizada quando se
analisam as proposies e seus respectivos conectivos.
a-
Conjuno (Y
Y)
A conjuno de duas proposies p e q, indicada por
p Y q (l-se: "p e q") , por definio, a proposio
que verdadeira s quando o forem verdadeiras as
proposies componentes. A tabela-verdade para a
conjuno de duas proposies dada a seguir:
p Y q:
b-
pYq
RESPOSTAS:
a) F b) V c) F d) V e) V f) V g) F h) F i) V j) F
pZq
NEGAES
A negao de uma proposio p, indicada por ~ p (lse: "no p") , por definio, a proposio que verdadeira
ou falsa conforme p falsa ou verdadeira, de maneira que
se p verdade ento ~ p falso, e vice-versa. Os possveis
valores lgicos para a negao so dados pela tabelaverdade abaixo:
Evandro estudioso ou ele passar no

concurso.
Condicional ()
p q:
2 + 2 = 5 e 3 + 4 = 10.
O dobro de 3 6 ou o triplo de 4 10.
Se 2 + 2 = 4, ento 3 + 3 = 9.
Se 2 + 2 = 4, ento 5 + 5 = 10.
3 + 3 = 6 e o triplo de 5 15.
3 + 5 igual a 12 ou 3 + 55 diferente de 12.
3 + 5 = 10 ou 5 + 3 = 10.
Se 2 + 2 = 4, ento a Lua cilndrica.
6 + 6 = 8 se e somente se a Lua cilndrica.
5 o dobro de 2 se e somente se 9 o triplo de 3.
A proposio condicional, indicada por p q (l-se:

"Se p ento q") , por definio, a proposio que
falsa quando p verdadeira e q falsa, mas ela
verdadeira nos demais casos. A tabela-verdade para
a proposio condicional dada a seguir:
p
pq
Se Evandro estudioso, ento ele passar no concurso. Ou seja, p condio

suficiente para q e q condio necessria para p.
~p
p:
Evandro estudioso.
~ p: Evandro no estudioso.
Exemplo 1: Representar as sentenas abaixo
usando smbolos adequados:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Pedro no foi festa.

No fato que as baleias sejam peixes.
No se d que haja prisioneiros.
No verdade que 2+2=5.
Resoluo:
a)
b)
c)
d)
no (Pedro foi festa). ~ F

no (as baleias so peixes). ~ B
no (haja prisioneiros). ~ P
no (2+2=5). ~ C
EXERCCIOS DE FIXAO:
Negaes
Bicondicional ()
A proposio bicondicional, indicada por p q (l-se:
"p se e somente se q") , por definio, a proposio
que verdadeira somente quando p e q tm o
mesmo valor lgico. A tabela-verdade para a proposio bicondicional dada a seguir:
p q:
Determinar o valor verdade de cada qual dos seguintes compostos:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Disjuno (Z
Z)
p Z q:
d-
1)
Evandro estudioso e passar no concurso.
A disjuno de duas proposies p e q, indicada por

pZq (l-se: "p ou q"), , por definio, a proposio que
verdadeira sempre que pelo menos uma das proposies componentes o for. A tabela-verdade para a
disjuno de duas proposies dada a seguir:
c-
EXERCCIOS DE FIXAO:
Tabela-Verdade
pq
Evandro estudioso se e somente se ele

passar no concurso. Ou seja, p condio
necessria e suficiente para q.
1)
Passe as proposies para a negativa e simbolize-as.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Joo bonito.
O Brasil foi campeo.
Pedro e Ana so namorados.
Marta no perdeu a prova.
Aline muito simptica.
2 + 5 = 12.
RESPOSTAS:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
~ J onde, J: Joo bonito.

~ B onde, B: O Brasil foi campeo.
~ P onde, P: Pedro e Ana so namorados.
M onde, M: Marta perdeu a prova.
~ A onde, A: Aline muito simptica.
~ C onde, C: 2 + 5 = 12.
/yJLFD
TAUTOLOGIA
~p
p (~p)
Etimologicamente, a palavra tautologia formada por

dois radicais gregos: taut (o) - que significa "o mesmo" e
logia que significa "o que diz a mesma coisa j dita. Para
a lgica, a tautologia uma proposio analtica que
permanece sempre verdadeira, uma vez que o atributo
uma repetio do sujeito, ou seja, o uso de palavras
diferentes para expressar uma mesma idia; redundncia,
pleonasmo.
Exemplo: O sal salgado

Uma proposio composta P (p, q, r, ...) uma
tautologia se P (p, q, r, ...) tem valor lgico V quaisquer que
sejam os valores lgicos das proposies componentes p,
q, r, ..., ou seja, uma tautologia conter apenas V na ltima
coluna da sua tabela-verdade.
Resumidamente, temos:
tautologia contendo apenas V na ltima coluna da

sua tabela-verdade;
contradio contendo apenas F na ltima coluna de

sua tabela-verdade;
contingncia contendo V e F na ltima coluna de

sua tabela-verdade.
Exemplo:
A proposio "p ou no p, isto , p (~p) uma
tautologia. De fato, a tabela-verdade de p (~p) :
p
~p
p (~p)
Tautologia
Contradio
Contingncia
V/F
ALGUMAS QUESTES
DE CONCURSOS ANTERIORES
1)
CONTRADIO
(TRT-9R-2004-FCC) Considere a seguinte proposio: "na eleio para a prefeitura, o candidato A ser
eleito ou no ser eleito. Do ponto de vista lgico, a
afirmao da proposio caracteriza:
A contradio uma relao de incompatibilidade

entre duas proposies que no podem ser simultaneamente verdadeiras nem simultaneamente falsas, por apresentarem o mesmo sujeito e o mesmo predicado, mas diferirem
ao mesmo tempo em quantidade e qualidade.
a)
um silogismo.
b)
uma tautologia.
c)
uma equivalncia.
d)
uma contingncia.
Exemplo: Todos os homens so mortais e alguns

homens no so mortais.
e)
uma contradio.
H uma relao de incompatibilidade entre dois

termos em que a afirmao de um implica a negao do
outro e reciprocamente.
Uma proposio composta P (p, q, r, ...) uma
contradio se P (p, q, r, ...) tem valor lgico F quaisquer
que sejam os valores lgicos das proposies componentes
p, q, r, ..., ou seja, uma contradio conter apenas F na
ltima coluna da sua tabela-verdade.
Resoluo: Com a finalidade de montarmos a tabela

verdade para verificar se a proposio apresentada no
enunciado da questo uma tautologia ou uma contradio, definiremos a seguinte proposio simples:
p: o candidato A ser eleito
Ento, a sentena "o candidato A ser eleito OU
no ser eleito passar ser representada simbolicamente
como: p ~p.
Exemplo:
Construindo a tabela- verdade, teremos que:
A proposio "p e no p, isto , p (~p) uma

contradio. De fato, a tabela-verdade de p (~p) :
p
~p
p (~p)
~p
p ~p
Como a ltima linha desta tabela-verdade s apresenta o valor lgico Verdadeiro, temos uma tautologia.
Ento, a alternativa correta a letra b.
CONTINGNCIA
Chama-se contingncia toda a proposio composta
em cuja ltima coluna de sua tabela-verdade figuram as
letras V e F cada uma pelo menos uma vez. Em outros
termos, contingncia toda proposio composta que no
tautologia nem contradio. As contingncias so tambm
denominadas proposies contingentes ou proposies
indeterminadas.
&
2)
(Fiscal Trabalho 98 ESAF) Um exemplo de tautologia

:
a)
b)
c)
Exemplo:
d)
A proposio "se p ento ~p, isto , p (~p) uma

contingncia. De fato, a tabela-verdade de p (~p) :
e)
/yJLFD
se Joo alto, ento Joo alto ou Guilherme

gordo
se Joo alto, ento Joo alto e Guilherme
gordo
se Joo alto ou Guilherme gordo, ento
Guilherme gordo
se Joo alto ou Guilherme gordo, ento
Joo alto e Guilherme gordo
se Joo alto ou no alto, ento Guilherme
gordo
O argumento pode ser representado por:
Resoluo: Para simplificar e facilitar esta resoluo,

assume-se as seguintes proposies simples:
p:
q:
Joo alto.
Guilherme gordo.
Da, utilizando essas definies feitas acima para as

proposies p e q, as alternativas da questo podero ser
reescritas, simbolicamente, como:
a)
p (p q) (=se Joo alto, ento Joo alto ou

Guilherme gordo)
b)
p (p q) (=se Joo alto, ento Joo alto e

Guilherme gordo)
c)
(p q) q (=se Joo alto ou Guilherme gordo,

ento Guilherme gordo)
d)
(p q) (p q) (=se Joo alto ou Guilherme

gordo, ento Joo alto e Guilherme gordo)
e)
(p ~p) q (=se Joo alto ou no alto, ento

Guilherme gordo)
O que resta ser feito agora testar as alternativas,

procurando por aquela que seja uma Tautologia. Para isso,
constri-se a tabela-verdade de cada opo de resposta.
Teste da alternativa "a: p (p q)
p
(p q)
p (p q)
J chegamos resposta! Observe que a ltima

coluna da tabela-verdade acima s apresentou valores
lgicos verdadeiros. Com isso, conclumos: a proposio
da opo a Se Joo alto, ento Joo alto ou Guilherme gordo uma tautologia.
Resposta: letra a
LGICA DE ARGUMENTAO
VERDADES E MENTIRAS
Por exemplo:
p1:
Toda baleia mamfero.
p2:
Ora, nenhum mamfero peixe.
q:
Logo, a baleia no peixe.
No exemplo, h trs proposies em que a ltima, a

concluso, deriva logicamente das duas anteriores (premissas).
Nem sempre a argumentao se formaliza claramente como no exemplo citado. Quando expomos nossas
idias, seja oralmente ou por escrito, s vezes comeamos
pela concluso, alm do mais, com freqncia, omitimos
premissas, deixando-as subentendidas. Costumamos
tambm concatenar argumentos de modo que a concluso
de um pode ser a premissa de outro. Por isso, um dos
trabalhos do lgico montar o raciocnio redescobrindo sua
estrutura e avaliando a validade da concluso.
importante salientar que embora um argumento
seja um conjunto de proposies, nem todos os conjuntos
de proposies so argumentos. Por exemplo, o seguinte
conjunto de proposies no um argumento:
Eu almoo na minha me, mas o Lo no.
O Gabriel come pipocas no cinema.
O Rodrigo foi ao museu.
Nesse caso, no temos um argumento, porque no
h nenhuma pretenso de justificar uma proposio com
base nas outras. Nem h nenhuma pretenso de apresentar
um conjunto de proposies com alguma relao entre si.
H apenas uma seqncia de afirmaes. E um argumento
, como j vimos, um conjunto de proposies em que se
pretende que uma delas seja sustentada ou justificada
pelas outras o que no acontece no exemplo anterior.
Importante: um argumento pode ter uma ou mais
premissas, mas s pode ter uma concluso.
Sabe-se que o objetivo da lgica consiste no estudo

das formas de argumentao vlidas, pois ela estuda e
sistematiza a validade ou invalidade da argumentao.
Exemplos de argumentos com uma s premissa:

1)
Dessa maneira, o objeto de estudo da lgica

determinar se a concluso de um argumento ou no uma
conseqncia lgica das proposies. Lembre-se que uma
proposio (declarao/afirmao) uma sentena que
pode ser verdadeira ou falsa.
2)
ARGUMENTO
Um argumento possui uma estrutura de rigor
constituda por proposies em uma seqncia na qual uma
delas a concluso e as demais so premissas (etimologicamente, "que foram colocadas antes). Assim sendo, a
ltima proposio (concluso) , de alguma forma, justificada pelas anteriores (premissas). A verdade das premissas
de algum modo leva a crer que a concluso verdadeira.
Assim, o conjunto de proposies p1, p2, p3, ..., pn que
tem como conseqncia outra proposio q. Chamaremos
as proposies p1, p2, p3, ..., pn de premissas do argumento,
e a proposio q de concluso do argumento.
premissa
premissa
concluso
Premissa: Todos os brasileiros so sul-americanos.

Concluso:
Logo, alguns sul-americanos so

brasileiros.
Premissa:
O Victor e o Andr so alunos do

1. ano.
Concluso:
Logo, o Victor aluno do 1. ano.
Exemplos de argumentos com duas premissas:

1)
2)
Premissa 1:
Se o Andr um aluno do 1. ano,

ento estuda filosofia.
Premissa 2:
O Andr um aluno do 1. ano.
Concluso:
Logo, o Andr estuda filosofia.
Premissa 1:
Todos os homens so imortais.
Premissa 2:
Scrates homem.
Concluso:
Portanto, Scrates imortal.
/yJLFD
Nas proposies, h alguns indicadores de concluso. Os dois mais utilizados so "logo" e "portanto". Um
indicador um articulador do discurso, uma palavra ou
expresso que utilizamos para introduzir uma razo (uma
premissa) ou uma concluso. O quadro seguinte apresenta
alguns indicadores de premissa e de concluso:
Indicadores de premissa Indicadores de concluso
pois
porque
dado que
como foi dito
visto que
devido a
a razo que
admitindo que
sabendo-se que
assumindo que
por isso
por conseguinte
implica que
logo
portanto
ento
da que
segue-se que
pode-se inferir que
conseqentemente
claro que nem sempre as premissas e a concluso

so precedidas por indicadores.
PROPOSIES E FRASES
Um argumento um conjunto de proposies. Quer
as premissas quer a concluso de um argumento so
proposies. Mas o que mesmo uma proposio?
Uma proposio o pensamento que uma frase
declarativa exprime literalmente.
No confunda proposies com frases. Uma frase
uma entidade lingstica, a unidade gramatical mnima de
sentido. Por exemplo, o conjunto de palavras "O Brasil um"
no uma frase. Mas o conjunto de palavras "O Brasil um
pas uma frase, pois j se apresenta com sentido gramatical. H vrios tipos de frases: declarativas, interrogativas,
imperativas e exclamativas. Mas s as frases declarativas
exprimem proposies. Uma frase s exprime uma proposio quando o que ela afirma tem valor de verdade.
Por exemplo, as seguintes frases no exprimem
proposies, porque no tm valor de verdade, isto , no
so verdadeiras nem falsas:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Que horas so?

Traz a apostila.
Prometo ir ao shopping.
Quem me dera gostar de Matemtica.
Mas as frases seguintes exprimem proposies,

porque tm valor de verdade, isto , so verdadeiras ou
falsas, ainda que, acerca de algumas, no saibamos, neste
momento, se so verdadeiras ou falsas:
1)
2)
3)
4)
O Brasil fica na Amrica do Norte.

Braslia a capital do Brasil.
A neve branca.
H seres extra-terrestres inteligentes.
A frase 1 falsa, a 2 e a 3 so verdadeiras. E a 4?

Bem, no sabemos qual o seu valor de verdade, no
sabemos se verdadeira ou falsa, mas sabemos que tem
de ser verdadeira ou falsa. Por isso, tambm exprime uma
proposio.
Uma proposio uma entidade abstrata, o
pensamento que uma frase declarativa exprime literalmente. Ora, um mesmo pensamento pode ser expresso por
diferentes frases. Por isso, a mesma proposio pode ser
expressa por diferentes frases. Por exemplo, as frases "O
governo demitiu o presidente da TAP" e "O presidente da
TAP foi demitido pelo governo" exprimem a mesma proposio. As frases seguintes tambm exprimem a mesma
proposio: "A neve branca" e "Snow is white".
/yJLFD
VALIDADE DE UM ARGUMENTO
Todos os seres humanos tm algo a dizer sobre a
realidade que os rodeia e um conjunto de crenas (nem
sempre verdadeiras) acerca do mundo que pretendem
transmitir e partilhar com os seus prximos. No cabe
lgica estabelecer critrios para aceitar uma proposio
como verdadeira, compete-lhe esclarecer em que medida
uma proposio uma conseqncia de um certo conjunto
de outras proposies. Caso o veredicto seja negativo algo
exige reviso.
Este fato permite explicar o interesse de algumas
pessoas particularmente conscientes da importncia da
argumentao em propor um mtodo que permitisse
determinar as circunstncias em que uma inferncia
merece ser considerada vlida. A primeira pessoa a faz-lo
de uma forma sistemtica foi Aristteles, um filsofo grego
da Antiguidade. O seu exemplo foi seguido por vrios outros
filsofos, entre os quais um lgico medieval portugus
chamado Pedro Hispano. Durante o sculo XX o tema
sofreu um desenvolvimento imenso devido, em particular,
descoberta da lgica moderna por Frege.
Nesse sentido, o estudo da lgica desenvolveu-se em
torno de uma idia principal: a idia de validade. Esta uma
idia notvel porque nos permite compreender, entre outras
coisas, a razo pela qual, em certas circunstncias, podemos
confiar nas concluses a que chegamos ao efetuar uma
inferncia, ou seja, a operao intelectual por meio da qual se
afirma a verdade de uma proposio em decorrncia de sua
ligao com outras j reconhecidas como verdadeiras.
A verdade uma propriedade das proposies. A
validade uma propriedade dos argumentos. incorreto
falar em proposies vlidas. As proposies no so
vlidas nem invlidas. As proposies s podem ser
verdadeiras ou falsas. Tambm incorreto dizer que os
argumentos so verdadeiros ou que so falsos. Os argumentos no so verdadeiros nem falsos. Os argumentos
dizem-se vlidos ou invlidos.
Diz-se que um argumento vlido na circunstncia
em que: se as suas premissas so todas verdadeiras, ento
a concluso no pode ser falsa. Repare que, para um
argumento ser vlido, no basta que as premissas e a
concluso sejam verdadeiras. Pois, sendo as premissas
verdadeiras, a concluso jamais seja falsa.
A validade de um argumento dedutivo depende da
conexo lgica entre as premissas e a concluso do
argumento e no do valor de verdade das proposies que
constituem o argumento. Como j foi dito, a validade uma
propriedade diferente da verdade. A verdade uma propriedade das proposies que constituem os argumentos (mas
no dos argumentos) e a validade uma propriedade dos
argumentos (mas no das proposies). Sendo assim,
pode-se ter as seguintes combinaes para os argumentos
vlidos dedutivos:
a)
Premissas verdadeiras e concluso verdadeira.

Exemplo:
Todos os apartamentos so pequenos. (V)
Todos os apartamentos so lares. (V)
j Alguns lares so pequenos. (V)
b)
Algumas ou todas as premissas falsas e uma

concluso verdadeira.
Exemplo:
Todos os peixes tm asas. (F)
Todos os pssaros so peixes. (F)
j Todos os pssaros tm asas. (V)
c)
Algumas ou todas as premissas falsas e uma

concluso falsa.
Exemplo:
Todos os peixes tm asas. (F)
Todos os ces so peixes. (F)
j Todos os ces tm asas. (F)
Ento, vejamos:
Todos os argumentos acima so vlidos, pois se

suas premissas fossem verdadeiras ento as concluses
tambm as seriam.
Lembre-se que um argumento vlido somente
quando todas as suas premissas forem verdadeiras o que
acarretar numa concluso tambm verdadeira. Portanto,
um argumento no vlido se existir a possibilidade de
suas premissas serem verdadeiras e sua concluso falsa.
Se Paulo for reprovado no concurso, ento ser

demitido do servio.
Paulo foi reprovado no concurso.
j Paulo ser demitido do servio.
Esse argumento evidentemente vlido e sua forma
pode ser escrita da seguinte forma:
Observe que a validade do argumento depende

apenas da estrutura dos enunciados. Exemplos:
Observe que no precisamos de nenhum conhecimento aprofundado sobre o assunto para concluir que o
argumento acima vlido. Substituindo mulheres, bonitas
e princesas por A, B e C teremos respectivamente:
Todos os A so B.
Todos os C so A.
j Todos os C so B.
Os argumentos so divididos em dois grupos:
Exemplo: "Se ele me ama, ento casa comigo

equivalente a "Se ele no casa comigo,
ento ele no me ama.
Ento, vejamos o exemplo do modus tollens.
Se aumentamos os meios de pagamentos, ento

haver inflao.
No h inflao
j No aumentamos os meios de pagamentos.

pode ser escrita da seguinte maneira:
~q
j ~p
O primeiro argumento dedutivo vlido que discutiremos chama-se "afirmao do antecedente, (tambm
conhecido como modus ponens).
ou
~q
j ~p
Existe tambm um tipo de argumento vlido conhecido pelo nome de dilema.

Geralmente, esse argumento ocorre quando algum
forado a escolher entre duas alternativas indesejveis.
Exemplo: Jos se inscreveu no concurso da Prefeitura Municipal de So Paulo, porm no
gostaria de sair de Ribeiro Preto, e seus
colegas de trabalho esto torcendo por
ele.
Portanto, nos argumentos indutivos, a concluso

possui informaes que ultrapassam as fornecidas nas
premissas. Sendo assim, no se aplica, ento, a definio
de argumentos vlidos ou no vlidos para argumentos
indutivos.
A noo de argumentos vlidos ou no vlidos aplica-se apenas aos argumentos dedutivos, e tambm que a
validade depende apenas da forma do argumento e no dos
respectivos valores verdades das premissas. Vimos, tambm,
que no podemos ter um argumento vlido com premissas
verdadeiras e concluso falsa. A seguir exemplificaremos
alguns argumentos dedutivos vlidos importantes.
p_q
Se p ento q
O argumento ser indutivo quando suas premissas

no fornecerem o apoio completo para ratificar as concluses.
ARGUMENTOS DEDUTIVOS VLIDOS
jq
No exemplo anterior, p _ q equivalente a ~p _ ~q.

Essa equivalncia chamada de contra-positiva.
Exemplo: Todo ser humano tm pai.

Todos os homens so humanos.
j Todos os homens tm pai.
Exemplo: O So Paulo um bom time de futebol.

O Palmeiras um bom time de futebol.
O Corinthians um bom time de futebol.
O Santos um bom time de futebol.
j Todos os times paulistas de futebol so
bons.
Outro argumento dedutivo vlido a "negao do

conseqente (tambm conhecido como modus tollens).
dedutivos
indutivos
O argumento ser dedutivo quando suas premissas

fornecerem prova conclusiva da veracidade da concluso,
isto , o argumento dedutivo quando a concluso
completamente derivada das premissas.
ou
jq
Logo o que importante a forma do argumento e

no o conhecimento de A, B e C, isto , esse argumento
vlido para quaisquer A, B e C e, portanto a validade
conseqncia da forma do argumento. O atributo validade
aplica-se apenas aos argumentos dedutivos.
ARGUMENTOS DEDUTIVOS E INDUTIVOS
p_q
Se p ento q
Todas os mulheres so bonitas.

Todas as rainhas so mulheres.
j Todas as rainhas so bonitas.
Eis o dilema de Jos:
Ou Jos passa ou no passa no concurso.

-
Se Jos passar no concurso vai ter que ir

embora de Ribeiro Preto.
Se Jos no passar no concurso ficar com

vergonha diante dos colegas de trabalho.
j Ou Jos vai embora de Ribeiro Preto ou Joo

ficar com vergonha dos colegas de trabalho.
pode ser escrita da seguinte maneira:
/yJLFD
ou p ou q
Se p, ento r
Se q, ento s
(p ~ q) (~q ~p)
p_r
p_s
ou
j ou r ou s
Exemplo: Se Joo parar de fumar, ele engordar.

Joo no parou de fumar.
j Joo no engordar.
Observe que temos a forma:
j (r ~s) (~r s)
p_q
Se p ento q
ARGUMENTOS DEDUTIVOS NO VLIDOS
Os argumentos dedutivos no vlidos podem combinar verdade ou falsidade das premissas de qualquer
maneira com a verdade ou falsidade da concluso.
Assim, podemos ter, por exemplo, argumentos novlidos com premissas e concluses verdadeiras, porm as
premissas no sustentam a concluso.
Exemplo: Todos os mamferos so mortais. (V)
Todos os gatos so mortais. (V)
j Todos os gatos so mamferos. (V)
Esse argumento tem a forma:
Todos os A so B.
Todos os C so B.
j Todos os C so A.
Podemos, facilmente, mostrar que este argumento
no-vlido, pois as premissas no sustentam a concluso,
e veremos ento que podemos ter as premissas verdadeiras e a concluso falsa, nesta forma, bastando substituir A
por mamfero, B por mortais e C por cobra.
~p
j ~q
ou
~p
j ~q
Esse argumento uma falcia, pois podemos ter as

premissas verdadeiras e a concluso falsa.
ANALOGIA
A analogia (ou raciocnio por semelhana) uma
induo parcial ou imperfeita, na qual passamos de um ou
de alguns fatos singulares no a uma concluso universal,
mas a uma outra enunciao singular ou particular, inferida
em virtude da comparao entre objetos que, embora
diferentes, apresentam pontos de semelhana:
Exemplo: Pedro sarou de suas dores de cabea
com este remdio.
Logo, Antnio h de sarar de suas dores
de cabea com este mesmo remdio.
claro que o raciocnio por semelhana fornece
apenas uma probabilidade, no uma certeza. Grande parte
de nossas concluses dirias baseia-se na analogia.
Todos os mamferos so mortais. (V)

Todas as cobras so mortais. (V)
j Todas as cobras so mamferas. (F)
SILOGISMO
Com as premissas verdadeiras e a concluso falsa

nunca pode ocorrer que o argumento seja vlido, ento
esse argumento no-vlido, chamaremos os argumentos
no-vlidos de falcias.
Segundo o aristotelismo, silogismo ("ligao) o

raciocnio dedutivo estruturado formalmente a partir de duas
proposies, ditas premissas, das quais, por inferncia, se
obtm necessariamente uma terceira, chamada concluso.
A falcia um tipo de raciocnio incorreto, embora

tenha a aparncia de correo. conhecida tambm como
sofisma ou paralogismo, e alguns estudiosos fazem a
distino entre eles, dando ao sofisma o sentido pejorativo
decorrente da inteno de enganar o interlocutor, enquanto
no paralogismo no haveria essa inteno.
Por exemplo, quando dizemos "se x = y, e y = z,

ento x = z, h um termo mdio (y), que estabelece a
ligao entre x e z, de modo que a concluso se torna
necessria, ou seja, tem de ser esta e no outra. Alm
disso, o enunciado da concluso no excede o contedo
das premissas, isto , no diz mais na concluso do que j
foi dito.
A seguir examinaremos algumas falcias conhecidas

que ocorrem com muita freqncia.
O primeiro caso de argumento dedutivo no-vlido
que veremos o que chamamos de "falcia da afirmao
do conseqente.
Assim, quando dizemos: "Todos os homens so

mortais / Scrates homem / Logo, Scrates mortal, a
concluso necessria porque deriva das premissas.
Vejamos esse raciocnio representado no esquema:
Por exemplo:
Se ele me ama ento ele casa comigo.
Ele casa comigo.
j Ele me ama.
Podemos escrever esse argumento como:
p_q
Se p ento q
q
jp
ou
jp
Esse argumento uma falcia, podemos ter as

premissas verdadeiras e a concluso falsa.
Outro exemplo:
Outra falcia que ocorre com freqncia a conhecida por "falcia da negao do antecedente.
Todos os homens so mortais.

Os gregos so homens.
Logo, os gregos so mortais.
/yJLFD
Podemos, ainda, dizer que o silogismo um raciocnio que parte de uma proposio geral e conclui outra
proposio geral (que tambm pode ser particular).
Uma proposio geral quando o sujeito da proposio tomado na sua totalidade. Por exemplo: "Toda baleia
mamfero. preciso prestar ateno, pois s vezes
usamos apenas o artigo definido (o, a) para indicar a
totalidade: "O homem livre. Observe, tambm, que no
importa se nos referimos a uma parte de outra totalidade; se
na proposio tomamos todos os elementos que a constituem, trata-se de uma proposio geral. Na proposio "Os
paulistas so sul-americanos, no importa que os paulistas
sejam uma parte dos brasileiros, mas que nesse caso
estamos nos referindo totalidade dos paulistas.
5.
De duas premissas particulares no poder haver

concluso;
6.
Se h uma premissa particular, a concluso ser

particular;
7.
Se h uma premissa particular negativa a concluso

ser particular negativa.
EXERCCIOS SOBRE A
LGICA DE ARGUMENTAO:
1)
Uma proposio particular quando o sujeito da

proposio tomado em apenas uma parte indeterminada:
"Alguns homens so injustos; "Certas pessoas so curiosas. Uma proposio particular pode ser singular quando
o sujeito se refere a um indivduo: "Esta flor bonita; "So
Paulo uma bela cidade; "Mrio estudante.
No exemplo, a seguir, a primeira deduo tem concluso geral; e no segundo caso, a concluso particular:
Todo brasileiro sul-americano.
Algum brasileiro ndio
Algum ndio sul-americano.
verdade que a deduo um modelo de rigor. Mas
tambm estril, na medida em que no nos ensina nada
de novo, e apenas organiza o conhecimento j adquirido.
Portanto, ela no inova, o que no significa que a deduo
no tenha valor algum.
Em sntese, chamaremos de silogismo o argumento
formado por duas premissas e uma concluso, de modo
que todas as premissas envolvidas so categricas de
forma tpica.
a)
vejo Carlos, e no estou deprimida, e chove, e

faz calor.
b)
no vejo Carlos, e estou deprimida, e chove, e

faz calor.
c)
vejo Carlos, e no estou deprimida, e no

chove, e faz calor.
d)
no vejo Carlos, e estou deprimida, e no

chove, e no faz calor.
e)
vejo Carlos, e estou deprimida, e no chove, e

faz calor.
Resoluo: Observe o conectivo "se ento trata-se

de um condicional, que pode ser substitudo por Quando
condio suficiente ento condio necessria.
O argumento formado pelas seguintes premissas:
Tm-se, tambm, os trs termos:
p1:
Quando no vejo Carlos ento no passeio ou fico

deprimida
Termo menor sujeito da concluso.

Termo maior predicado da concluso.
Termo mdio o termo que aparece uma vez em
cada premissa e no aparece na concluso.
p2:
Quando chove ento no passeio e fico deprimida
p3:
Quando no faz calor e passeio ento no vejo

Carlos
p4:
Quando no chove e estou deprimida ento no

passeio
p5:
Hoje, passeio
Chamaremos de premissa maior a que contm o

termo maior e premissa menor a que contm o termo
menor.
Exemplo: Todas as mulheres so bonitas.
Todas as rainhas so mulheres.
j Todas as princesas so bonitas.
Termo menor:
Termo maior:
Termo mdio:
as rainhas
bonitas
mulheres
Premissa menor:
todas as rainhas so mulheres.
Premissa maior:
todas as mulheres so bonitas.
Algumas regras para a validade de um silogismo:
1.
Todo silogismo deve conter somente trs termos;
2.
O termo mdio deve ser universal pelo menos uma

vez;
3.
O termo mdio no pode constar na concluso;
4.
Nenhum silogismo categrico de forma tpica que

tenha duas premissas negativas vlido.

(Questo 66 da Prova de Tcnico do MPU) Quando

no vejo Carlos, no passeio ou fico deprimida.
Quando chove, no passeio e fico deprimida. Quando no faz calor e passeio, no vejo Carlos. Quando
no chove e estou deprimida, no passeio. Hoje,
passeio. Portanto, hoje
Comearemos da p5 onde sabe-se que passeio. Da

p2 sabe-se que o conseqente do "se ento negado o
antecedente tambm o ser, ou seja, no passeio falso,
o conseqente (no passeio e fico deprimida), ter valor
falso, independentemente do valor lgico da proposio
"fico deprimida, pois se trata de um "e que s ser
verdadeiro se todas as proposies que o formarem forem
verdadeiras, logo chove falso, portanto, no chove. Da p4
tem-se a negao do conseqente do "se ento logo o
antecedente do mesmo dever ser falso, como se trata de
um "e a j sabemos que "no chove restou para que o "e
seja falso que estou deprimida seja falso, logo no estou
deprimida. Da p1 tem-se que o conseqente do "se ento
tem valor lgico falso (no passeio ou fico deprimida = F
F = F) logo o antecedente dever ser falso, ou seja, eu vejo
Carlos. Da p3 sendo o conseqente falso, logo o antecedente ser falso, ento (no faz calor e passeio = F V =
F), logo faz calor.
Dentre as alternativas formadas pelo conectivo "e ser
verdadeira aquelas em que todas as proposies lgicas
forem verdadeiras, ou seja, (vejo Carlos, e no estou deprimida, e no chove, e faz calor = V V V V = V)
ALTERNATIVA C
/yJLFD
2)
(Questo 68 da Prova de Tcnico do MPU) Se

Fulano culpado, ento Beltrano culpado. Se
Fulano inocente, ento ou Beltrano culpado, ou
Sicrano culpado, ou ambos, Beltrano e Sicrano,
so culpados. Se Sicrano inocente, ento Beltrano
inocente. Se Sicrano culpado, ento Fulano
culpado. Logo,
O outro guarda mentiroso?
p4:
Voc veraz?
Ento, uma possvel seqncia de trs perguntas

que logicamente suficiente para assegurar, seja
qual for a natureza dos guardas, que voc identifique
corretamente a porta que leva ao tesouro,
a)
Fulano inocente, e Beltrano inocente, e

Sicrano inocente.
a)
p2 a Cosme, p2 a Damio, p3 a Damio.
b)
Fulano culpado, e Beltrano culpado, e

Sicrano inocente.
b)
c)
p3 a Damio, p2 a Cosme, p3 a Cosme.

p3 a Cosme, p2 a Damio, p4 a Cosme.
c)
Fulano culpado, e Beltrano inocente, e

Sicrano inocente.
d)
Fulano inocente, e Beltrano culpado, e

Sicrano culpado.
d)
e)
p1 a Cosme, p1 a Damio, p2 a Cosme.

p4 a Cosme, p1 a Cosme, p2 a Damio.
e)
Fulano culpado, e Beltrano culpado, e

Sicrano culpado.
Resoluo: Temos as seguintes premissas:

p1:
Se Fulano culpado, ento Beltrano culpado
p2:
Se Fulano inocente, ento ou Beltrano culpado,

ou Sicrano culpado, ou ambos, Beltrano e Sicrano,
so culpados
p3:
Se Sicrano inocente, ento Beltrano inocente.
p4:
Se Sicrano culpado, ento Fulano culpado
Para que o argumento seja vlido todas as premissas

devem ser verdadeiras e a concluso dever ser verdadeira.
Vamos elaborar uma hiptese inicial:
Fulano culpado, se isto ocorrer, condio suficiente para que Beltrano seja culpado, logo Beltrano culpado.
Da p3 tem-se que negando o conseqente do "se
ento devemos negar seu antecedente, logo: Sicrano
culpado. Da p4, ao afirmar o antecedente, tambm afirmo
seu conseqente, logo Fulano culpado. Da p2, conhecemos alguns valores lgicos, logo: (Se Fulano inocente,
ento ou Beltrano culpado, ou Sicrano culpado, ou
ambos, Beltrano e Sicrano, so culpados = F V V = V).
Portanto, ao afirmar que os trs so culpados,
obtemos todas as premissas verdadeiras, tornado o
argumento vlido.
ALTERNATIVA E
3)
p3:
(Questo 70 da Prova de Tcnico do MPU - Problemas com Verdades e Mentiras) Voc est frente
de duas portas. Uma delas conduz a um tesouro; a
outra, a uma sala vazia. Cosme guarda uma das
portas, enquanto Damio guarda a outra. Cada um
dos guardas sempre diz a verdade ou sempre
mente, ou seja, ambos os guardas podem sempre
mentir, ambos podem sempre dizer a verdade, ou
um sempre dizer a verdade e o outro sempre
mentir. Voc no sabe se ambos so mentirosos,
se ambos so verazes, ou se um veraz e o outro
mentiroso. Mas, para descobrir qual das portas
conduz ao tesouro, voc pode fazer trs (e apenas
trs) perguntas aos guardas, escolhendo-as da
seguinte relao:
p1:
O outro guarda da mesma natureza que voc

(isto , se voc mentiroso ele tambm o , e
se voc veraz ele tambm o )?
p2:
Voc o guarda da porta que leva ao tesouro?
/yJLFD
Resoluo: A melhor dica para problemas com

verdades e mentiras iniciar pela pessoa que diz a verdade, no entanto, tem-se a dificuldade de termos dois guardas
onde cada um deles sempre diz a verdade ou sempre
mente, ou seja, ambos os guardas podem sempre mentir,
ambos podem sempre dizer a verdade, ou um sempre dizer
a verdade e o outro sempre mentir.
Nesse caso as perguntas 3 e 4 no ajudam muito,
pois se voc no sabe se Cosme ou Damio esto dizendo
verdade ou mentira perguntar se o outro mentiroso, ou
voc veraz fica sem efeito.
Mas a pergunta p1 que afirma que "O outro guarda
da mesma natureza que voc interessante, observe os
quadros comparativos abaixo:
O outro guarda da mesma natureza que voc?
Cosme
Damio
Fala a verdade (responde sim) Fala a verdade (responde sim)

Fala a verdade (responde no) Fala a verdade (responde sim)
Fala mentira (responde sim)
Fala mentira (responde no)
Observe que as respostas de Cosme e Damio para

tais perguntas j so esperadas, se os dois falam a verdade
os dois respondem sim, se os dois mentem os dois respondem no, se um fala a verdade e o outro mente, o que fala
a verdade diz no e o que mente diz sim, portanto de
acordo com a resposta de ambos a esta mesma pergunta,
j saberei se Cosme e Damio esto falando verdade ou
mentira, s falta perguntar a qualquer um deles se "Voc
o guarda da porta que leva ao tesouro, basta perguntar ao
Cosme e obteremos a resposta.
ALTERNATIVA D

Exemplo: Conjunto das vogais
DIAGRAMAS LGICOS.
TEORIA DOS CONJUNTOS.
Diagramas lgicos so estruturas auxiliadoras na
resoluo de problemas que envolvem relaes entre as
proposies. Para entender como se utilizar esse mecanismo necessrio estudar a teoria de conjuntos.
Observao: Essa notao muito til para solucionar problemas.
TEORIA DOS CONJUNTOS
Observaes Gerais:
DEFINIO
Um conjunto uma "coleo" de elementos que possuem uma ou mais caractersticas em comum, essa
caractersticas que define o conjunto e o distingue de
outros.
Exemplo: {a, e, i, o, u, a, e} = {a, e, i, o, u}

2
Exemplo:
Os elementos de um conjunto devem aparecer uma

nica vez.
A ordem que os elementos aparecem no conjunto

irrelevante.
1)
O conjunto das vogais. Esse conjunto formado por

cinco elementos: {a, e, i, o, u}.
2)
O conjunto dos nmeros pares. Esse formado por

infinitos elementos.
CLASSIFICAO DE UM CONJUNTO
Reescrevendo os exemplos na forma de uma tabela:
Os conjuntos podem ser classificados de acordo com

o nmero de elementos que possui:
Caracterstica
Elementos
Ser vogal
a, e, i, o, u
Ser nmero par
Todos nmeros mltiplos de 2
Exemplo: {a, b, c} = {b, c, a}
Exemplo: Conjunto das vogais.

L = {a, e, i, o, u}
REPRESENTAO DE UM CONJUNTO
Extenso: Escreve-se todos os elementos que

constituem o conjunto entre chaves.
V={}
ou
V=
Observao: O conjunto que possui como elemento

o nmero zero, no vazio, e sim unitrio, pois
possui um elemento.
Exemplo: Conjunto dos nmeros primos:
Conjunto Vazio: No possui elementos.

O conjunto vazio representado por:
Observao: Essa representao geralmente

usada para conjuntos com poucos elementos.
Compreenso: Escreve-se a caracterstica que
define o conjunto.
Conjunto Unitrio: Possui apenas um elemento.

Exemplo: Conjuntos dos nmeros pares primos.
P = {2}
Exemplo: Conjunto das faces de uma moeda: M =

{cara, coroa}.
Conjunto Infinito: Possui um nmero infinito de

elementos.
Exemplo: Possui um nmero finito de elementos.
Existem trs formas de representar um conjunto:

Extenso, Compreenso e atravs de um diagrama
chamado de "Diagrama de Venn". Em todos os casos os
conjuntos sero nomeados por uma letra maiscula do
alfabeto latino e os elementos por uma letra minscula de
qualquer alfabeto, no necessariamente o latino.
Conjunto Finito: Possui um nmero finito de elementos.
Conjunto Universo: o conjunto que possui todos

os elementos de uma especifica situao.
Exemplo: Em um problema que envolve os meses
do ano, o conjunto universo ser formado
pelos 12 meses que constituem o ano.
P = {x | x um nmero primo}
L-se a barra vertical (|) como "tal que", ento o
conjunto dos nmeros primos ser lido como, "O
conjunto P formado pelos elementos x tal que x
seja um nmero primo"
Observao: Essa representao geralmente
usada para conjuntos que possui muitos elementos.

Diagrama de Venn: Colocam-se os elementos do

conjunto dentro de uma figura plana fechada, normalmente circunferncias.
AS RELAES DE PERTINNCIA, INCLUSO

E IGUALDADE
RELAO DE PERTINNCIA
A relao entre conjunto e elemento conhecida
como Relao de Pertinncia. Essa relao informa se o
elemento pertence ou no ao conjunto; a simbologia
utilizada :
: pertence
: no pertence
/yJLFD
Exemplos:
EXERCCIO DE FIXAO
1)
O conjunto I, dos nmeros mpares:

3I
2I
8I
9I
2)
Dado o conjunto W = x, y, z, complete com verdadeiro (V) ou falso (F)

(F)
(F)
aW
(V)
yW
(F)
125 I
b)
c)
d)
e)
RESPOSTAS
a)
( )aA
( )eA
( )iB
c)
d)
e)
ou seja, para determinar o nmero de subconjuntos de um

conjunto, basta elevar 2 ao nmero de elementos do
conjunto.
c)
d)
e)
NMERO DE ELEMENTOS DE UM CONJUNTO
Exemplo: Determine o nmero de subconjuntos que

possui o conjunto F, definido por: F = {a, d, r}.
Soluo: O nmero de elementos de F n(F) = 3,
ento o nmero de subconjuntos que F possui ser:
O nmero de elementos de um conjunto A expresso

pela notao n(A).
Exemplo: O conjunto formado pelas faces de uma
moeda: M={Cara, Coroa} e n(M) = 2, pois esse conjunto s
possui 2 elementos, cara e coroa.
n[P(F)] = 2n(F) = 23 = 8
Portanto, o conjunto F possui 8 subconjuntos, que
explicitamente so:
{{a, d, n}; {a}; {d}; {n}; {a, d}; {a, n}; {d, n}; { }}
Observao:
RELAO DE INCLUSO: Subconjunto

Um conjunto B subconjunto do conjunto A se todos
elementos de B tambm pertencerem ao conjunto A.
Exemplo:
n[P (A) ] = 2n(A)
( )eB
b)
NMERO DE SUBCONJUNTOS EXISTENTES
( )oB
b)
Dado um conjunto A qualquer, o nmero de subconjuntos que ele possui ser denotado por n[P (A) ] e pode ser
obtido pela frmula:
RESPOSTAS
a)
)AGB
)AC
)BHC
)CHA
)AHB
(
(
(
(
(
wW
Dados os conjuntos A={a; i} e B={e; i; o} coloque V

(verdadeiro) ou F (falso):
a)
Dados os conjuntos A={1; 2; 4}, B={2; 4}, C={1; 4; 5}

coloque V (verdadeiro) ou F (falso):
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
xW
EXERCCIO DE FIXAO:
1)
1)
Dados os conjuntos
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} e
B = {1, 2, 3};
1-
Todo conjunto subconjunto dele mesmo.
2-
O conjunto vazio subconjunto de todos os conjuntos.
RELAO DE IGUALDADE
Dois conjuntos so ditos iguais quando todos seus
elementos forem iguais.
percebe-se que o conjunto B formado por elementos que

pertencem ao conjunto A; dessa forma diz-se que B est
contido em A.
Exemplo: Dados os conjuntos H = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} e K =

{1, 2, 3, 4, x} eles somente sero iguais se x = 5.
A notao que se utiliza para demonstrar a relao de

incluso entre conjuntos :
EXERCCIO RESOLVIDO
G: est contido
: no est contido
H: contm
: no contm
Para o exemplo anterior escreve-se: B G A (B est

contido em A) ou A H B (B contm A).
Na notao de "Diagrama de Venn" o subconjunto
pode ser expresso como:
1)
Num colgio de segundo grau com 1000 alunos, foi

realizada uma pesquisa sobre o gosto dos alunos
pelas disciplinas de Fsica e Matemtica. Os resultados da pesquisa se encontram na tabela a seguir:
Nmero de
Alunos
Gostam de Matemtica
500
Gostam de Fsica
450
Gostam de Matemtica e Fsica
200
O nmero de alunos que no gostam de fsica e nem

de matemtica :
a)
/yJLFD
100
b)
200
c)
250
d) 150
e)

RESOLUO:
Para solucionar o problema deve-se construir o
diagrama de Venn. Perceba que existe uma interseco entre os conjuntos Matemtica e Fsica.
EXERCCIOS DE FIXAO
1)
Denotando por M o conjunto dos alunos que gostam

de matemtica e por F os que gostam de fsica, o
diagrama se torna.
Um programa de proteo e preservao de tartarugas marinhas, observando dois tipos de contaminao dos animais, constatou em um de seus postos de
pesquisa, que: 88 tartarugas apresentavam sinais de
contaminao por leo mineral, 35 no apresentavam sinais de contaminao por radioatividade, 77
apresentavam sinais de contaminao tanto por leo
mineral como por radioatividade e 43 apresentavam
sinais de apenas um dos dois tipos de contaminao.
Quantas tartarugas foram observadas?
a)
2)
A interseco dos conjuntos representa os alunos
que gostam das duas disciplinas.
Sempre se deve comear a preencher o diagrama
pela interseo.
144 b)
154 c)
156 d)
160 e)
168
Num grupo de estudantes, verificou-se que 310 leram

apenas um dos romances A ou B; 270, o romance B;
80, os dois romances, A e B, e 340 no leram o
romance A. O nmero de estudantes desse grupo
igual a:
a)
380
b) 430 c)
480 d) 540
e)
610
Sendo assim:
3)
Em um grupo de 30 crianas, 16 tm olhos azuis e

20 estudam canto. O nmero de crianas desse
grupo que tm olhos azuis e estudam canto
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Aps preencher a interseo possvel completar o

diagrama da seguinte forma:
&
O conjunto M possui 500 alunos; como no diagrama ele j possui 200 (interseo), basta
preencher o conjunto com mais 300 alunos.
Esse resultado significa que 300 alunos gostam
SOMENTE de matemtica, pois os outros 200
tambm gostam de fsica.
&
4)
Numa escola h n alunos. Sabe-se que 56 alunos

lem o jornal A, 21 lem os jornais A e B, 106 lem
apenas um dos jornais e 66 no lem o jornal B. O
valor de n :
a)
5)
Executa-se o mesmo raciocnio para o conjunto

de fsica
Desta forma o diagrama se torna:
exatamente 16.
no mnimo 6.
exatamente 10.
no mximo 6.
exatamente 6.
249 b)
137 c)
158 d)
127 e)
183
Em uma pesquisa sobre hbitos alimentares realizada com empregados de um Tribunal Regional,
verificou se que todos se alimentam ao menos uma
vez ao dia, e que os nicos momentos de alimentao so: manh, almoo e jantar.
Alguns dados tabelados dessa pesquisa so:
-
Do diagrama tem-se as seguintes informaes:

&
300 alunos gostam SOMENTE de matemtica.
&
250 alunos gostam SOMENTE de fsica.
&
300 + 200 + 250 = 750 alunos tem afinidades por

fsica ou/e matemtica.
5 se alimentam apenas pela manh;

12 se alimentam apenas no jantar;
53 se alimentam no almoo;
30 se alimentam pela manh e no almoo;
28 se alimentam pela manh e no jantar;
26 se alimentam no almoo e no jantar;
18 se alimentam pela manh, no almoo e no
jantar.
Dos funcionrios pesquisados, o nmero daqueles

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
80% dos que se alimentam apenas no jantar.

o triplo dos que se alimentam apenas pela
manh.
a tera parte dos que fazem as trs refeies.
a metade dos funcionrios pesquisados.
30% dos que se alimentam no almoo.
Como foram entrevistados 1000 alunos e apenas 750

tem afinidades com essas disciplinas, 250 (1000 750) o nmero de alunos que no gosta de fsica
nem matemtica.
RESPOSTAS
Resposta: Alternativa c.
1)

2)
3)
4)
5)
/yJLFD
DIAGRAMAS LGICOS -
&
Se Pedro estiver na condio 3, ele esperto, ento

p q verdadeira.
&
Se Pedro estiver na condio 4, ele no inteligente

nem esperto, ento p q falsa.
OPERAES COM CONJUNTOS

Atravs da representao de Venn-Euller, pode-se
executar algumas operaes com os conjuntos. Essas
operaes esto intimamente ligadas com a relao entre
as proposies.
O resultado obtido foi o mesmo da tabela verdade da

disjuno, representado abaixo:
A correspondncia entre as operaes com conjuntos

e as operaes lgicas so:
pq
Disjuno ()
Unio (A)
Conjuno ()
Interseco (B)
Negao (~)
Complementao ( )
DISJUNO (
) - UNIO (A
A)
A disjuno representada pela operao de unio.
A unio entre dois conjuntos A e B consiste em montar um
novo conjunto (A A B) formado por todos os elementos de
A e de B.
Definio:
1)
CONJUNO (
) - INTERSECO (B
B)
A conjuno representada pela operao da
interseco. A interseco entre os conjuntos A e B consiste em montar um novo conjunto (A B B), formado pelos
elementos que pertencem a A e a B simultaneamente.
Exemplos:
Definio:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 6, 7}
A A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
Exemplos
1)
Na forma de diagrama, tem-se:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 5, 6, 7}
A B B = {3, 5}
No diagrama, a interseco a parte que coincide

entres os dois conjuntos:
Observao: A A B = B A A
2)
Dada a disjuno - "Pedro estudioso ou esperto",

escreva e analise o diagrama lgico associado a
disjuno.
Soluo: A disjuno pode ser escrita, simbolicamente, pela proposio composta p q, onde p
representa estudioso e q esperto.
Observao: A B B = B B A
2)
Pode-se representar essa disjuno pela unio dos

conjuntos das pessoas inteligentes com o das pessoas espertas.
Dada a conjuno - "Pedro estudioso e esperto",

escreva e analise o diagrama lgico associado a
disjuno.
Soluo: A conjuno pode ser escrita, simbolicamente, pela proposio composta p q, onde p
representa estudioso e q esperto.
Pode-se representar essa conjuno pela interseco dos conjuntos das pessoas inteligentes com o
das pessoas espertas.
Onde:
Iconjunto das pessoas inteligentes;
E - conjunto das pessoas espertas;
U - conjunto de todas as pessoas que existem.
A anlise do diagrama resulta em:
Onde:
Iconjunto das pessoas inteligentes;
E - conjunto das pessoas espertas;
A - conjunto de todas as pessoas que existem.
&
Se Pedro estiver na condio 1, ele inteligente,

mas no esperto, ento p q falsa.
&
Se Pedro estiver na condio 2, ele inteligente e

esperto, ento p q verdadeira.
A analise do diagrama resulta em:

&

ento p q verdadeira.
&
Se Pedro estiver na condio 3, ele esperto, mas

no inteligente, ento p q falsa.
&
Se Pedro estiver na condio 2, ele inteligente e

esperto, ento p q verdadeira.
&
Se Pedro estiver na condio 4, ele no inteligente

nem esperto, ento p q falsa.
/yJLFD

conjuno, demonstrado abaixo:
p
pq
NEGAO (~) - COMPLEMENTAO ( )

A negao representada pela operao de complementao. A complementao tudo aquilo que no faz
parte do conjunto.
O complemento de A denotado por A
Exemplos
1)
O conjunto complementar dos nmeros pares so os

nmeros mpares.
2)
Dada a negao - "Pedro no estudioso", escreva

e analise o diagrama lgico associado a essa negao.
Soluo: A negao pode ser escrita, simbolicamente, pela proposio ~p, onde p representa estudioso.
Pode-se representar essa negao pela complementao do conjunto das pessoas inteligentes.
ANLISE COMBINATRIA E
PROBABILIDADES.
Essa uma parte da matemtica dedicada a contagem, ou seja, so tcnicas que possibilitam determinar o
nmero de solues para uma certa situao, importante
frisar que essas tcnicas no permitem conhecer as solues, mas apenas quantas existem. Por exemplo, poderamos nos perguntar quantos so os possveis resultados ao
lanarmos um dado. A resposta seria 6, pois sabemos que
um dado s pode fornecer os resultados {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. A
mesma pergunta poderia ser feita ao lanar uma moeda e a
resposta seria 2, pois essa possui dois lados: cara ou coroa.
Esses so exemplos simples que no precisam de
tcnicas elaboradas para determinar o nmero de resultados possveis, porm poderamos nos perguntar quantas
placas de carro podem ser produzidas no sistema que
utilizamos com 3 letras e 4 nmeros (exemplo: ABC 1234),
ou, quantos so os jogos possveis na mega-sena? Para
responder essas perguntas necessria a utilizao de
mtodos matemticos que apresentaremos a seguir.
Deve ficar claro que no estamos interessados em
saber quais so todas as possveis placas de carro, ou
quais so todos os jogos da mega-sena, mas sim quantos
existem.
PRINCPIO MULTIPLICATIVO OU
PRINCPIO FUNDAMENTAL DA CONTAGEM
Esse princpio o alicerce de toda a teoria que
iremos desenvolver, podemos enunci-lo da seguinte
maneira:
Se existem n maneiras de executar a tarefa 1 e m maneiras de executar a tarefa 2, ento o nmero de maneiras de
executar as duas tarefas n m
O princpio vlido para quaisquer quantidades de
tarefas, para isso, basta multiplicar o nmero de maneiras
de executar cada tarefa.
Onde:
IA-
conjunto das pessoas inteligentes;

conjunto de todas as pessoas que existem.
Exemplo 1: De quantas maneiras pode-se fazer uma

viagem da cidade A para a cidade C, passando obrigatoriamente pela cidade B, sabendo que existem 2 estradas que
ligam as cidades A e B e trs que conectam B e C? Veja a
figura abaixo:
A anlise do diagrama resulta em:

&
Se Pedro estiver na condio 1, ele no inteligente,

ento ~p verdadeira.
&

ento ~p falsa.

negao, demonstrado abaixo:
p
~p
Resoluo: Inicialmente, deve-se reconhecer quais

so as tarefas a serem executadas; do enunciado temos
que a primeira delas ir da cidade A para a cidade B; e a
segunda de B para C, dessa forma:
TAREFA 1 Ir da cidade A at a B.
TAREFA 2 Ir da cidade B at a C.
A tarefa 1 pode ser executada de duas formas
distintas, pois pode-se viajar por duas rodovias distintas,
BRAB1 ou BRAB2, assim n = 2. A tarefa 2 possui trs
possibilidades, pode-se usar as rodovias BRBC1, BRBC2
e BRBC3, logo m = 3.

/yJLFD
Utilizando o princpio fundamental da contagem, o
nmero de maneiras de executar essa viagem 6 (n # m =
2 3 = 6); nesse exemplo fcil saber quais so todos os
caminhos possveis a serem feitos pelo viajante, so eles:
Rodovia Utilizada
Tarefa 1: A - B
Tarefa: B - C
BRAB1
BRBC1
BRAB1
BRBC2
BRAB1
BRBC3
BRAB2
BRBC1
BRAB2
BRBC2
BRAB2
BRBC3
Cada bloco representa uma tarefa a ser executada;

primeiramente, devemos preencher as letras e, posteriormente, os nmeros.
Para a escolha das letras temos 26 possibilidades,
pois podemos utilizar qualquer letra do alfabeto (incluindo
K, Y, W), j os nmeros podem ser escolhidos entre 10
possibilidades (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9), assim os blocos podem
ser preenchidos da seguinte forma:
Na forma de um diagrama:
Pelo princpio fundamental da contagem, o nmero

total de placas obtido multiplicando os nmeros acima,
assim:
Nmero total de placas = 26 26 26 10 10 10
10 = 175.760.000
Portanto, 175.760.000 carros podem ser licenciados
no Brasil.
Exemplo 5: Determine o nmero de maneiras de
responder aleatoriamente 10 testes com verdadeiro ou
falso.
Resoluo: Em cada teste possvel responder de
duas formas, verdadeiro ou falso. Como a prova contm 10
testes, tem-se que:
Exemplo 2: Murilo possui 4 bermudas diferentes e 5

camisetas distintas. De quantas maneiras ele pode escolher
uma bermuda e uma camiseta?
Utilizando o princpio multiplicativo, o nmero de

maneiras de resolver a prova :
Resoluo: A primeira tarefa que Murilo deve desempenhar escolher uma bermuda e para isso ele possui 4
possibilidades, posteriormente deve escolher uma camiseta
entre as 5 possveis, dessa forma o nmero de maneiras
que ele pode fazer sua escolha :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 210 = 1.024
4 5 = 20
Exemplo 6: Quantos nmeros de 3 algarismos

distintos existem no sistema decimal?
Esse resultado significa que Murilo pode se vestir 20

vezes sem repetir o mesmo conjunto de bermuda-camiseta.
Exemplo 3: Duas das 50 cadeiras de uma sala sero
ocupadas por dois alunos. Determine o nmero de maneiras distintas possveis que esses alunos tero para escolher
duas das 50 cadeiras?
Observao: Esse resultado significa que em uma

prova desse tipo existem 1.024 gabaritos distintos, onde
apenas 1 est completamente correto.
Resoluo: Para formar nmeros no sistema decimal

usa-se os 10 algarismos {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}. Um nmero
de trs algarismos formado por um algarismo que representa a centena, outro a dezena e mais um para a unidade,
assim:
Resoluo: O primeiro aluno ao se sentar pode

escolher qualquer uma da 50 cadeiras existentes, portanto
ele possui 50 opes de escolha (etapa 1), j o segundo
aluno s poder escolher entre 49 cadeiras (etapa 2), pois
uma delas j est ocupada pelo primeiro aluno, assim, o
nmero de maneiras para escolher essas duas cadeira :
50 49 = 2.450
Exemplo 4: Quantos automveis podem ser licenciados, no Brasil, se cada placa contm trs letras e quatro
nmeros?
Resoluo: Uma placa pode ser caracterizada pelo
esquema seguinte:
/yJLFD
recomendado comear a preencher os blocos a

partir da centena. O nmero de possibilidades de algarismos para a centena 9, pois se deve excluir o algarismo
zero (se o zero estiver na casa da centena, no formaramos um nmero de trs algarismos, e sim um de dois
algarismos, isso se deve ao fato de 035 = 35) . Para a
dezena tambm existem 9 maneiras, pois dentre os 10
algarismos possveis um j foi utilizado na casa da

centena e queremos um nmero com algarismos distintos.
Na unidade sobram apenas 8 algarismos, pois j foi
utilizado um na centena e outro na dezena. Desta forma,
os blocos so preenchidos utilizando o princpio fundamental da contagem (9 9 8 = 648). Verifica-se, ento,
que existem 648 nmeros de trs algarismo distintos no
sistema decimal.
PRINCPIO ADITIVO
O princpio aditivo nos ensina que:
Se existem n maneiras de executar a tarefa 1 e m maneiras de executar a tarefa 2, ento o nmero de maneiras de
executar a tarefa 1 ou a tarefa 2 n + m
Esse princpio fala sobre as situaes que se pode
escolher entre duas tarefas, perceba que no necessrio
realizar as duas tarefas, mas apenas uma delas.
Quando as duas tarefas devem ser executadas,
utilizamos o princpio multiplicativo, pois a tarefa 1 e a tarefa
2 necessitam ser realizadas; e quando apenas uma das
tarefas deve ser realizada, tarefa 1 ou a tarefa 2, utiliza-se
o princpio aditivo.
EXERCCIOS PROPOSTOS:
PRINCPIO MULTIPLICATIVO
1)
Para a diretoria de uma firma concorrem 3 candidatos para direo e 5 a vice-direo. Quantas chapas
distintas podem ser formadas com um diretor e um
vice?
2)
Para a formao de uma nova administrao de um

clube concorrem 2 candidatos para a presidncia, 3
a vice-presidente, 4 a secretrio e 10 a tesoureiro,
Quantas chapas podem ser formadas, cada um com
um candidato a cada cargo?
3)
Quantos nmeros mpares de quatro algarismos

podemos escrever, utilizando os algarismos 1, 2, 4,
5 e 7?
4)
Dispondo das letras A, B e C e dos algarismos 1, 2,

3 e 5, quantas placas de automveis formados por 3
letras seguidas de 4 algarismos podem ser formadas?
5)
Em um teste da loteria esportiva, uma aposta simples

significa escolher um nico resultado para cada jogo:
coluna um, coluna do meio ou coluna dois. Sendo
assim, quantas apostas simples diferentes podemos
fazer num teste de loteria esportiva com 13 jogos?
6)
Com os algarismo 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, pergunta-se:
7)
a)
Quantos nmeros naturais de 3 algarismos

podemos formar?
b)
Desses, quantos so mpares?
Numa perua usada para transporte, os passageiros

podem escolher um, dentre os sete assentos numerados de 1 a 7. Assim sendo, de quantos modos
distintos podemos acomodar 3 pessoas nesse
veculo?
8)
De quantas maneiras podemos arrumar 5 pessoas

em uma fila indiana?
9)
(UFC/2002) Determine a quantidade de nmeros

inteiros, positivos e mpares, formados por trs
algarismos distintos, escolhidos dentre os algarismos
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 9. 10. Um salo tem 6 portas.
De quantos modos distintos esse salo pode estar
aberto?
Observao: Normalmente, a conjuno e est

associada com o princpio multiplicativo e a conjuno ou
com o aditivo.
Exemplo 1: Rodrigo decidiu passar suas frias na
praia. Sabemos que ele ir para Santos ou Guaruj.
Sabe-se, tambm, que existem 4 empresas de nibus que
fazem o trajeto at Santos e outras 3 para o Guaruj. De
quantas maneiras ele pode ir at a praia?
Resoluo: Note que Rodrigo vai para Santos ou
Guaruj. Para Santos, ele pode optar por 4 maneiras
diferentes e para o Guaruj por 3 maneiras distintas, assim
o nmero total de maneiras de chegar ao litoral 7 (4 + 3).
O diagrama abaixo mostra as 7 possibilidades.
Exemplo 2: Um restaurante italiano oferece em seu

cardpio 6 tipos de pizza, 4 tipos de lasanha e 5 tipos de
macarro. Quantas so as opes dos clientes na escolha
de uma dessas massas?
Resoluo: O cliente pode escolher entre as 6 pizzas,
4 lasanhas e 5 macarres. Assim ele possui 15 (6 + 4 + 5)
opes.
Exemplo 3: Pedro quer comprar ou uma camiseta,
ou um tnis ou uma bermuda. Se na loja onde ele est
existem 6 camisetas distintas, 3 tnis e 12 bermudas,
quantas so suas opes de compra?
Resoluo: Como ele vai comprar apenas um
produto, ele deve escolher entre os 21 (6 + 3 + 12) produtos
oferecidos pela loja. Assim ele tem 21 opes de compra.
RESPOSTAS
1) 15
2) 240

13
3)
375 5) 3
4) 6.912
6) a) 343
b) 196
7) 210
8) 120
9) 320
10) 63
Exemplo 4: Um alfabeto consiste de trs letras: A, B,

C. Nessa lngua, uma palavra uma seqncia arbitrria de
no mais do que trs letras. Quantas palavras existem
nessa lngua?
/yJLFD
Resoluo: Nesse problema, deve-se utilizar tanto o
princpio multiplicativo com o aditivo. O multiplicativo
utilizado para determinar quantas palavras so formadas
por uma, duas ou trs letras. O segundo utilizado para
determinar o nmero total de palavras nessa lngua.
Passo 1: Palavras formadas apenas com uma letra.
Como existem apenas trs letras nesse alfabeto o nmero
de palavras formado por uma letra 3, so elas A, B e C.
Passo 2: Palavras formada com duas letras. Nesse
caso, tem-se a seguinte situao:
PERMUTAES
INTRODUO
A palavra permutao significa a troca da ordem de
elementos de uma seqncia, assim essa tcnica se
designa a calcular quantas seqncias distintas so
possveis de serem feitas com um nmero fixo de elementos. Um exemplo usual a determinao de anagramas
(transposio de letras de palavra para formar outra
palavra, que no necessita ter significado). Considerando a
palavra MAR, seus anagramas so:
MAR
MRA
AMR
ARM
RMA
RAM
assim, a palavra MAR possui 6 anagramas.

Cada bloco significa uma letra da palavra. Como
temos trs letras (A,B e C) cada bloco pode ser preenchido
de 3 maneiras distintas, assim:
Ento, o nmero de palavras com duas letras,

determinado pelo princpio multiplicativo, 9 (3 3).
Passo 3: Palavras formada com trs letras. Similarmente ao caso com duas letras, tem se:
Ento, pode-se definir permutao como sendo o

nmero de possveis formas distintas de escrever uma
seqncia, utilizando os prprios elementos dela.
simples determinar o nmero de permutaes de
uma seqncia de trs elementos, como foi feito para a
palavra MAR, porm quando a seqncia possui um
nmero grande de elementos fica invivel escrever todas as
possveis permutaes; necessrio recorrer a um mtodo
matemtico mais elaborado, esse mtodo que passaremos a descrever a seguir, iniciando com uma importante
ferramenta, os nmeros fatoriais.
NMEROS FATORIAIS
Os nmeros fatoriais tm grande aplicabilidade nos
problemas de contagem, por isso importante compreend-los bem.
Definio: Considere um nmero natural n tal que n 2.
Define-se nmero fatorial de n, e denota-se por n!, o
produto de todos os seus antecessores naturais at 1.
Matematicamente:
O que resulta em 27 (3 3 3) palavras com trs
n! = n # (n 1) # (n 2) # ... # 2 # 1
letras.
Passo 4: Total de palavras. O nmero total de
palavras desse alfabeto dado pelo princpio aditivo, pois
basta somar o nmero de palavras formadas por uma, duas
ou trs letras.
Total de palavras = 3 + 9 + 27 = 39 palavras
EXERCCIOS PROPOSTOS: PRINCPIO ADITIVO
1)
Para ir de uma cidade A para uma cidade B dispomos de quatro empresas de nibus, trs de avies e
duas de navios. De quantos modos distintos podemos viajar de A at B?
2)
Em um alfabeto existem 4 letras. As palavras dessa

lngua podem ser formadas por uma, duas, trs ou
quatro letras. Quantas palavras existem nessa lngua?
3)
Joo quer comprar um carro ou uma moto. Sabe-se

que existem 4 modelos de carros e 20 de motos que
ele pode comprar. Quantas possibilidades de compra
ele possui?
4)
Quantos nmeros de at 4 algarismos pode se

formar, atravs do conjunto {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}?
5)
Quantos nmeros de at 4 algarismos distintos pode

se formar atravs do conjunto {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}?
RESPOSTAS
1)
/yJLFD
2) 340
3)
24
4) 780
5) 205
Observaes: 0! = 1 e 1! = 1
Exemplos:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
2! = 21 = 2
3! = 321 = 6
4! = 4321 = 24
5! = 54321 = 120
10! = 10987654321 = 3.628.800
Uma propriedade importante o fato de poder

escrever qualquer nmero fatorial em funo do fatorial de
um de seus antecessores, por exemplo:
6! = 654321 = 720
mas, poderamos escrever 6! como sendo:
6! = 65! = 654! = 6543! = ...= 720
ou seja, possvel interromper o desenvolvimento do
fatorial a qualquer momento, para isso basta que o ltimo
elemento escrito seja colocado na forma fatorial.
Essa propriedade til para realizar divises entre
nmeros fatoriais, por exemplo:
pois o 6! do denominador cancela com o do numerador. De

uma forma geral, em divises entre fatoriais, deve-se
desenvolver o maior deles at se chegar no menor, podendo, ento, simplificar a diviso.

Observao:
, no se pode simplificar os
nmeros fatoriais, necessrio desenvolv-los primeiro,

assim:
Primeiramente, deve-se atentar que no h nenhuma

letra (elemento) repetido, logo a permutao ser simples.
A palavra GARFO formada por 5 letras, assim
devemos executar a permutao de 5 elementos. Esquematicamente, tem-se:
que completamente diferente de 2! = 2.

Exemplos: Determine o valor das expresses abaixo:
onde cada bloco significa uma letra.

No primeiro bloco, pode-se colocar qualquer uma das
5 letras (G, A, R, F, O), porm para o segundo bloco restam
apenas 4 possibilidades, pois uma letra j foi utilizada no
primeiro bloco; para o terceiro sobram apenas 3 letras (as
cinco possveis menos as duas j utilizadas nos blocos
anteriores), similarmente, para o quarto bloco tem-se duas
possibilidades e no quinto apenas uma. Esse raciocnio
pode ser diagramado como:
a)
b)
c)
(lembrar que: 0! = 1)
d)
Utilizando o princpio multiplicativo, o nmero de

anagramas ser:
5 4 3 2 1 = 120
NMEROS FATORIAIS
Analisando o resultado obtido para o nmero de

anagramas da palavra GARFO, percebe-se que o nmero de
permutaes possveis igual a 5!, e cinco exatamente o
nmero de letras da palavra GARFO, assim pode-se
enunciar o mtodo de calcular as permutaes simples.
Efetue os fatoriais abaixo:

1)
7!
2)
1! + 2! + 3!
6)
O nmero de permutaes de um conjunto de n elementos distintos dado por n!
7)
3)
1! 0!
Matematicamente, tem-se:
8)
4)
9)
5)
1! 2!
10)
Ento, para determinarmos o nmero de anagramas

da palavra GARFO, bastava:
RESPOSTAS
1) 5.040
3)
5)
2)
4)
6) 5.040
7)
8)
9)
560
10)
728
1)
Identificar que GARFO possui 5 letras distintas.
2)
Utilizar a permutao simples: P5 = 5! = 120

Vejamos um exemplo:
Exemplo: Considere a palavra COMEDIA.
PERMUTAO SIMPLES E COMPOSTA

INTRODUO
Entende-se por permutao simples as permutaes
onde os elementos a serem permutados so distintos; por
exemplo, se fossemos determinar o nmero de anagramas
da palavra COMEDIA (assentos sero ignorados para os
anagramas), utilizaremos a permutao simples, pois
nenhuma letra se repete. J no caso da palavra BANANA,
no poderamos utilizar tal tcnica, pois as letras A e N
aparecem mais de uma vez, para esse tipo de clculo,
deve-se utilizar a permutao composta, que ser discutida
posteriormente.
PERMUTAO SIMPLES
Para discutirmos os conceitos envolvidos na permutao simples, vamos calcular o nmero de anagramas da
palavra GARFO.

a)
Quantos anagramas podemos forma?
b)
Quantos anagramas comeam com consoante?
c)
Quantos anagramas comeam e terminam com

vogal?
d)
Em quantos anagramas, as letras C M D esto juntas

e nessa ordem?
e)
Em quantos anagramas, as letras C M D aparecem

juntas?
Resoluo:
a)
Como no h repeties de letras na palavra COMEDIA, para determinar o nmero de anagramas basta
calcular 7!, pois essa palavra possui sete letras.
P7 = 7! = 5.040
A palavra COMEDIA possui 5.040 anagramas.
/yJLFD
b)
H 3 possibilidades para comear com consoante (C,

M e D), assim podemos, esquematicamente, representar:
Como existem 120 anagramas em que as letras C M

D aparecem juntas e nessa ordem, o nmero de
anagramas em que elas somente aparecem juntas
ser: 120 6 = 720.
Obs. Situaes como essa sempre so resolvidas
multiplicando a permutao dos blocos (nesse caso,
so 5) pela permutao interna do bloco em que o
conjunto das letras est, assim:
Para cada consoante escolhida para a primeira casa,

as 6 letras restantes permutam-se nas 6 casas que
sobram.
P5 P3 = 5! 3! = 120 6 = 720
onde:
P5 representa a permutao dos blocos;

e
P3 a permutao interna do bloco que
possui as trs letras (C M D)
PERMUTAO SIMPLES
c)
Assim, o nmero de anagramas que comeam com

consoante
1)
Trs cavalos disputam um preo. Qual o nmero de

resultados possveis? (no so permitidos empates)
3 P6 = 3 6! = 2.160
2)
Quantos anagramas tm a palavra PALCO?
H 4 possibilidades para comear com vogal (O, E, I

e A) e 3 para terminar, pois deve-se subtrair a vogal
utilizada no incio do anagrama, ento:
3)
De quantas maneiras 6 pessoas podem sentar em 6

cadeiras alinhadas?
Para cada vogal escolhida para a primeira e ltima

casa, as 5 letras restantes permutam-se nas 5 casas
que sobram.
Para os exerccios de 4 a 10, utilizar a palavra LOGICAS

4)
Quantos anagramas possuem essa palavra?
5)
Quantos anagramas comeam com uma consoante?
6)
Quantos anagramas terminam com uma vogal?
7)
Quantos anagramas comeam com uma vogal e

terminam com uma consoante?
8)
Em quantos anagramas as vogais e as consoantes

aparecem juntas?
9)
Em quantos anagramas as letras GI esto juntas e

nessa ordem?
10)
Em quantos anagramas as letras GI esto juntas ?
Assim, o nmero de anagramas que comeam e

terminam por vogal :
RESPOSTAS
4 P5 3 = 4 5! 3 = 1.440
d)
As consoantes juntas e na ordem C M D funcionam

como se fossem um nica letra, por exemplo:
1)
2)
6
120
3) 720
4) 5.040
5) 2.880
6) 2.160
7) 1.440
8) 288
9) 720
10) 1.440
PERMUTAO COMPOSTA
etc.
Assim, o nmero de anagramas que possuem as
letras C M D juntas e nessa ordem dado pela permutao de 5 elementos:
P5 = 5! = 120
e)
Para cada anagrama em que as letras C M D aparecem juntas e nessa ordem, pode-se permutar essas
3 consoantes entre elas:
Esse tipo de permutao se aplica quando o sistema

estudado possui elementos repetidos; por exemplo, a
palavra OVO possui trs letras, porm duas delas so
iguais (O), o que significa que se trocarmos o primeiro O
com o ltimo no alteraremos absolutamente nada; no
gerando um anagrama distinto. O nmero de anagramas
dessa palavra no P3 = 3! = 6, e sim 3 como podemos ver
abaixo:
{OVO OOV - VOO}
Outro exemplo, a palavra ASAS que, tambm, no
possui P4 = 4! = 24, e sim 6 anagramas apenas, so eles:
{ASAS AASS SASA ASSA SAAS - SSAA}
Esses so exemplos tpicos de permutaes compostas.
etc.
O nmero de permutaes de 3 elementos 3! = 6.
/yJLFD
Para calcular o nmero de anagramas para situaes

com elementos repetidos, deve-se, primeiramente, identificar quais so os elementos que se repetem, a seguir,
determinar quantas vezes eles se repetem e, finalmente,
dividir a permutao dos elementos pela permutao das
repeties.

Para o caso da palavra OVO, a letra que se repete O
e ela faz isso duas vezes, assim o nmero de anagramas :
PERMUTAO COMPOSTA
1)
Determine o nmero de anagramas da palavra

SOLUAO.
o 2! do denominador devido a repetio da letra O.
2)
Para a palavra ASAS, tem-se duas letras se repetindo

e cada uma delas faz isso duas vezes, assim:

APOSTILAS.
3)

SAMAMBAIA.
4)

OPAO.
o primeiro 2! do denominado relativo a repetio da letra

A e o segundo referente a letra S.
Matematicamente, a permutao compostas de n
elementos definida como:
Onde, a, b, c... o nmero de vezes que cada

elemento se repete.
Vejamos alguns exemplos.
Para os exerccios 5 10 considera a palavra ENTENDENDO.

5)
Quantos anagramas pode-se formar?
6)
Quantos anagramas comeam com a letra T?
7)
Quantos anagramas comeam com a letra E?
8)
Quantos anagramas comeam com a letra D?
9)
Quantos anagramas as letras E aparecem juntas?
10)
Quantos anagramas que comeam com N, as letras

D aparecem juntas?
Exemplo 1: Quantos anagramas possui a palavra

BANANA?
Resoluo: Essa palavra possui 6 letras, dentre elas
duas se repetem. A que se repete 3 vezes e N que se repete
2 vezes, assim o nmero de anagramas ser dado por:
Pode-se
BANANA.
escrever 60 anagramas com a palavra
Exemplo 2: Considere a palavra CONCURSOS.

a)
Quantos anagramas podem ser formados?
b)
Quantos anagramas comeam com a letra C?

Resoluo:
a)
Essa palavra possui 9 letras, onde C, O e S se repetem 2 vezes cada, assim o nmero de anagramas
ser:
b)
Os anagramas que comeam com a letra C so da

seguinte forma:
As letras que sobram para colocar nas 8 casa restantes so {O N C U R S O S} e nesse conjunto apenas O
e S se repetem, ento o nmero de possibilidades
para peencher essas casas so:
RESPOSTAS
Existem 10.080 anagramas da palavra CONCURSOS
que comeam com a letra C.

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
2.520
90.720
7.560
60
50.400
6)
7)
8)
9)
10
5.040
15.120
10.080
3.360
3.360
/yJLFD
Existem 3 maneiras de preencher a primeira lacuna(A, B, C) e apenas duas maneiras para a segunda lacuna,
pois uma das letras j foi utilizada na primeira lacuna:
ARRANJOS
INTRODUO
Imagine a seguinte situao: Em uma empresa,
deve-se escolher, entre dez funcionrios, dois para o cargo
de diretor e vice-diretor. A escolha ser feita mediante a um
sorteio, com a seguinte regra: o primeiro sorteado ser o
diretor e o segundo o vice. Se o resultado do sorteio for
Murilo e Rodrigo, a empresa ter como diretor o Murilo e
como vice o Rodrigo, mas se o sorteio resultar em Rodrigo
e Murilo, as funes se invertem, logo a ordem do sorteio
um fator muito importante. Poderamos nos perguntar
quantas diretorias distintas possvel formar com os dez
funcionrios. Esse um exemplo de quando devemos
utilizar arranjos.
Toda vez que se deve escolher elementos de um
grupo, e a ordem na qual eles so escolhidos um fator
relevante deve-se recorrer a arranjos. Assim, pode-se
definir arranjo como:
O nmero de possibilidades de escolher em um conjunto de n elementos p elementos ordenadamente.
necessrio, tambm, separar os arranjos em
simples e compostos, ou sem e com repetio.
Ento, o nmero de seqncias : 3 2 = 6.

Vejamos mais alguns exemplos.
Exemplo 2: De um grupo de 12 funcionrios de uma
empresa, 3 sero escolhidos para representar a empresa.
De quantas maneiras distintas pode ser escolhida essa
comisso, se houver um presidente, um diretor e um
secretrio.
Resoluo: O grupo possui 12 pessoas, assim n = 12
e se deve formar comisses de 3 pessoas, ento p = 3 , o
que resulta em:
possvel formar 1.320 comisses distintas.
ARRANJO SIMPLES
Exemplo 3: Supondo que escalar um time de

futebol (11 jogadores) seja distribuir as onze camisas entre
os jogadores, determine quantos times possvel escalar
dispondo de 20 jogadores?
Para discutirmos os conceitos que envolvem o

arranjo simples, ou seja, que no h repeties de elementos, utilizaremos o seguinte exemplo.
Resoluo: Nesse caso, temos 20 jogadores (n = 20)

que devem ser divididos em times com 11 jogadores
(p = 11), assim:
Exemplo 1: Determine o nmero de seqncias de

2 elementos distintos que se pode obter atravs do conjunto
{A, B, C}.
Resoluo: As possveis seqncias so:
(A, B)
(B, A)
(C, A)
(A, C)
(B, C)
(C, B)
Observe que (A, B) no igual a (B, A), pois a ordem

um fator importante nas seqncias. Assim, o nmero de
seqencias possveis 6.
Exemplo 4: Usando-se, apenas, os algarismos

1,3,5,7,9 quantos nmeros com 3 algarismos podem ser
montados?
Resoluo: Tem-se um grupo formado por 5 elementos e devemos montar nmeros de 3 dgitos, ento:
Matematicamente, os arranjos so determinados pela

equao:
possvel montar 60 nmeros com trs dgitos.
Onde:
n o nmero de elementos do conjunto

inicial; e
p o nmero de elementos a serem escolhido.
Para o exemplo acima, n =3 (A, B, C) e p =2 (seqncias de dois elementos), logo:
Observao: Os problemas de arranjo, sempre

podem ser resolvidos via princpio fundamental da contagem (princpio multiplicativo).
Ainda no exemplo anterior, utilizando o princpio
multiplicativo teramos:
Exemplo 5: Em uma sala h 8 cadeiras e 4 pessoas.

O nmero de modos distintos das pessoas ocuparem as
cadeiras ?
Resoluo: Para solucionar esse problema basta
determinar de quantas formas distintas as 8 cadeiras
podem ser distribudas entre as 4 pessoas, ou seja, como
dividir 8 em grupos de 4:
As pessoas podem ocupar essas cadeiras de 1.680

modos distintos.
ARRANJO COMPOSTOS
Quando se analisa um sistema onde a repetiao de
elementos permitida, deve-se utilizar o arranjo composto.
Exemplo 6: Determine quantos nmeros de 2 dgitos
podem ser formados com os algarismo {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
/yJLFD

Resoluo: Pode-se solucionar
utilizando o princpio multiplicativo:
esse problema
Na casa da dezena, temos 5 possibilidades e na casa

da unidade tambm, pois permitida a repetio de
elementos, assim:
EXERCCIOS PROPOSTOS
1)
Quatro times de futebol disputam um torneio, no qual

so atribudos prmios ao campeo e ao
vice-campeo. De quantos modos os prmios podem
ser atribuidos?
2)
Um cofre possui um segredo formado por uma

seqncia de 3 dgitos distintos. Se uma pessoa
tentar abrir o cofre, quantas tentativas dever fazer
(no mximo) para conseguir abri-lo?
3)
Se 9 motociclistas disputam uma corrida, de quantas

maneiras diferentes pode ocorrer a classificao dos
3 primeiros colocados?
4)
Quantas placas de carro como 2 letras e 3 algarismos podem ser criadas, no sendo permitidas
repeties de letras ou nmeros? Considere que o
alfabeto tenha 26 letras.
5)
Em uma casa com 12 pessoas existem apenas uma

cama e um sof. Um grupo resolve fazer um sorteio
para determinar quem poderia dormir na cama ou no
sof. Sabendo que o primeiro sorteado desfrutar da
cama e o segundo do sof, determine o nmero de
resultados possveis nesse sorteio?
6)
Quantos nmeros de 3 algarismos distintos podem

ser formados, usando os algarismos {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}?
7)
Quantas placas de carro como 2 letras e 3 algarismos podem ser criadas? Considere que o alfabeto
tenha 26 letras.
8)
Um banco permite que seus clientes possuam

senhas com 6 dgitos, sendo que quatro dgitos
devem ser letras escolhidas entre as 26 existentes no
alfabeto e dois dgitos devem ser nmeros de 0 a 9.
Sabe-se que as letras sempre aparecem juntas e os
nmeros tambm. Quantos clientes esse banco pode
possuir, se cada cliente tem apenas uma senha e
no existem senhas iguais?
9)
Determine o nmero de gabaritos possveis em uma

prova objetiva formada por 20 questes com 3
alternativas cada?
10)
De quantas maneiras pode-se formar um arco-ris

de trs cores, escolhendo entre 8 cores possveis?
Portanto, a quantidade nmeros de 2 dgitos que

podem ser formados 25 (5 5 = 52).
Analisando esse resultado, percebe-se que o
resultado foi dado pelo nmero de elementos do conjunto
exponenciado pelo tamanho do grupo que queremos
formar, pois 5 o nmero de elementos disponveis e 2 a
quantidade de dgitos do nmero que se quer formar, assim
5=25.
Generalizando esse raciocnio:
O nmero de possibilidades de escolher, em um
grupo de n elementos, p elementos ordenadamente,
permitindo repeties :
Exemplo 7: Quantas cdigos com 4 letras podem ser

formados com o conjunto {A, S, G, H, I, J}?
Resoluo: Temos que escolher 4 letras entre as 6
possveis, permitindo repeties, dessa forma o nmero
total de cdigos ser:
Existem 1.296 cdigos distintos formados por essas

letras.
Exemplo 8: Um banco permite que seus clientes
possuam senhas com 6 dgitos, sendo que os 4 primeiros
devem ser letras escolhidas entre as 26 existentes no
alfabeto e os 2 ltimos nmeros de 0 a 9. Quantos clientes
esse banco pode possuir, se cada cliente possui apenas
uma senha e no existam senhas iguais?
Resoluo: O nmero de clientes que o banco pode
possuir tem que ser igual ao nmero de senhas distintas
que o banco pode fornecer. O primeira parte da senha
formada por 4 letras escolhidas entre 26, ento o nmero
de possveis arranjos :
A segunda parte da senha formada por 2 nmeros

escolhidos entre 10 possveis, ento:
O nmero total de senhas obtido utilizando o

princpio multiplicativo, pois se tem 456.976 maneiras de
criar a primeira parte da senha e 100 maneiras de criar a
segunda, logo o nmero de senhas que o banco pode
oferecer ser:
456.976 100 = 456.976.000
O que significa que esse banco pode possuir
456.976.000 clientes.

RESPOSTAS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
12
720
504
468.000
132
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
60
676.000
91.395.200
3.486.784.401
336
/yJLFD
COMBINAES
INTRODUO
Foram dados 21 apertos de mo nessa reunio.
Assim como no arranjo, a combinao nos permite

calcular o nmero de possibilidades para se formar um
grupo de p elementos em relao a um grupo de n elementos. A diferena que para as combinaes a ordem no
relevante.
Exemplo 4: Em um jogo da loteria, deve-se escolher

6 nmeros entre 1 e 60. Quantos jogos so possveis de
serem feitos?
necessrio, tambm, separar os conjuntos em

simples e compostos; ou sem e com repetio.
Resoluo: Primeiramente, deve-se notar que

durante o sorteio a ordem em que os nmeros so sorteados no influencia no resultado do jogo, alis, se sair 10 e
32 igual a sair 32 e, posteriormente, o 10.
COMBINAO SIMPLES
Para discutirmos os conceitos que envolvem a
combinao simples, ou seja, que no h repeties de
elementos, utilizaremos os seguintes exemplos.
Como a ordem no importante, o nmero de jogos

possveis a combinao de 60 elementos (1-60) de 6 em
6:
Exemplo 1: Determine o nmero de conjuntos de 2

elementos distintos que se pode obter, atravs das letras
{A, B, C}.
Resoluo: Os possveis conjuntos so:
(A, B)
(A, C)
(B, C)
nesse caso, o conjunto (A, B) igual a (B, A), pois a ordem

no importante para conjuntos. Assim, o nmero de
conjunto de 2 elemento distintos 3.
Observao: Esse mesmo exemplo foi feito para o
caso de arranjo, onde determinou-se o nmero de seqncias (a ordem importante) que poderiam ser feitas e o
resultado obtido foi 6.
Matematicamente, poderamos ter obtido esse
resultado utilizando a expresso:
Onde: n o nmero de elementos do conjunto

inicial; e
p o nmero de elementos a ser escolhido.
No exemplo acima, temos que n = 3 (A, B e C) e p =
2 (conjuntos de dois elementos), assim:
Exemplo 2: H 12 inscritos em um torneio de boxe.

Qual o nmero de lutas que podem ser realizadas entre
os inscritos?
Resoluo: Uma luta de boxe entre um lutador A e B
igual a luta entre o lutador B e A, logo a ordem da escolha
irrelevante. Basta, ento, calcular a combinao dos 12
inscritos de 2 em 2, pois cada luta ocorre entre dois participantes. Ento, o nmero total de lutas :
Esse torneio pode realizar 66 lutas entre os inscritos.
Nesse jogo so possveis 50.063.860 resultados

distintos.
Observao: A chance de algum ganhar na mega-sena uma entre 50.063.860.
Exemplo 5: A diretoria de uma empresa formada
por 7 diretores, um deles chamado Bruno. So formadas
comisses de 4 diretores. Quantas dessas possuem Bruno
como integrante?
Resoluo: Como Bruno deve fazer parte da comisso s sobram 3 vagas das 4 disponveis e essas devem
ser preenchidas pelos 6 diretores (7 menos o Bruno) que
sobraram. Como a ordem da escolha no altera a comisso, o nmero total de comisses que possuem Bruno
como integrante ser:
possvel formar 20 comisses com a presena de

Bruno.
Exemplo 6: Com um grupo de 10 homens e 10
mulheres, quantas comisses de 5 pessoas podemos
formar, se em cada uma deve haver 3 homens e 2 mulheres?
Resoluo: Primeiramente, devemos determinar
quantos grupos de 3 homens so possveis de serem feitos
e, posteriormente, os grupos com 2 mulheres. Finalmente,
multiplicaremos os resultados (princpio multiplicativo) e
obteremos o nmero total de comisses que podem ser
feitas.
O nmero de grupo com 3 homens:
Exemplo 3: Em uma reunio formada por 7 pessoas

todas se cumprimentaram com um aperto de mo. Quantos
apertos de mo forma dados?
Resoluo: A ordem em que as pessoas se cumprimentam no importante, pois quando uma pessoa A
cumprimentar B, imediatamente B cumprimentou A. Assim,
para determinar o nmero total de apertos de mo deve-se
calcular a combinao das 7 pessoas de 2 em 2.
/yJLFD
Com duas mulheres:

Atravs do princpio multiplicativo, determina-se o
total de comisses possveis:
120 45 = 5.400
possvel formar 5.400 comisses com trs homens
e duas mulheres.
COMBINAO SIMPLES
COMBINAO COM REPETIO

OU COMPOSTA
So combinaes onde permitida a repetio de
elementos.
Exemplo 1: Determine o nmero de conjuntos de 2
elementos que se pode obter, atravs das letras {A, B, C}.
Resoluo: Os possveis conjuntos so:
1)
Quantos trios possvel formar em um grupo com 7

pessoas?
2)
Com 12 pessoas, de quantos modos podemos formar

um grupo de 4 pessoas?
(A, A)
(B, B)
(C, C)
(A, B)
(A, C)
(B, C)
Assim, o nmero de conjunto de 2 elemento 6.
3)
Em um campeonato de xadrez com 13 participantes,

cada jogador joga uma vez contra todos os demais.
Quantos jogos h, nesse campeonato?
4)
Numa classe de 10 estudantes, um grupo de 4 ser

selecionado para uma excurso. De quantas maneiras o grupo poder ser formado, se dois dos dez so
marido e mulher e s iro juntos?
5)
Com um grupo de 8 homens e 6 mulheres, quantas

comisses de 6 pessoas podemos formar se em
cada uma deve haver 4 homens e 2 mulheres; ou 4
mulheres e 2 homens?
6)
Uma organizao dispe de 8 economistas e 5

engenheiros. De quantos modos podemos formar
uma comisso com 6 membros, se cada comisso
deve ter, no mnimo, 3 engenheiros?
7)
De quantos modos podemos distribuir dez bolas

numeradas de 1-10 em trs gavetas que cabem
respectivamente, 3 bolas, 2 bolas e 5 bolas?
Matematicamente, as combinaes com repetio

so calculadas atravs da expresso:
Para o exemplo anterior, n = 3 e p = 2 , tem-se:
Exemplo 2: Com duas cores diferentes, de quantas

maneiras distintas podemos pintar 3 vasos idnticos,
pintando cada vaso de uma nica cor?
Resoluo: Claramente uma cor dever ser repetida,
pois existem 2 cores para trs vasos. Ento, o nmero total
de possibilidades ser dado pela combinao das duas
cores nos trs vasos:
possvel pintar os vasos de 4 formas distintas.

8)
Quantos jogos possuem um campeonato de futebol

com turno e returno entre 24 equipes?
9)
Quantas jogos existem em um jogo da loteria que se

deve escolher 10 nmeros entre 1-20?
10)
Um cozinheiro possui 10 tipos de temperos distintos,

de quantas maneiras ele pode temperar um carne
sabendo que deve utilizar sempre 4 temperos?
Exemplo 3: Um menino encontra-se no balco de

uma sorveteria que oferece 7 opes diferentes de sabores.
Ele tem dinheiro para comprar 4 sorvetes e, tambm, pode
escolher sabores repetidos. Nessas condies, quantos
diferentes pedidos ele pode fazer?
Resoluo: O nmero de pedidos que ele pode fazer
igual a combinao dos 7 sabores de 4 em 4, como os
sabores podem repetir a combinao ser composta:
Ele pode fazer 210 pedidos distintos.

COMBINAO COMPOSTA
RESPOSTAS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

35
495
78
98
1.470
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
708
2.520
552
184.756
210
1)
Determine o nmero de conjuntos de 3 elementos que

se pode obter, atravs das letras {A, B, C,D, E, F}.
2)
Com cinco cores diferentes, de quantas maneiras

distintas podemos pintar 10 vasos idnticos, pintando
cada vaso de uma nica cor?
/yJLFD
3)
Um menino est em um parque de diverses e

resolve comprar dois bilhetes. No parque, h 4 tipos
de brinquedos:
C
F
M
R
chapu mexicano
trem fantasma
montanha russa
roda gigante
O menino pode comprar dois bilhetes do mesmo tipo,

se ele quiser ir duas vezes no mesmo brinquedo.
Nessas condies, qual o nmero total de possibilidades de compra dos bilhetes?
4)
Uma pastelaria vende pastis de carne, queijo e

palmito. De quantas formas uma pessoa pode escolher cinco pastis?
5)
De quantos modos podemos comprar 5 refrigerantes

em um bar que possui 4 tipos diferentes?
PROBABILIDADES
INTRODUO
A uma presso de 1 atmosfera, a gua sempre ferver
a 100C quando receber calor e o gelo derreter a 0C. Estes
so exemplos de experimentos previsveis ou determinsticos,
porque sempre se repetem nas mesmas condies. Entretanto, quando lanamos um dado, no podemos prever com
certeza o nmero que ser obtido, ou mesmo quando
lanamos uma moeda, no temos condies de afirmar
previamente que o resultado ser cara ou coroa.
Experimentos cujos resultados so imprevisveis so
chamados de aleatrios. Exemplos de experimentos
aleatrios:
sorteio de um nmero de 0 a 100.

resultado do 2 jogo da loteria esportiva.
Chamamos de experimentos aleatrios equiprovveis, os experimentos em que qualquer resultado pode

ocorrer com a mesma chance, assim no lanamento de
uma moeda a chance de ocorrer cara ou coroa a mesma.
CONJUNTO UNIVERSO (ESPAO AMOSTRAL)
No lanamento de um dado, os resultados possveis so
1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6. Chamamos de espao amostral (ou conjunto
universo U, o conjunto de todos os resultados possveis, logo
neste caso U = { 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 }, n(U) ser o nmero de
elementos do conjunto U, no caso do dado, n(U) = 6.
EVENTO
qualquer subconjunto do espao amostral. Assim,
no lanamento de um dado, o evento obter nmero primo
A = {2; 3; 5 }, subconjunto de U = { 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 }.
Quando A = U, o evento certo.
Quando A = L, o evento impossvel.
EVENTO COMPLEMENTAR
quando ocorre A F
tome o dado como exemplo:
=UeA
= L, ou seja
A = { 2; 4; 6 } evento obter um nmero par

= { 1; 3; 5 } evento obter um nmero mpar
A F = { 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 } = U e
A =L
ento A e
so eventos complementares.
EXERCCIOS RESOLVIDOS
1)
No experimento aleatrio lanamento de 3 moedas,

qual o espao amostral?
Soluo:
Indicando cara por x e coroa por y, temos:
U = {(x; x; x), (x; x; y), (x; y; x), (x; y; y),
(y; x; x), (y; x; y), (y; y; x), (y; y; y)}
n(U) = 8
2)
RESPOSTAS
1)
2)
84
1.001
/yJLFD
3)
4)
10
21
5)
56
No lanamento simultneo de dois dados diferentes,

determinar os seguintes eventos:
a)
nmeros cuja soma seja 8
b)
nmeros iguais
c)
nmeros cuja soma seja 14.
Soluo:

PROPRIEDADES DAS PROBABILIDADES
Seja U o espao amostral, ento teremos:

U = {(1; 1) (1; 2) (1; 3) (1; 4) (1; 5) (1; 6)
(2; 1) (2; 2) (2; 3) (2; 4) (2; 5) (2; 6)
(3; 1) (3; 2) (3; 3) (3; 4) (3; 5) (3; 6)
(4; 1) (4; 2) (4; 3) (4; 4) (4; 5) (4; 6)
(5; 1) (5; 2) (5; 3) (5; 4) (5; 5) (5; 6)
(6; 1) (6; 2) (6; 3) (6; 4) (6; 5) (6; 6)}
Primeira Propriedade: A probabilidade de um

evento certo igual a 1, isto : P(A) = 1.
Exemplo: A probabilidade de sair nmero menor ou
igual a 6, no lanamento de um dado.
O evento um subconjunto do espao amostral.

A = { (2; 6); (3; 5); (4; 4); (5; 3); (6; 2) }
A = { (1; 1);(2; 2); (3; 3); (4; 4); (5; 5); (6; 6) }
A=L
Segunda Propriedade: A probabilidade de ocorrer

um evento A no espao amostral U sempre maior ou igual
a zero e menor ou igual a 1, isto :
0 P(A) 1.
3)
Determinar o espao amostral do experimento

aleatrio no lanamento de um dado e duas moedas
e o evento coroa e um nmero par.
Soluo:
Indicando cara por c e coroa por d, temos:
U = {(c; c; 1), (c; c; 2), (c; c; 3), (c; c; 4),
(c; c; 5), (c; c; 6), (c; d; 1), (c; d; 2),
(c; d; 3), (c; d; 4), (c; d; 5), (c; d; 6),
(d; c; 1), (d; c; 2), (d; c; 3), (d; c; 4),
(d; c; 5), (d; c; 6), (d; d; 1), (d; d; 2),
(d; d; 3), (d; d; 4), (d; d; 5), (d; d; 6)}
n(U) = 24
A = { (d; d; 2) ; (d; d; 4) ; (d; d; 6) }
1)
No lanamento de um dado, determine a probabilidade de se obter

a)
o nmero 3
b)
um nmero par
c)
um nmero maior que 2.
Soluo:
a)
Sendo U = {1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6 } e n(U) = 6, ento:
A = { 3 } n(A) = 1 _ P(A) =
P(A) =
b)
A = { 2; 4; 6 } n(A) = 3
c)
A = { 3; 4; 5; 6 } n (A) = 4
EXERCCIOS PROPOSTOS
1)
No lanamento de um dado, o complementar do

evento obter um nmero primo :
a)
A = { 1; 4; 6 }
c) A = { 1; 2; 4; 5 }
b)
A = { 1; 2; 3; 5 }
d) A = { 2; 3; 5 }
2)
No lanamento de 2 dados obter o evento cuja soma

dos dois nmeros seja igual a 5 aparece quantas vezes?
a)
1
b)
3
c)
4
d)
2
3)
Considerando o experimento aleatrio nascimento de

2 gatos, qual o nmero de elementos do espao
amostral considerando que os gatos podem ser macho
ou fmea, nas cores preto, branco, amarelo ou cinza.
a)
n(U) = 8
c)
n(U) = 12
b)
n(U) = 16
d)
n(U) = 14
4)
5)
No lanamento de um dado, o evento obter um

nmero mltiplo de 2 ocorre quantas vezes?
a)
3
b)
2
c)
6
d)
4
Considerando o experimento sorteio de um nmero
de 1 a 15, quais das alternativas representa o evento
obter um nmero mltiplo de 3.
a)
A = { 3; 6; 9; 12; 14 }
b)
A = { 3; 6; 9; 12; 15 }
c)
A = { 3; 6; 9; 12; 14; 15 }
d)
A = { 3; 6; 10; 15 }
RESPOSTAS:
1) a
2) c
3) b
4) a
2)
Considere o experimento aleatrio: Lanar dois

dados e obter as faces voltadas para cima. Determine a probabilidade de se obter:
a)
A soma dos pontos igual a 10.
b)
O nmero em uma das faces igual ao dobro do
nmero na outra face.
c)
A soma dos pontos igual a 13.
d)
A soma dos pontos menor ou igual a 12.
e)
sair faces iguais.
Soluo:
O espao amostral U :
U = { (1; 1), (1; 2), (1; 3), (1; 4), (1; 5), (1; 6),
(2; 1), (2; 2), (2; 3), (2; 4), (2; 5), (2; 6),
(3; 1), (3; 2), (3; 3), (3; 4), (3; 5), (3; 6),
(4; 1), (4; 2), (4; 3), (4; 4), (4; 5), (4; 6),
(5; 1), (5; 2), (5; 3), (5; 4), (5; 5), (5; 6),
(6; 1), (6; 2), (6; 3), (6; 4), (6; 5), (6; 6)}
temos n(U) = 36
a)
A soma dos pontos igual a 10. Temos:

A = {(4; 6), (5; 5), (6; 4)} e
n(A) = 3, ento
b)
A1: obter em uma das faces nmero igual ao

dobro do nmero na outra face.
c)
A2: obter soma dos pontos igual a 13, temos A2

= L, ento P(A2) = 0 (probabilidade do evento
impossvel).
5) b
CONCEITO DE PROBABILIDADE
Seja U um espao amostral equiprovvel, de um
experimento aleatrio, e A, um evento desse espao
amostral. A probabilidade de um evento definida pelo
nmero real P(A), tal que:
onde:

n(A):
n(U):
nmero de elementos do evento A.

nmero de elementos do espao
amostral U.
/yJLFD
d)
e)
2)
A3 = U = n(U), ento,
Portanto, P(A3) _ evento certo.
Lanando-se simultaneamente dois dados no

viciados, a probabilidade de que suas faces superiores exibam soma igual a 7 ou 9 :
a)
A4 = {(1; 1), (2; 2), (3; 3), (4; 4), (5; 5), (6; 6)}
n(A4) = 6
No jogo da sena seis nmeros distintos so sorteados dentre os nmeros 1; 2; . . . 50. A probabilidade
de que, numa extrao, os seis nmeros sorteados
sejam mpares, vale aproximadamente:
2) b
3) c
U = {(1, 1), (1, 2) , . . . (6,5), (6,6) },

n(U) = 36
Para a soma igual a 9, temos:

B = {(3; 6); (4; 5); (5; 4); (6;3)}
n(B) = 4
Como A B = L, ento:
3)
1) a
d)
Para a soma igual a 7, temos:

A = {(1; 6); (2: 5); (3; 4); (4; 3); (5; 2); (6; 1)}
n(A) = 6
Soluo:
O nmero de elementos do evento uma combinao de 25 algarismos mpares tomados 6 a 6.
n (E) = C25,6
O espao amostral o nmero de extraes ou seja,
uma combinao de 50 algarismos formados 6 a 6.
RESPOSTAS:
c)
Soluo:
Temos:
3)
b)
4) a
SOMA DE PROBABILIDADES
Numa pesquisa feita com 600 pessoas de uma

comunidade, verificou-se que 200 lem o jornal A,
300 lem o jornal B e 150 lem os jornais A e B. Qual
a probabilidade de, sorteando-se uma pessoa, ela
ser leitora do jornal A ou do jornal B?
Soluo:
Se A e B so dois eventos de um espao amostral U,

sabemos que
n(A F B) = n (A) + n (B) n (A B)
EXERCCIOS PROPOSTOS
Dividindo-se essa igualdade por n (U) g 0, temos:

1)
Qual a probabilidade de obter, no lanamento de um

dado, um nmero par ou primo?
a)
Observe que: Se A B = L, os eventos so mutuamente exclusivos, isto , P (A B) = 0.
2)
Da: P (A F B) = P (A) + P (B).
1)
Sorteando um nmero de 1 a 30, qual a probabilidade de que ele seja par ou mltiplo de 5?
Soluo: Seja A (nmero par)
B (mltiplos de 5)
3)
/yJLFD
d)
b)
c)
d)
Num grupo de 200 estudantes, 60 gostam de matemtica, 40 gostam de msica e 20 gostam tanto de
matemtica quanto de msica. Escolhendo-se um
estudante ao acaso, qual a probabilidade dele
gostar de matemtica ou de msica?
a)
4)
c)
De uma coleo de 8 livros de matemtica, 5 de

fsica e 7 de qumica, retira-se um livro. Calcule a
probabilidade desse livro ser de fsica ou qumica.
a)
b)
b)
c)
d)
Num lanamento simultneo de dois dados, qual a

probabilidade de se obter a soma igual a 3 ou 7?
a)
b)
RESPOSTAS:
1) a
c)
2) c
3) b
d)
4) c

PROBABILIDADE CONDICIONAL
A probabilidade condicional quantifica a "chance" de
dois eventos dependentes e no excludentes ocorrerem em
certa ordem
Seja:
: lanar um dado e o evento

A = {sair n 3}.
Ento:
Note:
Consideremos agora o evento B = {sair um n mpar}

= {1, 3, 5}.
Apenas o par (6,4) favorvel ao evento (A B).
de grande importncia para o clculo das probabilidades, calcularmos as probabilidades condicionais. No

exemplo, poderamos estar interessados em avaliar a
probabilidade do evento. A condicionada ocorrncia do
evento A.
Em smbolos, designamos por P(A/B): l-se: "probabilidade do evento A condicionada ocorrncia de B", ou
ainda, "probabilidade de A dado B".
Assim:
Observe: dada a informao da ocorrncia de um

evento, teremos a reduo do espao-amostra; no exemplo
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} foi reduzido para S* = {1, 3, 5} e neste
espao-amostra reduzido que avaliaremos a probabilidade
do evento.
Formalmente definimos probabilidade condicional da
seguinte maneira: "dados dois eventos A e B, denotaremos
P(A/B) a probabilidade condicionada do evento A, quando
B tiver ocorrido, por:
APLICAES DA PROBABILIDADE CONDICIONAL

Existem duas aplicaes importantes da probabilidade condicional. Uma delas a possibilidade de determinao da probabilidade de ocorrncia simultnea de dois (ou
mais) eventos; a outra a chamada regra (ou teorema) de
Bayes, que relaciona a probabilidade de A ter ocorrido aps
B em particular, quando ele poderia ter ocorrido aps C, D,
E, F, etc.
TEOREMA DO PRODUTO OU PROBABILIDADE
DE OCORRNCIA SIMULTNEA DE 2 EVENTOS
"A probabilidade da ocorrncia simultnea de dois
eventos, A e B, do mesmo espao amostral, igual ao
produto da probabilidade de um deles pela probabilidade
condicional do outro, dado o primeiro."
Assim:
, com P(B) g 0, pois B j ocorreu".

Pode-se constatar que P(A/B), assim definida,
satisfaz os postulados da probabilidade j mencionados.
Para aplicaes, convm encontrar uma frmula mais
prtica para o clculo da probabilidade condicional; assim:
A probabilidade de A e B ocorrerem simultaneamente

o produto da probabilidade de A pela probabilidade de
ocorrncia de B aps ter ocorrido A. Exemplo:
Em um lote de 12 peas, 4 so defeituosas, 2 peas
so retiradas uma aps a outra, sem reposio. Qual a
probabilidade de que ambas sejam boas?
Soluo:
Dados:
Dessa maneira, para avaliarmos a probabilidade de
A, dado B, basta contarmos o nmero de casos favorveis
ao evento A B: [ncf(A B)]. Exemplo:
A = {a primeira pea boa}

B = {a segunda pea boa}
Ento:
Dois dados so lanados. Consideremos os eventos:

A = {(x1, x2)/ x1 + x2 = 10} e
B = {(x1, x2)/ x1 > x2}
Avaliar:
P(A) ; P(B) ; P(A/B) e P(B/A).
= se tem 12 peas e 4 so defeituosas, ento 8 so

boas
= se tem 8 peas boas e eu j tirei 1, ento 7 ainda

so boas
12 = nmero total de peas

11 = nmero total de peas j que eu tirei uma.

/yJLFD
Soluo:
SEQNCIAS NUMRICAS:
PROGRESSES ARITMTICAS E
GEOMTRICAS.
2)
uma seqncia de nmeros reais onde cada termo

a partir do segundo, igual ao anterior somado com uma
constante (razo). Exemplos:
a)
b)
(3; 5; 7; 9; 11)
(2; 2; 2; 2)
c)
d)
a P.A. crescente e r = 3.
a P.A. constante e r = 0.
a P.A. decrescente e r = 2.
Calcule o primeiro termo de uma P.A., sabendo-se

que a20 = 59 e a razo vale 3.
Soluo:
PROGRESSO ARITMTICA (P.A.)
a)
b)
c)
a1
n
r
a20
=
=
=
=
?
20
3
59
(1; 3; 5; 7)
(8; 6; 4; 2; 0)
3)
Calcule o nmero de termos da P.A. (3; 5; 7; . . . 41).
CLASSIFICAO DE UMA P.A.

Soluo:
Uma P.A. pode ser classificada em: crescente,
decrescente ou constante
a1
r
an
n
=
=
=
=
3
2
41
?
CRESCENTE, quando r > 0.

(1; 3; 5; 7) r = 2
(7; 5; 3; 1) r = 2
DECRESCENTE, quando r < 0.

(8; 6; 4; 2; 0)
(2; 5; 8; 11)
4)
CONSTANTE, quando r = 0.
Calcule a razo da P.A., onde a1 = 3 e a12 = 25.

Soluo:
(5; 5; 5; 5) r = 0
(3; 3; 3; 3) r = 0
a1
n
a12
=
=
=
3
12
25
REPRESENTAO DE UMA P.A.
TRS TERMOS
(x; x + r; x + 2r) ou
(x r; x; x + r)
(x; x + r; x + 2r; x + 3r)

(x 3r; x r; x + r; x + 3r)
5)
QUATRO TERMOS
Calcular o 20 termo da P.A. (5; 3; . . . ).

Soluo:
ou
a1
r
n
=
=
=
5
2
20
CINCO TERMOS
(x; x + r; x + 2r; x + 3r; x + 4r)
(x 2r; x r; x; x + r; x + 2r)
ou
FRMULA DO TERMO GERAL DE UMA P.A.

a1
a2
=
a1 + r
a3 = a2 + r = a1 + r + r
= a1 + 2r
a4 = a3 + r =
a1 + 2r + r = a1 + 3r
$
$
$
$$
$$
$$
an = an 1 + r = a1 + (n 1) $ r
6)
Soluo: Temos (3x; x + 1; 5) uma P.A., onde o

termo do meio mdia aritmtica dos outros dois.
$
$$
Assim sendo, teremos:

(3x

a1
an = a1 + (n 1) $ r
onde:
an:
a1:
n:
r:
Determinar o valor de x, de modo que os nmeros 3x;

x + 1 e 5, estejam, nessa ordem, em P.A.
x + 1;

a2
5)

a3
ltimo termo da P.A.

primeiro termo da P.A.
nmero de termos da P.A.
razo
1)
Classifique as progresses aritmticas abaixo e

calcule a razo:
a)
(2; 5; 8; 11)
b)
(5; 5; 5; 5)
c)
(1; 3; 5; 7)
/yJLFD
7)
Calcule o primeiro termo e a razo de uma P.A., onde

a2 = 5 e a5 = 11.
Soluo:
a2
a5
=
=
a1 + r = 5
a1 + 4r = 11

SOMA DOS TERMOS DE UMA P.A.
Seja a P.A. de razo r:
(a1; a2; a3; . . . an)
Calculando a soma dos n primeiros termos da P.A.,
teremos:
a1 + r = 5 _ a1 + 2 = 5 _
a1 = 5 2 _ a1 = 3
8)
Inserir 4 meios aritmticos entre 2 e 12.

Soluo: Considerando 2 e 12 os extremos de
uma P.A., temos:
a1
=
2
n
=
6
an
=
12
r
=
?
onde:
Sn:
a1:
an:
n:
Exemplo: Calcular a soma dos dez primeiros termos

da P.A. (1; 3; 5; . . . ).
Logo, a P.A. ser (2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12).
Soluo:
EXERCCIOS PROPOSTOS
1)
A seqncia
a)
2)
P.A. decrescente e r = 2
P.A. constante e r =
d)
P.A. crescente e r =
e)
n.r.a.
4)
10
1
2
?
1)
O termo geral da P.A. (3; 5; 7; . . .) :
3)
=
=
=
=
P.A. crescente e r =
c)
b)
c)
n
a1
r
S10
uma:
b)
a)
soma dos termos de uma P.A.

primeiro termo da P.A.
ltimo termo
nmero de termos
an = 2n + 1
n
an = 2 + 1
an = n2 + 1
d)
an =
e)
n.r.a.
Calcular a soma dos dez primeiros termos da P.A.

(8; 6; 4; . . . ).
Soluo:
a1
r
n
S10
=
=
=
=
8
2
10
?
O dcimo termo da P.A. (8; 6; 4; 2; ... ) igual a:

a) 5
b) 10
c) 15
d) 20
e) n.d.a
A sucesso (m; 2m + 1; 8) uma P.A.. Sua razo :
a) 1
b) 4
c) 3
d) 5
e) n.d.a
5)
6)
Quantos so os mltiplos de 3 compreendidos entre

14 e 71?
a) 10
b) 15
c) 19
d) 25
e) n.d.a
30
b)
40
c)
20
d)
50
(3; 5; 7)
(2; 5; 8)
(1; 5; 9)
d)
e)
Calcule a soma dos mltiplos de 5 entre 17 e 85.

Soluo:
(20; 25; . . . 85)
(2; 3; 10)
n.d.a.
RESPOSTAS

3)
e) n.d.a.
Uma P.A. de trs termos tais que sua soma seja 15

e seu produto seja 80, pode ser representada pela
seqncia:
a)
b)
c)
1)
2)
A soma dos 6 termos consecutivos 42, o primeiro

termo 2. Calcule o ltimo termo.
Soluo:
n
= 6
S6 = 42
a1 = 2
Numa P.A. sabe-se que a2 = 6 e a4 = 12. O dcimo

termo :
a)
7)
2)
e
a
3)
4)
b
c
5)
6)
c
a
7)
/yJLFD
4)
7)
A soma do 4 e 8 termos de uma P.A. 20. O 31

termo o dobro do 16 termo. A P.A. :
a)
(5; 2; 1; . . .)
d)
(1; 3; 5; . . .)
b)
(5; 6; 7; . . .)
e)
n.d.a.
c)
(0; 2; 4; . . .)
8)
A soma dos n primeiros termos de uma P.A. n2 +

4n. Ento, o termo geral dessa P.A. :
a)
5 + 2n
d)
n+4
b)
2n + 3
e)
n.d.a.
c)
2n + 4
9)
A soma dos dez primeiros termos de uma P.A. de

primeiro termo 1,87 e de razo 0,004 :
Calcular a soma dos 6 primeiros termos de uma P.A.,

sabendo-se que a2 = 5 e a4 = 9.
Soluo:
a)
b)
c)
10)
18,88
9,5644
9,5674
d)
e)
18,9
n.d.a.
A soma dos mltiplos de 5 entre 100 e 2 000, isto ,

105 + 110 + 115 + . . . + 1 995, vale
a)
b)
c)
397.950
12.985
2.100.399
a
b
3)
4)
d)
e)
2.100.379
n.d.a.
RESPOSTAS
1)
2)
b
c
5)
6)
a
b
7)
8)
c
b
9)
10)
a
a
PROGRESSO GEOMTRICA (P.G.)

uma seqncia de nmeros reais onde cada termo
a partir do segundo, igual ao anterior multiplicado por uma
constante (razo).
EXERCCIOS PROPOSTOS
1)
A soma dos 15 primeiros

(3; 5; 7; . . . ) igual a:
a) 255
2)
3)
dos
a) 160
c) 266
b) 360
d) 305
termos
da
d) 300
da
P.A.
e) n.d.a.
P.A.
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
CLASSIFICAO DE UMA P.G.
(8; 4; 2; 1)
0 < q < 1, quando seus termos so negativos.
e) n.d.a.
c) n2
d) 2n2
e) n.d.a.
DECRESCENTE
(8; 4; 2; 1)
0 < q < 1, quando seus termos so positivos.
e) n.d.a.
(2; 6; 18; 54)

q > 1, quando seus termos so negativos.
A soma dos n primeiros nmeros mpares positivos

igual a:
b)
CRESCENTE
(3; 6; 12; 24)
q > 1, quando seus termos so positivos.
finita
Calcule o nmero de termos da P.A., sabendo-se que

a sua soma 30, o primeiro termo 2 e a razo 8.
a) 2n
5)
c) 155
Calcule a soma
(3; 6; 9; . . . 45 ).
a) 2
4)
b) 275
termos
CONSTANTE
(5; 5; 5; 5)
Nesta P.G., q = 1.
Calculando a soma dos dez primeiros termos da P.A.

em que:
ALTERNANTE OU OSCILANTE
(2; 4; 8, 16)
Esta P.G. tem q < 0.
a) 120
6)
b) 60
c) 80
d) 100
e) n.d.a.
Um automvel percorre no primeiro dia de viagem,

uma certa distncia x; no segundo dia percorre o
dobro do que percorreu no primeiro dia; no terceiro
dia, percorre o triplo do primeiro dia; e assim
sucessivamente. Ao final de vinte dias percorreu uma
distncia de 6.300 km. A distncia percorrida no
primeiro dia foi de:
a)
15 km
d)
35 km
b)
30 km
e)
n.d.a.
c)
20 km
/yJLFD
ESTACIONRIA
(2; 0; 0; . . . )
Esta P.G. tem a1 g 0 e q = 0.
REPRESENTAO DE UMA P.G.
DE TRS TERMOS

5)
DE QUATRO TERMOS
Calcule o nmero
(1; 3; . . . 243).
Soluo:
DE CINCO TERMOS
6)
FRMULA DO TERMO GERAL DA P.G.
a2
a3
a4
..
..
an
a1
a1 # q
a2 # q = a1 # q # q
a3 # q = a1 # q2 # q
..
..
..
..
an1 # q = a1 # qn1
=
=
=
an
onde:
an
a1
q
n
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
termos
da
P.G.
1
3
243
?
A soma de 3 termos de uma P.G. 7 e o seu produto

8.
Soluo:
=
=
a1
q
an
n
de
a1 # q2
a1 # q3
..
..
Uma P.G. de 3 termos pode ser

representada da seguinte maneira:
. Assim sendo, teremos:
a1 # qn1
ltimo termo da P.G.

primeiro termo da P.G.
razo
nmero de termos da P.G.
1)
Classifique as P.G. abaixo e calcule a razo:

a)
b)
(3; 3; 3; 3)
(4; 0; 0; 0)
c)
d)
Portanto, temos duas possibilidades de escrever a

P.G:
(8; 4; 2; 1)
Soluo:
a P.G. constante e q = 1.
a P.G. estacinria e q = 0.
a P.G. decrescente e q =
(1; 2; 4)
para x = 2 e q =
(4; 2; 1)
.
7)
a P.G. crescente e q =
para x = 2 e q = 2
Calcule o valor de x para que os nmeros, x;

x + 2 e x + 6 formem, nesta ordem, uma P.G.
Soluo:
2)
Obtenha o termo geral da P.G. (3; 6; . . .).

Soluo:
a1
=
q
=
3)
Como (x; x+2; x+6) uma P.G. e a razo

uma constante, ento teremos:
an = a1 # qn1
an = 3 # 2n1
3
2
Calcule o 10 termo da P.G. (2; 4; . . .).

Soluo:
a1
=
q
=
n
=
an = a1 # qn1
a10 = 2 # 2101
a10 = 210 _ a10 = 1024
2
2
10
EXERCCIOS PROPOSTOS
4)
Calcule a razo
a1 = 3 e a5 = 48.
Soluo:

a1
n
a5
q
=
=
=
=
da
P.G.,
sabendo-se
que
1)
A seqncia (2; 0; 0; 0) uma P.G.:

d)
decrescente
a)
estacionria
e)
n.r.a.
b)
crescente
c)
alternante
2)
O termo geral da P.G. (2; 4; 8; . . .) :

a)
an = 2n+1
d)
an = n2
b)
an = 2n
e)
n.r.a.
c)
an = 2n + 1
3
5
48
?
/yJLFD
3)
O 10 termo da P.G. (8; 4; 2; . . . ) :

a)
4)
b)
6)
e) n.d.a.
1)
A soma dos 5 primeiros

(2; 4; 8; 16 . . . ) igual a:
=
2
Soluo: a1
q
=
2
n
=
5
b) 162
c) 68
d) 168
da
P.G.
2)
Quantos termos devemos tomar na

(1; 3; 9; . . . ) para que a soma seja 121?
Soluo: n
=
?
=
1
a1
q
=
3
=
121
Sn
P.G.
3)
Calcule a soma dos 5 primeiros termos da P.G.

sabendo-se que a3 = 12 e a4 = 24.
e) n.d.a.
Quantos termos tem a P.G. (2; 4; . . . 128)?

b) 6
c) 4
d) 7
e) n.d.a.
A soma de trs nmeros em P.G. crescente 26 e o

termo do meio 6. Qual o maior desses nmeros?
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 18
e) n.d.a.
8)
Numa P.G. sabe-se que a1 + a2 = 9 e

a3 + a4 = 36. O quinto termo :
a) 26
b) 3 # 25 c) 2 # 36 d) 36
e) n.d.a.
9)
Se a seqncia (4x; 2x + 1; x 1; . . .) uma P.G.,

ento o valor do 6 termo :
a)
b)
c)
d)
e) n.d.a.
Soluo:
RESPOSTAS
1)
2)
termos
Se a seqncia (x; 3x + 2; 10x + 12) uma P.G.

crescente, a razo :
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 8
e) n.r.a.
a) 5
7)
d)
Em uma P.G., o primeiro termo 2 e o quarto termo

54. O quinto termo dessa P.G. :
a) 486
5)
c)
a
b
3)
4)
c
b
5)
6)
c
d
7)
8)
d
e
9)
SOMA DOS TERMOS DE UMA P.G. FINITA

por:
A soma S dos n termos da P.G. (a1; a2. .. an) dada

Sn = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + . . . . + a n
Sn = a1 + a1 # q + a1 # q2 + . . . . + a1 # qn1 (1)
Multiplicando os membros de (1) pela razo q,

teremos:
q # Sn = a1 # q + a1 # q2 + a1 # q3 + . . . + a1 # qn (2)
Fazendo (2) (1):
EXERCCIOS PROPOSTOS
1)
soma
dos
primeiros
termos
da
P.G.
:
onde:
Sn
n
a1
q
=
=
=
=
soma dos termos de uma P.G.

nmero de termos
primeiro termo
razo
a)
2)
Exemplo: Calcule a soma dos 6 primeiros termos da

P.G. (1; 2; . . .).
Soluo:
a1
q
n
=
=
=
1
2
6
c)
d)
e) n.d.a.
Sabendo que numa P.G., Sn = 126, q = 2 e

n = 6, o valor de a1 :
a)
3)
b)
b)
c)
d)
e) n.d.a.
A soma dos n primeiros termos da

(a; aq2; aq4; . . .), com aq g 0 e q g 1 :
a)
b)
P.G.
d)
e)
n.d.a.
c)
/yJLFD

4)
Em uma P.G. de termos positivos, a diferena entre

o quarto termo e o primeiro termo 21, e a diferena
entre o terceiro termo e o primeiro, 9. Podemos
afirmar que a soma dos 8 primeiros termos da
seqncia :
a) 765
5)
b) 800
d) 550
Calcule o valor de x na equao:
Soluo:
a1
S
q
e) n.d.a.
=
=
=
x
9
1/3
Numa P.G., a2 = 6 e a3 = 12. A soma dos 6 primeiros

termos :
a) 89
1)
c) 856
2)
b) 100
2)
c) 79
d) 189
RESPOSTAS
3)
c
4)
e) n.d.a.
5)
logo, a equao ficar:
SOMA DOS TERMOS DE UMA P.G. INFINITA

Vamos considerar o seguinte problema: Calcular a
soma das reas dos quadrados internos de um quadrado de
lado a que tenham sempre os seus vrtices nos pontos
mdios dos lados da figura abaixo, ou seja:
EXERCCIOS PROPOSTOS
1)
Observamos que as reas

dos quadrados A1; A2; A3; . . .
formam, nessa ordem, a P.G.
A soma dos termos da P.G.

a)
2)
onde: a1
q
A
=
=
soma
a2
infinitas
de
parcelas,
qualquer
5)
b) 40
b)
d)
e) n.d.a.
c) 44
d) 50
e) n.d.a.
c)
d)
e) n.d.a.
d)
e) n.d.a.
d)
e) n.d.a.
O valor de x na equao:
b)
a) 1
dessas
c)
A frao geratriz da dzima peridica 1,666 ... :

a)
4)
A soluo da equao
a) 37
3)
b)
c)
A soma dos termos da P.G.
P.G.
semelhante, pode ser determinada, utilizando-se a frmula:

onde: a1 = a2
a)
b)
c)
q =
6)
Achar a soma dos termos de uma P.G. infinita

sabendo-se que o primeiro termo 2 e a razo
a)
7)
b)
c)
d)
Calcule a soma dos termos da P.G. infinita

(8; 4; 2; 1;
ento o valor de x :
; . . . ).
a)
Soluo:
e) n.d.a.
Se x um nmero real positivo menor que 1 e se

vale a igualdade
1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . . + xn + . . . =
1)
a1
c)
b) 3
d)
e) n.d.a.
RESPOSTAS
1)
2)

a
b
3)
4)
c
d
5)
6)
b
d
7)
/yJLFD
a)
RAZES E PROPORES, REGRAS

DE TRS SIMPLES E COMPOSTAS,
PORCENTAGEM.
b)
Nelas, devem ser observados os fatos:

a)
O seu produto sempre igual a 1. Exemplo:
b)
Razo de antecedente zero no possui inversa.
RAZES E PROPORES
RAZO: Considere a afirmao: "No concurso que
voc vai prestar, o nmero de vagas est para o nmero de
candidatos na razo de 1 para 5"
RAZES IGUAIS: So duas razes em que as

fraes que as representam so equivalentes, como por
Essa afirmao diz que para cada vaga existente,

correspondem 5 candidatos e pode ser representada em
matemtica por 1/5 (l-se: 1 para 5 ou 1 est para 5).
exemplo
, pois se:
Afirmaes desse tipo, que comparam um nmero

com outro, por meio de uma diviso do primeiro pelo
segundo, chamam-se razes. Ento, dizemos que:
a)
e b)
"Razo entre dois nmeros racionais a e b, com

b g 0, o quociente de a por b."
Indica-se:
a:b
ou
Em duas razes iguais observa-se sempre o

seguinte: "os produtos do antecedente de uma pelo
conseqente da outra so sempre iguais." Veja:
e l-se: "a est para b"
b)
12 e 20 _
(basta multiplicar os termos cruzados)

APLICAES: Verificar se as razes so iguais:
a)
, temos que:
_
b)
c)
Se
O nmero a chama-se antecedente e o nmero b

conseqente. Exemplos: Calcular a razo do primeiro
nmero para o segundo:
9e3 _
(basta multiplicar os termos cruzados)
ou "a para b".
a)
temos que:
_
d)
2,2 e 3,3 _ razo = 2,2 : 3,3 _

_
RAZO DE DUAS GRANDEZAS: Chama-se razo de

uma grandeza a para uma grandeza b, da mesma espcie
ao quociente da diviso dos nmeros que exprimem suas
medidas, tomadas na mesma unidade. Exemplos: (as
medidas devem estar todas na mesma unidade)
a)
ESCALA
uma razo especial que usada na representao
de mapas, maquetes, plantas de construes, etc., e a
definimos assim:
"Escala de um desenho a razo existente entre o
comprimento representado no desenho e o correspondente comprimento real", medidos na mesma unidade de
comprimento. Ento:
10 m e 20 m _ razo = 10 m : 20 m _
b)
2 m e 5 cm _ razo = 2 m : 5 cm _
_
c)
4 kg e 5.000 g _ razo = 4 kg : 5.000 g _
Assim sendo, na escala 1:800 ou 1/800 (l-se: escala

de 1 por 800 ), significa que os comprimentos reais so 800
vezes maiores que os correspondentes comprimentos no
desenho. Exemplos de aplicaes:
a)
Qual a escala do desenho em que um comprimento

real de 60 cm est representado por um comprimento
de 12 cm?
RAZES INVERSAS: So duas razes em que o

antecedente de uma o conseqente da outra e viceversa, tais como:
/yJLFD
Resposta: A escala de 1:5 ou 1/5.

b)
Num desenho de escala 1:50, qual o comprimento

real correspondente a um comprimento de 8 cm?
Tem-se:
_
Determine o antecedente das seguintes razes, sabendo que:

21)
o conseqente 5 e a razo vale
22)
o conseqente
e a razo vale

_ 1 # x = 50 # 8 cm _
Ento:
_
TESTES
23)
x = 400 cm
a)
Resp.: O comprimento real de 400 cm.

EXERCCIOS A RESOLVER
Num concurso pblico concorreram 24.000 candidatos para 1.200 vagas. A razo entre o nmero de
vagas e o nmero de candidatos foi de:
24)
b)
c)
d)
Um clube tem 1.600 scios, dos quais 900 so

moas. A razo entre o nmero de moos e o nmero de moas :
Calcular as razes de:

a)
1)
2)
40 e 8
8 e 12
3)
4)
5)
1,2 e
6)
7)
8)
9)
4 m e 200 cm
2,5 m e 0,5 dam
2 m2 e 6.000 dm2
20 5 e 100 dm3
Verificar se so iguais os pares de razes:

10)
12)
11)
13)
4:8e3:6
b)
c)
d)
Respostas:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
5
2/3
3/20
14/3
3/2
2
1/2
1/30
Testes:
23)
1/5
no
sim
sim
no
1/4
135 m2
12 meninas
c
24)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
8 cm
20/28
12/32
56/128
15/2
3/4
PROPORO
Resolver os problemas:
Sejam os nmeros 3, 6, 4 e 8 e nessa ordem, vamos

calcular:
14)
Dois quadrados tm respectivamente 3 cm e 6 cm de

lado. Qual a razo entre as superfcies do primeiro
para o segundo?
a)
a razo do 1 para o 2
b)
a razo do 3 para o 4
15)
Numa residncia, a razo entre a rea construda e

a rea livre de 2:3. Sabendo-se que a rea construda de 90 m2, qual a rea livre?
16)
Em uma classe mista, a razo entre o nmero de

meninos e o nmero de meninas 3:2. Sabendo-se
que o nmero de meninos 18, qual o nmero de
meninas?
17)
Num desenho de escala 1:100, qual o comprimento, no desenho, que corresponde a um comprimento
real de 8 m?
Escreva razes equivalentes a:

18)
20)

3:6=4:8
Estabelea uma igualdade de razes:
De um modo geral, representam-se as propores

das maneiras:
ou
a:b = c:d
ou
a:b::c:d
e destacamos:
I-
A sua leitura : a est para b assim como c est

para d.
II -
a, b, c e d so os termos, na ordem: a o 1, b o
2, c o 3 e d o 4 termo.
III -
a e d so os extremos e b e c so os meios.
IV -
a e c so os antecedentes e b e d so os conseqentes.
, cujo conseqente seja 32.
, cujo antecedente seja 56.
ou
e dizemos que os nmeros 3, 6, 4 e 8, nessa ordem,

formam uma proporo, donde se conclui que: "proporo
uma igualdade de duas razes."
, cujo antecedente seja 20.

Sugesto:
19)
Como a razo do 1 para o 2 igual razo do 3

para o 4, escrevemos:
/yJLFD
PROPRIEDADE FUNDAMENTAL
DAS PROPORES
Por ser uma igualdade de razes, pode-se estabelecer que:
"Em toda proporo a : b : : c : d , o produto dos
3)
Ento, na proporo:
onde: 8 # 15
6 # 20
temos:
8 # 15 = 6 # 20
120 = 120
= produto dos meios
= produto dos extremos
Escrever das oito maneiras diferentes, a proporo:
aplicando a propriedade fundamental:
6 # x = 5 # 12 _ 6x = 60 _ x =
_ x = 10
4)
TRANSFORMAES DE UMA PROPORO

Transformar uma proporo, significa dispor os
seus termos de modos diferentes de maneira que a igualdade dos produtos dos meios e dos extremos no sofra
alterao. Assim, trocando convenientemente a disposio
dos termos de uma proporo, podemos escrev-la de oito
maneiras diferentes. Exemplo:
x # 9 = 3 # 15 _ 9x = 45 _ x =
_x=5
5 : 6 : : x : 12
meios (b # c) sempre igual ao produto dos extremos (a

# d) e vice-versa", que a sua propriedade fundamental.

3#x=8#6_
_ x = 16
3x = 48 _ x =
Nota: Pode-se ver que o termo desconhecido pode ser

qualquer dos meios ou qualquer dos extremos.
Outros exemplos:
5)
_3 # 4 = 2 # 6
1)
permutando os meios da 1:
2)
permutando os extremos da 1:
6)
3)
permutando os meios e os extremos da 1:
4)
invertendo as razes das propores: 1, 2, 3 e 4:
5)
7)
6)
calculam-se as operaes entre parnteses:
7)
8)
CLCULO DO TERMO DESCONHECIDO

DE UMA PROPORO (RESOLUO)
Resolver uma proporo significa encontrar o valor
do seu termo desconhecido e para isso basta aplicar a
sua propriedade fundamental. Veja os exemplos seguintes.
1)
8)
Calcular o termo desconhecido em:

x:8=5:2

x # 2 = 8 # 5 _ 2x = 40 _ x = 40/2 _
_ x = 20
9)
2)
/yJLFD

QUARTA PROPORCIONAL
TERCEIRA PROPORCIONAL
Se quatro nmeros, como por exemplo: 9, 4, 18 e 8,

formam, nessa ordem, uma proporo, diz-se que o 4
nmero (8) a quarta proporcional dos nmeros 9, 4 e 18.
Ento, para se encontrar a quarta proporcional dos nmeros
a, b e c, basta formar com eles uma proporo, tal que: a :
b = c : x, onde x a quarta proporcional de a, b e c.
Exemplos:
o quarto termo de uma proporo contnua.

Ento, se numa proporo contnua ocorrer: 2 : 10 = 10 :
x , vemos que x um terceiro elemento diferente, que com
os outros dois (2 e 10) formam essa proporo contnua.
Diz-se, ento, que x a terceira proporcional dos nmeros 2 e 10 e pode-se concluir que, para calcular a terceira
proporcional de dois nmeros, a e b, basta formar com
eles, nessa ordem, uma proporo contnua, onde b o
meio igual, ou seja: a : b = b : x. Exemplos:
1)
Calcular a quarta proporcional dos nmeros 3, 6 e

16.
Forma-se com eles, nessa ordem, uma proporo
onde x o quarto termo e passa-se a resolv-la:
1)
Forma-se a proporo contnua onde 8 o meio

igual.
Ento:
16 : 8 = 8 : x _
_ 16 # x = 8 . 8 _ 16x = 64 _
3 : 6 = 16 : x _ 3 # x = 6 # 16 _
_ 3x = 96 _ x = _ x = 32
2)
Qual a quarta
Calcular a terceira proporcional dos nmeros 16 e 8.
proporcional dos nmeros
2)
Forma-se a proporo:
Qual a terceira proporcional dos nmeros
Proporo contnua: aquela que tem ou os meios

ou os extremos iguais, tais como:
a)
PROPRIEDADES DAS PROPORES

1)
b)
PROPRIEDADE DA SOMA DOS TERMOS
Em qualquer proporo, a soma dos dois primeiros

termos est para o primeiro (ou para o segundo), assim
como a soma dos dois ltimos termos est para o terceiro
(ou para o quarto).
MDIA PROPORCIONAL OU GEOMTRICA

o meio ou extremo igual de uma proporo
contnua.
Ento, em
Assim, nas propores 36 : 12 = 12 : 4 e 9 : 3 = 27 :

9, dizemos que 12 a mdia proporcional ou geomtrica
dos nmeros 36 e 4 e 9 a mdia proporcional ou
geomtrica dos nmeros 3 e 27.
Ento, quando se quer calcular a mdia geomtrica

de dois nmeros, basta formarmos com eles uma proporo contnua, onde os nmeros dados figurem ou como
meios ou como extremos, resolvendo-se a proporo
obtida, em seguida. Exemplos:
1)
Calcule a mdia proporcional dos nmeros 20 e 5.
2)
20 : x = x : 5 , onde: x # x = 20 # 5 _
2)
_ x = 10
Qual a mdia geomtrica dos nmeros
, temos:
ou 2
PROPRIEDADE DA DIFERENA DOS TERMOS
Em qualquer proporo, a diferena dos dois

primeiros termos est para o primeiro (ou para o segundo), assim como a diferena dos dois ltimos termos est
para o terceiro (ou para o quarto).
Forma-se a proporo contnua:

_ x2 = 100 _
_x=4
Ento, em
, temos:
(1)
ou (2)
Forma-se a proporo contnua:
APLICAO: Calcular dois termos de uma proporo, desde que sejam conhecidos ou a sua soma ou a sua
diferena. Exemplos:
1)
Encontrar dois nmeros cuja soma 48 e que esto

entre si na razo de 3 para 5.
Soluo:
Chamando de x e y os nmeros procurados, vem:
Nota: Pode-se concluir que a mdia proporcional ou

geomtrica de dois nmeros igual raiz quadrada
do produto desses nmeros.

/yJLFD
Aplicando a propriedade da soma dos termos, vem
(1)
ou (2)
, temos:
4)
(1)
ou (2)
Como x + y = 48 e substituindo em (1) e (2), vem:
PROPRIEDADE DA DIFERENA DOS ANTECEDENTES E DOS CONSEQENTES
Em qualquer proporo a diferena dos antecedentes est para a diferena dos conseqentes, assim como
cada antecedente est para o seu conseqente.
Ento em
(1)
, temos
ou (2)
APLICAO: Clculo de dois antecedentes ou dois

conseqentes de uma proporo, desde que sejam conhecidos ou a sua soma ou a sua diferena. Exemplo:
1)
Resp.: Os nmeros procurados so 18 e 30.
2)
Resolver a proporo
y = 42.
, sabendo-se que x +
Soluo:
Aplicando a propriedade da soma dos antecedentes
e conseqentes, vem:
Calcular dois nmeros cuja diferena entre eles 20

e que esto entre si na razo de 6 : 4.
Soluo: Sejam a e b os nmeros procurados.
Ento:
, temos:
(1)
ou (2)
Como x + y = 42 , vem:
Aplicando a propriedade da diferena dos termos,

vem:
, temos:
(1)
ou (2)
Como a b = 20 , vem:
Resp.: x = 18 e y = 24.
2)
Resolva a proporo
, sabendo-se que
a b = 21.
Soluo:
Aplicando a propriedade da diferena dos antecedentes e conseqentes, vem:
, temos:
Resp.: Os nmeros procurados so 60 e 40.
3)
PROPRIEDADE DA SOMA DOS ANTECEDENTES

E DOS CONSEQENTES
Em qualquer proporo a soma dos antecedentes

est para a soma dos conseqentes, assim como cada
antecedente est para o seu conseqente.
Ento em
/yJLFD
(1)
ou (2)
Como a b = 21 , vem:
, temos:

2)
Calcular x e y na proporo
2
, sabendo-se que
x + y = 52.
Soluo:
Resposta: a = 70 e b = 49.
5)
PROPRIEDADE DO PRODUTO DOS ANTECEDENTES E DOS CONSEQENTES
Em qualquer proporo o produto dos antecedentes est para o produto dos conseqentes, assim como
o quadrado de cada antecedente est para o quadrado
do seu conseqente.
Ento em
, temos
(1)
Forma-se o sistema:
Aplicando a conseqncia, vem:
Logo, o sistema fica:

onde, aplicando a propriedade da soma dos termos (1), vem:
ou (2)
CONSEQNCIA: Em qualquer proporo, os

quadrados de seus termos tambm formam uma proporo.
(1)
ou (2)
Como x2 + y2 = 52 , vem:
Ento, se
, temos:
APLICAO: Clculo de dois termos de uma

proporo, desde que seja conhecido seu produto ou o
quadrado de seus termos. Exemplos:
1)
Determinar dois nmeros, sabendo que seu produto

180 e sua razo
Soluo:
Chamando de a e b os nmeros procurados e formando o sistema, vem:
Resp.: x = 4 e y = 6.
SRIE DE RAZES IGUAIS (PROPORO MLTIPLA)
Se as razes
Aplicando a propriedade do produto dos antecedentes e conseqentes, vem:

, temos
(1)
ou (2)
Como a # b = 180 , vem:
forem todas iguais, pode-
se escrever:
, formando uma srie de razes
iguais que so chamadas de propores mltiplas, nas

quais valem tambm as propriedades da soma (ou diferena) dos antecedentes e dos conseqentes, ou seja: "Em
qualquer proporo mltipla, a soma (ou diferena) dos
antecedentes est para a soma (ou diferena) dos
conseqentes, assim como cada antecedente est para
o seu conseqente."
APLICAO: Calcular a, b e c em
sabendo-se que a b + c = 33.

Soluo:
Aplicando a propriedade da soma (ou diferena)
dos antecedentes e conseqentes, vem:
_
ou
Resp.:

(2) ou
(1)
(3)
Os nmeros so 12 e 15.
/yJLFD
Como a b + c = 33 , vem:
26)
A diferena entre dois nmeros 15 e a razo ente

eles 8/5. Calcule-os.
27)
A diferena dos quadrados de dois nmeros 144 e

esto entre si na razo de 5 para 3. Quais so os
nmeros?
O produto de dois nmeros 96 e a sua razo 2
para 3. Quais so eles?
28)
29)
A soma de dois nmeros 55 e o maior est para 8

assim como o menor est para 3. Calcule-os.
TESTES
30)
A quarta proporcional dos nmeros 1/2, 3/4 e 2/3 :

a) 4
b) 1/2
c) 1/4
d) 1
Resp.: a = 24, b = 6 e c = 15.

31)
Resolver as propores (aplicar a propriedade fundamental)
1)
5 : 6 = 2x : 3
2)
3)
3x :
4)
= 0,4 :
5)
A mdia proporcional dos nmeros 27 e 3 :

a) 1458
32)
x:
c) 81
Na proporo
a)
33)
b) 729
d) 9
, o valor de x :
b)
c)
d)
Sabendo-se que x y = 40 e
, ento
x + y igual a:
6)
a)
7)
34)
8)
72
b)
Se
144
c)
36
d)
18
d)
, ento o valor de x :
a)
b)
c) 10
Calcular a quarta proporcional de:

9)
11)
8, 12 e 10
35)
10)
a)
0,4; 0,6 e 1,2

36)
Calcular a mdia proporcional de:

12)
8e2
O valor de x na proporo
13)
b)
3e
15)
3,2 e 0,2
Calcular a terceira proporcional de:

16) 3 e 12
17) 5 e 20
18)
1 e 25
37)
Sendo
38)
39)
d)
c) 8 m
d) 6 m
c) 39
d) 37
A razo entre a minha idade e a idade do meu primo

de 2 para 5 e juntos temos 42 anos. Ento, tenho:
b) 14 anos
c) 12 anos
d) 10 anos
Cortaram 20 kg de carne em dois pedaos, cuja

razo 2/3. O pedao maior pesa:
a) 11 kg
20)
b) 9 m
b) 40
a) 16 anos
Calcular os elementos desconhecidos nas propores,
usando a propriedade cabvel em cada caso:
e x y = 15, o valor de x + y :
a) 41
19)
c)
Um garoto de 1 m de altura projeta uma sombra de

0,5 m. No mesmo instante, um edifcio de 18 m ir
projetar uma sombra de:
a) 12 m
14)
, :
b) 12 kg
c) 14 kg
d) 15 kg
21)
RESPOSTAS:
22)
23)
Calcular os termos desconhecidos em:

24)
/yJLFD
25)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
5/4
1
4/75
8
12
23
182/27
75/16
15
20/27
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
1,8
4
9/5
2/3
0,8
48
80
625
1/18
8 e 12
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
35 e 7
8 e 12
9 e 15
3,9 e 15
25, 10 e 15
40 e 25
15 e 9
8 e 12
40 e 15
d
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
39)
d
b
a
a
d
b
c
c
b

DIVISO EM PARTES PROPORCIONAIS
NMEROS DIRETAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS
DIVISO DE UM NMERO EM PARTES

DIRETAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS
1)
Sejam os conjuntos A e B de nmeros racionais que

esto em correspondncia biunvoca (mesma quantidade
de elementos):
Dividir o nmero 180 em partes diretamente proporcionais a 3, 4 e 11.

Soluo:
a)
b)
A = {2, 5, 8, 11} e B = {6, 15, 24, 33}
representar os nmeros por a, b e c.

considerar as sucesses (a, b, c) e (3, 4, 11)
como diretamente proporcionais
Formando as razes entre os elementos correspondentes de A e B, temos:

Ento:
, onde:
e
Calcula-se o coeficiente de proporcionalidade,

aplicando-se a propriedade das propores mltiplas,
ou seja:
ou seja, essas razes so constantes e todas

iguais a
, donde se pode escrever:

coeficiente de proporcionalidade, e o valor de cada
uma das partes a, b e c ser encontrado pelo produto de cada um dos nmeros 3, 4 e 11 pelo coeficiente de proporcionalidade.
Diz-se ento que os elementos dos conjuntos A e B

so diretamente proporcionais ou simplesmente proporcionais e conclui-se que:
Ento, vem:
"Duas sucesses de nmeros so diretamente

proporcionais quando as razes existentes entre um
elemento qualquer da primeira e o seu correspondente
na segunda sucesso so constantes (iguais)."
A razo constante que existe entre os dois conjuntos
chama-se fator de proporcionalidade ou coeficiente de
proporcionalidade.
Resp.: As partes so 30, 40 e 110.

2)
Dividir o nmero 372 em partes diretamente proporcionais a

Soluo:
APLICAO:
Calcular os valores de a, b e c dos conjuntos de
nmeros diretamente proporcionais:
O nmero 372 deve ser dividido em trs parcelas: a,

b, c (a+b+c = 372) em que a srie de razes iguais
ser:
A = {2, b, 4, 7} e B = {a, 9, c, 21}.

Soluo:
Como so diretamente proporcionais os dois
conjuntos, forma-se as razes iguais entre os
elementos correspondentes de A e B:
Da o sistema:
de onde vem:
Ento:
coeficiente de proporcionalidade
Igualando cada razo a
(coeficiente) e calculan-
do o termo desconhecido, temos:
Como uma proporcionalidade no se altera quando

se multiplica todos os nmeros do conjunto por um
mesmo nmero, pode-se ento reduzir as fraes ao
mesmo denominador e desprezar, em seguida, o
denominador, a fim de que as partes sejam substitudas por nmeros inteiros. Ento, a expresso
anterior fica:
m.m.c. (2, 3, 5) = 30
Resp.: Os valores so: a = 6, b = 3 e c = 12.

(despreza-se o denominador)
E, por conseguinte, o problema agora consiste em

dividir 372 em partes diretamente proporcionais a
15, 10 e 6, ou seja, como no primeiro exemplo:
/yJLFD
de onde vem:
3 # 40 = 120 coeficiente de proporcionalidade
Igualando cada produto a 120 (coeficiente) e
calculando o termo desconhecido, temos:
Ento:
3)
(Soluo direta) Dividir 183 em partes diretamen-
Resp.: Os valores so: a = 30, b = 6 e c = 12.
te proporcionais a
DIVISO DE UM NMERO EM PARTES
INVERSAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS
Dividir um nmero em partes inversamente proporcionais a nmeros dados, significa dividi-lo em partes
diretamente proporcionais aos inversos dos nmeros
dados. Exemplo:
1)
Dividir o nmero 18 em partes inversamente proporcionais a 2, 3 e 6.

Soluo:
O problema consiste em dividir 18 em partes diretamente proporcionais aos inversos de 2, 3 e 6, que
so: 1/2, 1/3 e 1/6. Ento:
Ento:
NMEROS INVERSAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS
Sejam agora os conjuntos C e D de nmeros racionais que tambm esto em correspondncia biunvoca:
C = {1, 3, 5, 10} e D = {60, 20, 12, 6}
Calculando os produtos entre os nmeros do
conjunto C e os correspondentes do conjunto D, temos:
1 # 60; 3 # 20; 5 # 12; 10 # 6, v-se que esses produtos so
constantes e todos iguais a 60, donde se pode escrever:
Logo:
1 # 60 = 3 # 20 = 5 # 12 = 10 # 6 = 60
Diz-se ento que os elementos dos conjuntos C e D
so inversamente proporcionais e conclui-se que:
"Duas sucesses de nmeros so inversamente
proporcionais quando os produtos entre um elemento
qualquer da primeira pelos correspondentes na segunda sucesso so constantes (iguais)."
2)
Dividir o nmero 200 em partes inversamente proporcionais a

Soluo:
Esses produtos iguais chamam-se tambm fator de

proporcionalidade ou coeficiente de proporcionalidade.
o mesmo que dividir 200 em partes diretamente
APLICAO:
e 5. Ento:
proporcionais aos inversos de
, que so: 3
Determinar os valores de a, b e c dos conjuntos de

nmeros inversamente proporcionais: A = {3, 4, b, 10} e B
= {40, a, 20, c}.
Soluo:
Como os dois conjuntos so inversamente proporcionais, forma-se os produtos iguais entre os
elementos correspondentes de A e B:
Logo:
Resp.: As partes so 75 e 125.
/yJLFD

TESTES
Verificar se so direta ou inversamente proporcionais a
sucesso de nmeros que formam os conjuntos A e B
de cada exerccio:
1)
2)
A={1, 5, 2}
B={3, 15, 6}
3)
18)
As sucesses de nmeros
so direta-
mente proporcionais. Ento, o coeficiente de proporcionalidade :
A={2, 3, 4, 6}
B={48, 32, 24, 16}
a)
135
c)
b)
25
d)
75
A={6, 4, 12, 2}
B={8, 12, 4, 24}
19)
so inversa-
Calcular x e y sabendo-se que os conjuntos A e B so

diretamente proporcionais:
mente proporcionais. Ento, o coeficiente de proporcionalidade :
4)
a)
A = {5, x, 20}
B = {3, 6, y}
6)
A = {1, x, 7}
B = {5, 15, y}
60
b)
5)
c)
d)
A = {x, 12, 15}

B = {28, y, 20}
20)
so
Calcular m e n sabendo-se que os conjuntos A e B so

inversamente proporcionais:
inversamente proporcionais. Ento, a+b igual a:
7)
A = {m, 2, 3}
B = {7, n, 14}
b)
8)
A = {3, m, 10}
B = {5, 25, n}
9)
a)
A = {2, 10, n}
B = {m, 9, 15}
21)
888 em partes proporcionais a 18, 11, 21 e 24.
11)
3.250 em partes proporcionais a 0,4; 1,2 e 3,4.
12)
4.000 em partes proporcionais a
13)
380 em partes inversamente proporcionais a 2, 5 e 4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
14)
459 em partes inversamente proporcionais a 3, 4, 10

e 6.
RESPOSTAS:
Problemas:
15)
Um pai distribuiu R$ 5.000,00 aos seus trs filhos em

partes diretamente proporcionais s suas idades, que
so 4, 7 e 9 anos. Quanto coube a cada um?
16)
Um tio oferece R$ 6.000,00 para serem repartidos

entre seus trs sobrinhos, em partes inversamente
proporcionais s faltas escola que deram durante
o ms. Quanto coube a cada sobrinho, sabendo que
dois deles faltaram 2 vezes cada um e outro faltou 5
vezes?
17)
Um reservatrio de 25.200 m3 de capacidade foi

completamente cheio por 3 torneiras que despejaram
por minuto 12 5, 8 5 e 16 5 de gua respectivamente.
Determinar o volume de gua que cada torneira
despejou.

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
28
d)
21
200, 80 e 100
150, 130 e 100
180, 60 e 140
200, 60 e 120
10)
22)
c)
Quero repartir o nmero 380 em parcelas que so

inversamente proporcionais aos nmeros 2, 5 e 4,
respectivamente. Essas parcelas sero:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Dividir:
63
Uma pessoa divide R$ 13.000,00 proporcionalmente

s idades de seus 3 filhos, que tm respectivamente
3, 4 e 6 anos. Quanto recebero o filho mais novo e
o mais velho?
R$ 2.000,00 e R$ 6.000,00
R$ 3.000,00 e R$ 6.000,00
R$ 3.000,00 e R$ 4.000,00
R$ 4.000,00 e R$ 6.000,00
diretamente proporcionais
inversamente proporcionais
inversamente proporcionais
x = 10 e y = 12
x = 21 e y = 16
x = 3 e y = 35
m = 6 e n = 21
m = 3/5 e n = 3/2
m = 45 e n = 6
216, 132, 252 e 288
260, 780 e 2.210
960, 1.440 e 1.600
200, 80 e 100
180, 135, 54 e 90
R$ 1.000,00; R$ 1.750,00 e
R$ 2.250,00.
R$ 2.500,00; R$ 2.500,00 e
R$ 1.000,00.
8.400 5; 5.600 5 e 11.200 5
d
19) a
20) c 21) a
22) b
/yJLFD
Soluo:
1 scio: 300.000,00 # 12 3.600.000,00 3.600
2 scio: 200.000,00 # 9 1.800.000,00 1.800
3 scio: 500.000,00 # 4 2.000.000,00 2.000
REGRA DE SOCIEDADE
uma aplicao da diviso em partes diretamente
proporcionais e destacam-se trs casos:
1)
TEMPOS IGUAIS E CAPITAIS DIFERENTES
Ento:
Divide-se o lucro ou prejuzo da sociedade proporcionalmente aos capitais dos scios. Exemplo:
Quatro pessoas formam uma sociedade com os
capitais de: R$ 100.000,00, R$ 120.000,00, R$ 150.000,00
e R$ 200.000,00, respectivamente. No fim de certo tempo,
a sociedade apresentou um lucro de R$ 2.850.000,00.
Quanto coube a cada scio?
Soluo:
Logo:
Para facilitar os clculos, desprezamos os cinco

zeros finais de cada importncia do problema, acrescentando-os depois nos resultados finais.
Chamando os scios de a, b, c e d, respectivamente,
formando o sistema e aplicando a diviso em partes
proporcionais, temos:
Resp.: Os lucros foram, respectivamente:

R$ 1.800.000,00; R$ 900.000,00 e R$ 1.000.000,00.
1)
2)
Ento:
3)
(acrescentando-se os cinco zeros suprimidos no
incio do clculo)
2)
Resp.: Cada scio recebeu, respectivamente:

R$ 500.000,00; R$ 600.000,00; R$ 750.000,00
e R$ 1.000.000,00.
4)
CAPITAIS IGUAIS E TEMPOS DIFERENTES
5)
Divide-se o lucro ou prejuzo da sociedade proporcionalmente aos tempos de permanncia dos scios.
Exemplo: Trs pessoas formam uma sociedade,
permanecendo, o primeiro scio durante 12 meses, o
segundo 8 meses e o terceiro 6 meses. Quanto ganhou
cada um, se a sociedade teve um lucro de R$ 520.000,00?
6)
Ento:
Resp.: O primeiro scio ganhou R$ 240.000,00; o

segundo, R$ 160.000,00 e o terceiro R$
120.000,00.
3)
TEMPOS DIFERENTES E CAPITAIS DIFERENTES
Divide-se o lucro ou prejuzo da sociedade proporcionalmente aos produtos do tempo pelo capital,
respectivo de cada scio. Exemplo:
Trs negociantes formam uma sociedade em que o
primeiro entrou com o capital de R$ 300.000,00; o segundo
com R$ 200.000,00 e o terceiro com R$ 500.000,00. O
primeiro permaneceu 12 meses na sociedade; o segundo,
9 meses e o terceiro, 4 meses. Qual foi o lucro de cada um,
se o lucro total da sociedade foi de R$ 3.700.000,00?
/yJLFD
7)
PROBLEMAS PARA RESOLVER:

Trs pessoas formam uma sociedade, entrando a
primeira com R$ 30.000,00: a segunda com
R$ 40.000,00 e a terceira com R$ 45.000,00. Calcular o lucro de cada uma, sabendo-se que o lucro total
foi de R$ 230.000,00.
Trs pessoas formam uma sociedade comercial.
A primeira empregou R$ 10.000,00; a segunda
R$ 15.000,00 e a terceira, R$ 25.000,00. No fim do
ano, o lucro da sociedade foi de R$ 450.000,00. Qual
a parte de cada uma?
A e B formaram uma sociedade com capitais proporcionais a 4 e 7, respectivamente. No final de certo
tempo, A recebeu de lucro R$ 15.000,00 menos que
B. Qual o lucro de cada um?
Trs pessoas formaram uma sociedade com capitais
proporcionais a 3, 5 e 8 respectiva-mente. No fim de
certo tempo, a sociedade apresentou o lucro de R$
32.000,00. Qual foi o lucro de cada um?
Duas pessoas formaram uma sociedade com capitais
iguais permanecendo a primeira durante 3 anos e a
segunda durante 4 anos. Aps esse tempo, foi feito
um balano geral, pelo qual a segunda recebeu R$
12.000,00 a mais do que a primeira. Determinar o
lucro de cada uma.
TESTES
Trs pessoas formam uma sociedade, permanecendo a primeira durante 12 meses; a segunda, 8 meses
e a terceira, 6 meses. Quanto ganhou cada uma, se
a sociedade apresentou um lucro de R$ 520.000,00?
a)
R$ 240.000,00; R$ 160.000,00 e R$ 120.000,00,
respectivamente
b)
R$ 210.000,00; R$ 190.000,00 e R$ 120.000,00,
respectivamente
c)
R$ 250.000,00; R$ 150.000,00 e R$ 120.000,00,
respectivamente
d)
R$ 230.000,00; R$ 160.000,00 e R$ 130.000,00,
respectivamente
A, B e C formaram uma sociedade. A entrou com R$
24.000,00; B com R$ 30.000,00 e C com R$
36.000,00. Depois de 3 meses tiveram um lucro de
R$ 60.000,00. Quanto recebeu o scio B?
a)
R$ 16.000,00
c) R$ 24.000,00
b)
R$ 20.000,00
d) R$ 60.000,00
RESPOSTAS:
1)
1 = R$ 60.000,00; 2 = R$ 80.000,00 e 3 = R$ 90.000,00.
2)
1 = R$ 90.000,00; 2 = R$ 135.000,00; 3 = R$ 225.000,00.
3)
A=R$ 20.000,00 e B=R$ 35.000,00
4)
1 = R$ 6.000,00; 2 = R$ 10.000,00 e 3 = R$ 16.000,00.
5)
1 = R$ 36.000,00 e 2 = R$ 48.000,00.
TESTES:
6)
a
7)
b

1)
REGRA DE TRS SIMPLES

E COMPOSTAS
Indicando por x a quantidade de metros que faro os

9 operrios, temos a seguinte disposio prtica:
GRANDEZAS DIRETAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS:

So duas grandezas que, quando o valor de uma
delas aumenta ou diminui, o valor da outra aumenta ou
diminui o mesmo nmero de vezes. Ento, se:
5 m de tecido custam . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 m custaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 m custaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Se 5 operrios tecem 800 m de fazenda por dia,

quantos metros tecero 9 operrios?
Soluo:
5 operrios . . . . . . . . . . . 800 m
9 operrios . . . . . . . . . . . x
Se 5 operrios tecem 800 m, mais operrios tecero
mais metros.
Como nesse exemplo as grandezas: nmero de
operrios e quantidade de metros so diretamente
proporcionais, assinalamos essa variao na
disposio prtica, atravs de flechas no mesmo
sentido. A proporo resultante e sua soluo :
R$ 20,00
R$ 40,00
R$ 60,00
Nota-se que quando o valor da primeira (comprimento) torna-se o dobro, o triplo, etc., o mesmo ocorre com o
valor da outra (custo) e por isso mesmo essas duas grandezas so diretamente proporcionais.
A propriedade que caracteriza a existncia de
grandezas diretamente proporcionais : "a razo entre
os valores de uma igual razo entre os valores
correspondentes da outra." No exemplo acima, temos:
Resp.: 9 operrios tecero 1.440 metros de fazenda.

ou
ou
2)
12 operrios . . . . . .
10 operrios . . . . . .
onde as flechas de mesmo sentido indicam que as razes

resultaram de grandezas diretamente proporcionais.
So duas grandezas que, quando o valor de uma

delas aumenta ou diminui, o valor da outra diminui ou
aumenta o mesmo nmero de vezes. Ento, se:
3 operrios fazem um servio em 36 dias
6 operrios faro o mesmo servio em 18 dias
9 operrios o faro em 12 dias
Invertendo a primeira razo
A propriedade que caracteriza a existncia de

grandezas inversamente proporcionais : "a razo entre
os valores de uma igual ao inverso da razo entre os
valores correspondentes da outra." No exemplo acima,
temos:
Resp.: 10 operrios faro o mesmo trabalho em 18

dias.
3)
ou
Se, em 5 horas percorre 330 km, em mais horas

percorrer mais km. Portanto, a regra de trs
direta flechas de mesmo sentido. Ento:
REGRA DE TRS SIMPLES

So problemas que envolvem duas grandezas direta
ou inversamente proporcionais. Resolv-los, consiste em
formar com os trs valores conhecidos e a incgnita
procurada, uma proporo e dela tirar o valor desejado.
Para isso faz-se:
2)
Identifica-se se as grandezas so direta ou inversamente proporcionais.
3)
Escreve-se a proporo correspondente e passa-se

a resolv-la. Exemplos:

Certo automvel percorre 330 km em 5 horas. Conservando a mesma velocidade quantos quilmetros
percorrer em 9 horas?
330 km . . . . . . . . 5 horas
x . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 horas
onde as flechas de sentidos contrrios indicam que as

razes resultaram de grandezas inversamente proporcionais.
Escreve-se numa mesma coluna as grandezas de

mesma espcie.
, para que as
flechas tomem o mesmo sentido, temos a proporo:
Nota-se que quando o valor da primeira (operrios)

torna-se o dobro, o triplo, etc., o valor da outra (tempo)
torna-se a metade, um tero, etc., e por isso mesmo essas
duas grandezas so inversamente proporcionais.
1)
15 dias
x
bvio que, se 12 operrios demoram 15 dias,

menos operrios demoraro mais dias para fazer o
mesmo trabalho.
Como o tempo necessrio para efetuar um trabalho
inversamente proporcional ao nmero de operrios empregados, assinalamos essa variao, na
disposio prtica, com flechas de sentidos contrrios.
GRANDEZAS INVERSAMENTE PROPORCIONAIS:
ou
Se 12 operrios demoram 15 dias para executar um

trabalho, 10 operrios, em quanto tempo faro o
mesmo trabalho?
Resp.: Percorrer 594 km.

4)
Um avio, com a velocidade de 320 km/h, vence a

distncia entre duas cidades em 6 horas. Outro
avio, com a velocidade de 360 km/h, em quanto
tempo percorrer essa mesma distncia?
320 km/n . . . . . . . . . .
360 km/h . . . . . . . . . .
6 horas
x
/yJLFD
Se, voando a 320 km/h demora 6 horas, voando a
mais km/h, demorar menos horas. Ento, a regra
de trs inversa flechas de sentidos contrrios.
Invertendo a razo
Ora, se para fazer 40 metros de muro so necessrios 8 pedreiros, para fazer mais metros de muro (70)
sero necessrios mais pedreiros. Regra de trs
direta flechas de mesmo sentido.
40 m / comp.
pedreiros
dias
f 8x pedreiros
146 dias
70 m / comp.
e resolvendo a proporo,
Resumindo as letras a e b, vem:
vem:
Transformando 16/3h em horas e minutos, vem:

_
_
Resp.: O outro avio percorrer a mesma distncia
em 5 horas e 20 minutos.
Notamos, na disposio prtica, que as flechas que

tm o mesmo sentido da do grupo que contm x, indicam
grandezas diretamente proporcionais e as de sentido
contrrio indicam grandezas inversamente proporcionais. Ento, a razo desse grupo de grandezas inversamente proporcionais (6 / 14) deve ser invertida, a fim de
tomar o mesmo sentido das grandezas diretamente
proporcionais.
No grupo que contiver x, no se faz alteraes.
Somente escreve-o como se encontrar, na posio do 1
grupo, e, em seguida, transcreve-se os demais grupos,
fazendo a inverso dos grupos que forem inversamente
proporcionais. Tem-se ento:
REGRA DE TRS COMPOSTA

So problemas que envolvem trs ou mais grandezas direta ou inversamente proporcionais. Para resolvlos, faz-se:
Feito isto, conserva-se a razo que tem x e

multiplicam-se entre si as demais razes, simplificandoas se for possvel. Ento vem:
1)
Escreve-se numa mesma coluna as grandezas de

mesma espcie.
2)
Identifica-se se as grandezas so direta ou inversamente proporcionais, considerando as colunas duas

a duas, sendo que uma delas deve conter o termo
desconhecido.
3)
Escreve-se a proporo correspondente, igualando

a razo que contm o termo desconhecido com o
produto das outras razes, e passa-se a resolv-la.
Exemplos:
2)
Se 8 pedreiros constroem em 6 dias um muro de 40

m de comprimento, quantos pedreiros sero necessrios para construir, em 14 dias, um muro de 70 m
de comprimento?
Soluo
Temos a seguinte disposio prtica:
1)
(1 Grupo)
8 pedreiros
x pedreiros
(2 Grupo)
6 dias
14 dias
(3 Grupo)
40 m/comp.
70 m/comp.
Para resolvermos o problema proposto, comparamos

cada grupo de valores com o grupo em que estiver o x (no
exemplo, o 1 grupo), colocando-lhe esquerda, uma
flecha de formato diferente das demais para servir como
termo de comparao. Nessa comparao deveremos
observar apenas o grupo comparado com o que tem x,
sem preocupao com qualquer outro grupo, para observarmos se esses valores formam regra de trs direta ou
inversa. Desta forma, temos:
a)
a)
(1 Grupo)
7 operrios
x operrios
b)
(4 Grupo)
2.800 m
2.160 m
7 operrios
menos operrios
Comparao do 3 com o 1 grupo
8 horas
menos horas
7 operrios
mais operrios
Regra de trs inversa flechas de sentidos contrrios.

c)
Ento:
/yJLFD
(3 Grupo)
8 horas
6 horas
Regra de trs inversa flechas de sentidos contrrios.
Comparao do 3 com o 1 grupo:
5 dias
mais dias
(2 Grupo)
5 dias
9 dias
Ora, se em 6 dias so necessrios 8 pedreiros para

fazer o muro, em mais dias (14) sero necessrios
menos pedreiros. Regra de trs inversa flechas
de sentidos contrrios.
6HSDUDID]HU PGHPXURVmRQHFHVViULRV
SHGUHLURV
SDUDID]HU PGHPXURVHUmRQHFHVViULRV [SHGUHLURV
Sero necessrios 6 pedreiros.
Sete operrios, em 5 dias de 8 horas, fazem 2.800 m

de tecido. Quantos operrios sero necessrios para
fazer 2.160 m do mesmo tecido em 9 dias de 6
horas?
Comparao do 2 com o 1 grupo:

Se em
em
b)
so necessrios
8 pedreiros
146 dias
dias sero necessriosf x pedreiros
Resp.:
2.800 m
menos metros
7 operrios
menos operrios
Regra de trs direta flechas de mesmo sentido.
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KRUDV
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4)
Para forrar as paredes de uma sala, so necessrias

30 peas de papel de 60 cm de largura. Quantas
peas de 90 cm de largura seriam necessrias para
forrar a mesma sala?
R.: 20 peas.
5)
Se, de cada 30 kg de caf cru resultam 25 kg de caf

torrado, quantos kg de caf cru sero necessrios
para se obter 200 kg de caf torrado? R.: 240 kg.
6)
Um circo armado por 15 homens que trabalham 10

horas por dia, em 3 dias. Em quanto tempo armariam
esse circo, 10 homens que trabalhassem 9 horas por
dia?
R.: 5 dias.
Resp.: Sero necessrios 4 operrios.
7)
Foram empregados 24 kg de fio para tecer 120 m de

fazenda de 0,82 m de largura. Quantos metros da
mesma fazenda, de 1,23 m de largura sero tecidos
com 30 kg do mesmo fio?
Com uma bomba eltrica, eleva-se 4.200 litros de

gua altura de 12 m, em 1 hora e 20 minutos.
Quanto tempo empregar essa bomba para elevar
12.600 litros a altura de 8 metros? R.: 2 h 40 min.
8)
Com 15 operrios, em 18 dias gastou-se R$ 405,00

para fazer certo trabalho. Quanto se gastaria para um
trabalho semelhante, dispensando-se 8 operrios,
sendo que os restantes fariam o trabalho em 12
dias?
R.: R$ 126,00.
9)
Um automvel com a velocidade mdia de 60 km / h,

rodando 7 horas por dia, leva 20 dias para fazer certo
percurso. Quantos dias levaria o mesmo automvel,
para fazer aquele percurso, se viajasse 12 horas por
dia, com a velocidade mdia de 50 km / h?
R.: 14 dias.
10)
Um livro tem 250 pginas de 40 linhas cada, sendo

cada linha composta por 66 letras. Reimprimindo-o
com os mesmos caracteres, porm com pginas de
30 linhas de 50 letras cada uma, quantas pginas
ter o novo livro?
R.: 440 pginas.
11)
Se 80 operrios, trabalhando 10 horas por dia teceram 7.500 m de fazenda em 25 dias, quantos metros
do mesmo tecido faro 54 operrios trabalhando 8
horas por dia, durante 30 dias?
R.: 4.860 m.
12)
Um automvel gasta 10 litros de gasolina para

percorrer 65 km. Quantos litros gastar num percurso
de 910 km?
R.: 140 litros.
Invertendo as razes
Conservando-se a razo com x e multiplicando-se

as demais, vem:
Simplificando fica:
3)
24 kg / fio
30 kg / fio
120 m
x
m / larg.
1,23 m / larg.
0,82

Simplificando fica:
Resp.: Sero tecidos 100 metros.

4)
Se o transporte, por estrada de ferro, de 15 toneladas

de certa mercadoria, distncia de 400 km custa R$
90,00, qual ser o frete de 32 toneladas, ao mesmo
preo por km, em 250 km?

_
15 toneladas
32 toneladas

400 km
250 km
f

R$ 90,00
x
TESTES
Simplificando fica:
12)
Uma mquina produz 600 peas em 20 minutos.

Quantas peas produzir em 50 minutos?
a) 675
b) 1500
c) 2000
d) 3000
13)
Se 8 tratores realizam certo trabalho em 15 dias, 10

tratores realizariam o mesmo trabalho em:
a) 12 dias b) 16 dias c) 6 dias
d) 8 dias
14)
Na construo de um muro de 24 m de comprimento

foram utilizados 3120 tijolos. Para construir um muro
de 60 m de comprimento sero necessrios quantos
tijolos:
a) 7728
b) 5184
c) 5400
d) 7800
15)
Em 3 dias, 4 mquinas produzem 600 peas. Para

produzir 900 peas em 2 dias, sero necessrias
quantas mquinas:
a) 24
b) 15
c) 9
d) 6
Resp.: O frete ser de R$ 120,00.

PROBLEMAS PARA RESOLVER:
1)
Duas rodas dentadas, engrenadas uma na outra, tm

respectivamente, 24 e 108 dentes. Quantas voltas
dar a menor, enquanto a maior d 16?
R.: 72 voltas.
2)
Numa cocheira existem 30 cavalos, para os quais

uma certa quantidade de feno dura 40 dias. Tendo
sido retirados 10 cavalos, quanto tempo durar agora
aquela quantidade de feno?
R.: 60 dias.
3)
Uma pessoa, dando 51 passos por minuto, demora 15

minutos para percorrer certa distncia. Que tempo
demorar para percorrer a mesma distncia, se, em
cada minuto, der 45 passos?
R.: 17 minutos.

RESPOSTAS:
12) b
13) a
14) d
15) c
/yJLFD
PORCENTAGEM
Ento:
A razo entre dois valores quaisquer de uma grandeza pode ser representado com um conseqente ou denominador qualquer. Suponha ento que numa caixa de
frutas, contendo laranjas e mexericas, num total de 90
frutas, 27 delas sejam laranjas. A razo entre o nmero de
laranjas e o total de frutas ser 27/90, que pode ser
representada de vrias formas, como por exemplo:
, etc. . .
Ento, se pode dizer, com o mesmo sentido, que na

caixa de frutas, 27/90 das frutas so laranjas; ou 3/10 das
frutas so laranjas; ou 12/40 das frutas so laranjas; ou
30/100 das frutas so laranjas, etc.
RAZO CENTESIMAL (OU PERCENTUAL)
a razo representada com o denominador ou
conseqente 100 e chamada de percentagem ou
porcentagem. No exemplo acima, a razo com forma de
porcentagem 30/100, que pode tambm ser escrita
"30%", em que o smbolo "%" indica porcentagem.
O caso inverso :
(aps simplificada).
Logo:
No comrcio, para simplicidade nos clculos, usa-se

determinar as comisses, os lucros, os prejuzos, os
abatimentos, os juros, as corretagens, etc., em propores
a 100 unidades de outra grandeza da mesma espcie. Isto
significa que, quando se diz que um corretor recebeu 7% de
comisso, quer-se dizer que, em cada 100 reais, a parte
que lhe coube foi 7 reais.
TERMOS DA PORCENTAGEM
Em todo problema de porcentagem, deve-se distinguir quatro elementos
1)
O PRINCIPAL que o nmero total sobre o qual se

quer calcular a porcentagem. (todo em espcie).
representado por P.
O numerador ou antecedente "30" da razo chamase taxa de porcentagem e o nmero total de frutas "90"
chamado principal.
2)
A PORCENTAGEM que a parte que se quer

encontrar do principal e da mesma espcie do
principal (parte do principal). representada por p.
bom notar que o nmero de laranjas "27", uma

frao do todo "90", ou seja, vale de 90, ou simplesmente
30% de 90. Ento se diz que 27 30% de 90, ou, 30% das
frutas so laranjas.
3)
O NMERO FIXO 100 que representa o total em %

(todo em %). Nunca aparece no problema e
representado por 100.
4)
A TAXA DE PORCENTAGEM que o nmero de

partes que devem ser tomadas em cada 100 partes
do principal (parte em %). representada por i.
Pode-se representar uma razo sob a forma de

porcentagem, e, reciprocamente, representar uma porcentagem sob a forma de frao irredutvel. Observe:
1)
Representar a razo sob a forma de porcentagem.
RESOLUO DE PROBLEMAS
Soluo:
Consiste em achar uma razo igual a 3/5 e de conseqente 100. Ento, representando por x o antecedente
da razo procurada, forma-se a proporo
Os problemas relativos a porcentagem so resolvidos

facilmente, por meio de regra de trs simples e direta,
seguindo-se o critrio:
, de onde vem:
Ao principal (todo em espcie) corresponde

100% (todo em %) e porcentagem (parte do principal)
corresponde taxa de porcentagem (parte em %).
PROBLEMAS RESOLVIDOS
Logo, a porcentagem procurada ser:

Siga, com muita ateno, os modelos:
1)
Reciprocamente, teramos: representar 60% sob a
forma de frao irredutvel.
(aps simplificada).
2)
Calcular quanto deve receber um corretor pela venda

de um terreno no valor de R$ 50.000,00, se a comisso foi estipulada em 3,5%.
Soluo:
Distinguindo os quatro elementos do problema,
temos:
Ento, a frao irredutvel correspondente a 60%
(P)
PRINCIPAL = 50.000,00 (todo em espcie) o valor total.
Representar sob a forma de porcentagem.
(p)
Soluo:
Segundo o mesmo critrio anterior, vem:
PORCENTAGEM = x (parte do principal)

o que vai ser calculado.
(100) NMERO FIXO = 100% (todo em %)

nunca aparece escrito no problema.
(i)
TAXA DE PORCENTAGEM = 3,5% (parte

em %) a parte do 100% que o corretor
vai ganhar de comisso.
Com esses quatro elementos, arma-se o dispositivo

(regra de trs simples direta):
/yJLFD

VALOR
CORRESPONDE
(P) 50.000,00
(p)
x
2)
(todo) . . . . . 100
(parte) . . . . . (i)
PORCENTAGEM
4)
100% (todo)
3,5% (parte)
Sobre uma compra de R$ 68.000,00, se concede um

abatimento de R$ 3.400,00. Qual a taxa do abatimento?
Estabelecendo a proporo e resolvendo-a, vem:
Resp.: A comisso do corretor de R$ 1.750,00.
Resp.: A taxa do abatimento foi de 5%.
Ao pagar uma conta de R$ 48.000,00, uma pessoa

tem um abatimento de 4%. Quanto pagou pela conta?
5)
Soluo:
Em 35 g de uma soluo de iodo, a poro de iodo

pesa 0,7 g. Qual a taxa percentual de iodo da soluo?
Distinguindo os quatro elementos, temos:

(P)
PRINCIPAL = 48.000,00 (todo em espcie) valor total.
(p)
PORCENTAGEM = x (parte do principal)

o que se vai calcular.
(100) NMERO FIXO = 100% (todo em %)

no aparece no problema.
(i)
TAXA = 4% (parte do 100%) o que vai

ser abatido.
Dispositivo da regra de trs:

VALOR
(P) 48.000,00
(p)
x
CORRESPONDE
(todo) . . . . . 100
(parte) . . . . . (i)
Resp.: A taxa percentual de iodo da soluo de

2%.
6)
PORCENTAGEM
Um rapaz, comprando uma motoneta, conseguiu um

desconto de 3% sobre o preo marcado, e assim
obteve um desconto de R$ 18,00. Qual o preo
marcado?
100% (todo)
4% (parte)
Proporo e clculo:
Resp.: O preo marcado de R$ 600,00.

O abatimento foi de R$ 1.920,00, ento, a pessoa
pagou:
7)
R$ 48.000,00 R$ 1.920,00 = R$ 46.080,00
Em um recipiente contendo lcool puro, derramam-se

7,5 5 de gua para se obter uma mistura que contivesse 25% de gua. Qual o volume da mistura?
Resp.: A pessoa pagou R$ 46.080,00 pela conta.
OUTROS EXEMPLOS (RESOLUO DIRETA)

3)
Em uma classe de 35 alunos, 40% so meninos.

Quantas so as meninas?
Resp.: O volume da mistura de 30 litros.
TAXA MILESIMAL
Se, em lugar de tanto por cento, se tiver tanto por

mil, ser uma taxa milesimal, cujo smbolo "%o" e para
calcul-la, basta substituir nos problemas que a contiver,
o nmero 100 por 1.000 e se efetuar os clculos resultantes
como nos problemas anteriores.
O nmero de meninos 14; logo o nmero de meninas : 35 14 = 21

Resp.: As meninas so em nmero de 21.

Exprimir, sob a forma de porcentagem, as razes:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
/yJLFD
TESTES
Representar, sob a forma de frao irredutvel, as

porcentagens:
39)
7)
8)
15%
4,5%
9)
10)
7,5%
24,8%
11)
12)
38,25%
21,875%
Calcular as porcentagens ou taxa milesimal:

13)
14)
8% de 175
0,2% de 938
18)
19)
2%o de 200 g
5%o de 500 g
15)
de 600
20)
3%o de 145 g
16)
5% de 3/4
21)
12% de R$ 60.000,00
17)
de
22)
6% de R$180.000,00
a) 7%
40)
35 de 700
3 m de 24 m
25) 5 dm3 de 50 da5

26) 16 kg de 80 kg
41)
42)
44)
Uma conta, ao ser paga vista, sofre um abatimento

de 5% no valor de R$ 200,00. Qual o valor da
conta?
45)
29)
Qual o valor de uma fatura pela qual se pagou R$

1.900,00, sabendo-se que o vendedor concordou em
fazer um abatimento de 5%?
46)
30)
Um aluno, ao fazer uma composio de 420 palavras,

cometeu 21 erros de ortografia. Qual a taxa percentual de erros da composio?
28)
31)
32)
33)
Um comerciante compra 310 toneladas de minrio a

R$ 45,00 a tonelada. Vende um quinto com lucro de
25%; dois quintos com lucro de 15% e o resto com
lucro de 10%. Quanto recebe ao todo e qual o seu
lucro?
Uma pessoa compra uma propriedade por R$
30.000,00. Paga de taxa, comisses e escritura, R$
7.200,00. Por quanto deve revend-la, para lucrar
12%?
34)
Um comerciante adquiriu 120 kg de certa mercadoria

razo de R$ 2,40 o quilograma. Obteve um desconto de 1% e teve uma despesa de transporte de R$
18,80. Revendendo a mercadoria a R$ 3,00 o quilograma, qual ser sua taxa percentual de lucro?
35)
Uma betoneira, depois de trabalhar na construo de

um edifcio sofre uma depreciao de 27% de seu
valor e , ento, avaliada em R$ 3.650,00. Qual o
valor primitivo?
36)
Uma pessoa compra um apartamento por R$

170.000,00 e o revende com o lucro de 15% sobre o
preo de venda. Qual o preo de venda?
37)
Numa cidade, a populao adulta de 18.300 pessoas, 42% das quais so analfabetas. Quantos so os
adultos alfabetizados dessa cidade?
38)
Em uma classe com 40 alunos, a taxa de porcentagem de comparecimento, certo dia, foi de 90%.
Quantos alunos faltaram nesse dia?
/yJLFD
d) 72
c) 40%
d) 75%
c) 17,6
d) 176
b) 10,00 g
c) 10,01 g
d) 10,11 g
Sabe-se que 140 representam 35% de um nmero x.

Este nmero x :
b) 500
c) 600
d) 300
A taxa percentual que corresponde frao 3/4 :

b) 75%
c) 70%
d) 65%
Numa cidade, as tarifas de nibus passaram de R$

16,00 para R$ 24,00. O percentual de aumento foi
de:
a) 50%
b) 40%
c) 60%
d) 70%
Em certo pas, a populao atual de 80 milhes de

habitantes. Sabendo-se que a taxa de crescimento
populacional de 40% ao ano, a populao daqui a
2 anos ser:
a)
b)
48)
c) 7,2
Uma jia contm em seu peso 65% de ouro. Se essa

jia pesa 15,4 gramas, a quantidade, em gramas, de
ouro que esta jia tem :
a) 80%
Um negociante comprou 156 kg de mercadorias por

R$ 171,60. Por quanto deve revender o quilo, se
pretende ganhar 30% sobre o preo da compra?
b) 30%
b) 6,6
a) 400
47)
b) 0,072
Em sua composio, o feijo tem 22% de protenas.

Quantos gramas de protenas fornecem 300 g de
feijo?
a) 10,10 g
O transporte de um objeto custa R$ 864,00 e esta

importncia representa 8% do valor do objeto. Qual
o valor desse objeto?
d) 35%
Numa classe de 50 alunos, 30 so moas. A taxa

percentual de rapazes :
a) 66
43)
c) 30%
9% de 0,8 igual a:
a) 25%
27)
b) 25%
a) 0,72
Determinar quanto por cento :

23)
24)
A razo 7/20 na forma percentual :
83,200 milhes c)
112 milhes
156,8 milhes
d)
168,5 milhes
Em um colgio, 38% dos alunos so meninos e as

meninas so 155. Neste colgio, o nmero de alunos
:
a) 140
b) 240
c) 150
d) 250
RESPOSTAS:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
75%
12,5%
40%
46,87%
160%
302,5%
3/20
9/200
3/40
31/125
153/400
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
14
1,876
50
0,0375
10/9
4 dg
2,5 g
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
33)
34)
35)
36)
37)
38)
435 mg
R$ 7.200,00
R$ 10.800,00
5%
12,5%
1%
20%
R$ 10.800,00
R$ 4.000,00
R$ 2.000,00
5%
R$ 1,43
R$ 16.042,50 e
R$ 2.092,50
R$ 41.664,00
18,45%
R$ 5.000,00
R$ 200.000,00
10.614
4 alunos
43) c
44) a
45) b
46) a
TESTES:
39) d
40) b
41) c
42) a
47) c
48) d

0]^cP{Tb)
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/yJLFD
LINUX
O Sistema Operacional Linux um software livre, criado em
1991 por Linus Torvalds, na Universidade Helsinki Finlndia,
com cdigo fonte aberto (open source) disponvel gratuitamente
QD,QWHUQHWSRVVtYHOGHVHUPRGLFDGRSRUTXDOTXHUSHVVRD1R
HQWDQWRYiULDVHPSUHVDV]HUDPPHOKRULDVFRPRREMHWLYRGH
torn-lo mais simples de usar e com uma interface mais amigvel e o distribuem com preos mais baixos dos que os sistemas
operacionais fechados.
Caractersticas do Sistema Linux
3HUPLWHDPRGLFDomRHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHPHOKRULDV
no sistema;
possvel ter um sistema dual boot, sendo uma partio com o Linux e a(s) outra(s) com outros sistemas
operacionais;
Multitarefa. Permite vrios processos paralelos;
Multiusurio. Permite vrios usurios;
Suporte a nomes extensos de arquivos e diretrios;
Permite conectar com mquinas contendo outras plataformas;
No precisa de um processador potente para funcionar;
Acessa corretamente discos formatados por outros

sistemas operacionais; dentre outras
Kernel
o ncleo do sistema operacional, a parte mais prxima
do nvel fsico. composta de chamadas ao sistema, de acesso
aos dispositivos de entrada e sada e de gerncia dos recursos
da mquina.
Shell
Shell o nome genrico de uma classe de programas que
funcionam como interpretador de comandos e linguagem de
programao interpretada no Unix. Os Shell mais populares so
EDVK FKV WVK ]VK 2 6KHOO p D LQWHUIDFH HQWUH R XVXiULR H R
.HUQHO2XVXiULRSRGHHVFROKHUTXDOGRVVKHOOVYDLXWLOL]DU2
Shell padro do Linux o bash.
Script
Script um arquivo que contm comandos de Shell, que, numa
situao normal, poderiam ser executados em modo prompt.
Esses comandos so executados seqencialmente, dependendo
de situaes, dependendo de condies estruturais de lao, como
if ....then(se ...ento) e do....while (faa ......enquanto). Um script
tambm pode usar variveis. A entrada pode ser recebida por
meio do prompt de comando ou de outros arquivos.
A rea de Trabalho do Linux distribuio

Ubuntu
$iUHDGHWUDEDOKRRXGHVNWRSpXPDLQWHUIDFHJUiFDFRP
um menu na parte superior para acesso aos Aplicativos, Locais
(que o Gerenciador de Arquivos) e Programas Utilitrios do
Sistema.
Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas
A soluo para seu concurso
N oes de I nformtica = 1
No computador, a rea de trabalho possui a mesma idia de

uma estao de trabalho fsica, em um escritrio. Com este princpio, ao ligar o computador, a primeira tela a ser vista a rea
de trabalho do usurio. Nela, podem-se deixar os atalhos para os
softwares aplicativos, arquivos ou pastas mais acessados.
cones
6mRJXUDVTXHUHSUHVHQWDPWLSRVGHDUTXLYRVRXIXQFLRQDlidades.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Representao de Arquivos. (a) Arquivo de texto; (b) Formulrio (c) Arquivo de vdeo; (d) Arquivo de imagem.
J os cones do Quadro abaixo representam as funcionalidades possveis para uma janela.
Quadro. Funcionalidades para janelas, no ambiente operacional Linux.
Funcionalidade
Restaurar
cone
Para que serve

Apresenta a janela ativa do seu
tamanho original.
Mover
Permite posicionar a janela em

uma rea da tela. Esta funcionalidade til quando se deseja
visualizar o contedo de duas ou
mais janelas simultaneamente.
Tamanho
Janelas que no estejam

maximizadas podem ser redimensionadas. Ao clicar nesta opo,
o usurio movimentar o mouse
e a tela ser redimensionada. Ao
FOLFDURWDPDQKRVHUiGHQLGR
Minimizar
mantm o arquivo aberto, porm

oculta a janela e a torna disponvel
a partir da barra de tarefas
amplia a janela para ocupar toda a
rea til da tela.
Maximizar
Fechar
Se clicar duas vezes sobre a barra

de ttulo, a janela maximizar ou
restaurar o seu tamanho.
fecha a janela ativa
Propriedades do Linux
O Linux o sistema operacional da mquina. Sem o seu
pleno funcionamento, nenhum outro software funcionar. Ele
responsvel por iniciar o computador e, a partir dele, tambm
pSRVVtYHOGHVOLJDURFRPSXWDGRUFRQJXUDUGLVSRVLWLYRVDOpP
de acessar os demais softwares instalados. Vejamos a seguir, as
principais funcionalidades:
Desligando o Computador
Ao abrir o Menu Sistema, escolha a opo Desligar o Computador. O Linux apresentar quatro opes para desligar o computador:
i) Desligar; ii) Reiniciar; iii) Suspender; e iv) Hibernar.
Desligar: fechar todos os programas abertos e desligar o

computador.
Reiniciar: desligar o computador e o ligar novamente
Suspender: o Linux salvar todos os programas abertos e
deixar o computador em modo de espera, com economia de
HQHUJLDQRUPDOPHQWHRPRQLWRUpGHVOLJDGR1DSUy[LPDYH]
que o computador for ligado, sero apresentados ao usurio
todos os todos os programas e arquivos que estavam abertos na
ltima seo.
Hibernar: similar ao anterior, mas sem o uso de energia.
Trocando de usurio
O Linux permite multiusurios. No menu Sistema, opo
Encerrar a Sesso, o usurio poder fechar todos os programas
abertos e encerrar sua seo (dar baixa na autenticao do
usurio). A mquina permanecer ligada esperando que outro
usurio se autentique para continuar usando.
A opo Trocar usurio abrir a tela de login, mas deixar todos
os programas e arquivos abertos pelo usurio suspensos. Ao retornar
para o usurio, o ambiente de trabalho ser restaurado.
Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas Soluo Apostilas SoluoApostilas
2 = Noes de Informtica
Menu Aplicativos
2 PHQX $SOLFDWLYRV DSUHVHQWD DWDOKRV SDUD D ORFDOL]DomR
dos programas (softwares) instalados no computador, tais como
$FHVVyULRV)HUUDPHQWDVGH6LVWHPD5HFXUVRV*UiFRV1DYHgadores da Internet e Software de correio eletrnico e Recursos
Multimdia.
Aplicativos
Ajuda
analisador do uso de disco Byobu
Terminal
Calculadora
Capturar Imagem da Tela
Acessrios
Data e Hora
Editor de Texto
Mapa de Caracteres
Pesquisar por Arquivos
Terminal
Tonboy Notas
Ferramentas de Sistemas
K3B
Nepomuk Backup
%U2IFH'UDZ
Digitalizador Simples
*UDFRV
mtPaint
*UDF(GLWRU
2UDJDQL]DGRUGH)RWRV6KRWZHOO
aMSN
Cliente BitTTorrent Transmission
Internet
Cliente do Terminal Server

Correio do Evolution
Ekiga Solftfone
Audacity
Cabine de Webcam do Cheese
Conversor de Som
Editor de Video Pitivi
GnomeBaker CD/DVD Writer
Gravador de discos Brasero
Multimidia
Gravador de som
K3b
5HSURGXWRUGHOPHV
Reprodutor de midio Banshee
Reprodutor de Midias VLC
Reprodutor de musicas Rhythmbox
soundKonverter
XCFA
Acessrios
Analisador do uso do disco
Este aplicativo til para analisar os discos existentes no
computador, informar a capacidade total de cada um dos discos,
TXDQWLGDGHGHDUTXLYRVHVSDoRXWLOL]DGRHHVSDoROLYUH
Calculadora
O Linux possui uma calculadora simples, com funes
bsicas matemticas.
Capturar imagem da Tela

Equivalente a tecla PrintScreen, esta funcionalidade disponvel dentro do menu Aplicativos/Acessrios permite salvar a
imagem da tela, da janela atual ou delimitar (com o mouse) a rea
que deseja capturar. No Linux, a imagem da tela capturada podeUiVHUVDOYDFRPRXPDUTXLYRQRIRUPDWR31*RXDUPD]HQDU
na rea de transferncia para colar dentro de um outro software.
Data e Hora
Acessrio para alterar a data e o horrio do computador,
DOpPGHSHUPLWLUGHQLUVHDSUHVHQWDUiRXQmRRUHOyJLRQDEDUUD
de menu, o formato da hora (se 12 ou 24 horas), se os segundos
sero apresentados ou apenas hora e minutos. Adicionalmente,
se o calendrio e eventos da Agenda sero apresentados.
Editor de Texto
O Linux possui um sistema para editorao de textos que,
embora com recursos limitados, se apenas o sistema operacional estiver instalado, possvel digitar um texto e imprimi-lo.
Os recursos deste editor so padres para todos os softwares
aplicativos que operam sobre o sistema operacional Linux.
Pesquisar por arquivos

No menu Aplicativos/Acessrios, opo Pesquisar por ArTXLYRVpSRVVtYHOORFDOL]DUSRUXPDUTXLYRRXSDVWDGLJLWDQGR
uma parte do nome do arquivo e o prprio sistema operacional
VHHQFDUUHJDSHODORFDOL]DomR
Terminal
o prompt de comando do Linux. Permite ao usurio operar
RVLVWHPDQRPRGRQmRJUiFRDWUDYpVGHOLQKDVGHFRPDQGRV
Tomboy Notas
um programa de anotaes, equivalente ao bloco de notas
do Windows.
Ferramentas de Sistema
K3b
Ferramenta para reproduo e gravao de CD e DVD.
Nepomuk Backup
O pURFHVVR GH EDFNXS FRPSUHHQGH ID]HU FySLDV GH
segurana de um ou mais arquivos ou gerar uma imagem
do sistema. A gerao da imagem compreende gravar os
arquivos que permitem o funcionamento do computador
como uma imagem. Se alguma alterao for feita ou se algum arquivo for excludo, de modo que o funcionamento do
computador seja comprometido, restaurar o backup uma
forma de corrigir o problema, pois substituir os arquivos
corrompidos por arquivos bons.
*UiFRV
2VUHFXUVRVJUiFRVGR/LQX[FRQWrUP
'LJLWDOL]DGRU VLPSOHV IHUUDPHQWDV SDUD GLJLWDOL]DU

imagens e textos, desde que haja instalado um scanner
ou impressora multifuncional, com funo de scanner;
mtPaint: um simples editor de imagens;
*UDF(GLWRUHGLWRUGHJUiFRV
2UJDQL]DGRUGHIRWRV
Internet
Dentre os recursos de Internet, encontram-se disponveis
neste menu os navegadores (browsers), softwares de mensagens
instantneas, notcias na web e correio eletrnico.
Menu Locais
7HPSRUREMHWLYRDMXGDURXVXiULRDRUJDQL]DURVVHXVDUTXLYRV
HDPDQLSXOiORVHQWUHRVGLVSRVLWLYRVGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR
Locais Computador
O menu Locais/Computador apresenta o gerenciador de
DUTXLYRVFRPWRGRVRVGLVSRVLWLYRVGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRORFDLVH
de rede mapeados.
A Lixeira um tipo especial de pasta, criada automaticaPHQWH QD LQVWDODomR GR VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO FXMD QDOLGDGH p
receber todos os arquivos ou pastas excludos, exclusivamente,
do disco rgido (HD, de hard disk). como um dispositivo de
segurana, quando um arquivo excludo, o Linux guarda-o na
pasta Lixeira.
Locais Documentos
Abre a pasta que contm os arquivos do usurio conectado.
Locais rea de Trabalho
eXPDFHVVRUiSLGRSDUDORFDOL]DUDUTXLYRVQDiUHDGHWUDEDOKRGR/LQX[
RED HAT
O Red Hat Linux um sistema operacional baseado no
padro Posix, possuindo recursos como multiusurio (vrios
usurios), multitarefa (vrias tarefas sendo processadas ao mesmo tempo), total compatibilidade com a Internet/redes e roda
em diversas plataformas de computadores.
O Red Hat Linux uma das distribuies Linux mais famosas em todo o mundo. Uma distribuio Linux um conjunto
de diversos programas (pacotes) aglomerados entre si com um
kernel (ncleo do sistema) funcional.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux uma distro criada pela empresa
norte-americana Red Hat.
O foco desta distribuio o mercado corporativo, incluindo
verses para servidores e para desktops.
Viso Geral do Sistema RedHat Arquivo

A descrio mais simples do sistema Unix, que geralmente
aplicvel a Linux e RedHat, :
(PXPVLVWHPD8QL[WXGRpXPDUTXLYR6HQmRIRUXP
DUTXLYRHOHpXPSURFHVVR
Isso parcialmente verdadeiro, porque h arquivos especiais
que so mais do que apenas arquivos (pipes nomeados e tomaGDVSRUH[HPSORPDVSDUDPDQWHUDVFRLVDVVLPSOHVGL]HQGR
TXH WXGR p XP DUTXLYR p XPD JHQHUDOL]DomR DFHLWiYHO 8P
VLVWHPD/LQX[FRPR81,;QmRID]QHQKXPDGLIHUHQoDHQWUH
XPDUTXLYRHXPGLUHWyULRXPDYH]TXHXPGLUHWyULRpDSHQDV
um arquivo contendo nomes de outros arquivos. Programas,
servios, textos, imagens, etc, so todos os arquivos. Dispositivos de entrada e de sada, e, geralmente, todos os dispositivos,
FRQVLGHUDGRFRPRVHQGRXPFKHLURGHDFRUGRFRPRVLVWHPD
Para gerenciar todos os arquivos de uma maneira ordenada,
ns gostamos de pensar neles como uma estrutura de rvore ordenada no disco rgido, relacionando volta para DOS. H, ento,
JUDQGHVUDPRVFRQWHQGRPDLVUDPRVHRVUDPRVQRQDOFRQWrP
as folhas das rvores ou arquivos normais. Por enquanto, vamos
nos ater a esta imagem da rvore, mas vamos descobrir mais
tarde porque no realmente uma imagem exata.
Tipos de arquivos
A maioria dos arquivos so apenas arquivos, chamados
arquivos regulares: elas contm dados normais, por exemplo,
arquivos de texto, arquivos executveis ou programas, entrada
para ou sada de um programa, etc.
(PERUDVHMDUD]RDYHOPHQWHVHJXURVXSRUTXHWXGRRTXHYRFr
encontrar em um sistema Linux um arquivo, h algumas excees.
Diretrios: arquivos que so listas de outros arquivos.
Arquivos Especiais: o mecanismo usado para entrada e
sada. A maioria dos arquivos especiais esto em/dev.
/LQNVXPVLVWHPDSDUDID]HUXPDUTXLYRRXGLUHWyULRYLVtYHO
em vrias partes da rvore de arquivos do sistema.
Sockets (domnio): um tipo de arquivo especial, semelhante
a sockets TCP/IP, o fornecimento de redes inter-processo protegido por controle de acesso do sistema de arquivos.
PARTITIONING
A maioria das pessoas tem um sentimento vago sobre o que
XPD SDUWLomR p XPD YH] TXH TXDVH WRGRV RV VLVWHPDV RSHUDcionais tm a possibilidade de cri-los. O fato de que o Linux
XWLOL]DPDLVGHXPDSDUWLomRQRPHVPRGLVFRPHVPRTXDQGR
VH XWLOL]D R SURFHGLPHQWR GH LQVWDODomR SDGUmR SRGH SDUHFHU
estranho primeira vista.
O objetivo de ter parties diferentes alcanar maior segurana dos dados em caso de um desastre. Ao dividir o disco
rgido em parties, os dados podem ser agrupados e separados.
Quando ocorre um acidente, por exemplo, uma falha de eletricidade, o leitor ptico pode colidir com o disco rgido. Somente
RVGDGRVQDSDUWLomRTXHIRLDWURSHODGRVHUiGDQLFDGRHQTXDQto os dados sobre as outras parties muito provavelmente ir
sobreviver. Imagine a rvore novamente; quando clareamento
deve quebrar um galho, o resto da rvore cresce diante.
Este princpio datas dos dias em que o Linux no tem sistePDVGHDUTXLYRVMRXUQDOHGDLQGD$9XVD5HG+DWH
QmRGRMRUQDOPDVRXVRGHSDUWLo}HVSHUPDQHFHSRUUD]}HVGH
segurana, de modo que uma falha de segurana em uma parte
GRVLVWHPDQmRVLJQLFDDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHTXHWRGRRFRPSXWDdor est em perigo.
Existem dois tipos de grandes parties em um sistema
Linux:
Partio de dados: dados normais do sistema Linux, inFOXLQGRDSDUWLomRUDL]FRQWHQGRWRGRVRVGDGRVGHDUUDQTXHHD
gesto do sistema; e
Partio Swap: expanso de memria fsica do computador,
memria extra no disco rgido.
Num sistema servidor, dados do sistema tende a ser separado a partir de dados do usurio. Os programas que oferecem
servios so mantidos em um lugar diferente do que os dados
manipulados por este servio.
Parties diferentes sero criados em tais sistemas, por
exemplo, uma partio com todos os dados necessrios para
LQLFLDOL]DUDPiTXLQDXPDSDUWLomRFRPGDGRVGHFRQJXUDomR
e programas de servidor, um ou mais parties que contenham os dados do servidor, por exemplo, um banco de dados,
e-mails de usurios, um arquivo FTP etc., uma partio com os
programas do usurio e aplicativo e um ou mais parties para
RVDUTXLYRVHVSHFtFRVGHXVXiULRV6HUYLGRUHVJHUDOPHQWHWrP
mais memria e, portanto, mais swap.
Alguns processos do servidor, tais como bancos de dados,
pode exigir mais espao de swap do que o habitual, consulte
DGRFXPHQWDomRHVSHFtFDSDUDREWHULQIRUPDo}HVGHWDOKDGDV
Para um melhor desempenho, troca frequentemente dividida
em diferentes parties de swap.
Layout do arquivo de sistema
Para maior comodidade, o sistema de arquivos Linux
geralmente considerado como uma estrutura de rvore, voc vai
encontrar o layout geral, segue o esquema.
A rvore do sistema de arquivos comea no tronco ou barra,
indicado por uma barra (/). Este diretrio, contendo todos os
diretrios e arquivos subjacentes, tambm chamado o direWyULRUDL]RXDUDL]GRVGLUHWyULRVGRVLVWHPDGHDUTXLYRVTXH
VmR DSHQDV XP QtYHO DEDL[R GR GLUHWyULR UDL] VmR JHUDOPHQWH
precedidos por uma barra, para indicar a sua posio e evitar
confuso com outros diretrios que podem ter o mesmo nome.
NFS SERVIDOR
NFS, ou Network File System, um protocolo cliente-servidor para compartilhar arquivos entre computadores em
uma rede comum. NFS permite que voc montar um sistema de
arquivos em um computador remoto como se fosse local para
o seu prprio sistema. Voc pode acessar diretamente qualquer
um dos arquivos em que o sistema de arquivos remoto. O servidor e o cliente no tem que usar o mesmo sistema operacional.
O sistema cliente s precisa estar executando um cliente NFS
compatvel com o servidor NFS.
Por exemplo, servidor NFS poderia ser um sistema Linux

e Unix pode ser um cliente. Mas no pode ser um sistema de
janela porque a janela no compatvel com NFS. As exportaes do Servidor NFS um ou mais diretrios para os sistemas do
cliente, e os sistemas cliente montar um ou mais dos diretrios
compartilhados para diretrios locais chamados de pontos de
montagem. Aps a ao montado, todos operaes I/O so escritos de volta ao servidor, e todos os clientes notar a mudana
como se ocorreu no sistema de arquivos local.
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acessa o sistema de arquivos remoto como se fosse local, porque o acesso concedido por endereo IP; no so necessrios
um nome de usurio e senha. No entanto, existem riscos de
segurana a considerar, porque o servidor NFS no sabe nada
sobre os usurios do sistema cliente.
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1HVWHH[HPSORYDPRVFRQJXUDUXPVHUYLGRU1)6HPRQWDr diretrio compartilhado do lado do cliente.
Para este exemplo, estamos usando dois sistemas de um servidor Linux um cliente Linux. Para completar estes per busca de
servidor NFS, siga este link.
Per busca de servidor NFS Um servidor Linux com
HQGHUHoR,3HKRVWQDPHGRVHUYLGRU
8PFOLHQWH/LQX[FRPHQGHUHoR,3HKRVWQDPH
&OLHQW$WXDOL]DGRHWFKRVWVHPDPERVVLVWHPDV/LQX[
Executando servios portmap e xinetd.
Firewall deve ser desligado no servidor.
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permevel.
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Servidor FTP
1. Introduo O File Transfer Protocol (FTP) usado como
um dos meios mais comuns de cpia de arquivos entre servidores
atravs da Internet. A maioria dos sites de download baseadas na
web usar a construda em capacidades de FTP de navegadores da
web e, portanto, a maioria dos sistemas operacionais de servidor
orientada geralmente incluem um aplicativo de servidor FTP
como parte da sute de software. Linux no exceo.
2. FTP Overview
FTP depende de um par de portas TCP para comear o trabalho feito. Ela opera em dois canais de conexo como: FTP Control
Channel, porta TCP 21: todos os comandos que voc envia e as
respostas do servidor FTP para esses comandos vo passar por
cima da conexo de controle, mas todos os dados enviados de
YROWDFRPROVOLVWDVGHGLUHWyULRRXUHDOGDGRVGHDUTXLYRVHP
qualquer direo) vai passar por cima da conexo de dados. FTP
Data Channel, porta TCP 20: Esta porta usada para todas as
transferncias de dados posteriores entre o cliente e o servidor.
Em adio a estes canais, existem diversas variedades de FTP.
Tipos de FTP
A partir de uma perspectiva de rede, os dois principais tipos
de FTP so ativos e passivos. Em FTP ativo, o servidor FTP
inicia uma conexo de transferncia de dados de volta para o
cliente. Para FTP passiva, a conexo iniciada a partir do cliente
de FTP. De uma perspectiva de gerenciamento de usurios, h
tambm dois tipos de FTP: FTP regular em que os arquivos so
transferidos usando o nome de usurio e senha de um servidor
FTP usurio regular, e FTP annimo no qual o acesso geral
fornecido para o servidor FTP usando um universal conhecido
mtodo de login.
FTP ativo
A sequncia de eventos para FTP ativo :
1. O cliente se conecta ao servidor FTP atravs do estabelecimento de uma conexo de controle FTP para a porta 21 do
servidor. Seus comandos como ls e se so enviados atravs
desta ligao.
2. Sempre que o cliente solicita dados sobre a conexo de
controle, o servidor inicia conexes de transferncia de dados
de volta para o cliente. A porta de origem dessas conexes de
transferncia de dados sempre a porta 20 no servidor, e o porto
de destino uma porta elevada (superior a 1024) no cliente.
3. Assim, a listagem ls que voc pediu para voltar pela porta
20 para conexo de alta porta, no a conexo de controle porta 21.
Portanto, o modo ativo FTP transfere dados de uma forma
contra-intuitivo para o padro TCP, como ele seleciona a porta
20, como porta de origem (no uma porta alta aleatria que
maior do que 1024) e liga de volta para o cliente em uma
porta alta aleatria que tem sido pr-negociado na conexo de
controle porta 21.
FTP Passivo
FTP passiva funciona de forma diferente:
1. O cliente se conecta ao servidor FTP atravs do estabelecimento de uma conexo de controle FTP para a porta 21 do
servidor. Seus comandos como ls e se so enviadas por essa
conexo.
2. Sempre que o cliente solicita dados sobre a conexo de
controle, o cliente inicia as conexes de transferncia de dados
para o servidor. A porta de origem dessas conexes de transferncia de dados sempre uma porta alta no cliente com uma
porta de destino de uma porta alta no servidor.
)73SDVVLYRGHYHVHUYLVWRFRPRRVHUYLGRUQXQFDID]HQGR
uma tentativa ativa para se conectar ao cliente para transferncias de dados FTP. Porque cliente sempre inicia as conexes
necessrias, FTP passiva funciona melhor para os clientes proWHJLGRVSRUXPUHZDOO&RPRSDGUmRGR:LQGRZVSDUD)73
ativo e padres Linux para passivo, voc provavelmente vai ter
que acomodar as duas formas ao decidir sobre uma poltica de
segurana para o seu servidor
FTP regular
Por padro, o pacote vsftpd permite que os usurios regulares do Linux para copiar arquivos de e para seus diretrios com
um cliente de FTP usando seus nomes de usurio e senhas do
Linux como as suas credenciais de login. Vsftpd tambm tem a
opo de permitir que este tipo de acesso apenas a um grupo de
usurios de Linux, permitindo-lhe restringir a adio de novos
DUTXLYRVSDUDRVHXVLVWHPDDRSHVVRDODXWRUL]DGR$GHVYDQWDgem de FTP normal que ele no adequado para distribuio
de download geral de software como todo mundo quer tem que
ter uma conta de usurio exclusiva Linux ou tem que usar um
nome de usurio e senha compartilhada. FTP Annimo permite
TXHYRFrHYLWHHVVDGLFXOGDGH
FTP Annimo
FTP Annimo a escolha de sites que precisam trocar
arquivos com inmeros usurios remotos desconhecidos. Os
XVRVPDLVFRPXQVLQFOXHPDWXDOL]Do}HVGHVRIWZDUHGRZQORDG
e upload MP3s e informaes de diagnstico para a ateno de
um tcnico engenheiros de suporte. Ao contrrio de FTP reguODURQGHYRFrHQWUDFRPXPQRPHGHXVXiULRSUpFRQJXUDGR
Linux e senha, FTP annimo requer apenas um nome de usurio
GH DQ{QLPR H VHX HQGHUHoR GH HPDLO SDUD D VHQKD 8PD YH]
conectado a um servidor vsftpd, voc automaticamente tem

acesso apenas ao diretrio FTP annimo padro (/var/ftp no
caso de vsftpd) e todos os seus subdiretrios.
Na prtica: FTP Server usado para transferir arquivos
entre o servidor e os clientes. Todos os principais sistemas
RSHUDFLRQDLVVXSRUWDP)73)73pRSURWRFRORPDLVXWLOL]DGR
atravs da Internet para transferir arquivos. Como a maioria das
operaes de Internet, FTP funciona em um modelo cliente/servidor. Programas cliente de FTP pode permitir que os usurios
transferir arquivos de e para um sistema remoto que executa
um programa de servidor de FTP. Qualquer sistema Linux pode
funcionar como um servidor de FTP. Tem de executar apenas
RVRIWZDUHGHXPVHUYLGRU)73FRPDFRQJXUDomRDGHTXDGD
As transferncias so feitas entre contas de usurio em sistemas
de cliente e servidor. Um usurio no sistema remoto tem para
ID]HUORJLQHPXPDFRQWDHPXPVHUYLGRUHHPVHJXLGDSRGH
transferir arquivos de e para apenas diretrios que da conta. Um
tipo especial de conta de usurio, chamado FTP, permite que
qualquer usurio que se conecta a ele com o nome de usurio
DQ{QLPR(VWDFRQWDWHPVHXSUySULRFRQMXQWRGHGLUHWyULRV
e arquivos que so considerados pblicos, disponveis para
TXDOTXHU SHVVRD QD UHGH TXH GHVHMD ID]HU GRZQORDG HOHV 2V
inmeros sites de FTP na Internet so servidores FTP apoio
contas de usurio com login FTP annimo. Qualquer sistema
/LQX[ SRGH VHU FRQJXUDGR SDUD VXSRUWDU R DFHVVR )73 DQ{nimo, transformando-os em sites de FTP de rede. Esses sites
podem trabalhar em uma intranet ou na Internet.
D&RQJXUDQGRRVHUYLGRU)73
2SDFRWH530YVIWSGpQHFHVViULRSDUDFRQJXUDUXPVLVWHma Red Hat Enterprise Linux como um servidor ftp. Se ele no
estiver instalado, instale-o com os comandos rpm como descrito
em nosso artigo permevel. Depois de instalado, inicie o servio
como root com o comando service vsftpd comear. O sistema
DJRUDXPVHUYLGRUIWSHSRGHDFHLWDUFRQH[}HV3DUDFRQJXUDUR
servidor para iniciar automaticamente o servio no momento da
LQLFLDOL]DomRH[HFXWDURFRPDQGRFKNFRQJYVIWSGFRPRUDL]
Para parar o servidor, execute o comando service vsftpd parada.
3DUDYHULFDUVHRVHUYLGRUHVWiHPH[HFXomRXVHRVWDWXVGR
comando vsftpd servio.
Servidor DHCP
'\QDPLF+RVW&RQJXUDWLRQ3URWRFRO'+&3DWULEXLDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHHQGHUHoRV,3HRXWUDVLQIRUPDo}HVGHFRQJXUDomR
de rede (mscara de sub-rede, endereo de broadcast, etc) para
RV FRPSXWDGRUHV HP XPD UHGH 8P FOLHQWH FRQJXUDGR SDUD
DHCP ir enviar uma solicitao de transmisso para o servidor
DHCP solicitando um endereo. O servidor DHCP emitir,
HQWmRXPDUUHQGDPHQWRHDWULEXtODDHVVHFOLHQWH2SHUtRGR
de tempo de um contrato de arrendamento vlido pode ser
HVSHFLFDGRQRVHUYLGRU'+&3UHGX]DTXDQWLGDGHGHWHPSR
QHFHVViULR SDUD FRQJXUDU RV FOLHQWHVH SHUPLWHSDVVDU GH XP
FRPSXWDGRUSDUDYiULDVUHGHVHVHUFRQJXUDGDFRPRHQGHUHoR
de IP, o gateway e a sub-mscara apropriada. Para ISP conserva
o nmero limitado de endereos IP, pode usar. Os servidores
'+&3 SRGH DWULEXLU XP HQGHUHoR ,3 HVWiWLFR GH KDUGZDUH
HVSHFLFDGR,QIRUPDo}HV0LFURVRIW1HW%LRVpIUHTXHQWHPHQWH
includa na rede de informao enviada pelo servidor DHCP.
'+&3 RX '\QDPLF +RVW &RQJXUDWLRQ 3URWRFRO SHUPLWH
TXHXPDGPLQLVWUDGRUSDUDFRQJXUDUDVGHQLo}HVGHUHGHSDUD
todos os clientes em um servidor central. Os clientes DHCP
VROLFLWDU XP HQGHUHoR ,3 H RXWUDV FRQJXUDo}HV GH UHGH GR
VHUYLGRU'+&3QDUHGH2VHUYLGRU'+&3SRUVXDYH]DOXJDR
cliente um endereo IP dentro de um determinado intervalo ou
arrenda o cliente um endereo IP com base no endereo MAC
da placa de rede do cliente (NIC). As informaes incluem o seu

endereo IP, em conjunto com o servidor de nomes, gateway e
endereos de proxy da rede, incluindo a mscara de rede. Nada
WHPTXHVHUFRQJXUDGRPDQXDOPHQWHQRVLVWHPDORFDOH[FHWR
SDUDHVSHFLFDURVHUYLGRU'+&3GHYHREWHUVXDFRQJXUDomR
de rede a partir. Se um endereo IP atribudo de acordo com o
endereo MAC da placa de rede do cliente, o mesmo endereo
GH ,3 SRGH VHU DOXJDGR SDUD R FOLHQWH FDGD YH] TXH R FOLHQWH
solicita um. DHCP torna a administrao da rede mais fcil e
menos propenso a erros.
SAMBA Server
6DPEDLVDVWURQJQHWZRUNVHUYLFHIRUOHDQGSULQWVKDULQJ
that works on the majority of operating systems available
today. When well implemented by the administrator, it's faster
DQGPRUHVHFXUHWKDQWKHQDWLYHOHVKDULQJVHUYLFHVDYDLODEOH
on Microsoft Windows machines. Samba is the protocol by
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RWKHULQIRUPDWLRQVXFK DV OLVWV RI DYDLODEOHOHV DQG SULQWHUV
Operating systems that support this natively include Windows
1726DQG/LQX[DQGDGGRQSDFNDJHVWKDWDFKLHYH
the similar thing are available for DOS, Windows, VMS, Unix of
all kinds, MVS, and more. Apple Macs and some Web Browsers
can speak this protocol as well. Alternatives to SMB include
Netware, NFS, AppleTalk, Banyan Vines, Decnet etc. Many of
WKHVH KDYH DGYDQWDJHV EXW QRQH DUH SXEOLF VSHFLFDWLRQV DQG
widely implemented in desktop machines by default. Samba
software includes an SMB server, to provide Windows NT and
/$10DQDJHUVW\OHOHDQGSULQWVHUYLFHVWR60%FOLHQWVVXFK
DV :LQGRZV :DUS 6HUYHU VPEIV DQG RWKHUV D 1HW%,26
rfc1001/1002 name server, which amongst other things gives
browsing support, an ftp-like SMB client so that you can access
PC resources; disks and printers from Unix, Netware and other
RSHUDWLQJV\VWHPVDQGQDOO\DWDUH[WHQVLRQWRWKHFOLHQWIRU
backing up PCs.
Servidor SQUID
Os servidores proxy funcionar como um intermedirio entre
uma rede local e Internet. Os pedidos dos clientes locais para
servios web podem ser manipulados pelo servidor proxy. Squid
um HTTP de alta performance e servidor proxy cache de FTP.
tambm conhecido como um proxy cache Web. Como ele
DUPD]HQDRVGDGRVGHSiJLQDVGD:HEXVDGRVFRPIUHTXrQFLD
HDUTXLYRVTXHPXLWDVYH]HVSRGHGDUDVHXVXVXiULRVDGDGRV
de que necessitam sem os seus sistemas de ter que olhar para
a Internet. Do servidor proxy web squid voc pode controlar
o que deve ser o acesso em sua rede de internet. Poderia ser
DWXDPFRPRXPOWURTXHSRGHULDOWUDUWXGRGHVLWHSRUQ{SDUD
ID]HUSURSDJDQGDYtGHRV(PQRVVRH[HPSORYDPRVFRQJXUDU
RVHUYLGRUVLWHVHOWURZHESUR[\VTXLGHQHJDUSHUPLVVmRSDUD
KRVWHVSHFtFRGHDFHVVDULQWHUQHW
Servidor DNS
Um servidor DNS ou servidor de nome, usado para resolver um endereo IP para um nome de host ou vice-versa. Voc
SRGHFRQJXUDUDWpTXDWURWLSRVGLIHUHQWHVGHVHUYLGRUHV'16
Um servidor DNS mestre para o seu domnio (s), que arma]HQDRVUHJLVWURVGHDXWRULGDGHSDUDVHXGRPtQLR
Um servidor DNS escravo, que se baseia em um servidor de
DNS para os dados.
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solicitaes recentes, como um servidor proxy. outra forma
refere-se a outros servidores DNS.
Um servidor DNS somente de encaminhamento, que se
refere todas as solicitaes para outros servidores DNS.
$QWHV GH FRQJXUDU R %,1' SDUD FULDU XP VHUYLGRU GH

DNS, voc precisa entender alguns conceitos bsicos de DNS.
Todo o hostname com o seu domnio como server.example.
FRPpFKDPDGRGHXPQRPHGHGRPtQLRWRWDOPHQWHTXDOLFDGR
(FQDN). A parte mais direita do FQDN como .com ou .net
chamado de domnio de nvel superior, com as restantes partes
do FQDN, que so separados por pontos, sendo subdomnios.
(VWHVVXEGRPtQLRVVmRXVDGRVSDUDGLYLGLU)4'1VHP]RQDV
FRPDVLQIRUPDo}HVGH'16SDUDFDGD]RQDDVHUPDQWLGRSRU
pelo menos um servidor de nomes com autoridade. O servidor
DXWRULWiULRTXHFRQWpPRDUTXLYRGH]RQDSULQFLSDOTXHSRGHVHU
PRGLFDGRSDUDDWXDOL]DUDVLQIRUPDo}HVGH'16VREUHD]RQD
chamado de servidor mestre primrio, ou apenas dominar
VHUYLGRU 2V VHUYLGRUHV GH QRPHV DGLFLRQDLV SDUD D ]RQD VmR
chamados de servidores secundrios ou servidores escravos. Os
servidores secundrios recuperar informaes sobre a regio
DWUDYpVGHXPDWUDQVIHUrQFLDGH]RQDGRVHUYLGRUPHVWUHRXGH
RXWURVHUYLGRUVHFXQGiULR,QIRUPDo}HVVREUHXPD]RQDGH'16
QXQFDpPRGLFDGRGLUHWDPHQWHQRVHUYLGRUVHFXQGiULR
MAIL Server
In a company environment, email is an essential component
to the work day. Email is used to communicate with both
internal employees and external customers. In exam you will
EHWHVWHGWRFRQJXUHWKHVHQGPDLOVHUYHUIRU\RXORFDO/$1
By default sendmail server allows to connect to local host
RQO\6RZHVKRXOGHGLWWKHHWFPDLOVHQGPDLOPFOHWRDOORZ
FRQQHFWWRRWKHUKRVWV7KHVHQGPDLOGDHPRQLVFRQJXUHGIURP
DGLUHFWRU\RIOHVLQHWFPDLODQGDGLUHFWRU\RIFRQJXUDWLRQ
OHVLQXVUVKDUHVHQGPDLOFI7KHUHDUHWZREDVLFFRQJXUDWLRQ
OHV
VHQGPDLOFI7KHPDLQVHQGPDLOFRQJXUDWLRQOH
sendmail.mc A macro thats easier to edit, which can be
XVHGWRJHQHUDWHDQHZVHQGPDLOFIOH
For this example we are using two systems one linux server
one linux clients. These are the pre quest for a sendmail server
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Server
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Client1
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8SGDWHGHWFKRVWVOHRQERWKOLQX[V\VWHP
Running portmap and xinetd services
Firewall should be off on server
:HKDYHFRQJXUHGDOOWKHVHVWHSVLQRXUSHUYLRXVDUWLFOH
TELNETServer
Telnet Server is used to login into another system. You can
use the telnet command to log in remotely to another system on
your network. The system can be on your local area network or
available through an Internet connection. Telnet operates as if
you were logging in to another system from a remote terminal.
You will be asked for a login name and password. In effect, you
are logging in to another account on another system. In fact, if
you have an account on another system, you could use Telnet
to log in to it. You invoke the Telnet utility with the keyword
telnet. If you know the name of the site you want to connect
with, you can enter telnet and the name of the site on the Linux
command line. CAUTION The original version of Telnet is
noted for being very insecure. For secure connections over a
network or the Internet, you should use the Secure Shell (SSH).
We will cover SSH server in next article. SSH operate in the
same way as the original but use authentication and encryption

to secure the Telnet connection. Even so, it is advisable never to
use Telnet to log in to your root account. That why by defaults
root account is disable for root login.
SSH SERVIDOR
Telnet e FTP so bem conhecidos protocolo, mas eles enviam dados em formato de texto simples, que pode ser capturado por algum usando outro sistema na mesma rede, incluindo
D,QWHUQHW3RURXWURODGRWRGRVRVGDGRVWUDQVIHULGRVXWLOL]DQGR
ferramentas OpenSSH criptografada, tornando-se inerentemente mais seguro. O OpenSSH conjunto de ferramentas inclui
ssh para se autenticar com segurana em um sistema remoto
e executar comandos remotos, scp para criptografar arquivos
enquanto transferindo-os para um sistema remoto, e SFTP para
transferncias FTP seguras. OpenSSH usa uma relao cliente-servidor. O sistema a ser ligado designado por servidor.
O sistema solicita a conexo referido como o cliente. Um
sistema pode ser um servidor e um cliente de SSH. OpenSSH
tambm tem a vantagem adicional de encaminhamento X11 e
encaminhamento de porta. Encaminhamento X11, se habilitado
no servidor e cliente, permite que os usurios para exibir uma
DSOLFDomR JUiFD GR VLVWHPD TXH HVWi ORJDGR QR VLVWHPD SDUD
eles est logado partir. O encaminhamento de porta permite que
um pedido de conexo a ser enviado para um servidor, mas ser
encaminhada para outro servidor que realmente aceita o pedido.
Neste artigo, vamos discutir como usar OpenSSH, tanto do lado
do servidor e do lado do cliente.
Servidor syslog
Uma parte importante de manter um sistema seguro manter
o controle das atividades que ocorrem no sistema. Se voc sabe
o que geralmente acontece, como a compreenso quando os
usurios autenticar no sistema, voc pode usar arquivos de log
SDUDGHWHFWDUDWLYLGDGHLQFRPXP9RFrSRGHFRQJXUDURTXHR
V\VORJGUHJLVWURVDWUDYpVGRDUTXLYRGHFRQJXUDomRHWFV\VORJ
conf. O daemon syslogd gerencia todos os logs no seu sistema e
coordena com qualquer uma das operaes de extrao de outros
VLVWHPDVQDUHGH$VLQIRUPDo}HVGHFRQJXUDomRSDUDRV\VORJG
mantido no arquivo/etc/syslog.conf, que contm os nomes e as
ORFDOL]Do}HVSDUDVHXVDUTXLYRVGHORJGRVLVWHPD3HORVLVWHPD
padro aceitar os logs gerados somente a partir do host local.
1HVWHH[HPSORYDPRVFRQJXUDUXPVHUYLGRUGHORJHDFHLWDUi
registros do lado do cliente. Para este exemplo, estamos usando
dois sistemas de um servidor linux um clientes Linux.
Servidor NIS
NIS, ou Sistemas de Informao de Rede, um servio de
rede que permite a autenticao e informaes de login para
VHUDUPD]HQDGRHPXPVHUYLGRUORFDOL]DGRFHQWUDOPHQWH,VVR
inclui o nome de usurio e senha para autenticao do banco
de dados de login, banco de dados de grupos de usurios, e as
ORFDOL]Do}HVGRVGLUHWyULRVKRPH
WEB Server
4XDQGRYRFrYLVXDOL]DUXPDSiJLQDZHEDWUDYpVGD,QWHUQHW
o cdigo para criar essa pgina deve ser recuperada a partir de
um servidor em algum lugar na internet. O servidor que envia
o seu navegador web o cdigo para exibir uma pgina da web
chamado de servidor web. H inmeros servidores web em
todo o Internet servindo inmeros sites para pessoas de todo
o mundo. Se voc precisa de um servidor web para hospedar
um site na Internet um servidor Red Hat Enterprise Linux pode
funcionar como um servidor web usando o servidor Apache
HTTP. O servidor Apache HTTP um popular aplicativo de
servidor, open source que roda em vrios sistemas baseados em
UNIX, bem como Microsoft Windows.
VNC Server
Servidor VNC um usado para compartilhar rea de trabalho com o computador remoto. VNC funciona na arquitetura
cliente-servidor. Para compartilhar rea de trabalho voc precisa de pacote vnc-server e ao acesso de outros computadores que
voc precisa vnc-viewer. Neste tutoriais vou mostrar-lhe como
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PRINTER Server
/LQX[ XWLOL]D R &RPPRQ 81,; 3ULQWLQJ 6\VWHP WDPEpP
conhecido como CUPS. CUPS usa o Internet Printing Protocol
(IPP) para permitir a impresso local e compartilhamento de imSUHVVmR2DUTXLYRHWFFXSVGLUHWyULRDUPD]HQDWRGRVRVDUTXLYRV
GHFRQJXUDomRSDUDLPSUHVVmR1RHQWDQWRHVWHVDUTXLYRVSRGHPVHUIDFLOPHQWHFRQWURODGDFRPDIHUUDPHQWDGHFRQJXUDomR
da impressora no Linux. Antes de usar qualquer impressora, voc
primeiro tem que instal-lo em um sistema Linux em sua rede.
3DUDLQLFLDUDIHUUDPHQWDGHFRQJXUDomRGDLPSUHVVRUDYiSDUD
o menu Sistema no painel superior e selecione Administrao,
LPSUHVVmRRXH[HFXWDURV\VWHPFRQJSULQWHUFRPDQGR
YUM Server
O Yum um acrnimo para Yellow dog Updater, 0RGLHG.
eXPDIHUUDPHQWDXWLOL]DGDSDUDJHUHQFLDUDLQVWDODomRHUHPRomRGHSDFRWHVHPGLVWULEXLo}HV/LQX[TXHXWLOL]DPRVLVWHPD
RPM. um gerenciador de pacotes de arquivos similar ao APT
que lida automaticamente com dependncias computando-as
e resolvendo o que deve ser feito para trat-las. Trabalha com
formato .rpm de pacotes de arquivos.
2 <XP ID] R GRZQORDG GR SDFRWH HVSHFLFDGR GH DOJXP
UHSRVLWyULR3RVVXLXPVLPSOHVDUTXLYRGHFRQJXUDomR)D]XP
FiOFXORHFD]GDVGHSHQGrQFLDV
Vantagens de YUM
Resoluo automtica de dependncias de software. Se
D LQVWDODomR GR SDFRWH RX VROLFLWDomR GH DWXDOL]DomR p IHLWD H
UHTXHUDLQVWDODomRRXDWXDOL]DomRGHSDFRWHVDGLFLRQDLV<80
pode listar essas dependncias e solicitar ao usurio para instaODURXDWXDOL]iORV'HOLQKDGHFRPDQGRHYHUV}HVJUiFDV$
verso de linha de comando pode ser executada em um sistema
com um nmero mnimo de pacotes de software. As verses
JUiFDV RIHUHFHP IDFLOLGDGH GH XWLOL]DomR H XPD LQWHUIDFH
JUiFDDPLJiYHOSDUDJHUHQFLDPHQWRGHVRIWZDUH9iULRVORFDLV
GH VRIWZDUH GH XPD Vy YH] <80 SRGH VHU FRQJXUDGD SDUD
examinar os pacotes de software em mais de um local de cada
YH] +DELOLGDGH SDUD HVSHFLFDU DV YHUV}HV GH VRIWZDUH SDUWLculares ou arquiteturas. Locais de software acessvel por YUM
pode conter vrias verses do mesmo pacote RPM e diferentes
YHUV}HVGHGLIHUHQWHVDUTXLWHWXUDVFRPRXPSDUDLH[B
SDUDXP\XPSRGHIDFLOPHQWHYHULFDUDYHUVmRDSURSULDGDH
baix-lo. Embora seja improvvel que voc vai ter uma conexo
com a Internet durante o exame, voc poderia ter uma conexo
de rede para um repositrio local. Ento voc deve estar pronto
para usar o comando yum durante o exame Red Hat.
Virtualizao
$ 9LUWXDOL]DomR p XP WHUPR GD FRPSXWDomR XP WDQWR DPSOR
para softwares em execuo, geralmente sistemas operacionais,
simultneos e isolados de outros programas em um s sistema. A
9LUWXDOL]DomRXVDRK\SHUYLVRUXPWLSRGHVRIWZDUHTXHFRQWURODR
hardware e fornece sistemas operacionais convidados com acesso ao
hardware adjacente. O hypervisor permite que sistemas operacionais
mltiplos sejam executados no mesmo sistema fsico fornecendo um
KDUGZDUHYLUWXDOL]DGRDRVLVWHPDRSHUDFLRQDOFRQYLGDGR
Voc pode instalar o Red Hat Enterprise Linux como um

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ELWV [ RX HP XP ORJLFDO SDUWLWLRQ /3$5 HP XP VLVWHPD
32:(5RX,%06\VWHP]
Tipos de Sistema de Arquivos

O Red Hat Enterprise Linux permite que voc crie tipos
diferentes de parties baseadas no sistema de arquivos que
HODV XWLOL]DUmR $ VHJXLU YHMD XPD EUHYH GHVFULomR GRV WLSRV
diferentes de sistemas de arquivos disponveis e como eles
SRGHPVHUXWLOL]DGRV
Tipo de partio
standard partition Uma partio padro pode conter um
sistema de arquivo ou espao swap, ou ele pode fornecer um
container para RAID por software ou um volume fsico LVM.
swap Parties de troca (swap) so usadas para suportar
a memria virtual. Em outras palavras, dados so gravados em
XPDSDUWLomRGHWURFDTXDQGRQmRKi5$0VXFLHQWHSDUDDUPD]HQDURVGDGRVVHQGRSURFHVVDGRVSHORVHXVLVWHPD&RQVXOWH
o Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide para maiores
informaes.
RAID por software A criao de duas ou mais parties
de RAID por software permite que voc crie um dispositivo
RAID. Para maiores informaes sobre RAID, consulte o captulo RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) no Red Hat
Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
volume fsico (LVM) A criao de um ou mais parties
de volumes fsicos (LVM) permite que voc crie um volume
lgico LVM. O LVM podem melhorar o desempenho de discos
fsicos. Para maiores informaes sobre o LVM, consulte o Red
Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide.
Sistemas de Arquivo
ext4 O sistema de arquivos ext4 baseado no sistema de
arquivos ext3 e tem inmeras melhorias. Entre elas se encontra
o suporte para sistema de arquivos maiores e alocao de espaoRGHGLVFRGHDUTXLYRVPDLRUHVPDLVUiSLGRHPDLVHFLHQWH
sem limite no nmero de subdiretrios dentro de um diretrio,
YHULFDomR GH VLVWHPD GH DUTXLYRV PDLV UiSLGD H XP DJHQGDmento mais robusto. O sistema de arquivo ext4 selecionado
por padro e altamente recomendado.
ext3 O sistema de arquivos ext3 baseado no sistema de
arquivos ext2 e tem uma vantagem principal o journaling. O
XVRGHXPVLVWHPDGHDUTXLYRVFRPMRXUQDOLQJUHGX]RWHPSR
gasto com sua recuperao aps ele travar, j que no necessrio usar o fsck [3] no sistema de arquivo. ext2 Um sistema de
arquivos ext2 suporta arquivos do tipo Unix (arquivos normais,
diretrios, links simblicos, etc). Possibilita a atribuio de
QRPHVORQJRVSDUDDUTXLYRVGHDWpFDUDFWHUHV[IV;)6
altamente escalvel, sistema de arquivo de alto desempenho
TXHVXSRUWDRVVLVWHPDVGHDUTXLYRHPDWpH[DE\WHVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOK}HVWHUDE\WHVDUTXLYRVFRPDWpH[DE\WHV
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOK}HVWHUDE\WHVHHVWUXWXUDVGHGLUHWyULRVFRQWHQGRGH]HQDVGHPLOK}HVGHHQWUDGDV2;)6VXSRUWD
o agendamento de metadados, o qual facilita a recuperao de
travamentos mais rpido. O sistema de arquivo XFS tambm
SRGHVHUGHIUDJPHQWDGRHWHUVHXWDPDQKRUHGHQLGRHQTXDQWR
montado e ativado.
vfat O sistema de arquivos VFAT um sistema de arquivos do Linux compatvel com os nomes de arquivos longos do
Microsoft Windows no sistema de arquivos FAT.
Btrfs Btrfs est sob desenvolvimento, pois um sistema de
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arquivos maiores, e volumes maiores do que os sistemas de

arquivo ext2, ext3 e ext4. Btrfs foi criado para tornar o sistema
de arquivos mais tolerante quanto erros e facilitar a deteco
e reparo de erros quando eles ocorrerem. Ele usa o checksums
para assegurar a validade dos dados e metadados, e manter os
snapshots do sistema de arquivo, que podem ser usados para
backup ou reparos.
O Red Hat Enterprise Linux inclui o Btrfs como uma amostra de tecnologia para permitir que voc teste este sistema de
arquivos. Voc no deve escolher o Btrfs para parties que iro
conter dados valiosos ou que so essenciais para a operao de
sistemas importantes.
Como o Btrfs ainda est sob teste e em desenvolvimento,
o programa de instalao no oferece-o por padro. Se voc
quiser criar uma partio Btrfs em um drive, voc precisa iniciar
RSURFHVVRGHLQVWDODomRFRPDRSomRGHLQLFLDOL]DomREWUIV
RAID
Redundant Array of Independent Disks, tambm denominado Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, mais conhecido
como simplesmente RAID ou ainda em portugus: Conjunto
Redundante de Discos Independentes ou tambm Conjunto Redundante de Discos Econmicos ou ainda Arranjo Redundante
de Discos Independentes, um meio de se criar um sub-sistema
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DQDOLGDGHGHJDQKDUVHJXUDQoDHGHVHPSHQKR
Popularmente, RAID seriam dois ou mais discos (por
exemplo, HD ou disco rgido e at SSD) trabalhando simultaneDPHQWHSDUDXPPHVPRPSRUH[HPSORFLWDQGRRH[HPSORGH
RAID-1 logo abaixo, serviria como um espelhamento simples,
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idntica de um disco em outro. O RAID oferece segurana e
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falhar, o outro continua funcionando normalmente e o usurio
nem percebe diferena. O administrador avisado pelo sistema
e substitui o disco que falhou. Apesar disso, o RAID no protege
contra falhas de energia ou erros de operao ou contra a falha
simultnea dos dois discos. Falhas de energia, cdigo errado de
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irrecupervel. Por este motivo, mesmo usando-se o RAID no
se dispensa a tradicional cpia de backup.
Implementao Via software

Na implementao via software, o sistema operacional
gerencia o RAID atravs da controladora de discos, sem a necessidade de um controlador de RAIDs, tornando-a mais barata.
Nesse tipo de implementao, todo o processamento
necessrio para o gerenciamento do RAID feito pela CPU.
Toda movimentao de dados (leitura e escrita) feita por
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lgica (RAID) e os discos fsicos, e controlada pelo sistema
operacional.
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operacional, que precisa ser implementado no prprio ncleo
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via software no Mac OS X, Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD e no
Windows (verso server). Alternativamente, podem ser criados
com algum software especialmente dedicado a manuteno de
discos rgidos do fabricante da placa me (quando h suporte
para RAID, claro).
Implementao Via hardware

Controladoras RAID em hardware usam layouts de disco
proprietrios (e diferentes). Por isso, normalmente no possvel misturar controladoras de fabricantes diferentes. Eles no
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System pode iniciar (dar boot) por ela, e uma integrao maior
com o driver de dispositivo pode oferecer um melhor tratamento
de erros.
Uma implementao de RAID em hardware requer pelo
menos uma controladora especialmente dedicada para isso. Em
uma estao de trabalho (PC comum) isso pode ser uma placa
de expanso PCI, PCI-e ou uma placa integrada placa-me.
&RQWURODGRUDVXWLOL]DQGRDPDLRULDGRVWLSRVGHGULYHSRGHPVHU
usadas IDE/ATA, Serial ATA, SCSI, SSA, Fibre Channel, e
jVYH]HVXPDFRPELQDomR$FRQWURODGRUDHRVGLVFRVXWLOL]DGRV
devem estar isolados. Podem estar conectados diretamente ao
computador, ou conectados via SAN. A controladora gerencia
RVGULYHVHID]RVFiOFXORVGHSDULGDGHQHFHVViULRVSHORQtYHOGH
RAID escolhido.
A maioria das implementaes em hardware proveem cache
de leitura e escrita, o que (dependendo da carga de I/O) melhora
a performance. Na maioria dos casos, o cache de escrita no-voltil (protegido por bateria), e portanto, escritas pendentes
no so perdidas no caso de uma falha no suprimento de
energia. Implementaes em hardware promovem performance
garantida, no sobrecarregam o processador e podem suportar
vrios sistemas operacionais, j que a controladora apresentar
ao sistema operacional um disco simples.
A maioria das implementaes em hardware tambm suporta
RKRWVZDSSLQJSHUPLWLQGRTXHGLVFRVFRPIDOKDVHMDPVXEVtitudos enquanto o sistema est sendo executado.
Comparao entre as arquiteturas

Ao compararmos RAIDs por software e por hardware
percebe-se que os implementados atravs de software so mais
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exigem da CPU mais tempo de processamento. Comparando
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podendo ser usados em discos inteiros, parties ou outro dispositivo de bloco.
Nveis de RAID
Nveis de RAID so as vrias maneiras de combinar discos
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RAID-0.
O sistema RAID consiste em um conjunto de dois ou mais
discos rgidos com dois objetivos bsicos:
Tornar o sistema de disco mais rpido (isto , acelerar o carregamento de dados do disco), atravs de uma tcnica chamada
diviso de dados (data striping ou RAID 0);
Tornar o sistema de disco mais seguro, atravs de uma
tcnica chamada espelhamento (mirroring ou RAID 1).
Essas duas tcnicas podem ser usadas isoladamente ou em
conjunto.
Vetor RAID 0 Linear

uma simples concatenao de parties para criar uma
grande partio virtual.
RAID 0 (Striping)
No striping, ou distribuio, os dados so subdivididos em
segmentos consecutivos (stripes, ou faixas) que so escritos
sequencialmente atravs de cada um dos discos de um array,
RX FRQMXQWR &DGD VHJPHQWR WHP XP WDPDQKR GHQLGR HP
blocos. A distribuio, ou striping, oferece melhor desempenho
comparado a discos individuais, se o tamanho de cada segmento
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ou array.
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no ter desempenho desejado com sistemas operacionais
que no oferecem suporte a busca combinada de setores. Uma
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geometricamente pior. Um disco SLED com um tempo mdio
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discos funcionando em paralelo com RAID 0 (admitindo-se que
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igual ao do disco SLED). Como no existe redundncia, no h
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Vantagens:
$FHVVRUiSLGRDVLQIRUPDo}HVDWpPDLVUiSLGR
Custo baixo para expanso de memria.
Desvantagens:
Caso algum dos setores de algum dos HDs venha a

apresentar perda de informaes, o mesmo arquivo
que est dividido entre os mesmos setores dos demais
HDs no tero mais sentido existir, pois uma parte do
arquivo foi corrompida, ou seja, caso algum disco falhe,
no tem como recuperar;
No usada paridade.
RAID 1 (Mirror)
RAID-1 o nvel de RAID que implementa o espelhamento
de disco, tambm conhecido como mirror. Para esta implementao so necessrios no mnimo dois discos. O funcionamento
deste nvel simples: todos os dados so gravados em dois
discos diferentes; se um disco falhar ou for removido, os dados
preservados no outro disco permitem a no descontinuidade da
operao do sistema.
Vantagens:
Caso algum setor de um dos discos venha a falhar, basta
recuperar o setor defeituoso copiando os arquivos contidos do
segundo disco;
Segurana nos dados (com relao a possveis defeitos que
possam ocorrer no HD).
Desvantagens:
Custo relativamente alto se comparado ao RAID 0;
Ocorre aumento no tempo de escrita;
RAID 2
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SRVVXtDPFKHFDJHPGHHUURV$VVLPSRGHVHGL]HUTXHR5$,'
2 similar ao RAID 4, mas possuindo algoritmos de Hamming
ECC (Error Correcting Code), que a informao de controle
de erros, no lugar da paridade. Alm disso, pode-se ter vrias
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ECC. Este fato possibilita uma proteo adicional, porm o
5$,'FRXREVROHWRSHODVQRYDVWHFQRORJLDVGHGLVFRMiSRVsurem este tipo de correo internamente. O RAID 2 origina
uma maior consistncia dos dados se houver queda de energia
durante a escrita. Baterias de segurana e um encerramento
correto podem oferecer os mesmos benefcios.
Vantagem:
XVD (&& GLPLQXLQGR D TXDVH ]HUR DV WD[DV GH HUUR

mesmo com falhas de energia.
Desvantagem:
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GHSHQGHQGRGDFRQJXUDomRHQHFHVVLGDGHGDHPSUHVD
era necessrio a mesma quantidade de discos ECC

para discos normais, isto , desperdcio de espao que
poderia ser usado para dados.
RAID 3
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Nesse arranjo, um nico bit de paridade computado para cada
palavra de dados e escrito em um drive de paridade. primeira
vista, pode parecer que um nico bit de paridade d somente
deteco de erro, e no correo de erro. Para o caso de erros
aleatrios no detectados, essa observao verdadeira. Todavia, para o caso de uma falha de drive, ela prov correo total
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FRQKHFLGD6HXPGULYHIDOKDURFRQWURODGRUDSHQDVQJHTXH
WRGRVRVVHXVELWVVmR]HURV6HXPDSDODYUDDSUHVHQWDUHUUR
de paridade, o bit que vem do drive extinto deve ter sido um
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$ P GH HYLWDU R DWUDVR HP UD]mR GD ODWrQFLD URWDFLRQDO
o RAID 3 exige que todos os eixos das unidades de disco
HVWHMDP VLQFURQL]DGRV $ PDLRULD GDV XQLGDGHV GH GLVFR PDLV
UHFHQWHVQmRSRVVXHPDRSomRGHVLQFURQL]DomRGRHL[RRXVH
VmR FDSD]HV GLVWR IDOWDP RV FRQHFWRUHV QHFHVViULRV FDERV H
documentao do fabricante.
Vantagens:
leitura rpida;
escrita rpida;
possui controle de erros.
Desvantagem:
Montagem difcil via software.
RAID 4
O RAID 4 funciona com trs ou mais discos iguais. Um dos
discos guarda a paridade (uma forma de soma de segurana) da
informao contida nos discos. Se algum dos discos avariar, a
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VHX FRQWH~GR 2V GLVFRV UHVWDQWHV XVDGRV SDUD DUPD]HQDU GDGRVVmRFRQJXUDGRVSDUDXVDUHPVHJPHQWRVVXFLHQWHPHQWH
grandes (tamanho medido em blocos) para acomodar um registro inteiro. Isto permite leituras independentes da informao
DUPD]HQDGDID]HQGRGR5$,'XPDUUD\SHUIHLWDPHQWHDMXVtado para ambientes transacionais que requerem muitas leituras
pequenas e simultneas.
O RAID 4 assim como outros RAIDs, cuja caracterstica
p XWLOL]DUHP SDULGDGH XVDP XP SURFHVVR GH UHFXSHUDomR GH
dados mais envolvente que arrays espelhados, como RAID 1.
Este nvel tambm til para criar discos virtuais de grande dimenso, pois consegue somar o espao total oferecido por todos
os discos, exceto o disco de paridade. O desempenho oferecido
pUD]RiYHOQDVRSHUDo}HVGHOHLWXUDSRLVSRGHPVHUXWLOL]DGRV
todos os discos em simultneo.
Sempre que os dados so escritos no array, as informaes
so lidas do disco de paridade e um novo dado sobre paridade
deve ser escrito para o respectivo disco antes da prxima requiVLomRGHHVFULWDVHUUHDOL]DGD3RUFDXVDGHVVDVGXDVRSHUDo}HV
de I/O, o disco de paridade o factor limitante do desempenho
total do array. Devido ao facto do disco requerer somente um
disco adicional para proteo de dados, este RAID mais acessvel em termos monetrios que a implementao do RAID 1.
Vantagens:
taxa de leitura rpida;
possibilidade do aumento de rea de discos fsicos.
Desvantagens:
taxa de gravao lenta;
em comparao com o RAID 1, em caso de falha do

disco, a reconstruo difcil, pois o RAID 1 j tem o
dado pronto no disco espelhado;
tecnologia no mais usada por haver melhores para o mesPRP
RAID 5
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ao RAID 4, mas supera alguns dos problemas mais comuns
sofridos por esse tipo. As informaes sobre paridade para os
dados do array so distribudas ao longo de todos os discos do
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oferecendo assim mais desempenho que o RAID 4, e, simultaneamente, tolerncia a falhas.
Para aumentar o desempenho de leitura de um array RAID
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SRGHVHURSWLPL]DGRSDUDRDUUD\TXHHVWLYHUDVHUXWLOL]DGR2
GHVHPSHQKRJHUDOGHXPDUUD\5$,'pHTXLYDOHQWHDRGHXP
5$,'H[FHWRQRFDVRGHOHLWXUDVVHTXHQFLDLVTXHUHGX]HP
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das informaes sobre paridade. A informao sobre paridade
GLVWULEXtGDSRUWRGRVRVGLVFRVSHUGHQGRVHXPUHGX]VHDGLVponibilidade de ambos os dados e a paridade, at recuperao
do disco que falhou. Isto causa degradao do desempenho de
leitura e de escrita.
Vantagens:
PDLRUUDSLGH]FRPWUDWDPHQWRGH(&&
leitura rpida (porm escrita no to rpida).
Desvantagem:
sistema complexo de controle dos HDs.
RAID 6
um padro relativamente novo, suportado por apenas
DOJXPDVFRQWURODGRUDVeVHPHOKDQWHDR5$,'SRUpPXVDR
dobro de bits de paridade, garantindo a integridade dos dados
FDVRDWpGRV+'VIDOKHPDRPHVPRWHPSR$RXVDU+'V
GH*%FDGDXPHP5$,'WHUHPRV*%GHGDGRVH
GB de paridade.
Vantagem:
possibilidade falhar 2 HDs ao mesmo tempo sem perdas.
Desvantagens:
SUHFLVD GH 1 +'V SDUD LPSOHPHQWDU SRU FDXVD GRV

discos de paridade;
escrita lenta;
sistema complexo de controle dos HDs.
RAID 01 ou RAID 0 (zero) + 1

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e 1 (Mirroring), onde os dados so divididos entre os discos
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GLVFRVSDUDGXSOLFDUDVLQIRUPDo}HV$VVLPpSRVVtYHOXWLOL]DU
o bom rendimento do nvel 0 com a redundncia do nvel 1.
No entanto, necessrio pelo menos 4 discos para montar um
5$,'GHVVHWLSR7DLVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVID]HPGR5$,'R
mais rpido e seguro, porm o mais caro de ser implantado.
1R5$,'VHXPGRVGLVFRVYLHUDIDOKDURVLVWHPDYLUD
um RAID 0.
Ex: se os dois discos que possuam a sequencia A1, A3,
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apenas uma das controladoras falhar, o sistema continua
funcionando, mas sem outra tolerncia a falha e sem o ganho
de velocidade.
Vantagens:
segurana contra perda de dados;
pode falhar 1 dos HD's, ou os dois HD's do mesmo

'LVN*URXSSRUpPGHL[DQGRGHVHU5$,'
Desvantagens:
alto custo de expanso de hardware (custo mnimo =

4N HDs);
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para obter a mxima performance.
RAID 1+0
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par ser espelhado, garantindo redundncia, e os pares sero
distribudos, melhorando desempenho. At metade dos discos
pode falhar simultaneamente, sem colocar o conjunto a perder,
desde que no falhem os dois discos de um espelho qualquer
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lado do espelho. o nvel recomendado para bases de dados,
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outro uso onde a necessidade de economia no se sobreponha
segurana e desempenho.
Vantagens:
segurana contra perda de dados;
pode falhar um ou dois dos HDs ao mesmo tempo,

dependendo de qual avaria.
Desvantagens:
alto custo de expanso de hardware (custo mnimo =

4N HDs);
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para obter a mxima performance.
RAID 50
um arranjo hbrido que usa as tcnicas de RAID com paridade em conjuno com a segmentao de dados. Um arranjo
5$,' p HVVHQFLDOPHQWH XP DUUDQMR FRP DV LQIRUPDo}HV
segmentadas atravs de dois ou mais arranjos. Veja o esquema
representativo ao lado:
Vantagens:
alta taxa de transferncia;
timo para uso em servidores.
Desvantagens:
alto custo de implementao e expanso de memria.
RAID 100
2 5$,' EDVLFDPHQWH p FRPSRVWR GR 5$,'
1RUPDOPHQWHHOHpLPSOHPHQWDGRXWLOL]DQGRXPDFRPELQDomR
de software e hardware, ou seja, implementa-se o RAID 0 via
software sobre o RAID 10 via Hardware.
Sistema de arquivo NFS

NFS (acrnimo para Network File System) um sistema
de arquivos distribudos desenvolvido inicialmente pela Sun
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entre computadores conectados em rede, formando assim um
diretrio virtual.
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transparente para o usurio do computador, e esta interface
cliente e servidor, executada pelo NFS atravs dos protocolos
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um arquivo/diretrio no servidor, lhe parece estar acessando
localmente, sendo que est trabalhando com arquivos remotos.
Para que os clientes tenham acesso aos arquivos, feita
uma requisio ao servidor que, dependendo das permisses
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SRQWRDKLHUDUTXLDGHGLUHWyULRVHDUTXLYRVUHPRWRVSDVVDDID]HU
parte do sistema de arquivos local da mquina.
Existe neste ponto uma relao com o Sistema de Nomeao
de Arquivos, pois h a necessidade de se criar o endereo daTXHOHVDUTXLYRVRXGLUHWyULRV(VWHVLVWHPDFXLGDGHLGHQWLFDU
DORFDOL]DomRGHXPGHWHUPLQDGRDUTXLYRRXGLUHWyULRTXDQGR
se fornecido seu nome ou caminho. Para isso o sistema deve
oferecer uma resoluo por nomes (mapeamento de nomes de
arquivos legveis por humanos strings, para nomes de arquivos
legveis por mquinas nmeros manipulveis por mquinas)
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SDUDXPDGHWHUPLQDGDORFDOL]DomRRXDLQGDDPEDV
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reas de trabalho dos usurios em toda a rede e, quando este
efetua o login, seu diretrio de trabalho pode ser acessado via
NFS. Supondo que o usurio mude de estao de trabalho, o seu
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VHPTXHQHQKXPDFRQJXUDomRDGLFLRQDOVHMDUHDOL]DGD
6XDLQWHUIDFHpS~EOLFDHPXLWRXWLOL]DGDSDUDRFRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRGHOHLWXUDVHRUJDQL]Do}HVDFDGrPLFDVSHODVYDQWDJHQV
GHHQWUHRXWUDVWUDQVSDUrQFLDXQLFDomRGHFRPDQGRVUHGXo de espao local; independncia de sistemas operacionais e
hardware.
Para um sistema cliente-Servidor, o cliente pode sempre que
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arquivos que o mesmo criou na sua rea pessoal, por exemplo
(para implementar esse sistema de importao de arquivo assoFLDGRDXPXVXiULRHPHVSHFtFRpQHFHVViULRWHUFRQJXUDGR
um Sistema com LDAP ou NIS, alm do NFS).
Gravaes assncronas em CIFS

O protocolo CIFS (Common Internet File System) permite
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processo do cliente no voltaria o controle at que as gravaes
fossem bem sucedidas completamente. Isto pode levar ao desempenho ruim para transaes grandes que levam muito tempo
SDUDFRQFOXLU2FOLHQWH&,)6IRLDWXDOL]DGRSDUDJUDYDUGDGRV
em paralelo sem necessitar esperar por gravaes sequenciais.
Esta mudana pode agora resultar em melhorias de desempenho
GHDWp
Autenticao do CIFS NTLMSSP

O suporte para a autenticao do NTLMSSP foi adicionado
DR&,)6$OpPGLVVRR&,)6XVDDJRUDR$3,GHFULSWRJUDD
do kernel.
LDAP
O Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) um
conjunto de protocolos abertos usados para acessar informaes
DUPD]HQDGDVFHQWUDOPHQWHDWUDYpVGHXPDUHGH(OHpEDVHDGR
QRSDGUmR;SDUDRFRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRGHGLUHWyULRPDVp
PHQRV FRPSOH[D H GLVSHQGLRVD 3RU HVWD UD]mR /'$3 p SRU
YH]HVUHIHULGRFRPR;/LWH2SDGUmR;pXPGLUHWyULRTXHFRQWpPLQIRUPDo}HVKLHUiUTXLFDHFDWHJRUL]DGRVRTXH
pode incluir informaes como nomes, endereos e nmeros de
telefone.
&RPR;/'$3RUJDQL]DDVLQIRUPDo}HVGHXPDIRUPD
KLHUiUTXLFDXVDQGRGLUHWyULRV(VVHVGLUHWyULRVSRGHPDUPD]HQDU
uma grande variedade de informaes e pode at ser usado de
uma maneira semelhante Network Information Service (NIS),
permitindo que qualquer pessoa acessar sua conta a partir de
qualquer mquina na rede LDAP habilitado.
Em muitos casos, LDAP usado como uma lista telefnica
virtual, permitindo aos usurios acessar facilmente informaes
GH FRQWDWR GH RXWURV XVXiULRV 0DV /'$3 p PDLV H[tYHO GR
TXHXPDOLVWDWHOHI{QLFDWUDGLFLRQDOXPDYH]TXHpFDSD]GHVH
referir a consulente a outros servidores LDAP em todo o mundo, fornecendo um repositrio global de ad-hoc de informaes.
Atualmente, no entanto, LDAP mais comumente usada dentro
GDVRUJDQL]Do}HVLQGLYLGXDLVFRPRXQLYHUVLGDGHVGHSDUWDPHQtos governamentais e empresas privadas.
LDAP um sistema cliente/servidor. O servidor pode
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GLUHWyULRFDGDXPRWLPL]DGRSDUDRSHUDo}HVGHOHLWXUDUiSLGD
e abundante. Quando um aplicativo cliente LDAP se conecta a
um servidor LDAP, ele pode consultar um diretrio ou tentar
PRGLFiOR(PFDVRGHXPDFRQVXOWDRVHUYLGRURXUHVSRQGH
a consulta localmente, ou ele pode se referir ao consulente para
um servidor LDAP que no tm a resposta. Se o aplicativo
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GLUHWyULR/'$3RVHUYLGRUYHULFDVHRXVXiULRWHPSHUPLVVmR
SDUD ID]HU D PXGDQoD H HP VHJXLGD DGLFLRQD RX DWXDOL]D DV
informaes.
(VWHFDStWXORUHIHUHVHjFRQJXUDomRHXVRGR2SHQ/'$3
2.0, uma implementao open source dos protocolos LDAPv2
e LDAPv3.
A principal vantagem de usar LDAP que as informaes
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UHSRVLWyULRFHQWUDO3RUH[HPSORHPYH]GHJHUHQFLDUOLVWDV
GH XVXiULRV SDUD FDGD JUXSR GHQWUR GH XPD RUJDQL]DomR R
LDAP pode ser usado como um diretrio central acessvel
a partir de qualquer ponto da rede. E porque LDAP suporta
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) e Transport Layer Security
(TLS), os dados sensveis podem ser protegidos dos olhares
indiscretos.
LDAP tambm suporta um nmero de bancos de dados de
EDFNHQGQRTXDODUPD]HQDUGLUHWyULRV,VVRSHUPLWHDRVDGPLQLVWUDGRUHVDH[LELOLGDGHSDUDLPSODQWDUREDQFRGHGDGRVPDLV
adequado para o tipo de informaes que o servidor dissemi-
nar. Porque LDAP tambm tem uma Application Programming

,QWHUIDFHFOLHQWHEHPGHQLGR$3,RQ~PHURGHSHGLGRVGH
FHUWLFDomR/'$3VmRQXPHURVRVHDXPHQWDQGRHPTXDQWLGDGH
e qualidade.
,QIRUPDo}HV(VSHFtFDVGR5HG+DW(QWHUSULse Linux
As sees seguintes abordam as diversas funcionalidades
HVSHFtFDVGR5HG+DW(QWHUSULVH/LQX[UHODFLRQDGDVjDGPLnistrao de contas de usurio e recursos associados.
Contas de Usurio, Grupos e Permisses

Sob o Red Hat Enterprise Linux, um usurio pode se autenticar no sistema e usar qualquer aplicao ou arquivo que tenha
permisso para acessar, aps a criao de uma conta de usurio
normal. O Red Hat Enterprise Linux determina se um usurio
ou grupo pode acessar estes recursos baseado nas permisses
atribudas a eles.
H trs tipos diferentes de permisses para arquivos, diretrios e aplicaes. Estas permisses so usadas para controlar
os tipos de acesso permitidos. So usados smbolos diferentes
de um caractere cada para descrever cada permisso em uma
listagem de diretrios. Os seguintes smbolos so usados:
r Indica que uma determinada categoria de usurios pode
ler (read) o arquivo.
w Indica que uma determinada categoria de usurios pode
gravar/escrever (write) no arquivo.
x Indica que uma determinada categoria de usurios pode
executar (execute) o contedo de um arquivo.
Um quarto smbolo () indica que nenhum acesso permitido.
Cada uma das trs permisses atribuda a trs categorias
diferentes de usurios. As categorias so:
proprietrio (owner) O proprietrio do arquivo ou aplicao.
grupo (group) O grupo que detm o arquivo ou aplicao.
todos (everyone) Todos os usurios com acesso ao sistema.
&RQIRUPH H[SRVWR DQWHULRUPHQWH p SRVVtYHO YLVXDOL]DU DV
permisses de um arquivo invocando uma listagem de formato
longo com o comando ls-l. Por exemplo: se o usurio juan criar
um arquivo executvel chamado foo, o output do comando ls-l
foo seria parecido com:
As permisses deste arquivo esto listadas no incio da linha,

FRPHoDQGRFRPUZ[2SULPHLURFRQMXQWRGHVtPERORVGHQHR
acesso do proprietrio neste exemplo, o proprietrio juan tem
acesso total e pode ler (read), gravar (write) e executar (execute) o
DUTXLYR2SUy[LPRFRQMXQWRGHVtPERORVUZ[GHQHRDFHVVRGR
grupo (novamente, acesso total), enquanto o ltimo conjunto de
VtPERORVGHQHRVWLSRVGHDFHVVRSDUDWRGRVRVRXWURVXVXiULRV
Aqui, todos os outros usurios podem ler (read) e executar (exeFXWHRDUTXLYRPDVQmRSRGHPPRGLFiORGHPDQHLUDDOJXPD
Um ponto importante para ter em mente em relao s permisses e contas de usurio que toda aplicao que roda no Red
+DW(QWHUSULVH/LQX[URGDQRFRQWH[WRGHXPXVXiULRHVSHFtFR
,VWRVLJQLFDTXHVHRXVXiULRMXDQLQLFLDXPDDSOLFDomRHODURGD
usando o contexto do usurio juan. No entanto, em alguns casos a
aplicao pode precisar de um nvel de acesso mais privilegiado
para completar a tarefa. Este tipo de aplicao inclui aquelas que
HGLWDPFRQJXUDo}HVGRVLVWHPDRXDXWHQWLFDPXVXiULRV3RUHVWD
UD]mRIRUDPFULDGDVSHUPLVV}HVHVSHFLDLV
H trs tipos de permisses especiais no Red Hat Enterprise

Linux:
setuid usada somente para aplicaes, esta permisso

indica que a aplicao deve rodar como o proprietrio
do arquivo e no como o usurio executando a aplicao. indicado pelo caractere s no lugar do x na
categoria proprietrio. Se o proprietrio do arquivo no
tem permisses para executar, o S torna-se maisculo
SDUDUHHWLUHVWHIDWR
setgid usado principalmente para aplicaes, esta permisso indica que a aplicao deve rodar como o grupo
que detm o arquivo, e no como o grupo do usurio
executando a aplicao.
Se aplicada a um diretrio, todos os arquivos criados

dentro do diretrio so de propriedade do grupo que
detm o diretrio, e no do grupo do usurio criando o
arquivo. A permisso setgid indicada pelo caractere s
no lugar do x na categoria grupo. Se o grupo proprietrio do arquivo no tem permisso para executar, o S
WRUQDVHPDL~VFXORSDUDUHHWLUHVWHIDWR
sticky bit usado principalmente em diretrios, este

bit dita que um arquivo criado no diretrio pode ser
removido somente pelo usurio que criou o arquivo.
indicado pelo caractere t no lugar do x na categoria todos (everyone). Se a categoria todos no tem permisso
SDUDH[HFXWDUR7WRUQDVHPDL~VFXORSDUDUHHWLUHVWH
fato.
6RER5HG+DW(QWHUSULVH/LQX[RVWLFN\ELWpGHQLGRSRU
default no diretrio/tmp/exatamente por este motivo.
Nomes de Usurio e UIDs, Grupos e GIDs

No Red Hat Enterprise Linux, as contas de usurio e nomes
dos grupos so usadas principalmente para a convenincia das
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3DUD RV XVXiULRV HVWH LGHQWLFDGRU p FRQKHFLGR FRPR 8,'
HQTXDQWRTXHSDUDRVJUXSRVRLGHQWLFDGRUpFRQKHFLGRFRPR
*,'2VSURJUDPDVTXHGLVSRQLELOL]DPDVLQIRUPDo}HVGRXVXiULRRXJUXSRDRVXVXiULRVWUDGX]HPRVYDORUHV8,'*,'SDUD
seus paralelos mais legveis por humanos.
H duas instncias nas quais o valor numrico corrente de
XP8,'RX*,'WHPDOJXPVLJQLFDGRHVSHFtFR8P8,'H
*,'GH]HURVmRXVDGRVSDUDRXVXiULRURRWHVmRWUDWDGRV
especialmente pelo Red Hat Enterprise Linux o acesso total
atribudo automaticamente.
$VHJXQGDLQVWkQFLDpTXH8,'VH*,'VDEDL[RGHVmR
UHVHUYDGRVSDUDXVRGRVLVWHPD$RFRQWUiULRGR8,'*,']HUR
(0), UIDs e GIDs abaixo de 400 no so tratados especialmente
pelo Red Hat Enterprise Linux. No entanto, estes UIDs/GIDs
nunca devem ser atribudos a um usurio, j que provavelmente
algum componente do sistema usa ou usar estes UIDs/GIDs
am algum momento no futuro. Para mais informaes sobre
estes usurios e grupos padro, consulte o captulo Usurios e
Grupos no Guia de Referncia do Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
Quando so adicionadas novas contas de usurios usando
as ferramentas padro de criao de usurios do Red Hat Enterprise Linux, estas contas recebem os primeiros UID e GID
GLVSRQtYHLVDSDUWLUGH2SUy[LPRXVXiULRQRYRUHFHEHR
8,'*,'VHJXLGRSHOR8,'*,'HDVVLPSRUGLDQWH
Criar usurio
O comando useraddpXWLOL]DGRQR/LQX[HRXWURVVLVWHPDV
operacionais Unix-like para adicionar novos usurios (tambm
conhecido como contas). Ao adicionar um novo usurio
SRVVtYHOWDPEpPGHQLUGLUHWyULRSDGUmRDGLFLRQDUFRPHQWiULR
GHQLUVHQKDHRXWURVGDGRV
O comando adduser idntico ao useradd, pois apenas
um link simblico para ele.
A sintaxe bsica deste comando :
useradd [opes] nome_do_usuario
Normalmente o nico usurio que tem permisso para cadastrar novos usurios o usurio root, ou seja, o usurio com
permisses mximas, o usurio onipotente do Linux.
Para cadastrar um novo usurio simples. No exemplo
DEDL[RYDPRVFULDUXPDFRQWDMRKQYHMD
useradd john
A maioria das distribuies Linux ao criar um usurio cria
automaticamente um diretrio padro para este usurio, ao
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KRPHTXHJHUDOPHQWHFDHPKRPH
O diretrio home da conta do nosso exemplo seria ento:
/home/john/
3RGHRFRUUHUTXHYRFrTXHLUDGHQLUXPGLUHWyULRKRPHGLIHrente para o usurio. Por exemplo, voc poderia criar o usurio
john H GHQLU VHX GLUHWyULR KRPH HP home/conta_de_teste/,
SDUDLVVRYRFrXVDULDDRSomRGDVVLP
useradd -d/home/conta_de_teste/john
(YHQWXDOPHQWH SDUD LGHQWLFDU PHOKRU XP XVXiULR YRFr
pode adicionar um comentrio a este usurio criado, desta
forma:
useradd -c John da Silva john
Todo o comentrio criado adicionado ao arquivo /etc/pasVZGTXHpRDUTXLYRRQGHFDPDUPD]HQDGDVDVLQIRUPDo}HV
sobre as contas existentes no Linux. Falaremos mais sobre este
DUTXLYR HP RXWUR PRPHQWR PDV DSHQDV SDUD TXH TXH FODUR
FRPRFDUiRFRPHQWiULR
MRKQ[John da Silva:/home/john:/bin/bash
2So}HVPDLVXWLOL]DGDVGRFRPDQGRXVHUDGG6HGHVHMDVDber as funes das demais opes deste comando, digite em seu
SURPSWXPDGHVWDVRSo}HVVHQGRDPDLVGHWDOKDGDRPDQ
man useradd
useradd -h
useradd help
Exemplos com o adduser:

#Cria o usurio
root# adduser leocosta
#Cria o usurio com comentrio
URRWDGGXVHUF0HXQRPHFRPSOHWROHRFRVWD
&ULDRXVXiULRGHQLQGRR+20(HDGDWDHPTXHDFRQWD
ir expirar.
root# adduser -d /tmp/leocosta -e 2007-09-12 leocosta
#Cria o usurio em outro grupo supondo que h no meu
sistema um grupo chamado cpd.
root# adduser -g cpd leocosta
#Cria o usurio inserindo ele em outros grupos sem alterar
o seu grupo padro.
root# adduser -G cpd leocosta
#Cria o usurio sem diretrio HOME

root# adduser -M leocosta
&ULDRXVXiULRFRPRSDGUmRGHQLGRQRHWFVNHO
root# adduser -m leocosta
# Cria o usurio com o mesmo UID de um usurio existente
no sistema Imaginamos que h um usurio no sistema cujo
8,'GHOHp
URRWDGGXVHURXLGOHRFRVWD
&ULDXPXVXiULRGHQLQGRRVKHOOSDGUmR
root# adduser leocosta -s /bin/bash
#Cria o usurio mas ele no pode logar no sistema, por que
no possui um shell
root# adduser leocosta -s /sbin/nologin
Arquivos que Controlam Contas de Usurio e

Grupos
No Red Hat Enterprise Linux, as informaes sobre contas
GHXVXiULRHJUXSRVVmRDUPD]HQDGDVHPGLYHUVRVDUTXLYRVWH[WR
dentro do diretrio /etc/. Quando um administrador de sistemas
cria novas contas de usurio, necessrio editar estes arquivos
manualmente ou usar aplicaes para efetuar as alteraes
necessrias.
A seo seguinte documenta os arquivos do diretrio /etc/
TXH DUPD]HQDP LQIRUPDo}HV VREUH XVXiULRV H JUXSRV QR 5HG
Hat Enterprise Linux.
/etc/passwd
O arquivo /etc/passwd pode ser lido por todos e contm uma
lista de usurios, cada um numa linha separada. Em cada linha,
h uma lista delimitada por dois pontos contendo as seguintes
informaes:
Noime de usurio (username) O nome que o usurio digita
ao se autenticar no sistema.
Senha (password) Contm a senha criptografada (ou um
[ VH HVWLYHU XVDQGR VHQKDV VKDGRZ FRQUD PDLV GHWDOKHV
posteriormente).
ID do usurio (UID) O equivalente numrico do nome de
usurio, referenciado pelo sistema e aplicaes ao determinar
privilgios de acesso.
ID do grupo (GID) O equivalente numrico do nome
do grupo principal, referenciado pelo sistema e aplicaes ao
determinar privilgios de acesso.
GECOS Nomeado por motivos histricos, o campo
*(&26>@ p RSFLRQDO H p XVDGR SDUD DUPD]HQDU LQIRUPDo}HV
extras (como o nome completo do usurio). Mltiplas entradas
SRGHPVHUDUPD]HQDGDVDTXLQDOLVWDGHOLPLWDGDSRUGRLVSRQWRV8WLOLWiULRVFRPRRQJHUDFHVVDPHVWHFDPSRSDUDSURYHU
informaes adicionais do usurio.
DLUHWyULRKRPH$ORFDOL]DomRDEVROXWDGRGLUHWyULRKRPH
do usurio, tal como /home/juan/.
Shell O programa iniciado automaticamente sempre que
um usurio se autentica. , geralmente, um interpretador de
comandos (frequentemente chamado de shell). No Red Hat
Enterprise Linux, o valor default /bin/bash. Se o campo for
GHL[DGR HP EUDQFR ELQVK p XVDGR 6H IRU FRQJXUDGR SDUD
um arquivo inexistente, o usurio no poder se autenticar no
sistema.
Aplicaes de Conta de Usurio e Grupo

H dois tipos bsicos de aplicaes que podem ser usadas
para administrar contas de usurios e grupos nos sistemas Red
Hat Enterprise Linux:
$DSOLFDomRJUiFD$GPLQLVWUDGRUGH8VXiULRV
Um conjunto de ferramentas de linha de comando
Para obter instrues detalhadas sobre o uso do Administrador
GH8VXiULRVFRQVXOWHRFDStWXOR&RQJXUDomRGH8VXiULRH*UXSR
no Guia de Administrao de Sistemas Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
Apesar da aplicao Administrador de Usurios e dos utilitrios de linha de comando executarem essencialmente a mesma
tarefa, as ferramentas de linha de comando tm a vantagem de
serem alterveis por scripts e, consequentemente, mais fceis de
VHUHPDXWRPDWL]DGDV
A tabela seguinte descreve algumas das ferramentas de linha
de comando mais comuns usadas para criar e administrar contas
de usurio e grupos:
Ferramentas de Linha de Comando para Administrao de Usurios

A tabela a seguir descreve algumas das ferramentas de linha
de comando mais comuns usadas para criar e administrar grupos:
Ferramentas de Linha de Comando para Administrao de Grupos

$VIHUUDPHQWDVOLVWDGDVRIHUHFHPXPDJUDQGHH[LELOLGDGH
em controlar todos os aspectos das contas de usurio e associao a grupos. Para aprender mais sobre como estas funcionam,
consulte a pgina man de cada uma delas.
No entanto, estas aplicaes no determinam sobre quais
recursos estes usurios e grupos tm controle. Para isso, o administrador de sistemas precisa usar as aplicaes para permisso
de arquivos.
Aplicaes para Permisso de Arquivos

As permisses de arquivo so uma parte integral da administrao de recursos dentro de uma empresa. A tabela seguinte
aborda as ferramentas de linha de comando mais comuns utili]DGDVSDUDHVWHSURSyVLWR
Ferramentas de Linha de Comando para Administrao de

Permisses
Tambm possvel alterar estes atributos nos ambientes
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cone do arquivo (por exemplo: enquanto o cone exibido
QXPYLVXDOL]DGRUJUiFRGHDUTXLYRVRXQDiUHDGHWUDEDOKRH
selecione Propriedades.
Gerenciamento de processos no GNU/Linux

O Linux um programa monotarefa, mas com time shared
(tempo de execuo compartilhado). Processos so programas
HPH[HFXomRSURFHVVR]XPELpTXDQGRRSURFHVVRSDLPRUUH
Todo processo, possui:
Espao de endereamento de memria;
Variveis de ambiente;
Lista de arquivos abertos;
8PQ~PHURTXHRLGHQWLFDFRQKHFLGRFRPR3,'
8PSURFHVVRSDLSDUHQWLGHQWLFDGRSHOR33,'
,GHQWLFDomRGHXVXiULRHJUXSR
Um processo tem uma ou mais linhas de execuo (threads).
Existem processos com maior e menor prioridade. Na hierarTXLDGHSURFHVVRVGL]HPRVTXHRSURFHVVRTXHFKDPDRRXWUR
pRSURFHVVRSDLHQTXDQWRRQRYRpRSURFHVVROKR$~QLFD
forma de criar um processo novo no Linux, atravs da chamada de sistema fork().
Rodar um programa na verdade um fork seguido de uma
chamada de sistema execl.
7RGD YH] TXH VH FULD XP SURFHVVR QD YHUGDGH R VLVWHPD
HVWi ID]HQGR XP IRUN TXH QDGD PDLV p GR TXH XPD LQWHUIDFH
programtica para acessar os recursos e/ou servios no kernel
do sistema operacional
Processos criao
Os programas, usualmente, so de 2 tipos:
Binrios : Instrues em linguagem de mquina. Ex.: ELF.
Scripts :: Arquivos de comando (1 linha do tipo !/bin/bash, ou

!/usr/bin/pearl).
Comandos:
SV9LVXDOL]DRVSURFHVVRVHPH[HFXomR
# ps -a # Exibe processos de outros usurios tambm
# ps -u # Exibe os processos detalhadamente inclusive com
uso de memria
# ps -x # Exibe os processos que no esto vinculados a
terminais
# ps -ef # Exibe todos os processos e mostra o PPID
WRS([LEHRVSURFHVVRVTXHXWLOL]DP&38HPWHPSRUHDO
WRSG([LEHRVSURFHVVRVTXHXWLOL]DP&38HPWHPSR
UHDOFRPDWXDOL]DomRGHVHJ
# kill -9 (processo) # Mata um processo
# kill -l # Mostra as opes do comando kill
CRTL-Z # Coloca um processo em segundo plano
# fg (n) # Coloca um processo em primeiro plano
# jobs # Lista processos que esto em segundo plano
3DUDH[HFXWDUGLUHWDPHQWHHPVHJXQGRSODQRXWLOL]DU QRQDO
Processos Prioridade
Dependendo da importncia dos processos, pode-se criar
processos com maior e menor prioridade.
Alm disso, possvel alterar a prioridade de um processo,
mesmo depois dele j ter sido criado e estar sendo executado:
QLFHQDSURJUDPD5RGDRSURJUDPDFRPD
prioridade desejada
UHQLFHDSURFHVVR3HUPLWHDOWHUDUDSULRULGDGH
do programa estando em execuo
$ SULRULGDGH YDL GH PDLRU DWp PHQRU 4XDQGR
iniciamos um programa com o comando nice, sua prioridade
p LJXDO D 6H H[HFXWDPRV R SURJUDPD QRUPDOPHQWH VXD
SULRULGDGHVHUiLJXDOD]HUR
Processos Memria
3DUDRVSURFHVVRVDPHPyULDpOLQHDUHFRPHoDGR]HUR
Na memria fsica, o processo pode estar em pginas no sequenciais, em qualquer lugar da memria. Se houver pouca memria
SDUDH[HFXWDURVSURFHVVRVSRGHVHXWLOL]DUDPHPyULD6:$3
Quando a memria fsica acaba, o sistema grava na SWAP
as pginas de memria menos acessadas, abrindo espao para
novas pginas.
SUSE
O sistema operacional SUSE Linux Enterprise Server um

VLVWHPD EHP WHVWDGR H HVWiYHO ,QIHOL]PHQWH LVVR QmR LPSHGH
falhas de hardware ou outras causas de tempo de espera ou
perda de dados. Para qualquer tarefa de computao sria em
que possa ocorrer perda de dados, deve ser feito backup regular.
Para garantir a segurana ideal e a proteo dos dados, voc
GHYH ID]HU DWXDOL]Do}HV UHJXODUHV GDV PiTXLQDV XWLOL]DGDV 6H
houver um servidor de misso crtica, convm executar uma
segunda mquina idntica (pr-produo) em que voc possa
DSOLFDUWRGDVDVPXGDQoDVSDUDQVGHWHVWHDQWHVGHFRORFDULVVR
em produo. Desse modo, voc tambm poder alternar entre
as mquinas no caso de falha de hardware.
Gerenciando usurios com o YaST

Durante a instalao, voc escolhe um mtodo para autenticao do usurio. Esse mtodo pode ser local (via /etc/passwd) ou, se
uma conexo de rede for estabelecida, via NIS, LDAP, Kerberos
RX 6DPED e SRVVtYHO FULDU RX PRGLFDU DV FRQWDV GR XVXiULR H
mudar o mtodo de autenticao com o YaST sempre que desejar.
Todo usurio recebe um ID de usurio de todo o sistema
(UID). Alm dos usurios que podem efetuar login em sua mquina, h tambm vrios usurios do sistema somente para uso
interno. Cada usurio atribudo a um ou mais grupos. Parecido
com os usurios do sistema, h tambm os grupos de sistema
para uso interno.
Caixa de dilogo Administrao de Usurio e

Grupo
Para administrar usurios ou grupos, inicie o YaST e clique
em Segurana e Usurios > Gerenciamento de Usurios e
Grupos. Se preferir, inicie a caixa de dilogo Administrao de
Usurio e Grupo diretamente, executando yast2 users & de uma
linha de comando.
Dependendo do conjunto de usurios que optar por ver e
PRGLFDU H GD FDL[D GH GLiORJR XVXiULRV ORFDLV XVXiULRV GH
rede, usurios de sistema), a janela principal mostrar diversas
guias. Elas permitem que voc execute as seguintes tarefas:
Gerenciando contas de usurio

Na guia Usurios FULH PRGLTXH DSDJXH RX GHVDELOLWH
WHPSRUDULDPHQWHDVFRQWDVGRXVXiULR8WLOL]HDVRSo}HVDYDQadas, como imposio de polticas de senha, uso de diretrios
pessoais criptografados, uso de autenticao por impresso
digital ou gerenciamento de cotas de disco.
0XGDQGRDVFRQJXUDo}HVSDGUmR
As contas de usurios locais so criadas de acordo com as
FRQJXUDo}HVGHQLGDVQDJXLDPadres para Novos Usurios.
Atribuindo usurios a grupos

Gerenciando grupos
Na guia GruposYRFrSRGHUiDGLFLRQDUPRGLFDURXDSDJDU
grupos existentes.
Mudando o mtodo de autenticao do

usurio
Quando a sua mquina est conectada a uma rede que oferece mtodos de autenticao de usurio como NIS ou LDAP,
voc pode escolher dentre diversos mtodos de autenticao na
guia &RQJXUDo}HVGH$XWHQWLFDomR.
Para o gerenciamento de usurios e grupos, a caixa de
dilogo fornece uma funcionalidade semelhante. Para alternar
facilmente entre a tela de administrao de usurios e grupos,
escolha a guia apropriada na parte superior da caixa de dilogo.
$VRSo}HVGHOWURSHUPLWHPTXHYRFrGHQDRFRQMXQWRGHXVXiULRVRXJUXSRVDVHUHPPRGLFDGRV1DJXLDUsurios ou Grupo,
clique em &RQJXUDU Filtro para ver e editar usurios ou grupos
de acordo com determinadas categorias, como Usurios Locais ou
Usurios LDAPSRUH[HPSORVHYRFr]HUSDUWHGHXPDUHGH
que usa LDAP). Com &RQJXUDU Filtro > Personalizar Filtro,
YRFrWDPEpPSRGHUiFRQJXUDUHXVDUXPOWURSHUVRQDOL]DGR
'HSHQGHQGR GR OWUR HVFROKLGR QHP WRGDV DV RSo}HV H
funes a seguir estaro disponveis na caixa de dilogo.
Gerenciando contas de usurio

2<D67VHRIHUHFHSDUDFULDUPRGLFDUDSDJDURXGHVDELOLWDUWHPSRUDULDPHQWHDVFRQWDVGHXVXiULRV1mRPRGLTXHDV
contas do usurio, a menos que voc seja um usurio experiente
ou administrador.
NOTA: Mudando IDs de usurios existentes
A propriedade do arquivo est vinculada ao ID de usurio, e
no ao nome de usurio. Aps uma mudana de ID de usurio, os
arquivos no diretrio pessoal do usurio sero automaticamente
DMXVWDGRV SDUD UHHWLU HVVD PXGDQoD (QWUHWDQWR DSyV XPD
mudana de ID, o usurio no tem mais posse dos arquivos que
ele criou em algum local do sistema de arquivos, a menos que a
SURSULHGDGHGHVVHVDUTXLYRVVHMDPDQXDOPHQWHPRGLFDGD
SaLEDDVHJXLUFRPRFRQJXUDUFRQWDVGHXVXiULRVSDGUmR
$GLFLRQDQGRRXPRGLFDQGRFRQWDVGHXVXiULRV
1. Abra a caixa de dilogo Administrao de Usurio e
Grupo do YaST e clique na guia Usurios.
&RP&RQJXUDU)LOWURGHQDRFRQMXQWRGHXVXiULRV
que deseja gerenciar. A caixa de dilogo mostra uma lista de
usurios no sistema e os grupos aos quais eles pertencem.
3DUD PRGLFDU DV RSo}HV GH XP XVXiULR H[LVWHQWH
selecione uma entrada e clique em Editar.
Para criar uma nova conta de usurio, clique em Adicionar.
4. Digite os dados de usurio apropriados na primeira
guia, como Nome do usurio (usado para login) e Senha. Esses
GDGRVVmRVXFLHQWHVSDUDFULDUXPQRYRXVXiULR6HYRFrFOLFDU
em OK agora, o sistema atribuir um ID de usurio automaWLFDPHQWH H GHQLUi WRGRV RV RXWURV YDORUHV GH DFRUGR FRP R
padro.
6HGHVHMDUDMXVWDUPDLVGHWDOKHVFRPRR,'GRXVXiULR
ou o caminho do diretrio pessoal do usurio, faa isso na guia
Detalhes.
Se precisar realocar o diretrio pessoal de um usurio
existente, digite o caminho do novo diretrio pessoal e mova
o contedo do diretrio pessoal atual usando Mover para Nova
/RFDOL]DomR &DVR FRQWUiULR XP QRYR GLUHWyULR SHVVRDO VHUi
criado sem nenhum dado existente.
3DUDIRUoDURVXVXiULRVDPXGDUUHJXODUPHQWHDVHQKD
RXGHQLURXWUDVRSo}HVGHVHQKDDOWHUQHSDUD&RQJXUDo}HVGH
Senha e ajuste as opes.
&OLTXHHP2.VHWRGDVDVRSo}HVHVWLYHUHPGHQLGDV
conforme desejado.
&OLTXHHP2So}HVGH(VSHFLDOLVWD!*UDYDU0XGDQoDV
Agora para gravar todas as mudanas sem sair da caixa de
dilogo Administrao de Usurio e Grupo. Clique em OK para
fechar a caixa de dilogo de administrao e gravar as mudanas. Um usurio recm-adicionado agora poder efetuar login
no sistema usando o nome de login e a senha criada.
Desabilitando ou apagando contas de usurios

1
Abra a caixa de dilogo Administrao de Usurio e
Grupo do YaST e clique na guia Usurios.
2
Para desabilitar uma conta de usurio temporariamente sem apag-la, selecione o usurio na lista e clique em
Editar. Ative Desabilitar Login de Usurio. O usurio no
pode efetuar login na sua mquina at voc habilitar a conta
novamente.
3
Para apagar uma conta de usurio, selecione o usurio
na lista e clique em Apagar.
Escolha se tambm deseja apagar o diretrio pessoal do
usurio ou manter os dados.
Opes adicionais para contas de usurios

$OpP GDV FRQJXUDo}HV GD FRQWD GR XVXiULR SDGUmR R
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server oferece mais opes, como assegurar o uso obrigatrios das polticas de senha, usar diretrios
SHVVRDLVFULSWRJUDIDGRVRXGHQLUTXRWDVGHGLVFRSDUDXVXiULRV
e grupos.
Login automtico e login sem senha

Se voc usar o ambiente de rea de trabalho do KDE ou
*120( SRGHUi FRQJXUDU R Auto Login para determinado
usurio, assim como o Login sem Senha para todos os usuULRV2ORJLQDXWRPiWLFRID]FRPTXHRXVXiULRVHMDFRQHFWDGR
DXWRPDWLFDPHQWHDRDPELHQWHGHGHVNWRSQDLQLFLDOL]DomR(VVD
funcionalidade somente poder ser ativada para um usurio
GHFDGDYH]2ORJLQVHPVHQKDSHUPLWHTXHWRGRVRVXVXiULRV
efetuem login no sistema aps digitarem seus nomes de usurio
no gerenciador de login.
Gerenciando diretrios pessoais criptografados

Para proteger os dados dos diretrios pessoais contra roubo
e remoo de disco rgido, voc pode criar diretrios pessoais
criptografados para os usurios. Eles so criptografados com
/8.6/LQX[8QLHG.H\6HWXSTXHUHVXOWDHPXPDLPDJHP
e uma chave de imagem gerada para o usurio. A chave de
imagem protegida com a senha de login do usurio. Quando o
usurio efetua login no sistema, o diretrio pessoal criptografaGRpPRQWDGRHRFRQWH~GRGLVSRQLELOL]DGRDRXVXiULR
Com o YaST, voc poder criar diretrios pessoais criptografados para novos usurios ou usurios existentes. Para
FULSWRJUDIDURXPRGLFDUGLUHWyULRVSHVVRDLVFULSWRJUDIDGRVGH
usurios j existentes, voc precisar saber a senha de login atual do usurio. Por padro, todos os dados de usurio existentes
so copiados para o novo diretrio pessoal criptografado, mas
no so apagados do diretrio no criptografado.
Gerenciando cotas
Para evitar o esgotamento dos recursos do sistema sem qualTXHUQRWLFDomRRVDGPLQLVWUDGRUHVGHVLVWHPDSRGHPFRQJXUDUFRWDVSDUDXVXiULRVRXJUXSRVeSRVVtYHOGHQLUTXRWDVSDUD
um ou mais sistemas de arquivos, e restringir a quantidade de
espao em disco que pode ser usada e o nmero de inodes (ns
do ndice) que podem ser criados l. Os inodes so estruturas de
GDGRVHPXPVLVWHPDGHDUTXLYRVTXHDUPD]HQDPLQIRUPDo}HV
bsicas sobre um arquivo, um diretrio ou outro objeto de sistePDGHDUTXLYRVFRPXP(OHVDUPD]HQDPWRGRVRVDWULEXWRVGH
um objeto de sistema de arquivos (como propriedade do usurio
e do grupo, permisses de leitura, gravao ou execuo), exceto nome de arquivo e contedo.
O SUSE Linux Enterprise Server permite o uso de cotas
H[tYHLVH[DV$VTXRWDVGHVRIWZDUHQRUPDOPHQWHGHQHP
um nvel de aviso em que os usurios so informados de que
HVWmRDWLQJLQGRVHXOLPLWHHQTXDQWRDVTXRWDVGHKDUGZDUHGHnem o limite em que as solicitaes de gravao so recusadas.
$OpP GLVVR p SRVVtYHO GHQLU LQWHUYDORV H[WUDV TXH SHUPLWHP
que usurios ou grupos violem temporariamente determinadas
quantidades de suas cotas.
Habilitando o suporte a cotas para uma

partio
3DUDFRQJXUDUFRWDVSDUDGHWHUPLQDGRVXVXiULRVHJUXSRV
habilite primeiro o suporte a cotas para a respectiva partio no
Particionador Tcnico do &yast.

1
No YaST, selecione Sistema > Particionador e clique
em Sim para continuar.
2. No Particionador Tcnico, selecione a partio para
a qual habilitar cotas e clique em Editar.
3. Clique em Opes do Fstab e ative Habilitar Suporte a Cotas. Se o pacote de quota ainda no estiver instalado,
HOH VHUi DVVLP TXH YRFr FRQUPDU D UHVSHFWLYD PHQVDJHP
clicando em Sim.
&RQUPH VXDV PXGDQoDV H VDLD GR Particionador
Tcnico.
Atribuindo usurios a grupos

Os usurios locais so atribudos a vrios grupos de acorGR FRP DV FRQJXUDo}HV SDGUmR TXH SRGHP VHU DFHVVDGDV
na caixa de dilogo Administrao de Usurio e Grupo, na
guia Padres para Novos Usurios. Aprenda a seguir como
PRGLFDUDDWULEXLomRGHJUXSRGHXPXVXiULRLQGLYLGXDO6H
precisar mudar as atribuies de grupo padro para os novos
XVXiULRVFRQVXOWHD6HomR0XGDQGRDVFRQJXUDo}HV
SDGUmRSDUDXVXiULRVORFDLVS
Mudando a atribuio de grupo de um

usurio
1
Abra a caixa de dilogo Administrao de Usurio
e Grupo do YaST e clique na guia Usurios. Ela mostra uma
lista de usurios e grupos aos quais eles pertencem.
2
Clique em Editar e alterne para a guia Detalhes.
3
Para mudar o grupo principal ao qual pertence o
usurio, clique em Grupo Padro e selecione o grupo na
lista.
4
Para atribuir grupos secundrios adicionais de
usurios, ative as caixas de seleo correspondentes na lista
Grupos Adicionais.
5
Clique em OK para aplicar as mudanas.
6
Clique em Opes de Especialista > Gravar Mudanas Agora para gravar todas as mudanas sem sair da caixa
de dilogo Administrao de Usurio e Grupo. Clique em
OK para fechar a caixa de dilogo de administrao e gravar
as mudanas.
Gerenciando grupos
&RPR<D67YRFrWDPEpPSRGHDGLFLRQDUPRGLFDURX
apagar grupos facilmente.
&ULDQGRHPRGLFDQGRJUXSRV
1
Abra a caixa de dilogo Gerenciamento de Usurios
e Grupos do YaST e clique na guia Grupos.
2
Com &RQJXUDU FiltroGHQDRFRQMXQWRGHJUXSRV
a serem gerenciados. A caixa de dilogo mostra uma lista de
grupos no sistema.
3
Para criar um novo grupo, clique em Adicionar.
4 3DUD PRGLFDU XP JUXSR H[LVWHQWH VHOHFLRQH R

grupo e clique em Editar.
5
Na caixa de dilogo seguinte, digite ou mude os
dados. A lista direita mostra uma viso geral de todos os
usurios e usurios de sistema disponveis que podem ser
membros do grupo.
6
Para adicionar usurios existentes a um novo grupo, selecione-os na lista de Membros de Grupo possveis,
marcando a caixa correspondente. Para remov-los do grupo,
desmarque a caixa.
7
Clique em OK para aplicar as mudanas.
8
Clique em Opes de Especialista > Gravar Mudanas Agora para gravar todas as mudanas sem sair da caixa
de dilogo Administrao de Usurio e Grupo.
Para apagar um grupo, ele no deve conter membros de
grupo. Para apagar um grupo, selecione-o na lista e clique
em Apagar. Clique em Opes de Especialista > Gravar
Mudanas Agora para gravar todas as mudanas sem sair
da caixa de dilogo Administrao de Usurio e Grupo. Clique em OK para fechar a caixa de dilogo de administrao
e gravar as mudanas.
XEN
2 ;HQ6HUYHU p XP K\SHUYLVRU SDUDYLUWXDOL]DGR XVD D
WpFQLFD GH SDUDYLUWXDOL]DomR 3RUWDQWR UHTXHU TXH R SURcessador existente em seu servidor fsico possua suporte a
WHFQRORJLDGHYLUWXDOL]DomRSDUDTXHYRFrDSURYHLWHWRGDVDV
funcionalidades e vantagens dessa tecnologia. preciso de
um mnimo de 2 GB de RAM s para instalar XenServer,
PDV R UHFRPHQGDGR p GH SHOR PHQRV *% HVSHFLDOPHQWH
se voc pretende hospedar mltiplas mquinas virtuais.
;HQ6HUYHU VR]LQKR YDL H[LJLU *% GH HVSDoR HP GLVFR
Mas, novamente, voc vai precisar de mais para as mquinas
virtuais caso deseje hosped-las localmente.
Em outras palavras o Xen serve para monitorar todas as
mquinas virtuais existentes dentro de um servidor fsico. Nos
Servidores instalamos o XenServer e nas mquinas que faro o
monitoramento instalamos o XenCenter. Atravs do XenCenter monitoramos o funcionamento de todos os servidores da
empresa. Os comandos dados no XenCenter so transmitidos
ao XenServer que os executar, por exemplo, reiniciar ou
desligar uma Mquina Virtual ou o Servidor todo.
Instalao e Requerimentos do XenCenter

Citrix XenCenter um aplicativo baseado no Windows
que pode ser instalado em uma mquina fsica ou virtual.
Deve ser instalado em qualquer um dos seguintes Windows:
:LQGRZV;39LVWD6HUYHUH5
(OH UHTXHU 1(7 )UDPHZRUN 2 UHTXLVLWR GH &38
PtQLPDpGH0+]H*K]pRPDLVUHFRPHQGDGR5$0
mnima exigida de 1 GB, mas o recomendado 2 GB. Ocupa 100 MB de espao em disco e funciona com uma placa de
rede com pelo menos 100 Mb de velocidade.
Aps a instalao do XenServer e do XenCenter abra o
[HQ&HQWHUHDFUHVFHQWHWRGRVRVVHUYLGRUHVFRQIRUPHDJXUD
abaixo.
Digite o endereo IP do servidor e tambm a senha que

voc atribuiu para a sua conta root. Depois clique em Add.
Criando uma Mquina Virtual (VM)

No XenCenter Clique com o boto direito do mouse sobre
o servidor fsico que voc deseja instalar uma nova mquina
YLUWXDO 4XDQGR ]HU LVVR VXUJLUi XP PHQX VXVSHQVR QHOH
escolha a opo New VM.
Surgir uma tela com vrias Templates, voc deve escolher uma delas, depois clique em Next.
Na prxima tela voc vai escolher um nome e escrever
um comentrio para a mquina virtual que est sendo criada.
Na prxima tela escolha o dispositivo onde voc vai colocar o CD/DVD de instalao do Sistema Operacional que
voc est instalado na mquina virtual.
Na prxima tela voc vai escolher o local onde vai instalar a mquina virtual, se existisse um pool de servidores
FRQJXUDGRQHVVDWHODVHULDPPRVWUDGRVWRGRVRVVHUYLGRUHV
desse pool pra que voc escolhesse onde desejava colocar a
mquina virtual.
Nessa prxima tela, voc vai escolher o nmero de CPUs
e quantidade de memria que deseja destinar a maquina virtual. Agora voc vai informar o tamanho do disco que deseja
destinar a maquina virtual. Por padro surgira um disco de
*%YRFrSRGHFOLFDUVREUHHOHGHSRLVQRERWmRProprierties
e alterar o tamanho desse disco. Assim como voc tambm
pode adicionar um novo disco clicando em Add...
Depois vai escolher qual a placa de rede que deseja
XWLOL]DU 1R FDVR DEDL[R HVWmR VHQGR H[LELGDV DV TXDWUR
interfaces que nosso servidor possui. E ento, na prxima
janela clique em FinishSDUDQDOL]DUDLQVWDODomR3HUFHED
que a opo para deixar a mquina virtual startar automaticaPHQWHDSyVVXDFULDomRFRXVHOHFLRQDGD
'HSRLV GH QDOL]DGD FHUWLTXHVH GH TXH R GLVFR GH
instalao est dentro da unidade de CD/DVD para iniciar a
instalao do sistema operacional na VM, o processo de instalao pode ser acompanhado pela console no XenCenter.
Para isso, clique na mquina virtual que voc acabou de criar
e depois na aba console. D prosseguimento a instalao
normalmente como se instala em qualquer mquina fsica.

'HSRLV GH QDOL]DGD YRH SRGHUi ID]HU DFHVVR D PiTXLQD
virtual via SSH ou pelo prprio console do XenCenter.
Instalao e utilizao do XenServer Tools

Sem o XenServer Tools no podemos:
Efetuar shutdown, reboot ou suspend em VM.
9LVXDOL]DU GHVHPSHQKR GH GDGRV GDV 90V QR ;HQCenter
Migrar uma VM online com o XenMotion
Criar snapshot em memria ou reverter para snapshot
Ajustar o nmero de vCPUs em uma VM rodando

Linux (VM Windows requerem reboot para surtir
efeito)
Criao de um nico pool com todos os servidores
Para instalar Xenserver Tools clique com boto direito na

mquina virtual e escolher a opo Instalar XenServer Tools.
Ele deve ser instalado para cada mquina virtual.
Ento o XenCenter abrir automaticamente a console da
VM na qual deseja instalar o XenServer Tools. Execute os
comandos abaixo para completar a instalao:
cd /mnt/
mkdir xs-tools
mount /dev/scd0 xs-tools/
cd xs-tools/Linux/
Para verses baseadas em Debian:
./install.sh
Para verses baseadas em RedHat:
USP8KY[H [BUSP
Depois de instalado o XenServer Tools voc poder
acompanhar a performance de vrios aspectos de hardware
de sua VM, como: Processador, Memria e Placas de Rede.
importante ressaltar que tambm podemos instalar o pacote
para acompanhar o desempenho do Servidor Fsico. Abaixo
exibimos a tela de performance para o servidor fsico e para
uma mquina virtual.
WINDOWS 7
O Windows 7 o mais recente sistema operacional desenvolvido pela Microsoft.
Estas so as recomendaes mnimas de hardware da

Microsoft para os sistemas que executaro o Windows 7:
(VSHFLFDo}HVPtQLPDV
Processador de 800 MHz (32-bit)
Memria (RAM) de 512 MB
Placa de Vdeo compatvel com DirectX 9.0 e 32 MB
de memria (sem Windows Aero)
Espao requerido de 16GB
DVD-ROM
Sada de udio
(VSHFLFDo}HV5HFRPHQGDGDV

Processador de 1 GHz (32 ou 64 bits)

Memria (RAM) de 1 GB
Espao requerido de disco rgido: 16 GB
Placa de vdeo com suporte a elementos grficos
DirectX 9 com 128 MB de memria (para habilitar o
tema do Windows Aero)
Unidade de DVD-R/W
Conexo com a Internet (para obter atualizaes)
Principais teclas de atalho do Windows 7
Como o nome j indica as teclas de atalho podem ser
usados para facilitar ainda mais o uso do sistema operacional Windows. Entre os principais atalhos esto: Restaurar
janela, Maximizar janela, Zoom e entre outras.
Principais atalhos
Tecla Windows +
Seta para cima
Tecla Windows +
Seta para baixo
Tecla Windows +
Seta para esquerda
Tecla Windows +
Seta para direita
Tecla Windows +
Shift + Seta para
esquerda
Tecla Windows +
Shift + Seta para
direita
Tecla Windows +
Home
Maximiza janela
Restaura janela
Arruma a janela esquerda
Arruma janela direita
Move janela para monitor da esquerda
(se houver mais de um)
Move janela para monitor da direita
(se houver mais de um)
Minimiza / restaura todas as janelas,
exceto a que estiver em destaque
Tecla Windows + T
Tecla Windows +
Barra de espao
Tecla Windows + G
Tecla Windows + P
Tecla Windows + X
Tecla Windows + #
(# = nmero, de 1
a 5)
Foca na primeira entrada da Superbar.

Pressionando novamente, alterna
entre elas
Mostra o desktop (Aero Peek)
Traz os gadgets frente, em ordem-z
Mostra opes de monitores/projetores
externos
Central de mobilidade
Abre uma nova instncia do programa
correspondente ao nmero fixado na
Superbar. Por exemplo: WinKey + 1
abre o primeiro programa; WinKey +
4, abre o quarto programa
Tecla Windows + +
(sinal de mais) / Tecla
Zoom
Windows + (sinal
de menos)
Aero Flip (alterna entre os programas
Tecla Windows + Tab
abertos)
Windows Explorer
Mostra/oculta painel de
pr-visualizao
Alt + P
0RGLFDGRUHVGD6XSHUEDU
Shift + clique
Boto do meio do mouse
Ctrl + Shift + clique
Shift + clique (boto direito)
Shift + clique (boto direito) em grupo

de janelas
Control + clique em grupo de janelas
Abre nova instncia

Abre nova instncia
Abre nova instncia
com privilgios
administrativos
Abre menu da
janela (maximizar,
minimizar, mover,
etc.)
Abre menu de janela
referente a todas as
janelas do grupo
Circula atravs das
janelas (ou abas) do
grupo
PRINCIPAIS RECURSOS:
1. Aero Shake
Precisa vasculhar uma rea de trabalho bagunada para
encontrar uma s janela? Basta clicar em um painel e sacudir o
mouse. Pronto! Todas as janelas abertas desaparecem, exceto a
que voc escolheu. Sacuda de novo e todas as janelas voltam.
2. Aero Peek
O Aero Peek permite que voc enxergue atravs de outras
janelas abertas no Windows 7. Basta apontar o mouse para a
borda direita da barra de tarefas e veja as janelas abertas ficarem transparentes na hora, revelando todos os cones e gadgets.
Para mostrar rapidamente uma janela escondida, aponte
para a sua miniatura na barra de tarefas. Agora, apenas essa
janela aparece na rea de trabalho.
O Peek est includo nas edies Home Premium, Professional e Ultimate do Windows 7.
3.
Snap
O Snap um novo e rpido (e divertido!) jeito de redimensionar as janelas abertas, simplesmente arrastando-as
para as bordas da tela.
Dependendo de onde voc arrastar uma janela, ser
possvel expandi-la verticalmente, coloc-la na tela inteira
ou exibi-la lado a lado com outra janela. O Ajustar faz com
que ler, organizar e comparar janelas seja to fcil quanto...
bem, ajust-las.
4. Grupo Domstico
O Grupo Domstico elimina a dor de cabea do compartilhamento de arquivos e impressoras em uma rede
domstica. Conecte dois ou mais PCs com o Windows 7, e o
Grupo Domstico permitir iniciar fcil e automaticamente
o compartilhamento de msicas, fotos, vdeos e documentos
em bibliotecas com outros em sua casa.
Privacidade?. por isso que o Grupo Domstico protegido por senha e permite que voc tenha controle total. Voc
decide o que compartilhado e o que permanece privado.
Tambm possvel tornar seus arquivos "somente leitura",
para que outras pessoas possam visualizar as suas coisas mas no tocar nelas.
Voc pode ingressar em um grupo domstico usando
qualquer edio do Windows 7, mas s pode criar um nas
edies Home Premium, Professional ou Ultimate.
5.
Listas de Atalhos
As Listas de Atalhos novidade do Windows 7 levam

voc diretamente aos documentos, fotos, msicas ou sites
que voc usa todos os dias. Para abrir uma Lista de Atalhos,
basta clicar com o boto direito do mouse em um cone de
programa na barra de tarefas do Windows 7. (Voc tambm
os encontrar no menu Iniciar.)
O que voc v em uma Lista de Atalhos depende totalmente do programa. A Lista de Atalhos do Internet Explorer 8 mostra os sites visitados com frequncia. Windows
Media Player 12 lista msicas que voc escuta mais. Sua
Lista de Atalhos est com um favorito faltando? Voc pode
"fixar" o arquivo que desejar nela.
As Listas de Atalhos no mostram apenas atalhos de
arquivos. s vezes, elas tambm fornecem acesso rpido a
comandos para coisas como redigir novas mensagens de e-mail ou reproduzir msicas.
6.
Windows Live Essentials
O que o Windows Live Essentials? Resumindo, um

software gratuito que permite a um computador com o
Windows 7 fazer mais coisas como email, mensagens instantneas, edio de fotos e publicao em blogs.
O Windows Live Essentials est disponvel no site do
Windows Live. O download gratuito inclui:
Converse instantaneamente com os amigos e

familiares no PC ou dispositivo mvel.
Messenger
Encontre, corrija e compartilhe suas fotos.

Galeria de
Fotos
Gerencie vrias contas de email (como Hotmail)

em um s lugar.
Mail
Redija seu blog, adicione fotos e vdeos e
poste-os na Web.
Writer
Movie
Maker
Proteo
para a
Familia
Transforme fotos e vdeos em filmes e

apresentaes de slides incrveis.
Gerencie e monitore atividades online, para a

segurana de seus filhos
Toolbar
Pesquise instantaneamente em qualquer pgina da web
7. Windows Search
No Windows 7, voc pode encontrar mais coisas em mais
lugares e com mais rapidez.
Comece a digitar na caixa de pesquisa do menu Iniciar e
voc ver instantaneamente uma lista de documentos, fotos,
msicas e emails relevantes no seu PC. Os resultados sero
agrupados agora por categoria e contero palavras realadas
e trechos de textos para facilitar sua verificao.
Poucas pessoas armazenam todos os seus arquivos
em um lugar hoje em dia. Ento, o Windows 7 tambm
projetado para procurar em discos rgidos externos, PCs em
rede e bibliotecas. Sobrecarregado com os resultados da sua
pesquisa? Agora voc pode filtr-los instantaneamente por
data, tipo de arquivo e outras categorias teis.
8.
Barra de Tarefas do Windows
A nova barra de tarefas do Windows 7 ainda o mesmo

local familiar para alternar entre janelas. Mas agora ela est
mais fcil de se visualizar
Por exemplo, no Windows 7, possvel "fixar" programas
favoritos em qualquer lugar da barra de tarefas, para fcil
acesso. No gostou muito do alinhamento de cones? Agora
voc pode reorganiz-los do modo que desejar, clicando e arrastando. Finalmente, h novas maneiras para se visualizar
janelas. Aponte o mouse sobre um cone da barra de tarefas
para ter uma visualizao em miniatura dos programas e
arquivos abertos. Em seguida, mova seu mouse sobre uma
miniatura para visualizar a janela em tela inteira. Voc pode
at mesmo fechar janelas das visualizaes em miniatura o
que economiza bastante tempo.
9.
Suporte para 64 bits
Se voc foi comprar um PC recentemente, provvel que

tenha percebido que h um nmero maior de computadores
com processadores de 64 bits e deve ter se perguntado quais
as vantagens deles.
Grosso modo, um PC de 64 bits pode gerenciar quantidades maiores de informao que um sistema de 32 bits. Como
pode usar mais RAM de 4 GB para cima um computador
de 64 bits pode ser muito mais rpido ao executar vrios
programas de uma vez.
Qualquer que seja a sua escolha, o Windows 7 est pronto.
Todas as edies comerciais em caixa do Windows 7 (exceto
pelo Home Basic) incluem software de 32 e de 64 bits.
10. rea de trabalho
Com o Windows 7 ficou mais fcil fazer mais na rea de
trabalho.
Novas maneiras de manipular janelas
Sobrecarregado de janelas abertas? O Windows 7 vem
com trs novos recursos simples e poderosos chamados Aero
Shake, Aero Peeke Snap para ajud-lo a eliminar instantaneamente a baguna na rea de trabalho.
Peek-esconde: O Aero Peek deixa as janelas abertas
translcidas, para que voc possa ver o que est na sua rea
de trabalho.
Novos papis de parede espetaculares
Ns passamos muito tempo olhando nossos PCs. A
esttica no deveria ser apenas algo secundrio. por isso
que o Windows 7 inclui uma grande variedade de novos
planos de fundo de rea de trabalho papis de parede
que variam do sublime ao caricato. Ou experimente a nova
apresentao de slides para rea de trabalho, que exibe uma
srie de fotos.
O Windows 7 permite que voc expresse facilmente a sua
personalidade, com novos temas criativos e outros toques
personalizados.
A barra de tarefas do Windows 7?
No Windows 7, a barra de tarefas foi completamente
reprojetada para ajudar voc a gerenciar e acessar mais facilmente seus arquivos e programas mais importantes.
Botes da barra de tarefas
Os botes da barra de tarefas tm um nova aparncia e
fazem mais do que apenas mostrar quais programas esto em
execuo.
Na exibio padro, cada programa aparece como um
boto nico sem rtulo - mesmo quando vrios itens de
um programa esto abertos - para se obter uma aparncia
limpa e organizada. Voc pode personalizar o aspecto da
barra de tarefas para alterar como os botes so exibidos e
como eles se agrupam quando voc tem vrios itens abertos. Voc pode tambm optar por ver botes individuais
para cada arquivo aberto.
Voc pode tambm reordenar e organizar os botes na
barra de tarefas, incluindo programas fixos e programas
em execuo que no foram fixados, para que eles sejam
exibidos na ordem que voc preferir. Para reorganizar a
ordem dos botes na barra de tarefas, arraste um boto de
sua posio atual para uma posio diferente na barra de
tarefas. Voc pode reorganizar botes com a frequncia
que desejar.
Visualizando janelas abertas com Aero Peek
Quando voc abre vrias janelas na rea de trabalho,
algumas vezes pode ser um desafio ver janelas separadas e
alternar entre elas.
Voc pode usar o Aero Peek para ver rapidamente outras

janelas abertas sem clicar fora da janela em que voc est
trabalhando. Aponte o mouse para um boto da barra de
tarefas, e as visualizaes em miniatura de qualquer janela
aberta associada a esse boto sero exibidas acima da barra
de tarefas. Se desejar abrir uma janela que esteja visualizando, basta clicar em sua miniatura.
,WHQVGH[DomR
A fixao de programas na barra de tarefas complementa
a fixao de programas no menu Iniciar, como nas verses
anteriores do Windows. Quando voc fixa um programa
favorito barra de tarefas, voc sempre pode v-lo nela e
acess-lo facilmente com um nico clique. O Windows 7
tambm inclui Listas de Atalhos, de forma que, alm de
iniciar um programa a partir da barra de tarefas, voc pode
agora iniciar itens favoritos e usados recentemente a partir
desse programa, apenas clicando no mesmo boto.
As Listas de Saltos so listas de itens abertos recentemente ou com frequncia, como arquivos, pastas ou sites,
organizados pelo programa que voc usa para abri-los. Alm
de poder abrir os itens recentes usando uma Lista de Saltos,
voc pode tambm fixar itens favoritos em uma Lista de
Saltos, para que possa acessar rapidamente os itens que usa
todos os dias.
Na barra de tarefas, Listas de Saltos aparecem para programas que voc fixou barra de tarefas e programas que
esto atualmente em execuo. Voc pode exibir a Lista de
Atalhos de um programa, clicando com o boto direito no
boto da barra de tarefas ou arrastando o boto para a rea
de trabalho. Os itens da Lista de Salto se abrem ao serem
clicados.
UHDGHQRWLFDomR
Uma nova forma de gerenciar a rea de notificao ao
final da barra de tarefas significa que voc obtm menos
notificaes, e as que voc recebe so coletadas em um nico
lugar no Windows.
No passado, a rea de notificao podia s vezes ficar
cheia de cones. Agora, voc pode escolher quais cones
esto sempre visveis. E voc pode manter o resto dos cones
disponveis em uma rea de excedentes, onde eles esto
acessveis com um nico clique de mouse..
Central de Aes uma nica rea que coleta mensagens de notificao importantes sobre configuraes de
segurana e manuteno. Voc pode revisar essas mensagens mais tarde se no quiser ser interrompido. Quando
voc clica no cone da Central de Aes e em Abrir Central
de Aes, voc v informaes sobre os itens a respeito
dos quais voc precisar tomar medidas e encontra links
teis para soluo de problemas e outras ferramentas que
podem ajudar a corrigir problemas.
Exibindo a rea de trabalho
O boto Mostrar rea de trabalho foi movido para a
extremidade oposta da barra de tarefas do boto Iniciar,
facilitando clicar ou apontar para o boto sem abrir acidentalmente o menu Iniciar.
Mostrar boto da rea de trabalho na barra de tarefas
Alm de clicar no boto Mostrar rea de trabalho

para chegar rea de trabalho, voc pode exibir temporariamente ou espiar a rea de trabalho simplesmente
apontando o mouse para o boto Mostrar rea de trabalho, sem clicar nele. Quando voc aponta para o boto
Mostrar rea de trabalho ao final da barra de tarefas,
qualquer janela aberta esmaece da exibio, revelando a
rea de trabalho. Para fazer as janelas reaparecerem, afaste
o mouse do boto Mostrar rea de trabalho.
Isso pode ser til para exibir rapidamente gadgets de
rea de trabalho ou quando voc no deseja minimizar todas
as janelas abertas e depois precisar restaur-las. Para mais
informaes, consulte Visualizar temporariamente a rea de
trabalho usando o Peek.
Barra de tarefas reformulada
Desde o Windows 95, a barra de tarefas tem sido o local
usado para iniciar programas e alternar janelas. Agora, isso
mudou . Assim, no Windows 7, a barra de tarefas foi totalmente reprojetada..
Os aperfeioamentos da nova barra de tarefas do Windows 7 incluem visualizaes em miniatura de pginas da web,
documentos e mesmo de vdeos em exibio
Gadgets aprimorados
Gadgets, os populares miniprogramas introduzidos no
Windows Vista, esto mais flexveis e divertidos. Com base nos
seus comentrios, eliminamos a Barra lateral. Agora, voc pode
deixar seus gadgets em qualquer lugar da rea de trabalho.
Os seus gadgets favoritos podem ficar em qualquer lugar
da rea de trabalho do Windows 7.
11. Aprimoramentos do desempenho
Os principais aprimoramentos de desempenho incluem:
Dormir
O Windows 7 foi projetado para entrar em suspenso,
retornar dela e reconectar rede sem fio mais rpido.
Pesquisar
Ao procurar alguma coisa, voc quer respostas, no atrasos. No Windows 7, os resultados das pesquisas aparecem
mais rpido. Organizar e agrupar os resultados das pesquisas
tambm muito mais rpido.
Dispositivos USB
Quando voc conecta um pen drive ou um outro dispositivo USB pela primeira vez, o Windows 7 pode prepar-lo
para voc em segundos. Se voc j tiver usado o dispositivo,
a espera ainda menor.
Mais leve e menos ocupado
Ao contrrio das verses anteriores, o Windows 7 foi feito para executar servios em segundo plano somente quando
voc precisar deles. No est usando nenhum dispositivo
Bluetooth? Portanto, o servio Bluetooth do Windows 7 fica
desativado. O Windows 7 tambm consome menos memria
do que o Windows Vista outro aperfeioamento interno
que pode melhorar o desempenho geral.
12. Reproduzir em
Reproduzir em, um recurso novo do Windows 7, facilita a
reproduo das suas msicas e vdeos em outros PCs, TVs ou
aparelhos de som pela casa. Basta clicar com o boto direito
nas faixas que voc quiser ou adicion-las lista de reproduo
do Windows Media Player 12 e selecionar Reproduzir em
O recurso Reproduzir em funciona com outros PCs com

Windows 7 e dispositivos com o logotipo "Compatvel com o
Windows 7". Para encontrar um, visite o Centro de Compatibilidade do Windows 7.
13. Streaming de mdia remoto
O Windows 7 apresenta o streaming de mdia remoto,
que fornece acesso biblioteca do Windows Media Player
12 pela Internet.
Para usar o streaming de mdia remoto, ambos os computadores devem ter o Windows 7 em execuo. Ative-o
usando o novo menu Fluxo no Windows Media Player 12 e
associe ambos a um ID online, como um endereo de email
do Windows Live.
O Streaming de Mdia Remoto apenas uma das opes
para desfrutar de sua biblioteca de mdia em outro lugar,
usando o Windows 7. Se voc tiver um grupo domstico,
fcil transmitir mdia entre os computadores da sua casa. Voc
tambm pode fazer transmisses para o seu aparelho de som
ou TV usando o Reproduzir em (pode ser necessrio hardware
adicional).
Oua msicas e outras mdias longe de casa com o streaming de mdia remoto.
14. Windows Touch
Ao emparelhar o Windows 7 a um PC com uma tela sensvel ao toque, voc pode ler jornais online, movimentar-se
por lbuns de fotos e mudar arquivos e pastas de posio
usando apenas os seus dedos.
Um recurso de toque limitado esteve disponvel no
Windows por anos. Mas o Windows 7 o primeiro a adotar
a tecnologia multitoque. Precisa ampliar algo? Coloque dois
dedos na tela de um PC compatvel com multitoque e afaste-os um do outro. Para clicar com o boto direito do mouse
em um arquivo, toque-o com um dedo e toque a tela por um
segundo.
O Windows Touch disponvel apenas nas edies
Home Premium, Professional e Ultimate do Windows 7
divertido de aprender e fcil de usar. O menu Iniciar e
a barra de tarefas agora ostentam cones maiores, prontos
para serem usados com os dedos. Todos os seus programas
favoritos do Windows 7 tambm esto prontos para o toque.
Voc at mesmo pintar com o dedo no Paint!
A rea de trabalho do Windows 7
O novo sistema de Backup e Restaurao que faz parte do

Windows 7 tem muitas mudanas e melhorias.
A ferramenta faz backups de imagem para proteo do

sistema e backups de arquivos para proteo dos dados.
Para o backup de arquivos, o programa j tem um padro
do que gravar (bibliotecas, appdata, meus documentos), mas
tambm permite que voc selecione e insira as pastas que
quer proteger.
A ferramenta capaz de fazer backup apenas dos arquivos
que foram criados e/ou alterados depois que o ltimo backup
foi feito. E, caso haja mais de uma verso de um mesmo
arquivo salva, o aplicativo d ao usurio a opo de escolher
qual deve ser recuperada mas, por padro, o programa ir
restaurar a verso mais recente dele.
O sistema de Backup e Restaurao deixa o usurio
escolher qual drive deve ser utilizado para o backup, mas
no deixa que se selecione apenas uma pasta do drive. Alm
disso, restaurar uma imagem ISO no simples e talvez no
seja a melhor ferramenta para esta funo.
Para iniciar o programa, clique no boto Iniciar e digite
backup, e a pgina de Backup e Restaurao ir abrir. Conecte seu disco externo local onde a cpia de segurana
ser gravada e clique em Configurar Backup.
Escolha os ajustes, mas quando chegar ltima pgina
clique em Modificar Agendamento. Desmarque a opo
Executar Backup Agendado (recomendado), e clique em OK.
Para fazer backup de seus dados (e o recomendvel
que isso ocorra diariamente!), conecte o drive externo,
inicie o programa de backup e clique em Fazer Backup.
No haver problemas em usar o computador enquanto o
backup estiver rodando.
A Lixeira
Quando voc exclui um arquivo ou pasta, eles na verdade
no so excludos imediatamente; eles vo para a Lixeira.
Isso bom porque, se voc mudar de idia e precisar de um
arquivo excludo, poder obt-lo de volta.
A Lixeira vazia ( esquerda) e cheia ( direita)
Se tiver certeza de que no precisar mais dos itens

excludos, poder esvaziar a Lixeira. Ao fazer isso, excluir
permanentemente os itens e recuperar o espao em disco
por eles ocupados.
Ao excluir um arquivo, geralmente ele movido para a
Lixeira, de forma que voc possa restaur-lo posteriormente,
se necessrio.
Para remover arquivos permanentemente do computador e recuperar o espao que eles estavam ocupando no disco
rgido, necessrio exclu-los da Lixeira. Voc pode excluir
arquivos especficos da Lixeira ou esvazi-la totalmente de
uma s vez.
1. Clique duas vezes na Lixeira na rea de trabalho
para abri-la.
2. Siga um destes procedimentos:
Para excluir permanentemente um arquivo, clique
nele, pressione Excluir e clique em Sim.
Para excluir todos os arquivos, na barra de ferramentas, clique em Esvaziar Lixeira e em Sim.
Dicas
Voc pode esvaziar a Lixeira, sem abri-la, clicando com o
boto direito do mouse em Lixeira e depois em Esvaziar Lixeira.
Voc pode excluir permanentemente um arquivo do

computador sem envi-lo para a Lixeira, clicando no arquivo e pressionado as teclas Shift+Delete.
Instalando e reinstalando o Windows 7
H duas opes para se escolher durante o processo de
instalao do Windows 7:
Atualizao. Essa opo substitui sua verso atual do
Windows pelo Windows 7 e mantm seus arquivos, configuraes e programas no lugar, em seu computador.
Personalizado. Essa opo substitui sua verso atual
do Windows pelo Windows 7, mas no preserva arquivos,
configuraes e programas. s vezes, ela chamada de instalao limpa por esse motivo.
Para instalar o Windows 7 usando a opo de Atualizao
1.
Ligue o computador para que o Windows inicie

normalmente. (Para realizar uma atualizao, voc
no pode iniciar ou inicializar o computador com a
mdia de atualizao do Windows 7).
2. Aps a inicializao do Windows, faa o seguinte:

Se voc tiver baixado o Windows 7, v at onde est
o arquivo de instalao que voc baixou e d um
duplo-clique nele.
Se voc tiver um disco de instalao do Windows 7,
insira-o no computador. O Programa de Instalao
deve ser iniciado automaticamente. Seno, clique
no boto Iniciar , em Computador, d um duplo-clique na unidade de DVD para abrir o disco de
instalao do Windows 7 e d outro duplo-clique em
setup.exe.
Se voc tiver baixado os arquivos de instalao do
Windows 7 em um pen drive USB, insira a unidade
no seu computador. O Programa de Instalao deve
ser iniciado automaticamente. Do contrrio, clique
no boto Iniciar , em Computador, clique duas
vezes na unidade e clique duas vezes em setup.exe.
3.
Na pgina Instalar o Windows, clique em Instalar

agora.
4.
Na pgina Obter atualizaes importantes para

instalao, recomendamos obter as atualizaes mais
recentes para ajudar a garantir uma instalao bem-sucedida e a proteger o computador contra ameaas
de segurana. preciso ter uma conexo com a
Internet para obter as atualizaes para a instalao.
5.
Na pgina Leia os termos de licena, se voc aceitar

os termos de licena, clique em Aceito os termos de
licena e em Avanar.
6.
Na pgina Que tipo de instalao voc deseja?, clique

em Atualizar para comear a atualizao. Pode ser
exibido um relatrio de compatibilidade.
1.
Siga as instrues para concluir a instalao do

Windows 7.
Observao
Poder ser necessrio atualizar os drivers aps a instalao do Windows 7. Para isso, clique no boto Iniciar , em
Todos os Programas e em Windows Update. Se o Windows Update no tiver o driver de que voc precisa, acesse
Atualizar um driver de hardware que no est funcionando
adequadamente
Para compartilhar impressoras

Se voc compartilhava impressoras no Windows Vista,
precisar compartilh-las novamente, seguindo estas instrues:
e em Dispositivos e Im-
1.
Clique no boto Iniciar

pressoras.
2.
Clique com o boto direito do mouse na impressora

que deseja compartilhar e clique em Propriedades da
impressora.
3.
Clique na guia Compartilhamento, marque a caixa

de seleo Compartilhar esta impressora e clique em
OK.
Se outros computadores ainda no puderem acessar a

impressora, exclua-a dos outros computadores e adicione-a de
novo.
Para instalar o Windows 7 usando a opo de instalao
Personalizada sem formatar o disco rgido
1.
Ligue o seu computador, de forma que o Windows

se inicialize normalmente, e siga uma destas opes:
Se voc tiver baixado o Windows 7, v at onde est

o arquivo de instalao que voc baixou e d um
duplo-clique nele.
Se voc tiver um disco de instalao do Windows 7,
insira-o no computador. O Programa de Instalao
deve ser iniciado automaticamente. Seno, clique
no boto Iniciar , em Computador, d um duplo-clique na unidade de DVD para abrir o disco de
instalao do Windows 7 e d outro duplo-clique em
setup.exe.
Se voc tiver baixado os arquivos de instalao do
Windows 7 em um pen drive USB, insira a unidade
no seu computador. O Programa de Instalao deve
ser iniciado automaticamente. Do contrrio, clique
no boto Iniciar , em Computador, clique duas
vezes na unidade e clique duas vezes em setup.exe.
2.
Na pgina Instalar o Windows, siga as instrues

exibidas e clique em Instalar agora.
3.
Na pgina Obtenha atualizaes importantes para

instalao, recomendamos obter as atualizaes
mais recentes para ajudar a garantir uma instalao
bem-sucedida e a proteger o computador contra
ameaas de segurana. preciso ter uma conexo
com a Internet para obter as atualizaes para a
instalao.
4.

licena e em Avanar.
5.
Na pgina Que tipo de instalao voc deseja?,

clique em Personalizada.
6.
Na pgina Onde voc deseja instalar o Windows?,

selecione a partio que contm a verso anterior do
Windows (geralmente, a unidade C: do computador) e clique em Avanar.
7.
Na caixa de dilogo Windows.old, clique em OK.
8.

Windows 7, inclusive a nomenclatura do computador e a configurao de uma conta do usurio
inicial.
Para instalar o Windows 7 usando a opo de instalao

Personalizada e formatando o disco rgido
Para formatar o disco rgido durante a instalao do
Windows 7, voc precisa inicializar o computador usando o
disco de instalao do Windows 7 ou o pen drive USB.
1.
Ligue o seu computador, de forma que o Windows se

inicialize normalmente, insira do disco de instalao
do Windows 7 ou o pen drive USB e desligue o seu
computador.
2.
Reinicie o computador.
3.
Pressione qualquer tecla, quando solicitado a fazer

isso, e siga as instrues exibidas.
4.
Na pgina Instalar o Windows, insira o seu idioma e

outras preferncias e clique em Avanar.
Se a pgina Instalar o Windows no aparecer e o
sistema no solicitar que voc pressione uma tecla,
poder ser necessrio alterar algumas configuraes
do sistema.
licena e em Avanar.
5.
Na pgina Que tipo de instalao voc deseja?,

clique em Personalizada.
6.
Na pgina Onde deseja instalar o Windows?, clique

em Opes de unidade (avanadas).
7.
Clique na partio que voc quiser alterar, clique na

opo de formatao desejada e siga as instrues.
8.
Quando a formatao terminar, clique em Avanar.
9.

Windows 7, inclusive a nomenclatura do computador e a configurao de uma conta do usurio
inicial.
Windows Defender
O Windows Defender sua primeira linha de defesa
contra spyware e outros programas indesejados.
E, no Windows 7, ele possui notificaes mais simples,
mais opes de verificao e menos impacto no desempenho
do seu computador tambm. Um novo recurso chamado
"Sistema Limpo" permite eliminar, com um clique, todos os
programas suspeitos. Windows O Defender agora faz parte
da Central de Aes o novo e simplificado local para manter
o bom funcionamento do seu PC.
Windows O Defender ajuda a livrar seu PC de spywares.
Usando o Windows Defender

importante executar software anti-spyware sempre que
voc estiver usando o computador. Spyware e outros softwares potencialmente indesejados podem tentar se instalar no
seu computador toda vez que voc se conectar Internet.
Eles tambm podem infectar o computador quando voc
instalar alguns programas usando CD, DVD ou outra mdia
removvel. Software mal-intencionado ou potencialmente
indesejado tambm pode ser programado para ser executado
em horrios inesperados, e no apenas quando instalado.
O Windows Defender oferece trs formas de ajudar a
impedir que spyware e outros softwares potencialmente
indesejados infectem o computador:
Proteo em tempo real.O Windows Defender
alerta quando spyware ou software potencialmente
indesejado tenta se instalar ou ser executado no seu
computador. Ele tambm alerta caso os programas
tentem alterar configuraes importantes do Windows.
Comunidade SpyNet. A comunidade online do
Microsoft SpyNet ajuda voc a ver como outras
pessoas respondem a software que ainda no tenha
sido classificado com relao aos riscos. Ver se outros
membros da comunidade permitem a execuo do
software poder ajud-lo a decidir se deve ou no
permitir no seu computador. Por sua vez, se voc
participar, suas opes sero adicionadas s classificaes da comunidade para ajudar outras pessoas a
escolherem o que devem fazer.
Opes de verificao. Voc pode usar o Windows
Defender para verificar se h spyware e outros
softwares potencialmente indesejados instalados em
seu computador, agendar verificaes regularmente
e remover automaticamente qualquer software
mal-intencionado que seja detectado durante a
verificao.
Ao usar o Windows Defender, importante manter as
definies atualizadas. As definies so arquivos que atuam
como uma enciclopdia de possveis ameaas de software
em constante crescimento. O Windows Defender usa as
definies para determinar se o que ele detectou spyware
ou software potencialmente indesejado e alert-lo sobre possveis riscos. Para ajudar a manter as definies atualizadas,
o Windows Defender trabalha com o Windows Update para
instalar automaticamente novas definies medida que
elas so lanadas. Tambm possvel definir o Windows
Defender para conferir se h definies atualizadas antes da
verificao.
Trabalhando com o Painel de Controle
Voc pode usar o Painel de Controle para alterar as configuraes do Windows. Essas configuraes controlam quase
tudo a respeito do visual e do funcionamento do Windows,
e voc pode us-las para configurar o Windows da melhor
forma para voc.
Para abrir o Painel de Controle, clique no boto Iniciar
e em Painel de Controle.
Use a caixa de pesquisa para localizar as tarefas rapidamente.
H dois modos de localizar itens no Painel de Controle:

Use a Pesquisa. Para localizar as configuraes nas
quais est interessado ou uma tarefa que voc deseja
realizar, digite uma palavra ou uma frase na caixa de
pesquisa. Por exemplo, digite "som" para localizar as
configuraes especficas da placa de som, sons do
sistema e o cone de volume na barra de tarefas.
Procurar. Voc pode explorar o Painel de Controle
clicando em diferentes categorias (por exemplo,
Sistema e Segurana, Programas ou Facilidade de
Acesso) e exibindo as tarefas comuns listadas em
cada categoria. Ou em Exibir por, clique em cones
grandes ou cones pequenos para exibir uma lista
de todos os itens do Painel de Controle.
Dicas
Se voc navegar por cones no Painel de Controle,
poder encontrar rapidamente um item da lista
digitando a primeira letra do nome do item. Por
exemplo, para encontrar Teclado, digite T e uma
lista de itens do Painel de Controle comeando com
a letra T, incluindo Teclado, ser exibida.
Voc tambm pode usar as teclas de direo (Seta
para Cima, Seta para Baixo, Seta para a Esquerda e
Seta para a Direita) para rolar a lista de cones no
Painel de Controle.
Firewall do Windows
O Firewall do Windows ajuda a proteger seu PC de
hackers e programas mal-intencionados. No Windows 7, ele
ainda eficiente mas ns o deixamos mais flexvel e fcil
de usar.
Por exemplo, agora voc pode ajustar a proteo e as
notificaes desejadas para cada um de seus perfis de rede
Casa, Trabalho e Pblico. Quando estiver conectado a
uma rede pblica, como de uma biblioteca ou uma cafeteria,
convm bloquear todas as conexes recebidas. Em casa ou
no trabalho, isso pode ser um exagero. Qualquer que seja o
nvel de proteo escolhido para os seus perfis, voc poder
alternar entre eles com facilidade.
O Firewall do Windows pode personalizar

a proteo para diferentes ambientes de rede.
([LELUHHGLWDURSo}HVGHUHZDOODYDQoDGDV
Voc deve estar com logon de administrador para realizar
essas etapas.
O Firewall do Windows com Segurana Avanada um
snap-in do Console de Gerenciamento Microsoft (MMC)
que fornece opes mais avanadas para profissionais de TI.
Com este firewall, voc pode configurar e exibir regras detalhadas de entrada e sada, e integrar com o protocolo IPsec.
Siga estas etapas para abrir o Firewall do Windows com
Segurana Avanada:
1.
Para abrir Firewall do Windows, clique no boto Iniciar e em Painel de Controle. Na caixa de pesquisa,
digite firewall e clique em Firewall do Windows.
2.
No painel esquerdo, clique em Configuraes avanadas. Se voc for solicitado a informar uma senha
de administrador ou sua confirmao, digite a senha
ou fornea a confirmao.
Windows Update
O Windows Update mantm seu PC mais seguro e seu
software atualizado buscando as atualizaes e recursos
mais recentes da Microsoft pela Internet.
No Windows 7, Windows Update agora parte da
Central de Aes, o que torna a atualizao do seu PC ainda
mais conveniente. Para verificar atualizaes, basta clicar no
cone da Central de Aes, na barra de tarefas.
Obtenha atualizaes do Windows com poucos cliques.
Conexo da rea de Trabalho Remota

A rea de Trabalho Remota conecta dois computadores
atravs de uma rede ou da Internet. Uma vez conectado, voc
ver a rea de trabalho do computador remoto como se estivesse
bem na frente dele e ter acesso a todos os programas e arquivos.
Esse recurso est presente em todas as verses do Windows 7, mas voc s pode se conectar a computadores com as
edies Professional, Ultimate ou Enterprise.
Conecte-se ao seu computador, de qualquer lugar,

com a Conexo de rea de Trabalho Remota.
Alterar opes de pasta

Voc pode alterar a forma como arquivos e pastas funcionam e como itens so exibidos no computador usando
Opes de Pasta, no Painel de Controle.
Para abrir Opes de Pasta, clique no boto Iniciar ,
em Painel de Controle, em Aparncia e Personalizao e
em Opes de Pasta.
Fonte: adaptado de http://windows.microsoft.com/pt-BR/windows7/
WINDOWS 8 e 8.1 PRO
O Windows 8 o mais novo Sistema Operacional desenvolvido pela empresa americana Microsoft. Trata-se de um
Sistema Operacional revolucionrio, pois, alm de quebrar
alguns paradigmas da Microsoft, tenta unir dois universos
to diferentes em sua maneira de utilizar e to prximos na
sua finalidade. A ideia de Bill Gates unir neste programa
conceitos utilizados nos Tablet e Smartphones com o j
conhecido programa de computador.
A forma de trabalhar entre um Tablet e Computador
diferem um pouco, pois os Sistemas Operacionais para
dispositivos mveis mais difundidos no mercado, IOs e Android, so desenvolvidos pelos concorrentes do Windows,
por isso trabalham de forma diferente do Windows.
Devido a grande aceitao e rpida adaptao do
mercado nos Sistemas Operacionais desenvolvido para
dispositivos mveis a Microsoft lana seu novo Sistema
Operacional bem diferente do padro Windows e tenta
tirar proveito da familiarizao dos softwares que gerenciam os Tablet e Smartphone.
A Microsoft disponibilizou trs verses do novo Software: Window 8 RT, Windows 8 e Windows 8 PRO.
A verso RT (Run Time) a verso direcionada exclusivamente para dispositivos mveis como Tablet. Esta
verso no pode ser instalada em Desktop ou Notebook
e no compatvel com os programas destinados a Windows Desktop. Seus aplicativos devero ser baixados da
Windows Store e so otimizados para tela toutch.
A verso Windows 8 pode ser instalada tanto em
dispositivos mveis como em computadores Desktop.
Possui compatibilidade com os programas desenvolvidos para o Windows Desktop e com os aplicativos da
Store, enfim, o mais verstil e recomendado para o
usurio comum, atendendo todas as necessidades dos
usurios Windows.
Alguns programas desenvolvidos para Windows
ainda no se adaptaram ao novo padro do Windows
8, isto far com que, caso voc utilize estes programas,
como por exemplo o Adobe Acrobat, voc o ver semelhante a forma como o v no Windows 7, sem o layout
diferenciado do Windows 8, os programas funcionaro
perfeitamente, somente o layout ser o mesmo do Windows 7 como j mencionado.
O Windows 8 PRO a verso completa deste

software. Esta verso contm recursos de criptografia e
Rede.
A primeira grande diferena encontrada pelo usurio
padro do Windows a Tela Inicial antiga rea de Trabalho. Completamente remodelada com uma sequncia
de cones lado-a-lado - como uma parede, um mosaico,
sem barra de tarefa, sem boto iniciar se utilizar a verso
no atualizada para Windows 8.1. muita mudana junta, nunca a Microsoft inovou tanto em um novo Sistema
Operacional.
O conceito da Tela Inicial reunir os comandos e aplicativos do Menu Iniciar, como se todos os comandos
e atalhos do menu iniciar do Windows XP, Vista ou 7
fossem espalhados pela tela representados por pequenos
cones. Vamos exemplificar, nas verses anteriores do
Windows para se carregar o aplicativo calculadora era
necessrio clicar no boto iniciar, parar o mouse sobre
Todos os Programas, clicar em Acessrios e clicar em
Calculadora. No W8 a tela iniciar exibe alguns cones
dos novos aplicativos como e-mail, pessoas, mensagens,
etc. Encoste seu mouse no canto superior inferior ou
superior direito e aparecer outra novidade do Windows
8, a Charms bar, clique no cone lupa desta barra
e digite calculadora. Do lado esquerdo desta tela ser
exibido o aplicativo calculadora, basta pressionar a tecla
Enter ou clique sobre ele e o aplicativo ser executado.
Para deslocar a tela Iniciar para a esquerda basta
utilizar o scroll do mouse (rodinha), encostar a seta do
mouse no lateral direita do monitor, pressionar a tecla
seta para a direita ou se sua tela for touchscreen, sensvel
ao toque, poder arrastar a tela utilizando o dedo, semelhante ao que feito no celular ou tablet.
O primeiro bloco de cones so os principais aplicativos interativo como e-mail, pessoas, calendrio,
mensagens, etc. Depois exibe alguns aplicativos que voc
utilizou por ltimo, semelhante ao menu iniciar das verses anteriores. Viu como as coisas mudaram de lugar,
a forma de trabalhar mudou um pouquinho mas muita
coisa funciona de forma bem parecida, s se acostumar.
A rea de Trabalho se transformou num aplicativo, podendo ser acionado quando desejado e tambm
representado por um cone na tela Iniciar ou atravs do
atalho de teclado +d.
Como todo aplicativo a tela Iniciar completamente

customizvel, que significa personalizvel, ou seja, fica do
jeito que voc quiser.
Voc pode excluir aplicativos que no utiliza, inclui os
de sua preferncia, pode criar blocos de aplicativos em
comum, mantendo-os ligeiramente afastados de outros
blocos facilitando sua localizao e organizao. Clicando
com o boto secundrio do mouse na tela Iniciar aparece
uma barra, na parte inferior dos blocos, com o comando
Todos os Aplicativos, clicando deste comando todos os
programas instalados so exibidos em um layout prprio
do Windows 8 que conhecido como Interface Metro, o
mesmo layout da tela Iniciar. Nesta tela possvel fixa-lo
na Tela Iniciar, barra de tarefas, abrir nova janela, abrir
como administrador e abrir o local do arquivo (pasta onde
o aplicativo est armazenado).
Os cones recebem atualizaes constantemente e
apresentam uma animao com contedo interativo suas
pesquisas e modo de utilizao, adequando o contedo
ao seu perfil de utilizao. Os cones recebem atualizao
dinmica informando novos e-mail, post de redes sociais,
mesmo antes de abrir qualquer aplicativo, tudo atualizado
e personalizado utilizando uma conta Microsoft.
Para executar qualquer aplicativo no W8 basca clicar
ou utilizar o dedo, caso seu dispositivo seja TouchScreen,
sobre o cone na tela Iniciar, caso ele no esteja nesta tela
encoste o mouse no canto superior ou inferior direito e
clique sobre pesquisar na barra Charms. Abrir uma
nova Interface metro com todos os aplicativos instalados
no seu computador e um campo de busca, bastando digitar
o que esteja procurando e selecionar aplicativos, arquivos
ou configurao. Digitando o nome do aplicativo desejado
e o Windows 8 exibir os aplicativos, arquivos e programas
de configurao que conferem com sua pesquisa.
possvel utilizar os atalhos de teclado com as se+q para abrir a tela de pesquisa
guintes combinaes:
na verso Windows 8, com a atualizao para Windows
8.1 o atalho
+s,
+f para pesquisar um arquivo no
seu computador ou no Onedrive ou
+w para pesquisar
aplicativos de configurao. Na atualizao do Windows
8.1 possvel encontrar o boto pesquisar diretamente na
tela Iniciar.
Da mesma forma como encostamos o mouse nos cantos
superior e inferior direito do monitor para acessar a barra
Charms, do lado esquerdo os vrtices tambm tem sua
funo. Quando o mouse encostado no canto superior
exibido o ltimo aplicativo usado, deslocando o mouse
para baixo aberta uma barra com os ltimos aplicativos
e na parte inferior o cone da tela Iniciar.
Uma grande novidade no Windows 8 so os aplicativos
para suas atividades dirias que se encontram na tela
Iniciar. Estes aplicativos so chamados de TILES.
Os Tiles so animados via rede, so atualizados constantemente com informaes sobre atualizaes de seus
contatos, redes sociais, locais, etc.
Para desabilitar estas atualizaes, clique com o boto
direito do mouse sobre o tile e escolha desabilitar bloco
dinmico na barra que aparecer na parte inferior da tela.

Para reverter o processo escolha habilitar bloco dinmico
na mesma barra.
Para fechar uma aplicao metro clique na parte superior
da tela do aplicativo, mantenha o mouse pressionado e puxe
a janela at o final da tela e ela ser fechada.
As aplicaes metro no aparecero na barra de tarefas
da rea de Trabalho. Para acess-las encoste o mouse na
parte superior esquerda da tela e deslize o mouse para
baixo e todas as aplicaes metro que esto rodando sero
exibidas. Basta escolher a que deseja fechar e clicar com
o boto direito do mouse sobre ela e escolher fechar ou
clique sobre ela e feche-a arrastando a janela do aplicativo
para a parte inferior da tela.
Na barra de tarefas somente sero exibidos os aplicativos que rodam na rea de trabalho. Uma pegadinha de
concurso sobre o Internet Explorer. Existem dois aplicativos um para a rea de Trabalho e outra para a Interface
Metro chamado de Navegador Imersivo.
Como j dissemos o aplicativo metro ser exibido apenas na barra lateral esquerda e acionado na Interface
metro na tela Iniciar. J o aplicativo que roda na rea de
Trabalho tem seu cone na barra de tarefas e poder ser
controlado por ele semelhantemente ao Windows 7.
Pessoas: Veja informaes atualizadas dos seus contatos das suas contas de e-mail, Facebook, Twitter e todos
os posts das redes sociais que voc acessa.
Mensagens: Envie mensagens para seus contatos
(disponvel no Windows 8 e retirado na atualizao para
Windows 8.1).
E-mail: Centralize todas as suas contas Microsoft,
Gmail e Yahoo! Em um s aplicativo.
SkyDrive (OneDrive): Um local nas nuvens para
armazenar arquivos e t-los disponveis em qualquer dispositivo com Tablet ou computador em qualquer lugar com
acesso Internet. Compartilhe seus arquivos com amigos do
trabalho elaborando trabalhos em colaborao e veja este
arquivo atualizado e disponvel sempre que necessitar.
possvel utilizar este espao para fazer um backup dos seus
arquivos mais importante e mantenha-os a salvo.
O nome foi alterado de SkyDrive para OneDrive, porm, no h necessidade de novo cadastro nem h perda
de arquivos que se encontravam no antigo servio de
armazenamento em nuvem. Possui um pacote office online que permite editar, carregar e compartilhar arquivos,
planilhas e apresentaes sem a necessidade de possuir a
sute Microsoft instalada.
Calendrio: Sua agenda pessoal. Anote seus compromissos e receba aviso na hora marcada e nunca mais perca
um compromisso.
Notcias: As principais notcias de forma fcil de
acessar. Veja fotos e notcias com apenas um clique e
mantenha-se atualizado.
Jogos: Veja os games atuais e compartilhe com seus
amigos.
Clima: Tenha um acompanhamento do clima por

hora, ou dias de qualquer local com grfico e estatstica.
Veja fotos de satlite, precipitaes e nuvens de forma
dinmica e divertida.
Vdeo: Assista a filmes armazenados em seu computador ou online.
Mapa: Visualize mapas com o Bing Maps. possvel
traar rotas, mostrar o trnsito, condies de ruas, vistas
de satlite e muito mais.
Msica: Veja todos os lbuns e msicas que esto
no PC e as ltimas notcias e msicas online. Crie e edite
listas de reproduo e as execute quando quiser. Veja seus
principais artistas e bandas com informaes atualizadas
dinamicamente.
Fotos: Veja suas fotos que esto em qualquer lugar,
computador, nuvem, redes sociais.
Viagem: O aplicativo Bing Viagem facilita sua vida
procurando passagens areas, hotis e fotos de vrios
locais pelo mundo alm de te manter informado com
notcias importantes sobre viagem. Selecione um destino
e veja informaes sobre o pas, fotos atraes tursticas e
locais para compra.
L oja: Ideia copiada dos Sistemas Operacionais para
dispositivos mveis como IOs e o Android, loja de aplicativos, a Microsoft implantou uma Store no seu Windows
8 para facilitar o download de aplicativos. Chamada de
Windows Store este aplicativo apresenta uma enorme lista
de aplicativos grtis e pagos.
Todos estes aplicativos ficam personalizados ligados a
sua conta Microsoft, basta logar em outro computador e
tudo estar exatamente como voc havia deixado.
Charms Bar
Esta barra contm
os comandos Pesquisar,
Compartilhar,
Iniciar,
Dispositivos e Configuraes. acionada com
o mouse encostado no
canto superior ou inferior direito ou passando
o dedo a partir da borda
da direita do monitor
em dispositivos Touch
Screen. Ela ter variaes
de layout de acordo com
o aplicativo que estiver
utilizando.
Pesquisar: Pesquise
por arquivos e aplicativos
de forma prtica digitando uma parte do nome
do que voc procura e o
Windows 8 exibir uma
lista com o resultado que
confere com a palavra que voc est digitando. Caso o que
voc procura esteja relacionado na lista basta clicar ou

tocar sobre ela e o arquivo, pasta ou aplicativo ser aberto.
Voc pode acessar diretamente a pgina de pesquisa
utilizando +S.
Clique ou toque sobre Pesquisar
para acessar a
pgina de resultado da pesquisa se o que voc procura no
esteja na lista apresentada.
Na pgina de resultado da pesquisa seus resultados so
agrupados por categoria e pelo local de origem. Por exemplo, as fotos em seu computador sero agrupadas juntas,
bem como as fotos da Internet. Os resultados de arquivos
pessoais em seu computador e no OneDrive sero listados
primeiro e, em seguida, os resultados de aplicativos e da
Internet. As miniaturas do uma ideia do que voc est obtendo antes de tocar ou clicar. Para ver todos os resultados
da pesquisa de uma categoria especfica, toque ou clique
no link Ver tudo dessa categoria.
Para limitar os resultados da pesquisa
O Boto Pesquisar automaticamente pesquisa os aplicativos, os arquivos e as configuraes em seu computador,
no OneDrive e na Internet. Mas voc pode pesquisar apenas um tipo de resultado, como configuraes ou imagens
na Internet. E, em alguns aplicativos, voc pode optar por
pesquisar somente o aplicativo.
No campo pesquisar toque ou clique na seta acima da
caixa de pesquisa e toque ou clique na categoria desejada.
Para alterar as configuraes de Pesquisar
possvel limpar o histrico de pesquisa, escolher
como suas informaes de pesquisa so compartilhadas
com o Bing e alterar opes de Pesquisa Segura que filtram contedo adulto dos resultados de sua pesquisa. E, se
quiser, voc poder desativar a pesquisa na Internet para
ver somente os resultados do computador e do OneDrive.
Passe o dedo da borda direita da tela, toque em Configuraes e em Alterar configuraes do PC. Se estiver
usando um mouse, aponte para o canto inferior direito
da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para cima, clique em
Configuraes e em Alterar configuraes do PC.
Toque ou clique em Pesquisar e aplicativos e depois em
Pesquisar.
Altere as configuraes que desejar.
Compartilhar: Compartilhe informaes com seus
contatos de e-mail, redes sociais diretamente de qualquer
aplicativo. Para compartilhar um link recebido por e-mail
e post-lo na rede social basta acionar o compartilhar
atravs da Charms bar sem abrir outra aba no navegador
ou outro procedimento alternando aplicativos.
As opes de compartilhamento so personalizadas de
acordo com o aplicativo que estiver utilizando.
Para compartilhar arquivos
Em um aplicativo, passe o dedo no item que deseja
compartilhar para selecion-lo. Se estiver usando um mouse, clique com o boto direito no item a ser compartilhado
para selecion-lo.
Passe o dedo desde a borda direita da tela e toque em

Compartilhar. Se usar um mouse, aponte para o canto
superior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para
baixo e clique em Compartilhar.
Toque ou clique na pessoa, no aplicativo ou no dispositivo a ser compartilhado e siga as instrues na tela.
Para compartilhar um link
Abra um aplicativo e procure o site, o artigo ou o mapa
que deseja compartilhar.
Passe o dedo desde a borda direita da tela e toque em
Compartilhar. Se usar um mouse, aponte para o canto
superior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para
baixo e clique em Compartilhar.
Toque ou clique na pessoa, no aplicativo ou no dispositivo a ser compartilhado e siga as instrues na tela.
Para alterar as configuraes de Compartilhar
Voc pode alterar os aplicativos que so listados no
Boto Compartilhar e a forma como eles aparecem.
Toque ou clique em Pesquisar e aplicativos e depois em
Compartilhar.
Altere as configuraes que desejar.
Iniciar: Use o Boto Iniciar para acessar a tela Inicial,
no importa onde voc esteja no Windows. Ou, se j estiver na tela Inicial, use-o para voltar ao ltimo aplicativo
que estava usando.
Dispositivos: O Boto Dispositivos um modo rpido
de enviar arquivos e informaes a outros dispositivos que
esto conectados ao seu computador, como impressora,
Xbox, telefone, alto-falantes, TV ou projetor. A lista de
dispositivos disponveis no Boto Dispositivos depende
dos dispositivos que voc tem e do fato de eles estarem
conectados ou no ao computador.
Escolha uma das seguintes opes:
Transmita vdeos, msica ou uma apresentao de slides de fotos para outro dispositivo (como
uma TV ou um aparelho de som). Toque ou clique em
Executar e siga as instrues na tela. Para saber mais sobre
como configurar a execuo, consulte Transmitir imagens,
vdeos e msicas usando Executar.
Imprima um documento, uma foto ou um e-mail. Toque ou clique em Imprimir e siga as instrues
na tela.
Projete o que estiver em seu computador
(como uma apresentao de trabalho, uma apresentao
de slides ou qualquer outra coisa) em outra tela. Toque ou
clique em Projetar e siga as instrues na tela.
Configuraes: Altere qualquer configurao do
computador ou de aplicativos.
Um conceito forte do Windows 8 a integrao entre os

aplicativos e entre seus contatos. Para a Microsoft o computador deve te manter atualizado com o que acontece com seus
amigos e sobre os assuntos que mais lhe interessam.
possvel executar vrios aplicativos ao mesmo tempo
integr-los. Utilize dois monitores e execute uma tarefa em
cada um deles, te dando mais liberdade de ao de forma
flexvel e altamente produtiva.
Para alterar as configuraes de um aplicativo
Se voc estiver em um aplicativo ao abrir o Boto Configuraes, ver as configuraes desse aplicativo listadas
primeiro. Cada aplicativo um pouco diferente, portanto
as configuraes tambm podem ser diferentes. Se voc
estiver na tela Inicial ou na rea de trabalho, poder usar
o Boto Configuraes para personalizar e alterar outras
opes.
Abra um aplicativo ou v para a tela Inicial ou a rea
de trabalho.
Passe o dedo da borda direita da tela e toque em Configuraes. Se voc estiver usando um mouse, aponte para
o canto inferior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse
para cima e clique em Configuraes.
Toque ou clique na configurao que deseja alterar.
Se voc est usando um aplicativo e no v o que deseja,
verifique as configuraes do computador algumas
configuraes de aplicativos aparecem l.
Novidades
O Gerenciador de Tarefas est mais completo e simples
com informaes detalhadas sobre os processos a aplicativos
que esto rodando no seu PC. possvel analisar os aplicativos
quanto ao seu processo e desempenho, ver o histrico de como
os aplicativos utilizam a memria e a CPU, ver quais programas so inicializados juntamente com o Windows, saber quais
so os usurios conectados no PC, saber todos os detalhes de
cada aplicativo e ainda saber quais so os servios que esto
rodando no seu computador.
Delete arquivos sem confirmao. O Windows 8 no

pede mais sua confirmao caso queira enviar um arquivo
ou pasta para a lixeira, pois possvel recuper-lo caso
tenha acidentalmente, porm, ao utilizar Shift+Del, que
exclui um arquivo ou pasta permanentemente, sem passar
pela lixeira, a mensagem de confirmao aparece, pois no

possvel a recuperao deste objeto caso ele seja excludo
permanentemente.
A transferncia de arquivos feita com a exibio
de um grfico informando a velocidade de transmisso,
tempo para completar a ao e possvel pausar ou
cancelar a transferncia atravs de dois botes.
Os aplicativos que ficarem inativos por algum tempo o

prprio sistema salvar seu estado e o colocar em inatividade para aumentar a performance.
O antigo Windows Explorer agora se chama Explorador de Arquivos, de visual novo a forma de trabalhar
continua da mesma forma com nas verses anteriores
do Windows. O visual trs o mesmo layout do Office
com Guias e faixas de opo. No modo de exibio
houve uma alterao no nome de como as pastas e
arquivos so exibidos. No Windows 7 h uma forma
de exibio denominada lado a lado e agora se chama
BLOCOS.
Com relao a segurana o Windows Update e o Defender no podem ser desativados, eles estaro sempre
ativados juntamente com o Firewall.
Para alternar entre as janelas dos aplicativos em execuo pode ser utilizada as teclas de atalho
+TAB ou
posicionar o mouse no canto superior esquerdo e deslizar
o mouse para baixo quando o primeiro cone aparecer e
sero exibidos todos os aplicativos bastando clicar sobre
o programa desejado. Pode ainda clicar tradicionalmente
sobre o cone do programa na Barra de tarefas.
Outra alterao de nome ocorre com o aplicativo nativo do Windows 7 Backup e Restaurao, no Windows
8 ele se chama Backup da imagem do Sistema. Estas
alteraes de nome sempre so cobradas em concurso,
memorize!
No Windows 8 e 8.1 Update ao inserir uma mdia de CD
ou DVD ou conectar um Pendrive ou mesmo um carto de
memria o Windows exibe, prximo ao canto superior direito da tela, uma mensagem pedindo para tocar com o dedo
ou clicando com mouse sobre a mensagem e escolher qual
procedimento o Windows dever adotar com aquele tipo de
mdia ou dispositivo externo.
Aplicativos
No Windows 8 ou 8.1 existem dois tipos de aplicativos.
O primeiro quando o aplicativo foi desenvolvido para
o Windows 8 e se comporta de maneira diferenciada dos
demais aplicativos.
Os aplicativos Modern ui (Modern User Interface) ou aplicativos da Windows Store ou ainda aplicativos Metro so exibidos em tela cheia e seus cones ficam
ocultos b na barra da esquerda (guarde bem estes nomes,
eles certamente aparecero nos concursos). Para fech-los
basta passar o dedo na parte superior da janela e empurrar
para baixo, ou encostar o mouse na parte superior da janela, onde ficava a barra de ttulo, seu mouse se tornar uma
mozinha clique, mantenha clicado e puxar a janela para
baixo at ela sumir, pronto, seu aplicativo foi fechado.
Para sair de um aplicativo Modern e voltar a rea de
Trabalho sem fechar o aplicativo basta encostar mouse na
parte superior ou inferior esquerda da tela e a barra da
esquerda exibe a rea de trabalho, basta clicar sobre ela.
Cada aplicativo possui uma particularidade e forma de
funcionamento, mas todos tero as propriedades acima.
O segundo tipo de aplicativo aquele que roda no
Windows 8 mas no foi desenvolvido especialmente pra
ele. Neste caso eles sero executados na rea de Trabalho
normalmente como nas verses anteriores do Windows.
Conexo Internet
Conectando-se em casa
Se tiver uma conta com um provedor de servios de
Internet (ISP), como uma empresa de telefonia ou de cabo,
voc j dever ter acesso Internet em casa. Voc poder
conectar o computador ao modem com um cabo Ethernet e
abrir o navegador da Internet para acessar a Internet.
Se quiser que vrios computadores ou dispositivos
compartilhem a mesma conexo, ou se desejar ter uma
conexo protegida por senha, voc poder configurar
uma rede domstica. Aps a configurao, voc poder
selecionar a rede atravs do boto Configuraes.Quando
se conectar em casa, voc tambm poder criar um grupo
domstico, que ser perfeito se voc quiser transmitir
msica ou vdeo de um computador para outro lugar ou
compartilhar arquivos e dispositivos (como impressoras)
entre computadores
Conectando-se em qualquer lugar
Inmeros locais pblicos oferecem conexo Wi-Fi,
como cafs ou aeroportos. Enquanto estiver aguardando
sua xcara de caf ou seu voo, voc poder verificar seus
e-mails ou navegar pela Internet.
Se estiver em um local sem Wi-Fi disponvel, voc
poder se inscrever em uma banda larga mvel (3G ou
4G). Uma conexo de banda larga mvel uma conexo com a Internet que voc leva com voc e poder
usar sempre que houver um servio de celular disponvel. Em geral, sua empresa de telefonia tem planos de
conexo com a Internet.
Algumas conexes (principalmente as conexes de
banda larga mvel) so limitadas, ou seja, seu plano oferecido com uma quantidade mxima de dados que podem
ser transmitidos por ms.
Internet Explorer 11
O Internet Explorer 11 fornecido junto com a atualizao do Windows 8.1 ou do Windows RT 8.1.
Com o novo navegador Internet Explorer 11 a barra
de endereo combina trs funes: navegao, pesquisa e
sugesto.
Navegao: basta inserir a URL (endereo do site) na
barra e clicar em
ou tecle o Enter. Ela exibe ainda os
sites mais visitados.
Pesquisa: basta digitar o texto na barra e teclar o
Enter ou clicar em
e a pesquisa ser feita pelo seu
mecanismo de busca padro que ser o Bing caso voc no
faa nenhuma alterao.
Sugesto: No sabe exatamente como iniciar sua
pesquisa, comece a digitar e aparecero sugestes de sites,
aplicativos e pesquisa que conferem com sua digitao, basta
escolher o que mais se assemelha com sua necessidade.
Diferentemente do padro executado pelos navegadores, as guias com as pginas web que voc j abriu ficam
ocultas na parte inferior da janela, para exibi-las, basta
passar o dedo da parte inferior da janela e subir ou clicar
com o mouse na parte inferior da janela e a Barra de Guias
ser exibida permitindo abrir, fechar e alternar entre os
sites abertos. A barra de endereo tambm fica nesta barra.
Para abrir uma nova guia clique ou toque sobre o comando Nova Guia .
Para fechar uma guia clique sobre Fechar
da Guia.
no canto
Para alternar entre os sites abertos clique na guia que

contm o site e ele aparecer em primeiro plano.
Dado importante para concurso pblico:
permitido abrir at 100 Guias na mesma janela.
Lista de leitura
A Lista de Leitura ajuda a controlar tudo aquilo que
voc quer ler. Se voc no tiver tempo de ler alguma coisa
assim que a encontrar na Web ou em seus aplicativos favoritos, voc poder compartilhar esse contedo com sua
Lista de Leitura e retom-lo mais tarde.
Abrindo a Charms bar toque ou clique em Compartilhar e escolha a opo Lista de Leitura.
Importante: Somente os aplicativos Modern mostram esta opo de compartilhamento, se esta opo no
aparecer em um navegador por exemplo porque voc
est utilizando um navegador da rea de Trabalho.
Os artigos, histrias e outros tipos de contedo adicionados Lista de Leitura aparecero em uma lista cronolgica com recursos visuais. Voc pode ler esse contedo no
seu tempo livre e exclu-lo quando terminar.
Conectando-se a uma rede

Ao configurar o Windows pela primeira vez, possvel
que voc j tenha se conectado a uma rede. Caso contrrio,
voc poder ver uma lista de redes disponveis e se conectar a uma delas.
Para ver uma lista de redes disponveis

Passe o dedo da borda direita da tela e toque em Configuraes (Se voc estiver usando um mouse, aponte para
o canto inferior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse
para cima e clique em Configuraes.)
Verifique o cone de rede. Ele mostrar se voc est
conectado e a intensidade do sinal.
Se no estiver conectado, toque ou clique no cone de
ou
).
rede (
Toque ou clique no nome da rede qual deseja se
conectar e, em seguida, toque ou clique em Conectar.
Caso a rede esteja protegida por senha o sistema solicitar a senha da rede. Voc pode obt-la com o administrador da rede. Se voc estiver em casa, provavelmente ele
ser algum familiar. Se voc estiver no trabalho, solicite a
informao ao administrador de TI. Se voc estiver em um
local pblico, por exemplo, um caf, solicite a informao
a algum funcionrio.
Se desejar se conectar a essa rede sempre que ela
estiver disponvel, marque a caixa de seleo Conectar-se
automaticamente.
Windows 8.1 - PRO

Muito cuidado com este detalhe. A Microsoft lanou um
upgrade chamado Windows 8.1 e mudou algumas coisas
que podero ser cobrados nas questes. Fique atento com
o edital
Algumas principais mudanas a volta do boto
iniciar
que ficou quadradinho. Este boto no exibe
mais os aplicativos instalados, isto permanece sendo
exibido na interface Metro da tela Iniciar, mas te leva
direto a rea de trabalho - Desktop. Na tela Iniciar os
blocos ficaram mais enxutos, a quantidade ficou bem
reduzida e somente so exibidos os aplicativos principais e prximo ao canto inferior esquerdo da tela existe
uma seta para baixo, clicando nela so exibidos todos os
aplicativos instalados no seu PC, esta a maneira mais
fcil de se encontrar os aplicativos, lembrando que esta
opo s existe na atualizao 8.1 do Windows.
Clicando com o boto direito do mouse no boto
iniciar
aparecer um menu de acesso para: Programas e Recursos, Mobility Center, Opes de Energia,
Visualizador de Eventos, Sistema, Gerenciador de Dispositivos, Conexes de Rede, Gerenciamento de Disco,
Gerenciamento do Computador, Prompt de Comando,
Prompt de Comando (Admin), Gerenciador de Tarefas,
Painel de Controle, Explorador de Arquivos, Pesquisar,
Executar, Desligar ou Sair e rea de Trabalho.
Programas e Recursos: Utilize este aplicativo para
desinstalar qualquer software ou fazer alguma alterao,
incluso ou excluso de recursos em qualquer programa
instalado no seu PC. Habilite ou desabilite recursos do
Windows neste local. Quer saber quais so as atualizaes
instaladas, aqui tambm. possvel verificar e/ou desinstalar alguma atualizao que esteja com algum conflito ou
problema com qualquer atualizao.
Mobility Center: Com este aplicativo faa ajustes no

brilho do monitor, volume do sistema, status da bateria,
controle de vdeos externos, central de conexo e conexo
com projetores.
Opes de Energia: Configure facilmente o comportamento do computador relacionado energia. Defina o
que acontecer ao notebook quando fechar a tampa superior como hibernao, desligar, etc. Quanto tempo o PC
aguarda para desligar o monitor, desligar o disco rgido,
portas USB, etc.
Visualizador de Eventos: Tudo de errado que
acontece com seu Windows ele cria um evento chamado
Log. Neste local voc pode verificar uma organizada relao de todos os eventos ocorridos. possvel verificar
eventos separados por categoria como eventos crticos,
erros de sistema, avisos, etc. Informaes com problemas
sobre instalao, segurana, sistema e aplicativos.
Sistema: Informaes sobre a verso do seu Windows
8, quantidade de memria RAM instalada, tipo de sistema
32 ou 64 bits, nome do computador e domnio de rede.
Novidade a falta do ndice de Experincia do Windows
na verso Windows 8.1.
Gerenciador de Dispositivos: Aplicativo muito

til para monitorar o funcionamento do hardware. Instale,
desinstale e configure drivers que afetam a performance
do seu computador.
Conexes de Rede: Configure todas as conexes de
rede cabeado e wireless.
Gerenciamento de Disco: Aplicativo que ficava
oculto dentro das ferramentas administrativas nas outras
verses do Windows agora tem um link no novo boto
iniciar. Com este aplicativo possvel gerenciar todos os
discos instalados no PC. Crie parties, exclua, formate
qualquer partio em qualquer dispositivo, mesmo em
PenDrives e cartes de memria.
Gerenciamento do Computador: Como o nome
j diz com este aplicativo voc tem acesso as informaes
mais importantes do seu PC reunindo alguns dos aplicativos que acabamos de ver como gerenciamento de disco,
gerenciador de dispositivos, visualizador de eventos e
muito mais. Altere o perfil de usurios e grupos, gerencie
pastas compartilhadas, acesse ferramentas de desempenho
e monitoramento teis alm do Agendador de Tarefas que
possibilita executar aplicativos com horrio programado.
Prompt de Comando e Prompt de Comando
(Admin): Abre aquela telinha preta onde se executa
comando em modo texto como usurio comum ou como
administrador (Admin).
Gerenciador de Tarefas: Muito til quando algum processo ou aplicativo trava indisponibilizando seu
Windows, com este aplicativo basta fechar aquilo que no
est respondendo e continue a trabalhar normalmente.
Este aplicativo tambm lhe d muitas informaes sobre
o consumo de memria, processamento, rede e Disco. No
Windows 8 este aplicativo est mais completo, permite
escolher os aplicativos que sero inicializados juntamente
com o Windows, desabilite os aplicativos desnecessrios e
ganhe performance.
Painel de Controle: Sem alteraes das verses anteriores do Windows este aplicativo permite fazer ajustes
gerais no seu PC.
Pesquisar: Abre o campo para pesquisar aplicativos,
pastas e arquivo.
Executar: Abre o campo executar que permite voc
abrir qualquer aplicativo instalado ou de sistema.
Desligar ou Sair: Permite desligar, reiniciar, suspender ou sair.
rea de Trabalho: Exibe a rea de Trabalho
Desktop.
Na Interface Metro da tela Iniciar, clicando com o boto direito do mouse em qualquer local fora dos blocos ou
tiles, aparecer no canto inferior direito o boto personalizar exibido em uma barra. Atravs deste boto possvel
reagrupar os blocos separando os aplicativos conforme sua
vontade e pode nomear estes blocos.
No Windows 8.1 possvel iniciar o computador direto
na rea de trabalho pulando a tela inicial. Esta configurao est disponvel na configurao da barra de tarefas
clicando com o boto direito do mouse sobre ela e escolhendo personalizar.
Voc pode personalizar sua tela iniciar abrindo o
Charms bar, quando estiver na tela iniciar, clique em
configuraes e depois em personalizar e escolher o
papel de parede que desejar e a tonalidade de cor,
podendo ainda escolher o mesmo papel de parede da
rea de trabalho.
As buscas feitas diretamente do campo pesquisar da
Charms bar abre um aplicativo com o resultado da busca
do Bing bem completo. Por exemplo, faa uma busca
sobre sua banda preferida e o resultado sero textos
sobre a banda em vrios locais, msicas em MP3 e muito
mais. As buscas ficaram bem mais charmosas.
Exibir dois metros ao mesmo tempo tambm ficou
possvel no Windows 8.1. Seu monitor ser divido
aproximadamente ao meio, depender da resoluo, e
voc ver cada App ser executado em uma parte do
monitor.
A verso Metro do Internet Explorer permite que o
usurio deixe a lista de abas abertas e a barra de endereos
sempre visveis. Alm disso, a verso Metro do navegador
no Windows 8.1 permite a sincronizao de abas abertas
entre diferentes dispositivos e os usurios podem criar
blocos dinmicos a partir de sites das Web.
No Windows 8.1, o usurio pode responder a chamadas

do Skype a partir da tela de bloqueio e pode configurar
uma apresentao de slides como plano de fundo.
Quando um usurio fizer o login em um segundo PC/
tablet/notebook/ultrabook com Windows 8.1, os mesmos
App presentes no primeiro podero ser baixados, instalados e sincronizados no segundo dispositivo. possvel
tambm definir quais App e aparelhos sero deixados de
fora deste processo.
Uma das diferenas entre o Windows 8 e o Windows 8.1
que o App do SkyDrive tambm pode ser usado como um
gerenciador de arquivos off-line no novo sistema operacional da Microsoft (imagine algo como uma verso Metro do
Explorador de Arquivos) salvando e recuperando arquivos
diretamente do armazenamento nas nuvens.
Mover um bloco na tela inicial

Na tela Iniciar toque sobre o bloco que deseja mover
ou clique, se estiver usando um mouse, e segure o bloco e
arraste o bloco para o local desejado.
Redimensionar um bloco na tela Iniciar

Na tela inicial, toque e segure o bloco que deseja redimensionar. (Se estiver usando um mouse, clique com o
boto direito no bloco.)
Toque ou clique em Redimensionar.
Escolha o tamanho desejado.
Criar um grupo de blocos

Na tela inicial, toque e segure os blocos que deseja
agrupar ou clique neles com o boto direito do mouse.
Arraste e solte os blocos em um espao aberto e, quando uma barra cinza for exibida atrs deles, solte-os. Isso
criar um novo grupo.
Se quiser nomear o grupo, toque ou clique no local que
diz Nomear grupo, acima do grupo, e insira um novo nome.
Depois de criar um grupo, voc pode mov-lo pela tela
inicial.
Mover um grupo de blocos

Na tela inicial, pince para reduzir o zoom. (Se estiver
usando um mouse, clique no cone de zoom
no canto
inferior direito da tela.)
Pressione ou clique no grupo de blocos que deseja
mover e arraste-o para o local desejado.
Ao terminar a movimentao dos grupos, toque ou clique
em qualquer ponto da tela para aumentar o zoom novamente.
A partir da tela Inicial possvel fixar um aplicativo na
barra de tarefa ou na Tela Inicial, bastando clicar com o boto
direito do mouse sobre o bloco de qualquer aplicativo e aparecer uma barra horizontal na parte inferior da tela com estas
opes e ainda o comando Desinstalar.
Utilize um movimento qualquer dentro de uma foto e
transforme isto em uma senha muito segura. Com a atualizao do Windows para 8.1 voc escolhe a imagem, os gestos
crculos, linhas retas ou toques que vai usar e onde eles

sero traados na imagem. possvel desenhar uma senha
com imagem diretamente na tela touch com o dedo ou usar
um mouse para desenhar suas formas. Todos que tiverem uma
conta da Microsoft em seu computador podero configurar a
prpria senha com imagem.
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Passe o dedo da borda direita da tela, toque em Configuraes e em Alterar configuraes do PC. (Se estiver
Configuraes e em Alterar configuraes do PC.)
Toque ou clique em Contas e depois em Opes de
entrada.
Em Senha com imagem, toque ou clique em Adicionar.
Entre com suas informaes de conta da Microsoft e siga as
etapas na tela para escolher uma imagem e os gestos.
Alterando a imagem de sua conta

A imagem da conta est associada sua conta da
Microsoft, portanto voc a ver sempre que entrar em
seu computador na tela Inicial. Alm disso, seus amigos
e familiares vero essa imagem onde voc estiver listado
como um contato.
Voc pode usar uma de suas fotos favoritas para uma
imagem da conta, ou usar um aplicativo para criar ou editar uma. E, se voc tiver uma webcam, poder tirar uma
foto ou criar um videoclipe.
Personalizando a tela Inicial

Voc pode escolher os blocos, as cores e as imagens de
sua tela Inicial, alm de organizar seus aplicativos. Se outras
pessoas usam seu computador, assegure-se de que elas entrem com as prprias contas da Microsoft. Dessa forma, cada
pessoa pode ter a prpria tela Inicial personalizada.
Como o prprio nome diz, a tela Inicial o ponto de
partida para as mais diferentes tarefas do seu computador.
nela que voc escolhe seus aplicativos, v o que seus
amigos esto fazendo atravs das redes sociais e acessa
seus sites, e-mail e arquivos favoritos.
Os blocos na tela Inicial podem mostrar atualizaes de
seus amigos, novos e-mails, notificaes de aplicativos e o
prximo compromisso em seu calendrio de uma s vez,
sem a necessidade de abrir nenhum aplicativo, tudo atualizado instantaneamente. E, como qualquer pessoa que
use um computador pode entrar usando sua prpria conta
da Microsoft, cada um pode personalizar seus blocos, suas
cores e suas telas de fundo.
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Desafixar um aplicativo diferente de desinstalar um
aplicativo se voc desafixar um aplicativo em sua tela
Inicial, o aplicativo ainda ser mostrado quando voc o
procurar, e ainda estar na exibio Aplicativos se voc
precisar localiz-lo novamente.
Abra a tela Inicial passando o dedo na borda direita

da tela e tocando em Iniciar. (Ou, se voc estiver usando
um mouse, aponte para o canto inferior esquerdo da tela,
mova o mouse pelo canto e clique em Pesquisar.)
Pressione e segure ou clique com o boto direito no
aplicativo que deseja desafixar para selecion-lo.
Toque ou clique em Desafixar da Tela Inicial.
Para mover um bloco

Na tela Inicial, pressione e segure um bloco que queira
mover. (Se estiver usando um mouse, clique e segure o
bloco.)
Arraste o bloco para o local desejado.
Para redimensionar um bloco

Na tela Inicial, pressione e segure o bloco que deseja
redimensionar. (Se estiver usando um mouse, clique com
o boto direito no bloco.)
Toque ou clique em Redimensionar e escolha o tamanho desejado.
Personalizando o computador
Para configurar o PC e deixa-lo exatamente com a sua
cara v at a Charms Bar e clique em configuraes e em
Mudar configuraes do computador que fica na parte
inferior da barra. Aparecer uma nova tela com as seguintes opes: Computador e dispositivo, Contas,
SkyDrive, Pesquisas e aplicativos, Privacidade,
Rede, Hora e idioma, Facilidade de acesso e Atualizao e recuperao.
Computador e dispositivo: permite configurar os
seguintes recursos: Tela de bloqueio, Vdeo, Dispositivos,
Mouse e touchpad, Digitao, Cantos e bordas, Energia e
suspeno, Reproduo automtica e Informaes do PC.
Conta: local de configurao de sua conta, Opes de
entrada e Outras contas.
A diferena a possibilidade de configurar trs movimentos que voc escolhe para substituir uma senha. Ao
invs de digitar uma senha, voc escolhe uma fotografia
qualquer e escolhe trs movimentos nesta foto.
Em SkyDrive voc configura Armazenamento de arquivos, Imagens da cmera, Configuraes e sincronizao
e Conexes limitadas.
Pesquisas e aplicativos: Voc escolhe como sero
feitas suas Pesquisas, Compartilhamento, Notificaes,
Tamanhos de aplicativos e Padres.
Privacidade: Geral, Localizao, Webcam, Microfone
e Outros aplicativos.
Rede: Conexes, Modo avio, Proxy, Grupo domstico
e Local de trabalho.
Hora e idioma: Configura a data e hora do sistema e
local e o idioma.
Facilidade de Acesso: Permite configurar diversos
recursos de acessibilidade como Narrador, Lupa, Auto
contraste, Teclado, Mouse e Outras Opes para pessoas

com necessidades especiais.
Atualizao e Recuperao: Windows Update,
histricos de arquivos e Recuperao.
Manipulao de janelas
Se estiver trabalhando na rea de Trabalho basta
utilizar os cones da barra de tarefas para alternar entre
os aplicativos abertos. Pode utilizar o atalho de teclado
Alt+Tab ou Alt+Esc ou encostar o mouse ou tocar na
borda superior esquerda e o ltimo aplicativo utilizado
estar disponvel para que voc volte a ele rapidamente,
deslizando o mouse para baixo os aplicativos abertos tambm estaro disponveis pra voc escolher.
Quando estiver executando qualquer outro aplicativo
utilize a ltima opo descrita acima encostando o mouse
na parte superior esquerda da tela para escolher seu outro
aplicativo.
Barra de tarefas rea de trabalho

A barra de tarefas a principal barra que est sempre
disponvel na parte inferior da tela exibindo o boto iniciar, se estiver utilizando a verso 8.1 do Windows, rea
de notificao e cones que representam os aplicativos
abertos ou atalhos fixados nesta barra.
Os aplicativos Metro nativos e os adquiridos pela
Windows Store por default (padro) no so exibidos
nesta barra, eles ficam ocultos na barra da esquerda, mas
na atualizao 8.1 o Windows permite a sua exibio na
barra de tarefas bastando escolher o comando Propriedades da Barra de tarefas e habilitar Mostrar aplicativos
da Windows Store na barra de tarefas assim todos os
aplicativos que estiverem rodando sero exibidos nesta
barra facilitando alternar entre eles que tambm sero
exibidos na mini janela do Aero e, semelhante aos demais
aplicativos, podem ser fechados clicando no X da janela ou
simplesmente clicar com o Scrool (rodinha) do mouse no
centro da mini janela.
Caso queira fixar estes aplicativos na barra de tarefas basta
clicar com o boto direito do mouse com a tecla shift pressionada e escolher Inserir esquerda ou Inserir direita.
A barra de tarefas normalmente exibida na parte
inferior da rea de trabalho, mas possvel mov-la para
as laterais ou para a parte superior da rea de trabalho.
preciso desbloquear a barra de tarefas para poder mov-la.
possvel alterar a ordem dos botes da barra de
tarefas, escolher o modo como eles so agrupados
quando h mais de uma janela aberta e alterar o tamanho dos botes.
Para alterar a ordem dos botes na barra de tarefas, arraste um boto de sua posio atual para uma posio diferente.
Voc pode os reorganizar com a frequncia desejada. Todos
os arquivos abertos do mesmo aplicativo sempre so agrupados, mesmo que voc no os tenha aberto um aps o outro.
Isso ocorre para que voc possa ver todas as visualizaes
desse aplicativo ao mesmo tempo.
Para alterar a aparncia dos botes da

barra de tarefas
Abra as propriedades Barra de Tarefas e Navegao:
passe o dedo desde a borda direita da tela, toque em
Pesquisar (ou, se estiver usando um mouse, aponte para o
canto superior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse
para baixo e clique em Pesquisar), digite Barra de Tarefas
na caixa de pesquisa e, nos resultados, toque ou clique em
Barra de Tarefas e Navegao.
Na guia Barra de Tarefas, selecione uma das opes na
lista Botes da barra de tarefas:
Sempre combinar, ocultar rtulos: Essa a configurao padro. Cada aplicativo aparece como um boto
nico e sem rtulo, mesmo quando vrias janelas desse
aplicativo estiverem abertas.
Combinar quando a barra de tarefas estiver
cheia: Essa configurao mostra cada janela como um
boto individual e rotulado. Quando a barra de tarefas fica
cheia, aplicativos com vrias janelas abertas so recolhidos
em um s boto de aplicativo. Toque ou clique no boto
para ver uma lista das janelas abertas.
Nunca combinar: Essa configurao mostra cada
janela como um boto individual rotulado e nunca o
agrupa, no importando quantas janelas estejam abertas.
Conforme mais aplicativos e janelas so abertas, os botes
ficam menores e, eventualmente, so rolados.
Para usar botes pequenos na barra de tarefas, marque a
caixa de seleo Usar botes pequenos da barra de tarefas.
Para usar botes grandes, desmarque a caixa de seleo.
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para mltiplos vdeos
Se voc estiver usando mais de um vdeo (por
exemplo, se tem mais de um monitor), pode decidir
se deseja ter uma barra de tarefas em todos os vdeos
e como deseja que os botes sejam organizados nas
barras de tarefas.
Para mostrar uma barra de tarefas em

todos os vdeos
Em Mltiplos vdeos, verifique se a caixa de seleo
Mostrar barra de tarefas em todas as exibies est marcada e toque ou clique em OK.
Para escolher como os botes da barra de

tarefas so mostrados em vrios vdeos

Em Mltiplos vdeos, selecione uma das opes da lista
Mostrar botes da barra de tarefas em e toque ou clique
em OK.
Todas as barras de tarefas: Os botes da barra de
tarefas de todas as janelas abertas sero duplicadas nas
barras de tarefas em cada vdeo.
Barra de tarefas principal e barra de tarefas
onde a janela aberta: O boto da barra de tarefas
aparecer no monitor principal e tambm na barra de
tarefas, no vdeo em que a janela est aberta.
Barra de tarefas onde a janela aberta: Um
boto da barra de tarefas aparecer apenas no vdeo em
que a janela est aberta. Nenhum dos botes duplicado
em outras barras de tarefas.
Personalizar cor das janelas

Para personalizar a cor das janelas do Windows 8.1 abra
o Charms bar e clique em Configuraes, depois clique em
Personalizao, na prxima tela faa as configuraes de
cor que desejar.
Instalao e desinstalao de programas

O Windows 8 tem um aplicativo poderoso aplicativo
chamado Loja. Ele possui o mesmo conceito dos App Store
dos celulares. Um local onde possvel baixar de forma
segura aplicativos para o Sistema Operacional Windows
8. Para os demais aplicativos de outros fornecedores de
software o procedimento atravs do velho Download ou
mdia como CD, DVD ou PenDrive.
Uma novidade a proteo que bloqueia a instalao
de software possivelmente prejudiciais ao PC chamado
SmartScreen. Esta proteo j existia no Internet Explorer h algum tempo e agora passa a proteger seu computador verificando o nvel de segurana do software
que pretende instalar. Caso o SmartScreen bloquear a
instalao de um aplicativo ele exibir uma mensagem
no centro da tela lhe informando que o aplicativo de
uma fonte insegura, porm, o administrador do sistema
pode desbloquear e instalar o software assim mesmo.
Usando dois aplicativos lado a lado

Abra um aplicativo que deseja usar.
Deslize o dedo na parte superior da tela at que uma
abertura aparea atrs do aplicativo. Em seguida, arraste o
aplicativo para a esquerda ou a direita. Se estiver usando
o mouse, aponte para o canto superior esquerdo da tela e
clique com o boto direito do mouse no cone de aplicativo
na barra de ttulo. Escolha Dividir Esquerda ou Dividir
Direita.
Volte para a tela Inicial e abra um segundo aplicativo.

Ele ser exibido ao lado do primeiro aplicativo.
Para redimensionar os aplicativos, arraste o divisor
entre eles.
Para abrir um terceiro aplicativo

Se voc voltar para a tela Inicial e abrir um terceiro
aplicativo, ele ser exibido na parte superior dos dois
primeiros. Voc pode tocar ou clicar no lado esquerdo
ou direito do terceiro aplicativo para substituir um dos
aplicativos sob ele.
Se desejar usar todos os trs aplicativos na mesma
tela, arraste o terceiro aplicativo at que um espao aberto
aparea ao lado dos outros aplicativos ou entre eles. Se um
espao no for aberto, sua tela somente poder exibir dois
aplicativos de cada vez.
Diferena entre Arquivos

Cada aplicativo cria um tipo de arquivo diferente de outro
aplicativo. Editores de texto geram tipos de arquivos que no
ser abertos por tocadores de msica. Existem arquivos de
fotos, filmes, apresentaes Power Point, planilhas, etc.
Cada aplicativo cria seu prprio tipo e so identificados por algumas letras inseridas automaticamente pelo
Sistema Operacional no final do nome que voc atribuiu
ao arquivo. Dois arquivos com o mesmo nome e mesma
extenso no podem ficar na mesma pasta.
Alguns caracteres especiais no podero ser utilizados
para nomear uma pasta ou arquivo:
\ / ? : * " > < |
Alguns nomes, utilizados pelo Sistema Operacional,
tambm no podem ser utilizados para nomear pastas ou
arquivos.
CON, PRN, AUX, CLOCK$, NUL, COM0, COM1,
COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8,
COM9, LPT0, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6,
LPT7, LPT8, LPT9
Quanto a quantidade de caracteres possveis para se
nomear um arquivo isso depende do tamanho do caminho
completo para o nome que arquivo ter (como C:\usurio\nome_do_usuario\documentos\nome do arquivo.
extenso). O Windows limita um nico caminho a 260
caracteres. por isso que voc pode, ocasionalmente,
encontrar um erro ao copiar um arquivo com um nome
muito longo para um local que possua um caminho mais
longo do que o local original do arquivo.
Principais aplicativos acessrios e suas

extenses
Bloco de Notas: .txt, .sys, .bat, .html
Paint: .png, .bmp, .jpg, .gif, .tiff
WordPad: .rtf, .docx, .odt e .txt
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MS Word: .docx, .dotx, .rtf, .txt, .pdf
MS Excel: .xlsx, .pdf
MS Power Point: .pptx, .ppsx, .pdf
Impresso de documentos
possvel instalar e configurar vrias impressoras no
Windows 8. Entre todas as impressoras instaladas sempre
haver uma impressora padro. O Windows mantm todas
as impresses a serem realizadas na chamada fila de impresso, esta fila est disponvel nas propriedades da impressora
que se mandou imprimir. Nesta fila possvel ver seu status,
o proprietrio do documento, as pginas a serem impressas
e possvel cancelar, exibir, reiniciar, pausar, continuar ou
cancelar os trabalhos de impresso.
Grupo Domstico
Para facilitar o compartilhamento de arquivos e dispositivos o Windows 8 configura automaticamente o recurso
Grupo Domstico. Sempre que uma conexo de rede
configurada como sendo privada, possvel criar uma
senha e todos os dispositivos conectados nesta rede podero trocar informaes facilmente, isto porque o prprio
Windows configura sua rede.
Dentro deste pequeno mundo formado pelos dispositivos interligados nesta rede o usurio decide o que ele
gostaria de compartilhar como arquivos, pastas, msicas,
etc. Os outros dispositivos desta rede podero retirar, inserir ou editar arquivos contidos nos locais compartilhados.
Para compartilhar uma pasta, diretrio, basta clicar com o
boto direito do mouse sobre a pasta desejada e escolher
a opo propriedades, clique na aba compartilhamento e
na opo compartilhar. Na nova janela escolha o usurio
ou rede que ter acesso aquela pasta. possvel compartilhar arquivos utilizando o aplicativo de vdeo chamada e
conferncia Skype.
Contas de usurio
No Windows 8 muito fcil ter sua personalizao
em qualquer dispositivo, basta sempre logar-se com uma
conta Microsoft. A conta Microsoft um endereo de e-mail que no necessita ser da Microsoft, possvel utilizar
um e-mail do Gmail, Yahoo ou Outlook para sua conta
Microsoft.
possvel tambm criar uma conta local, como nas
verses anteriores do Windows, porm, voc no ter a
configurao nem os aplicativos que instalou em outro
dispositivo, recursos que uma conta Microsoft possibilita.
Se tiver entrado no seu computador com uma conta
local, poder alternar para uma conta Microsoft desta
forma: Passe o dedo na borda direita da tela, toque em
Configuraes e toque em Mudar configuraes do PC. Se
voc estiver usando o mouse, aponte para o canto inferior
direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para cima,
clique em Configuraes e, em seguida, clique em Mudar
configuraes do PC. Toque ou clique em Contas, toque
ou clique em Sua conta e, em seguida, toque ou clique em

Conectar conta da Microsoft. Em seguida, escolha uma
das seguintes opes:
Conectar-se a uma conta da Microsoft

existente
Mesmo que no tenha entrado no seu computador com
uma conta da Microsoft, possvel que voc j tenha essa
conta se usar outros servios Microsoft, como Xbox, Hotmail,
Outlook.com ou Skype. Sua conta da Microsoft composta
pelo endereo de e-mail que voc usa para entrar nesses
servios. Insira o endereo de e-mail existente e a senha
usados para entrar nos outros servios Microsoft, toque ou
clique em Avanar e siga as instrues.
Inscrever-se para obter o endereo de e-mail usado com mais frequncia

Se no tiver usado os servios Microsoft anteriormente,
voc poder usar qualquer endereo de e-mail que voc
tenha para se inscrever para uma nova conta da Microsoft,
incluindo endereos do Outlook.com, do Yahoo! ou do
Gmail. Para usar seu endereo de e-mail favorito:
Insira o endereo de e-mail a ser usado e toque ou
clique em Criar uma nova conta.
Siga as instrues para preencher suas informaes
pessoais e de segurana.
Obtenha um novo endereo de e-mail

Se desejar iniciar uma nova conta da Microsoft e obter
um endereo de e-mail totalmente novo, voc poder fazer
isso gratuitamente:
Toque ou clique em Criar uma nova conta.
Siga as instrues para preencher suas informaes
pessoais e de segurana para um novo endereo de e-mail
e pronto.
Com certeza a grande vantagem em sempre se logar
com uma conta Microsoft que em todo e qualquer dispositivo que utilizar ser como se fosse o mesmo dispositivo.
Toda personalizao com relao a tela inicial, cores, blocos, dimenses dos tiles, contatos, histrico e favorito dos
navegadores e aplicativos instalados sero sincronizados e
disponibilizados do mesmo jeito que estavam nos outros
dispositivos que utiliza.
O conceito que voc use qualquer dispositivo sempre
da mesma forma, sem faltar nada. Os seus arquivos estaro
disponveis tambm se voc os salvou na nuvem utilizando
o SkyDrive (OneDrive). como ter um pendrive virtual
com todos os arquivos importantes seguros e disponveis
em qualquer lugar.
Atravs de uma conta Microsoft no Windows 8 possvel
obter aplicativos na Windows Store, fazer backup de todos
os seus arquivos importantes utilizando o armazenamento
em nuvem gratuito e manter seus vdeos, fotos, amigos,
configurao atualizados independente do aplicativo utilizado, ao se logar com uma conta Microsoft seus Apps e
configuraes sero atualizados e sincronizados para este
dispositivo atravs da Internet.
Ao criar uma nova conta no Windows 8 voc pode

escolher uma conta infantil que possibilita medidas de
monitoramentos extras de segurana, com ou sem e-mail,
onde elas tero acesso somente ao contedo que voc
escolher.
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conta da Microsoft
Toque ou clique em Contas e depois em Sua conta.
Caso tenha utilizado uma conta Microsoft para se logar,
seu nome e e-mail aparecero na tela. Se voc utilizou uma
conta local logo abaixo do seu nome ser exibido Conta
Local ao invs do e-mail.
Outlook.com
O Outlook.com um servio de webmail gratuito. Voc
pode us-lo para acessar seus e-mails de qualquer navegador ou em qualquer computador ou dispositivo. Se j tiver
uma conta da Microsoft, voc poder entrar diretamente
no Outlook.com e no precisar criar uma nova conta.
Se quiser um novo endereo de e-mail do Outlook.com,
voc poder configur-lo facilmente para torn-lo automaticamente uma conta da Microsoft. Se quiser manter
seu endereo de e-mail atual, mas tambm criar um novo
endereo do Outlook.com, voc poder adicionar um alias
(apelido).
Para criar uma nova conta da Microsoft e

entrar no Outlook.com
V para o www.outlook.com e siga as orientaes de
cadastro.
Configure seu Windows 8.1 para se conectar sempre
atravs da sua conta Microsoft em Charms bar, Configuraes, Mudar configuraes do computador, Contas.
Atalhos de teclado
Este um assunto muito cobrado em qualquer concurso
pblico, estude e pratique pois, com certeza cair na sua
prova.
Alt: Em algumas janelas, mostra a barra de ferramentas
oculta
Alt + P: Mostra o painel de visualizao no Explorer
Alt + Tab: Alterna entre as janelas ou aplicativos abertos;
Segurando Alt, v teclando Tab para ir para os prximos
Alt + Shift + Tab: Idem anterior, porm em sentido
inverso
Alt + F4: Fecha a janela atual; chama a tela de desligamento do computador se for dado no desktop (ou quando
no tiver mais janelas abertas)
Alt + Espao: Abre o menu de sistema da janela atual

(til para mover, redimensionar...)
Alt + Esc: Alterna entre os programas pela ordem na
qual foram abertos
Alt + Enter: Propriedades do item selecionado (normalmente usado com arquivos e pastas)
Alt + Print Screen: captura numa imagem apenas a janela ativa, jogando os dados para a rea de transferncia;
para ver ou salvar a imagem necessrio usar o comando
colar num programa que aceite grficos
Alt + Seta para cima: Vai para a pasta pai no Explorer
(a pasta superior da atual)
Alt + Seta para a esquerda: Vai para a pasta anterior
Alt + Seta para a direita: Vai para a prxima pasta
Shift + Del: Exclui um arquivo permanentemente, sem
passar pela lixeira
Shift + F6: Navega pelos elementos da janela atual
Shift + F10: Acessa o menu de contexto do item atual
(corresponde a clicar com o direito no item selecionado)
Tab: Navega entre os elementos da janela atual
Shift + Tab: Tambm navega entre os elementos da
janela atual, em ordem inversa (til para acessar itens em
janelas de dilogo)
Shift + Clique num boto na barra de tarefas: Abre uma
nova instncia do programa (em vez de alternar para a aberta)
Shift + Clique com o direito num boto na barra de
tarefas: Acessa o menu de contexto clssico (sem passar
pela Jump List)
Ctrl + A: Selecionar tudo (todos os arquivos, todo o
texto, etc)
Ctrl + C: Copia a seleo para a rea de transferncia
Ctrl + X: Recorta a seleo para a rea de transferncia;
se for texto, cuidado: se recortar ou copiar outro depois
sem ter colado antes, o anterior ser perdido
Ctrl + V: Cola o contedo da rea de transferncia
Ctrl + D: Exclui o item selecionado (mesma coisa do
Del ou Delete)
Ctrl + Z: Desfaz a ltima ao na maioria dos programas; alguns permitem inmeros nveis de desfazer, outros
apenas um
Ctrl + Shift + Z ou Ctrl + Y: Refaz a ltima ao desfeita; alguns programas usam um atalho diferente, e nem
todos oferecem essa possibilidade
Ctrl + N: Abre uma nova janela do Explorer ou de
outros aplicativos
Ctrl + W: Fecha a janela ou aba atual
Ctrl + E ou Ctrl + F: Vai para o campo de busca no topo
direita das janelas com campo de busca (normalmente
no Explorer)
Ctrl + L: Vai para a barra de endereos no Explorer

(e em boa parte dos navegadores); a basta digitar o que
quiser e dar enter
Ctrl + Shift + N: Criar nova pasta no Explorer
Ctrl+ Shift + Esc: Abre o gerenciador de tarefas
Ctrl + Alt + Tab: Abre a tela do Alt + Tab mas fica
parado; use as setas direcionais para navegar e enter para
selecionar uma janela
Ctrl + Alt + Del: Tela de segurana, com opes para
bloquear a tela, sair, trocar usurio, chamar o gerenciador
de tarefas, alterar senhas, etc.
Ctrl + Clique em algum item selecionvel: Permite
selecionar vrios itens (arquivos, itens em listas multi-seleo, etc)
Ctrl + Clique e arraste: Copia os itens para a mesma
pasta
Ctrl + Shift + Clique e arraste: Cria um atalho para os
itens na mesma pasta
Ctrl + Tab: Move entre janelas abertas dentro de um
programa MDI, ou entre abas no navegador, por exemplo
Ctrl + Shift + Tab: Idem anterior, mas na ordem inversa
Ctrl + Shift + Clique num programa da barra de tarefas: Abre uma nova instncia do programa com direitos
administrativos
Ctrl + Clique num boto agrupado na barra de tarefas:
Alterna entre as janelas agrupadas
Lista de atalhos com a tecla do logotipo do
Windows:
: Chama a tela inicial e/ou alterna entre ela e o
desktop
+ C: Chama a barra de charms (a da lateral direita)
+ Tab: Alterna entre os apps modernos e o desktop
+ Shift + Tab: Idem item anterior, mas em sentido
inverso
+ I: Charm de configuraes
+ H: Charm de compartilhamento (para os apps
modernos)
+ K: Charm de dispositivo
+ Q: Busca de apps
+ F: Busca de arquivos
+ W: Busca de configuraes
+ P: Barra de configurao do segundo monitor ou
projetor
+ Z: Barra de menus e botes nos apps modernos

(mesmo efeito de clicar num local vazio deles com o boto
direito)
+ X: Menu de ferramentas do Windows
+ . (ponto): Move o divisor de tela para a direita (o
divisor dos apps modernos)
+ Shift + . (ponto): Move o divisor de tela para a
esquerda
+ V: Exibe as notificaes
+ Shift + V: Exibe as notificaes, em ordem inversa
+ Print Screen: Captura uma imagem da tela e salva
na pasta Screenshots ou Capturas de Tela, dentro da pasta
Imagens
+ Enter: Abre o Narrator, sintetizador de voz
+ E: Abre o Explorer, gerenciador de arquivos
+ R: Abre a janela Executar
+ U: Abre o centro de acessibilidade
+ Ctrl + F: Busca de computadores
+ Pause Break: Propriedades do sistema (correspondente s propriedades do item Computador ou Meu
computador)
+ nmeros de 1 a 0: Abre um programa fixo na barra
de tarefas, onde o primeiro cone o 1 e o dcimo o 0. Se
voc no tiver mudado a ordem ou removido o atalho, Win
+ 1 abre o Internet Explorer no desktop, por exemplo
+ Shift + nmeros de 1 a 0: Abre uma nova instncia do programa correspondente ao nmero na barra
de tarefas. Se fosse pelo mouse, daria para segurar Shift
enquanto clica
+ Ctrl + nmeros de 1 a 0: Acessa a ltima instncia
ativada do programa correspondente ao nmero
+ Alt + nmeros de 1 a 0: Acessa a Jump List do
programa correspondente ao nmero. correspondente a
clicar com o boto direito no cone do programa na barra
de tarefas
+ B: Seleciona o primeiro item na rea de notificaes. Use as setas direcionais para navegar e enter para
abrir algum item
+ Ctrl + B: Acessa o programa que est exibindo
alguma mensagem na rea de notificaes
+ T: Alterna entre os botes na barra de tarefas. Use
as setas para navegar e enter para abrir
+ M: Minimiza todas as janelas

+ Shift + M: Restaura todas as janelas minimizadas
com o Win + M
+ D: Mostra ou oculta a rea de trabalho
+ L: Bloqueia o computador, exigindo a senha para
acessar novamente; til quando tiver outras pessoas por
perto ou se voc tem gatos, j que eles podem ficar teclando algumas coisas..
+ Seta para cima: Maximiza a janela atual
+ Seta para baixo: Minimiza ou restaura a janela
atual
+ Home: Minimiza tudo exceto a janela atual
+ Seta esquerda: Move a janela para a metade
esquerda da tela
+ Seta direita: Move a janela para a metade direita
da tela
+ Shift + Seta para cima: Expande a janela atual
verticalmente
+ Shift + Seta para a esquerda ou direita: Move
a janela atual para o monitor esquerda ou direita, em
configuraes com vrias telas
+ F1: Ajuda e suporte
Atalhos na tela inicial:

PageUp e PageDown: permite rolar na tela Inicial
Esc: Fecha uma barra ou charm
Ctrl + Esc: Alterna entre a tela inicial e o ltimo app
acessado
Ctrl + Giro na rodinha do mouse: Ativa o zoom semntico na tela inicial (o mesmo de clicar no boto inferior
direito dela)
MICROSOFT OFFICE 2013

A sute MS-OFFICE fabricada pela empresa Microsoft,
GDtDVOHWUDV06
Desde sua primeira verso, MS-OFFICE 4.0, muitos
programas foram acrescentados esta sute, porm, quatro
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MS-WORD
MS-EXCEL
MS-POWER POINT
MS-ACCESS
Este grupo, ou conjunto de programas, chamamos de pacote.
muito comum chamamos este conjunto de programas de
3DFRWH2IFH(QWmRRVDSOLFDWLYRVSDUDHVFULWyULR2IFH
que vamos estudar, Word, Excel e Power Point, pertencem a um
FRQMXQWRGHSURJUDPDVFKDPDGRSDFRWH2IFHHVmRIDEULFDGRV
pela Microsoft. A sute vem acrescentando com o tempo cada
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aumentando tambm a quantidade de aplicativos que formam
HVWHSDFRWH(ODpYHQGLGDHPYiULDVYHUV}HVTXHYDULDPGH
acordo com a quantidade de programas incorporados e com o
SHUOGHXVXiULRVRXHPSUHVDV
([LVWHPRXWUDVVXtWHV2IFHVHPHOKDQWHDR062IFHFRPR
R/LEUH2IFH*RRJOH'RFVHRXWUDV
2062IFHIRLODQoDGRHPGRLVIRUPDWRV2IFH
HR2IFH2VGRLVWrPSUDWLFDPHQWHDVPHVPDVYHUV}HVGR
Word, do Excel, do PowerPoint e dos demais programas. Porm,
o primeiro segue o formato de venda tradicional, ou seja, voc
SDJDXPYDORUHWHPGLUHLWRDXWLOL]DURSDFRWHLQGHQLGDPHQWH
1R2IFHSRUVXDYH]YRFrSDJDXPDDVVLQDWXUDPHQVDO
ou anual.
8PD IHUUDPHQWD SRGHURVD GR QRYR 062IFH p D
possibilidade de qualquer aplicativo abrir e editar arquivos
PDF, desde que tenham permisso para tal.
MS-WORD
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e considerado o principal produto dela pois, sem dvida, o
DSOLFDWLYRPDLVXWLOL]DGRGHVWDVXtWH4XDOTXHUDUTXLYRHODERUDGR
com o aplicativo MS-Word chamado de DOCUMENTO.
6HPSUHTXHQRVUHIHULPRVDXPDUTXLYRGR06:RUGGL]HPRV
TXHVHWUDWDGHXP'RFXPHQWRGR:RUG
206:RUGpFODVVLFDGRFRPXP(GLWRUGH7H[WRSRLVVXD
QDOLGDGHHUHXQLUWRGRVRVUHFXUVRVTXHSRVVLELOLWDPRXVXiULR
criar qualquer tipo de texto. Com este aplicativo possvel
LQVHULUIDFLOPHQWHLPDJHQVJUiFRVIRUPDVJHRPpWULFDVYtGHR
HTXDo}HVHWF3HUVRQDOL]HVXDVIROKDVDXPHQWDQGRRXUHGX]LQGR
a fonte (letra), colorindo, animando, aplicando formataes em
qualquer parte do texto.
Por ser o software mais popular para esse tipo funo, saber
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trabalho, alm de facilitar a produo de trabalhos acadmicos
ou mesmo de documentos de cunho particular, sendo muito
cobrado em concurso pblico, estude!
As funes e Layout do MS-Word 2013 tiveram pouca

alterao desde sua ltima verso, MS-Word 2010, porm, sua
integrao com a nuvem, Cloud Computing, possibilita mais
uma forma de trabalho.
Salve um arquivo no OneDrive e acesse-o de qualquer
outro dispositivo conectado Internet em qualquer local,
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entre vrios usurios editando o mesmo documento de forma
FRODERUDWLYD 2V GLVSRVLWLYRV TXH QmR SRVVXHP R 062IFH
LQVWDODGRSRGHID]HUHGLo}HVQDYHUVmRRQOLQH
Janela de apresentao
Como disse anteriormente o Layout do novo MS-Word 2013
no foi muito alterado, agora existe mais uma Guia chamada
'HVLJQHODpH[DWDPHQWHDPHVPDGR063RZHU3RLQWWUD]HQGR
modelos de layout de texto.
No topo da janela deste programa temos a Barra De Ttulos,

que responsvel por exibir o nome do arquivo seguido do
QRPH GR SURJUDPD H FDP FHQWUDOL]DGRV QHVWD EDUUD$ EDUUD
GHWtWXORVpXWLOL]DGDSDUDPRYLPHQWDUDMDQHODTXDQGRDPHVPD
encontra-se restaurada. Em uma janela restaurada dando-se um
duplo clique com o boto primrio do mouse em qualquer local
GD EDUUD D MDQHOD VHUi PD[LPL]DGD PDV FDVR D MDQHOD HVWHMD
PD[LPL]DGDRGXSORFOLTXHIDUiFRPDMDQHODVHMDUHVWDXUDGD
Clicando e arrastando a janela pela barra de ttulo at o topo
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HVWLYHUPD[LPL]DGDFOLFDQGRQHVWDEDUUDHSX[DQGRDSDUDEDL[R
a janela ser restaurada, permitindo assim sua movimentao.
esquerda temos a
Barra de Acesso Rpido,
que nos permite acessar
alguns comandos mais
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HVVD EDUUD FOLFDQGR QR PHQX GH FRQWH[WR HFKD SDUD EDL[R
e selecionar os comandos. Na instalao padro (Default),
VRPHQWHVmRH[LELGRVRVtFRQHV6DOYDU'HVID]HUH5HID]HU
Menu Arquivo
Atravs deste Menu, podemos criar novos documentos,
abrir arquivos existentes, salvar documentos, imprimir, obter
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GH RXWUDV LQIRUPDo}HV ~WHLV 3HUPLWH ID]HU FRQJXUDo}HV
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compartilhar o arquivo atravs de e-mail ou export-lo para
PDF ou XPS.
Guias ou Abas
No MS-Word 2013 os comandos
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dentro de GUIAS.
Nas guias temos os GRUPOS
de ferramentas, por exemplo, na
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3DUiJUDIRHWFQHVWHVJUXSRVFDPYLVtYHLVSDUDRVXVXiULRV
os principais comandos, para acessar os demais comandos
destes grupos de ferramentas, alguns destes grupos possuem
pequenas setas na sua direita inferior que abre as janelas de
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O Word possui tambm guias contextuais quando
determinados elementos, dentro de seu texto, so selecionados,
por exemplo, ao selecionar uma imagem, criado
automaticamente uma guia com comandos para manipulao
de imagem. possvel esconder a barra de Guias clicando na
seta que aponta para cima logo abaixo do indicativo da conta de
XVXiULRGR062IFH
Guia PGINA INICIAL contm os seguintes grupos:
rea de Transferncia;
Fonte;
Pargrafos;
Estilo e
Edio.
Guia INSERIR contm os seguintes grupos:
Pginas;
Tabelas;
Ilustraes;
Aplicativos;
Mdia;
Links;
Comentrios;
Cabealho e Rodap;
Texto e
Smbolos.
Guia DESIGN contm os seguintes grupos:
Temas;
Formatao de Documento e
Plano de Fundo da Pgina.
Guia LAYOUT DE PGINA contm os seguintes grupos:
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Pargrafo e
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Guia REFERNCIAS contm os seguintes grupos:
Sumrio;
Notas de Rodap;
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Legendas;
ndice e
ndice de Autoridades.
Guia CORRESPONDNCIAS contm os seguintes
grupos:
Criar;
Iniciar Mala Direta;
Gravar e Inserir Campos;

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Concluir.
Guia REVISO contm os seguintes grupos:
Reviso de Texto;
Idioma;
Comentrios;
Controle;
Alteraes;
Comparar e
Proteger.
Guia EXIBIO contm os seguintes grupos:
Modos de Exibio;
Mostrar;
Zoom;
Janela e
Macros.
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FULDODV EDVWD FOLFDU HP $UTXLYR 2So}HV 3HUVRQDOL]DU
Faixa de Opes.
Barra de Status
A Barra de Status exibe informaes sobre o status (situao,
estado, qualidade ou circunstncia) atual do documento e do
aplicativo de forma mais enxuta do que das verses anteriores.
Ela exibe: o nmero da pgina onde se encontra o cursor;
o nmero de pginas do documento. A contagem de palavras,
clicando sobre esta informao abrir uma janela com outras
informaes como quantidade de caracteres com e sem espaos,
quantidade de pargrafos e linhas, palavras e pginas. Exibe
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GHVOL]DQWHGH]RRP
Salvando Arquivos
importante salvar seu trabalho no incio da digitao
evitando que ele se perca caso haja falta de energia eltrica.
6DOYDUFRQVLVWHHPDUPD]HQDUVHXGRFXPHQWRQDIRUPDGH
arquivo, em seu computador, pen drive ou outro dispositivo de
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Para salvar seu documento, clique no boto salvar no
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teclado. Ser aberta o Menu Arquivo com a opo Salvar como
selecionada e, na parte direita da janela, sero exibidas opes
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no computador ou na nuvem em seu disco virtual, OneDrive, ou
outro local da Web. Escolha o nome do arquivo e o tipo.
Tipos de documento do Word

Word 2003- .doc , .dot , .html , .rtf, .txt (entre outros)
Word 2007/2010/2013: .docx , .dotx , .html , .txt, .rtf (entre
outros)
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Arquivos com extenso .docx : so os arquivos normais do Word.
Arquivos com extenso .dotx : so os arquivos de modelo.
So usados para manter um modelo ou padro preservado.
([HPSORXPDFKDRXIRUPXOiULRDVHUSUHHQFKLGR
$UTXLYRVFRPH[WHQVmRKWPR:RUGSRGHSURGX]LUSiJLQDV
para a Web (sites). Estes arquivos levam a extenso .htm,.html,
.mht, .mhtml
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no formato RTF (Rich Text Format). O Rich Text Format ou
RTF atribui a um arquivo a formatao mais prxima possvel
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o arquivo bem prximo do que foi criado quando estes forem
abertos em outro aplicativo.
O RTF um formato criado pela Microsoft com o objetivo
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programas (sutes), e no s para o Word.
Abrindo um arquivo do Word

Para abrir um arquivo, voc precisa clicar na ABA Arquivo
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alm dos ltimos arquivos abertos pelo programa.
Visualizao do Documento
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No canto inferior direto da tela temos o controle de Zoom, ao
ODGR GHVWH FRQWUROH WHPRV RV WUrV ERW}HV GH YLVXDOL]DomR GR
documento que podem tambm ser acessados pela Aba Exibio
com mais duas possibilidades:
Layout de Impresso: Formato atual de seu documento
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3RVVXLXPDSURSRUomRUHDOGHFRPRVHXDUTXLYRFDUiTXDQGR
manda-lo imprimir.
Modo de Leitura: Ele oculta todas as barras da sua janela,
facilitando a leitura em tela, observe que no documento direita
SRVVXLXPDHFKDSDUDDSUy[LPDSiJLQD3DUDVDLUGHVVHPRGR
GHYLVXDOL]DomRHVFROKDRXWURPRGRGHYLVXDOL]DomRQRFDQWR
inferior da tela.
Layout da Web: Aproxima o layout do seu texto de uma
YLVXDOL]DomRQD,QWHUQHWHVVHIRUPDWRH[LVWHSDUDFRPSDUDURV
resultados, tendo em vista que muitos usurios postam textos
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XWLOL]DPR06:RUGFRPRHGLWRUGHSiJLQDV:(%
(VWUXWXUD GH 7ySLFRV 3HUPLWH YLVXDOL]DU VHX GRFXPHQWR
em tpicos, o formato ter melhor compreenso quando
trabalharmos com marcadores.
Rascunho: o formato bruto, permite aplicar diversos
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impresso nem outro tipo de meio.
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apenas na guia Exibio.
Formatao de texto
Um dos maiores recursos de uma edio de texto a
possibilidade de se formatar o texto.
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Pgina Inicial e os grupos Fonte, Pargrafo e Estilo.
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de letra, cor, espaamento entre caracteres, etc., para formatar
uma palavra, basta apenas clicar sobre ela, para duas ou mais
necessrio selecionar o texto, se quiser formatar somente uma
letra tambm necessrio selecionar a letra.
No grupo Fonte, temos visvel o tipo de letra, tamanho,
botes para aumentar e diminuir fonte, limpar formatao,
negrito, itlico, sublinhado, observe que ao lado de sublinhado
temos uma seta apontando para baixo, ao clicar nessa seta,
possvel escolher tipo e cor de linha.
Ao lado do boto de sublinhado temos o boto Tachado
que coloca um risco no meio da palavra, boto subscrito e
sobrescrito e o boto Maisculas e Minsculas.
O boto Maiscula e Minsculas permite alterar entre letras
maisculas e minsculas em seu texto.
Aps esse boto temos o de realce que permite altera a cor
de fundo para realar o texto e o boto de cor do texto.
A janela Fonte contm os principais comandos de
formatao e permite que voc possa observar as alteraes
antes de aplica-las. Ainda nessa janela temos a opo
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espaamento entre os caracteres que pode ser condensado
ou comprimido, a posio, que referente ao sobrescrito e
subscrito, permitindo que se faa algo como: X23.
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FDUDPFRPHVSDoDPHQWRHQWUHHODVGHIRUPDGLIHUHQWH
Fonte
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conjunto de nmeros, smbolos e caracteres.
Uma fonte descreve um certo tipo de letra, juntamente com
outras qualidades, como, por exemplo, tamanho, espaamento
e densidade.
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a fonte Arial em tamanho 12, e tambm a fonte Times New
Roman em tamanho 12, ambas em estilo normal (que no
itlico, negrito ou sublinhado).
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Guia Pgina Inicial e o Grupo Fonte, siga os comandos a seguir:
selecione o texto ou parte do texto a ser aplicada fonte, na
caixa de seleo escolha a Fonte que desejar, ao parar o mouse
sobre o nome da Fonte e o texto selecionado ser formatado,
temporariamente, com o estilo da Fonte que o mouse estiver
posicionado, para escolher a fonte basta clicar sobre ela.
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o menu suspenso que aparece quando o texto selecionado.
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e Colar
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de um determinado documento. Para isso, existem os comandos
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Transferncia da Guia Pgina Inicial. Para executar estes
comandos, o texto ou objeto precisa estar selecionado.
Recortar
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RX HOHPHQWR JUiFR VHOHFLRQDGR GH XPD SRVLomR H LQVHULOR
em outra posio. Para recortar um objeto ou texto, siga os
comandos: selecione o texto ou objeto a ser movimentado,
clique em Recortar na Guia Pgina Inicial, ou ainda, pressione
DVWHFODV&WUO;
Copiar
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JUiFRVHOHFLRQDQGRHLQVHULORHPRXWUDSRVLomRGHL[DQGRR
original intacto. Para copiar objeto ou texto: Clique em Copiar
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Colar
Este comando insere (cola) uma cpia do contedo (objeto
ou texto que foi recortado ou copiado e enviados para a rea de
Transferncia) no ponto onde se encontra o Cursor. Para colar
objeto ou texto Posicionar o cursor no local a ser transferido
(colado) o texto ou objeto; Clique em Colar na Guia Pgina
Inicial;
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Ferramentas padro, ou ainda, pressione as teclas
&WUO9
Colar Especial
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como imagem; para isso basta selecionar a parte do documento
que deseja transformar em imagem; clicar na seta que aponta
pra baixo junto ao cone de Colar na Guia Pgina Inicial, depois
em Colar Especial para abrir a caixa de dilogo Colar especial.
Nesta caixa, escolha o tipo do arquivo, exemplo, Imagem JPEG,
Imagem GIF, e clique em OK.
Formatao de pargrafos
A principal regra da formatao de pargrafos que
independente de onde estiver o cursor a formatao ser aplicada
em todo o pargrafo, tendo ele uma linha ou mais. Quando se
trata de dois ou mais pargrafos ser necessrio selecionar os
pargrafos a serem formatados.
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Pgina Inicial, e os recuos tambm na ABA Layout da Pgina.
No grupo da Guia Pgina Inicial, temos as opes de

marcadores (bullets e numerao e listas de vrios nveis),
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este boto exibe todos os caracteres no imprimveis existente
no texto.
Na segunda linha temos os botes de alinhamentos:
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linhas, observe que o espaamento entre linhas possui uma seta
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DVHUXWLOL]DGR
Existem dois tipos de marcadores: Smbolos e Numerao.
Cuidado com isso na prova, principalmente com os marcadores
numricos pois eles englobam as letras, portanto, se na
prova houver uma questo perguntando sobre onde esto os
marcadores com letras, eles estaro nos marcadores numricos.
Selecionando Textos
Ao posicionar o mouse
mais esquerda do texto,
sobre a margem da esquerda,
o cursor se tornar uma seta e
apontar para a direita:
Ao dar um clique ele
seleciona toda a linha.
Ao dar duplo clique ele
seleciona todo o pargrafo.
Ao dar triplo clique
seleciona todo o documento.
Com o cursor sobre o
texto:
Ao dar um clique o cursor
se posiciona onde foi clicado.
Ao dar duplo clique, ele seleciona toda a palavra.
Ao dar triplo clique ele seleciona todo o pargrafo.
Formatando o documento
2 JUXSR &RQJXUDU 3iJLQD GD *XLD /D\RXW GD 3iJLQD
SHUPLWHGHQLUDVPDUJHQVGHVHXGRFXPHQWRHOHSRVVXLDOJXQV
WDPDQKRVSUpGHQLGRVFRPRWDPEpPSHUVRQDOL]iODVSHUPLWH
alterar a orientao do papel, escolher o tamanho do papel,
dividir o texto em colunas e inserir quebras, nmeros de linha
HKLIHQL]DomR
Para dividir o texto em colunas dentro da mesma pgina
XWLOL]DPRVRFRPDQGR&ROXQDVTXHVHHQFRQWUDQDJXLD/D\RXW
GDSiJLQD$RFOLFDUHPPDLV&ROXQDVpSRVVtYHOSHUVRQDOL]DU
DV VXDV FROXQDV R :RUG GLVSRQLELOL]D DOJXPDV RSo}HV SUp
GHQLGDV PDV YRFr SRGH FRORFDU HP XP Q~PHUR PDLRU GH
FROXQDVDGLFLRQDUOLQKDHQWUHDVFROXQDVGHQLUDODUJXUDHR
espaamento entre as colunas.
bastante comum em documentos que esto sendo
elaborados como pgina WEB acrescentar numerao nas
OLQKDV GRV GRFXPHQWRV R:RUG SHUPLWH TXH YRFr SRVVD ID]HU
IDFLOPHQWHFOLFDQGRQRERWmR1~PHURVGH/LQKDV
Quebras
O Word insere uma quebra de pgina automaticamente
TXDQGRYRFrDWLQJHRQDOGHXPDSiJLQD
Se desejar que a pgina seja quebrada em um local diferente,
voc poder inserir uma quebra de pgina manual ou poder
FRQJXUDUUHJUDVDVHUHPVHJXLGDVSHOR:RUGSDUDTXHDVTXHEUDV
de pgina automticas sejam colocadas no local desejado.
Para inserir uma quebra de pgina clique sobre o boto
quebras e escolha Pgina e tudo que estiver direita do cursor
ser deslocado para o incio da prxima pgina.
possvel inserir uma Quebra de seo. Esta opo
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IRUPDWDo}HVHVSHFtFDVHPGHWHUPLQDGDVSDUWHVGRWH[WR
Recuos e alinhamentos
Podemos trabalhar os recuos de texto tambm pelas rguas
superiores.
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O Word permite que se insira em seus documentos arquivos
JUiFRV FRPR ,PDJHP &OLSDUW )RUPDV HWF DV RSo}HV GH
insero esto disponveis na ABA Inserir.
ABA Reviso
A ABA reviso responsvel por correo, proteo,
comentrios, e outros de seu documento. O primeiro grupo
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Gramtica.
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em busca de possveis erros.
2VGHRUWRJUDDHOHPDUFDHPvermelho e os de gramtica
em a]XO. importante lembrar que estas marcaes no sero
impressas.
Dica de prova!!!
Mala direta
9DPRVYHULFDUFRPRIXQFLRQDXPDPDODGLUHWD
9RXH[HPSOLILFDUXWLOL]DQGRXPFOXEHHSUHWHQGRHQYLDU
uma correspondncia para todos os scios.
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cadastro dos scios do clube, o endereo existente neste
FDGDVWURTXHVHUiXWLOL]DGRSDUDHQYLDUDFRUUHVSRQGrQFLD
Primeiro passo:
Crie uma carta com o texto que ser enviado a todos os
scios, no coloque o nome nem endereo, deixe lacunas ou
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Segundo passo:
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deixando-os em negrito e itlico para destaca-los bem do
restante do texto.
Terceiro passo:
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como fonte de dados para enviar suas cartas, crie uma
planilha no MS-Excel contendo todos os campos que
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documento mestre.
Quarto passo:
Para criar a mala direta clique na guia Correspondncias
e clique em Iniciar Mala Direta Cartas.
Agora, clique no boto Selecionar Destinatrios Usar
Lista Existente. Selecione a planilha que ser importada e a lista
criada no Excel.
Quinto passo:
No documento mestre (Word) selecione a local onde sero
inseridos os dados do banco de dados, o local onde esto os
;HFOLTXHQRERWmR,QVHULU&DPSRGH0HVFODJHPQD*XLD
Correspondncia. Selecione o campo corresponde da planilha.
Os campos do Excel inseriro nas lacunas os dados necessrios
para completar o esqueleto.
Para cada scio o MS-Word criar uma folha com o
mesmo esqueleto (documento mestre Word), mas com dados
pertinentes a cada scio, conforme planilha Excel ou Banco de
Dados selecionados.
Sexto passo:
3DUD VDEHU FRPR FDUi R GRFXPHQWR QDO FOLTXH HP
Correspondncias 9LVXDOL]DU 5HVXOWDGRV H XVH RV ERW}HV
Prximo Registro e Registro anterior para navegar pelas
pginas. Clique nesses botes para conferir se as pginas foram
criadas corretamente.
Stimo passo:
Para concluir a mala direta e usar o resultado da unio entre
o esqueleto e os dados, basta clicar na guia Correspondncias e
no boto Concluir e Mesclar.
A seguir, voc tem duas opes:
Imprimir Documentos ou
Editar Documentos Individualmente.
Na primeira opo, possvel imprimir diretamente todos

os documentos em conjunto. Na segunda, voc cria todos os
documentos, com as informaes j mescladas, prontas para
serem editadas individualmente por voc.
possvel criar mala direta para cartas, e-mail, envelopes,
etiquetas e diretrio.
Impresso
Para imprimir seu documento o processo muito simples.
Clique no menu Arquivo e clique sobre Imprimir.
Na janela da direita ser exibido o documento a ser impresso
SDUD TXH YRFr FRQUD VHX OD\RXW H XP SDLQHO FRP DOJXPDV
FRQJXUDo}HVHIHUUDPHQWDVSDUDDX[LOLDUQDVXDLPSUHVVmR1R
Word, voc pode dividir um documento em sees mltiplas
que usam numerao de pgina diferentes em cada seo.
3DUD HVSHFLFDU XPD SiJLQD RX XP LQWHUYDOR GH SiJLQDV D
serem impressas, voc deve fornecer o nmero da pgina e o
nmero de seo para o intervalo que voc deseja imprimir.
Em um documento de vrias sees que contm mais de
uma pgina 1, o Word no pode determinar qual pgina 1 para
imprimir a menos que voc tambm fornecer um nmero de
seo para a pgina.
Para imprimir um intervalo de pginas em sees, use a
seguinte sintaxe na caixa pginas:
Por exemplo, voc digitaria p1s1 p1s2 para imprimir a
pgina 1 da seo 1 pgina 1 da seo 2.
3DUDLPSULPLUDSiJLQDGDVHomRSiJLQDGDVHomR
GLJLWHSVSV
Para imprimir as pginas no-adjacentes ou sees no
adjacentes, digite os nmeros de pgina e seo separados por
vrgula (,).
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GLJLWHVV
3DUDLPSULPLUSiJLQDVDGDVHomRHSiJLQDVGHDGD
VHomRGLJLWHSVSVSVSV
Macros
Macros so aes gravveis que facilitam ou aceleram o
uso de certas aes ou conjunto de propriedades que podem
ser adicionadas a um texto. Por exemplo, voc pode criar uma
macro para adicionar um texto em um documento sem ter que
digit-lo ou copi-lo de outro lugar.
Macros mais avanadas permitem a alterao de formatao

de pginas ou margens automaticamente.
Para se trabalhar com Macros necessrio habilitar a
Guia Desenvolvedor, para isso, Clique no menu Arquivo
Opes 3HUVRQDOL]DU )DL[D GH 2So}HV +DELOLWH D *XLD
Desenvolvedor e clique OK.
A partir deste momento no MS-Word h uma nova guia

chamada Desenvolvedor, agora possvel trabalhar com
Macros. Para acessar o painel de gravao de Macros, v
na aba Desenvolvedor e clique em Gravar Macro. L voc
escolher entre um atalho de boto ou no teclado e se ela
VHUiDUPD]HQDGDSDUDDSHQDVXPGRFXPHQWRRXHPWRGRVRV
documentos criados daqui para frente. Algo importante para
se ter em mente que durante esse processo no possvel
usar o mouse no documento em si. Sendo assim preciso
saber quais so os atalhos de teclado usados para navegar
entre as guias. Para maior facilidade, opte para todos os
documentos e clique em OK.
A partir desse momento a sua macro comear a ser gravada.
Digite um texto e clique em Parar Gravao. O cone do
macro ser ento criado na guia de acesso rpido. Ao clicar nele,
o texto ser adicionado automaticamente em seu documento.
Esse exemplo bsico se aplica a praticamente tudo que voc
desejar criar com Macros no Word. Quer um espaamento de
pgina? Clique em Gravar Macro, d um nome, um atalho,
efetue as etapas e clique em Parar gravao. Uma dica
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UHDOPHQWHJUDYDUSDUDFHUWLFDUTXHHVWiWXGRFRUUHWR
MS - EXCEL
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eletronicamente uma planilha. Planilha uma tabela que contm
clculos. O programa Excel simula uma enorme folha de papel
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folhas de pagamento e controles em geral.
A tela do computador exibe uma folha onde podemos
observar uma srie de linhas (representada por nmeros) e
colunas (representadas por letras).
A cada encontro de uma linha com uma coluna temos uma
FpOXODRQGHSRGHPRVDUPD]HQDUXPWH[WRXPYDORUIXQo}HVRX
frmula para os clculos. O endereo de uma clula formado
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Uma Folha de Clculo , por tradio, um conjunto de clulas
que formam uma grelha ou tabela e que podem relacionar-se
entre si atravs de expresses lgicas e/ou matemticas.
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arquivos criados pelo Excel so chamados de Pasta de Trabalho.
(VSHFLFDPHQWH YRFr SRGH XVDU R ([FHO SDUD DFRPSDQKDU
dados, criar modelos de anlise de dados, criar frmulas para
ID]HUFiOFXORVGHVVHVGDGRVRUJDQL]DUGLQDPLFDPHQWHRVGDGRV
GHYiULDVPDQHLUDVHDSUHVHQWiORVHPGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHJUiFRV
SURVVLRQDLV
Um arquivo do Excel inicia com trs guias de planilha, estas
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mais de uma planilha, inicialmente o Excel possui trs planilhas,
H DR QDO GD 3ODQ WHPRV R tFRQH GH LQVHULU SODQLOKDTXH FULD
uma nova planilha. Voc pode clicar com o boto direito do
mouse em uma planilha existente para manipular as planilhas.
Clicando com o boto secundrio do mouse abre uma janela
que torna possvel inserir uma nova planilha, excluir uma
planilha existente, renomear uma planilha, mover ou copiar essa
planilha, etc...
Teclas de Funo
Alguns comandos Excel podem ser executados pelas
chamadas Teclas de Funo. Estas teclas vo de <F1> at <F10>.
<F1> (Ajuda): Exibe tpicos de ajuda; se voc apertar esta
tecla numa opo de menu, este responder dvida referente
ao ponto selecionado anteriormente, pois ele sensvel ao
contexto.
<F2> (Editar): Quando voc posicionar o cursor numa
FpOXODHGHVHMDUPRGLFDURFRQWH~GRIyUPXODRXGDGRVGHOD
<F3> (Nome): Lista as faixas nomeadas no arquivo. Deve-se
XWLOL]iORGXUDQWHDFULDomRGHXPDIyUPXODRXGXUDQWHRXVRGH
Caixas de Dilogo que necessitem de endereamento de clulas.
<F4> (Repetir) / (Ref. Absoluta): Repete a ltima operao
(GLomRRX)RUPDWDomRH[HFXWDGDQR([FHORX[DRHQGHUHoR
de clula numa frmula para cpia posterior.
)!,U3DUD3HUPLWHLUDXPHQGHUHoRGHFpOXODTXDOTXHU
ou a uma faixa nomeada no arquivo.
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na mesma Planilha.
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RUWRJUDFDPHQWHRVWH[WRVGD3ODQLOKD
)!([WHQVmReXVDGRSDUDVHOHFLRQDUFpOXODVMXQWDPHQWH
com as teclas setas.
<F9> (Calcular Agora): Quando se opta pelo clculo

manual, deixa-se de efetuar o clculo automaticamente como
RVHXSDGUmRHVSHUDQGRTXHVHQDOL]DDSyVDLQFOXVmRGHWRGRV
os valores e frmulas.
<F10> (Menu): Equivalente ao uso do <ALT> da esquerda
do teclado ou ao clicar na Barra de
Menu.
<F12> SALVAR COMO...
AutoAjuste de Coluna
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que est dentro dela. Ao aplicar um AutoAjuste, a coluna
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quantidade de contedo existente em suas clulas.
Para aplicar um AutoAjuste largura da coluna, posicione o
ponteiro do mouse na linha que divide a coluna que voc deseja
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Quando o mouse assumir o formato de uma seta preta
de duas pontas, d um clique duplo. O AutoAjuste pode no
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Alterando a Altura da Linha

Posicione o ponteiro do mouse na diviso da linha com a
seguinte.
Clique, segure e arraste, para baixo ou para cima (aumentando
RX UHGX]LQGR 2 $XWR$MXVWH FRP R FOLTXHGXSOR WDPEpP
pode ser usado em linhas.
Seleo com o Mouse

Assim como nos demais programas que j foram estudados,
no Excel tambm h a necessidade de selecionar aquilo que
desejamos alterar.
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individualmente. Ou seja, posicionando o quadro de destaque
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voc precisar aprender a destacar grupos de clulas, alm de
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e alternados.
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observao da aparncia do ponteiro do mouse. Voc j deve
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na clula ou na planilha. Vejamos: Marca de Seleo: Quando
posicionamos o mouse dentro da rea de uma clula, ele assume
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de uma ou mais clulas. Marca de Preenchimento: o formato
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preenchimento da clula. Sua funo copiar o contedo para
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borda que contorna a seleo de uma clula, o formato ser de
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formato permite que o contedo de uma clula seja movido para
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uma ou mais clulas.
Selecionar Intervalo Contnuo

Chamamos de Intervalo duas ou mais clulas em uma
planilha. Ele pode ser adjacente ou no. Clulas adjacentes, so
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GHVWDFDFpOXODVYL]LQKDXPDVGDVRXWUDV8PLQWHUYDORGHFpOXODV
adjacentes tambm conhecido como contnuo.
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um intervalo de seleo contnuo, execute um dos procedimentos
abaixo:
Clique na clula inicial, segure o boto do mouse e arraste
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FDUiHPGHVWDTXHRX
Clique na clula inicial do intervalo e solte. Segurando a
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Um intervalo de clulas contnuo representando da
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QDFpOXOD%HYDLDWpDFpOXOD*GHVWDFDQGRWDPEpPDVFpOXODV
que se encontram entre essas duas referncias.
Selecionar Intervalo Alternado

Um intervalo de clulas alternado, ou no adjacente, destaca
duas ou mais clulas sem selecionar as que esto entre elas. Para
ID]HUXPDVHOHomRDOWHUQDGDpSUHFLVRFRPELQDURXVRGDWHFOD
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Entrada de textos e nmeros

Na rea de trabalho do Excel podem ser digitados
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seus dados, voc pode pressionar a tecla ENTER, ou com
as setas mudar de clula, esse recurso somente no ser
vlido quando estiver efetuando um clculo. Caso precise
alterar o contedo de uma clula sem precisar redigitar
tudo novamente, clique sobre ela e pressione F2, faa sua
alterao e pressione ENTER em seu teclado.
Constantes:
Um valor constante pode ser do tipo numrico, lgico,
indicativo de data e hora, ou texto:
Valor numrico: qualquer combinao dos algarismos

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SRQWRH[SRQHQFLDomR(HPDLVHPHQRV
9DORU/yJLFRR([FHOXWLOL]DRVYDORUHVOyJLFRV9HUGDdeiro (True) e Falso (False).
Datas e horas: a informao relativa a datas e horas

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SDUWHLQWHLUDGL]UHVSHLWRjGDWDQ~PHURGHGLDVGHVGH
HDSDUWHUHDOGL]UHVSHLWRjVKRUDVPLQXWRVHVHgundos (nmero de segundos desde a meia-noite). Ex:
pHTXLYDOHQWHDKGH
Texto: todo o conjunto de caracteres que no considerado valor lgico, numrico, data e hora ou frmulas.
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como sendo do tipo texto antecedendo a constante com
o smbolo apstrofo ( ).
Salvando e Abrindo Arquivos

Para salvar uma planilha o processo igual ao feito no
Word, clique no menu Arquivo e clique em Salvar. Escolha o
local onde deseja salvar a planilha, d um nome ao seu arquivo e
clique em Salvar, o formato padro das planilhas do Excel 2013
o xlsx, se precisar salvar em xls para manter compatibilidade
FRP DV YHUV}HV DQWHULRUHV p SUHFLVR HP 7LSR GHQLU FRPR
Pasta de Trabalho do Excel 97 2003. Para abrir um arquivo
existente, clique no menu Arquivo e depois no boto Abrir,
ORFDOL]HVHXDUTXLYRHFOLTXHVREUHHOHHGHSRLVHPDEULU
Caixa de Dilogo Formatar Clulas

Voc pode selecionar uma ou mais clulas e formata-las atravs
do comando Formatar, do grupo Clulas da Guia Pgina Inicial. A
caixa de dilogo dividida em Guias, que agrupam os comandos
GHDFRUGRFRPDFDWHJRULDGHIRUPDWDomRTXHGHVHMDUHDOL]DU
Guia Nmero
O Excel trabalha com nmeros sob um formato Geral,
sem nenhum valor ou formatao especial. Atravs desta guia,
clique em uma opo na caixa Categoria e selecione as opes
que voc deseja aplicar a um nmero. A caixa Exemplo mostra a
aparncia das clulas selecionadas com a formatao escolhida.
A caixa de dilogo muda, conforme as propriedades da
categoria escolhida. Por exemplo, para a categoria Data,
selecione a localidade na lista para as opes de formatao
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&OLTXHQDFDWHJRULD3HUVRQDOL]DGRVHGHVHMDUFULDUIRUPDWRV
SHUVRQDOL]DGRVSDUDQ~PHURVFRPRFyGLJRVGHSURGXWRV
Guia Alinhamento
$VRSo}HVGHVWDJXLDHVSHFLFDPFULWpULRVGHDOLQKDPHQWRH
distribuio de texto nas clulas.
dividida em quatro sees:
Alinhamento de texto $OWHUD R DOLQKDPHQWR KRUL]RQWDO RX
vertical do contedo da clula, com base nas opes escolhidas.
6HOHFLRQHXPDRSomRQDFDL[DGHOLVWDJHP+RUL]RQWDOSDUDDOWHUDU
R DOLQKDPHQWR KRUL]RQWDO GR FRQWH~GR GD FpOXOD 3RU SDGUmR R
Microsoft Excel alinha texto esquerda, nmeros direita e valores
OyJLFRVHGHHUURQRFHQWUR2DOLQKDPHQWRKRUL]RQWDOSDGUmRp*HUDO
Selecione uma opo na caixa Vertical para alterar o alinhamento
vertical do contedo da clula. Por padro, o Microsoft Excel alinha
texto verticalmente na parte inferior da clula. A caixa Recuo, recua
o contedo da clula a partir de qualquer borda, dependendo da
RSomRHVFROKLGDHP+RUL]RQWDOH9HUWLFDO&DGDLQFUHPHQWRQDFDL[D
Recuo equivale largura de um caractere.
Controle de Texto: Selecione opes para ajustar a forma
como voc deseja que o texto aparea em uma clula. Quebrar
texto automaticamente quebra o texto em vrias linhas em uma
clula. O nmero de quebras de linha depende da largura da
FROXQD H GR FRPSULPHQWR GR FRQWH~GR GDV FpOXODV 5HGX]LU
para caber diminui o tamanho aparente dos caracteres para que
todos os dados em uma clula selecionada caibam na coluna.
O tamanho dos caracteres ser ajustado automaticamente se
voc alterar a largura da coluna. O tamanho de fonte aplicado
no alterado. Mesclar clulas combina duas ou mais clulas
selecionadas em uma nica clula. A referncia de clula para
uma clula mesclada a clula superior esquerda no intervalo
selecionado original.
Da direita para a esquerda: Selecione uma opo na caixa

'LUHomRGRWH[WRSDUDHVSHFLFDUDOHLWXUDHRDOLQKDPHQWR$V
opes so Contexto, da esquerda para a direita e da direita para
a esquerda.
Orientao: Selecione uma opo em Orientao para
alterar a orientao do texto nas clulas selecionadas. As opes
de rotao podero no estar disponveis se outras opes de
alinhamento estiverem selecionadas.
Guia Fonte
Atravs desta guia voc poder escolher um modelo de fonte
GLIHUHQWHDSOLFDUXPHVWLORPRGLFDUWDPDQKRGHWHUPLQDUXP
modelo de sublinhado, alterar a cor da fonte e ainda aplicar
um dos trs efeitos. Embora as opes desta guia no sejam
to completas quanto a formatao de fonte no Word, so
VXFLHQWHVSDUDPRGLFDUDDSDUrQFLDGRFRQWH~GRQDVFpOXODV
Guia Borda
As linhas de grade que dividem as clulas na planilha s
VmRYLVXDOL]DGDVQDWHODGRFRPSXWDGRU6HLPSULPLUDSODQLOKD
do jeito que est, nenhuma linha de separao de clulas seria
LPSUHVVDDRPHQRVTXHQDVFRQJXUDo}HVGHLPSUHVVmRHVWHMD
habilitada para imprimir linhas de grade.
3DUDGHWHUPLQDUHSHUVRQDOL]DUFRQWRUQRVSDUDXPDRXPDLV
clulas da planilha, use as opes desta guia.
Guia Preenchimento
Selecione uma cor de plano de fundo escolhendo uma das
cores disponveis
importante que o preenchimento escolhido para a clula
esteja de acordo com a cor escolhida para a fonte. Por exemplo,
VHYRFrDSOLFDXPDFRUGHWH[WRD]XOHVFXURGHYHHVFROKHUXP
WRPGHSUHHQFKLPHQWRFODURTXHQmRDWUDSDOKHDYLVXDOL]DomRGR
texto. Da mesma forma se escolhe uma fonte clara, deve aplicar
um preenchimento escuro.
possvel aplicar Efeitos de Preenchimento no boto
adequado e Mais cores se necessitar de outra cor que no esteja
disponvel nos padres exibidos.
Guia Proteo
Bloqueadas: Evita que as clulas selecionadas sejam
alteradas, movidas, redimensionadas ou excludas.
Ocultas: Oculta uma frmula em uma clula para que ela no
aparea na barra de frmulas quando a clula for selecionada.
Bloquear clulas ou ocultar frmulas no tem efeito algum
a menos que a planilha esteja protegida. Para proteger uma
planilha, v at a Guia Reviso, Grupo Alteraes, possvel
selecionar as aes que sero permitidas aos outros usurios.
Formatao condicional
Este recurso do Excel 2013 aplica formatos a clulas
VHOHFLRQDGDV TXH DWHQGHP D FULWpULRV HVSHFtFRV EDVHDGRV
HP YDORUHV RX IyUPXODV TXH YRFr HVSHFLFDU 2V IRUPDWRV
condicionais continuam aplicados clula at que o usurio os
remova, mesmo que nenhuma das condies seja atendida e os
IRUPDWRVGDVFpOXODVHVSHFLFDGDVQmRVHMDPH[LELGRV
Imagine que, em uma planilha, voc quisesse destacar em

vermelho os produtos que venderam quantidades abaixo do
YDORU PtQLPR TXH VHULDP XQLGDGHV ( DLQGD GHVWDFDU GH
D]XO RV TXH VXSHUDUDP DV PHWDV XOWUDSDVVDQGR XQLGDGHV
Observe: Selecione a faixa de clulas que tero os valores
DQDOLVDGRVDPGHREWHUXPDIRUPDWDomRSRUFRQGLo}HV1R
caso, a faixa de clulas com as quantidades vendidas de todos
os produtos. Na Guia Pgina Inicial clique em Formatao
Condicional no Grupo estilo e escolha suas opes para obter o
resultado desejado. Ao selecionar uma parte do texto, tambm
possvel clicar no menu de opes que aparecer logo abaixo da
rea selecionada, este menu se chama OHQWHVGHDQiOLVHUiSLGD
nele voc encontra vrias opes de formatao.
&ODVVLFDU
2FRPDQGR&ODVVLFDURUJDQL]DDVLQIRUPDo}HVQDVOLQKDV
selecionadas ou lista as informaes em ordem alfabtica, por
nmero ou por data.
3DUDFODVVLFDURVGDGRVR([FHOVHJXHDOJXQVFULWpULRVGH
SULRULGDGHHRUJDQL]DomR1XPD&ODVVLFDomRGRWLSR&UHVFHQWH
por exemplo, a ordem a seguinte:
1~PHURV2VQ~PHURVVmRFODVVLFDGRVGRPHQRUQ~PHUR
negativo, ao maior nmero positivo.
&ODVVLFDomR DOIDQXPpULFD 4XDQGR YRFr FODVVLFD WH[WR
DOIDQXPpULFR R ([FHO FODVVLFD GD HVTXHUGD SDUD D GLUHLWD
caractere por caractere. Por exemplo, se uma clula contm o
texto B100, o Excel coloca a clula depois de uma clula que
contenha a entrada B1, e antes de uma clula que contenha a
entrada B11. Apstrofos (') e hifens (-): So ignorados, com
uma exceo - se duas sequncias de caracteres de texto forem
LJXDLV H[FHWR SHOR KtIHQ R WH[WR FRP KtIHQ p FODVVLFDGR SRU
ltimo.
9DORUHVOyJLFRV(PYDORUHVOyJLFRV)$/62pFRORFDGR
DQWHVGH9(5'$'(,52
9D]LDV$VFpOXODVHPEUDQFRVmRVHPSUHFODVVLFDGDVSRU
ltimo.
(P XPD &ODVVLFDomR GR WLSR 'HFUHVFHQWH HVWD RUGHP GH
FODVVLFDomRpLQYHUWLGDH[FHWRSDUDDVFpOXODVHPEUDQFRTXH
sero sempre colocadas por ltimo.
AutoFiltro
Esse o meio mais rpido de selecionar apenas os itens que
voc deseja exibir em uma lista. Para aplicar o AutoFiltro, no
precisa selecionar. Basta deixar a seleo em qualquer clula da
SODQLOKDFOLFDUQD*XLD'DGRVHQR*UXSR&ODVVLFDUH)LOWUDU
clicar em Filtro.
$XWRPDWLFDPHQWHR([FHOLGHQWLFDDVOLQKDVGHFDEHoDOKR
GDV FROXQDV H DSOLFD R $XWR)LOWUR QHVWDV FpOXODV ,VVR FD
evidente pelas setas pretas apontando para baixo, que surgem
imediatamente nas clulas que contm os rtulos das colunas.
A partir da voc pode controlar a exibio dos itens de cada
coluna acessando as opes referentes a ela atravs das caixas
GHVHOHomR9RFrWHPDRSomRGHOWUDUSRUQ~PHURVVHDFROXQD
WLYHUQ~PHURVRXOWUDUSRUWH[WRVHDFROXQDWLYHUWH[WRV
Para voltar a exibir todos os registros, deve clicar no seletor
TXHFRQWpPXPSHTXHQRIXQLOVtPERORGROWURLVVRLQGLFDTXH
voc mudou o controle de exibio daquela coluna) e selecionar
a opo Selecionar Tudo. Isso deve ser feito em todas as colunas
RQGHIRLDSOLFDGRROWUR
3DUD UHPRYHU R DXWROWUR FOLTXH QRYDPHQWH HP )LOWUR QD

Guia Dados.
GRFICOS
Conceitos e Tipos
Lidar com nmeros e estatsticas no fcil. Reunir esses
nmeros numa apresentao pode ser ainda mais complicado.
8PDHVWUDWpJLDPXLWRXWLOL]DGDSDUDRUJDQL]DUYLVXDOPHQWH
informaes numricas e valores estatsticos atravs da criao
GH *UiFRV *UiFRV WrP DSHOR YLVXDO H IDFLOLWDP SDUD RV
XVXiULRVDYLVXDOL]DomRGHFRPSDUDo}HVSDGU}HVHWHQGrQFLDV
QRV GDGRV 3RU H[HPSOR HP YH] GH WHU GH DQDOLVDU YiULDV
colunas de nmeros de planilha, voc pode ver rapidamente se
as vendas esto caindo ou subindo a cada trimestre, ou como
as vendas reais se comparam s vendas estimadas. Voc pode
FULDUXPJUiFRFRPRSODQLOKDLQGLYLGXDORXFRPRXPREMHWR
incorporado a uma planilha.
(VWUXWXUDGHXP*UiFR
1R([FHOXPJUiFRpYLQFXODGRDRVGDGRVGDSODQLOKDHP
TXH IRL FULDGR H p DWXDOL]DGR DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH TXDQGR YRFr
altera os dados desta planilha.
7LSRVGH*UiFR
9RFr SRGH FULDU XP JUiFR HP VXD SUySULD SODQLOKD GH
JUiFRRXFRPRXPJUiFRLQFRUSRUDGRHPXPDSODQLOKD'H
TXDOTXHUPDQHLUDRJUiFRpYLQFXODGRDRVGDGRVGHRULJHPQD
SODQLOKDRTXHVLJQLFDTXHRJUiFRVHUiDWXDOL]DGRTXDQGRRV
GDGRVGDSODQLOKDIRUHPDWXDOL]DGRV
*UiFRVLQFRUSRUDGRV8PJUiFRLQFRUSRUDGRpFRQVLGHUDGR
XPREMHWRJUiFRHpVDOYRFRPRSDUWHGDSODQLOKDHPTXHIRL
FULDGR 8VH JUiFRV LQFRUSRUDGRV TXDQGR TXLVHU H[LELU RX
LPSULPLUXPRXPDLVJUiFRVFRPVHXVGDGRVGDSODQLOKD
)ROKDVGHJUiFR8PDIROKDGHJUiFRpXPDIROKDVHSDUDGD
dentro da sua pasta de trabalho que tem um nome prprio. Use uma
IROKDGHJUiFRTXDQGRTXLVHUH[LELURXHGLWDUJUiFRVH[WHQVRV
ou complexos separados dos dados da planilha ou quando desejar
preservar espao na tela enquanto trabalha na planilha.
,QVHULQGRR*UiFR
3DUDLQVHULURJUiFRSULPHLURYRFrGHYHVHOHFLRQDUWRGDD
SODQLOKDTXHVHUiDEDVHGHGDGRVSDUDVHXJUiFR$SyVDVHOHomR
GRVGDGRVFOLTXHQD*XLD,QVHULUHQR*UXSR*UiFRVFOLTXHQD
RSomRGHVHMDGD*UiFRVUHFRPHQGDGRV*UiFR'LQkPLFRRX
QRV PRGHORV H[LVWHQWH 3L]]D %DUUDV &ROXQDV /LQKDV UHD
HWF$RFOLFDUQRWLSRGHJUiFRHOHMiVHUiLQVHULGRFRPRVGDGRV
extrados da planilha. Aparecer tambm uma Guia de contexto
SHUVRQDOL]DGDDSHQDVFRPFRPDQGRVVREUHJUiFRV1HVWD*XLD
YRFrWHUiWRWDOFRQWUROHVREUHRJUiFRSRGHQGRDOWHUDURVHX
WLSRLQYHUWHUDVUHIHUrQFLDVDOWHUDUGHJUiFRLQFRUSRUDGRSDUD
uma nova planilha e vice-versa, alterar seu layout, etc.
PORCENTAGEM
Quando for necessrio extrair a porcentagem de alguma
clula simples, basta multiplicar o endereo da clula pela
porcentagem propriamente dita que se deseja extrair.
Exemplos de planilhas com clculos de porcentagem:
Frmulas e Funes
([LVWHP GXDV IRUPDV GH ID]HUPRV FiOFXORV FRP R ([FHO
Frmulas e Funes. Inicialmente todos clculos comea com
VLQDOGHLJXDO 7RGRFiOFXORpIHLWRXWLOL]DQGRRHQGHUHoR
da clula e no os valores embutidos nelas. Alguns operadores
PDWHPiWLFRVGLIHUHPGRVXWLOL]DGRVQDPDWHPiWLFDWUDGLFLRQDO
Repetio de Frmulas e Utilizao de

Referncias
e QRUPDO XWLOL]DUPRV QR ([FHO FROXQDV RX OLQKDV FRP
vrias cpias da mesma frmula, variando s as referncias,
nestes casos podemos inserir manualmente todas as frmulas
tornando se um processo desagradvel, moroso e sujeito a
HUURV )HOL]PHQWH H[LVWHP PHFDQLVPRV GH SUHHQFKLPHQWR
DXWRPiWLFRGHFpOXODVHpQHVVDVVLWXDo}HVTXHDXWLOL]DomR
de referncias relativas, absolutas e mistas se revestem da
maior importncia.
23UHHQFKLPHQWR$XWRPiWLFRpUHDOL]DGRSHOR([FHOTXDQGR
8WLOL]DPRV R FRPDQGR &RSLDU H GHSRLV R FRPDQGR &RODU
tendo como destino vrias clulas.
4XDQGR VHOHFLRQDGR XP FRQMXQWR GH FpOXODV H VH XWLOL]D R
comando Editar Preencher.
2XDLQGDXWLOL]DPRVDDOoDGHSUHHQFKLPHQWRTXDGUDGRQR
canto inferior direito da clula selecionada).
As referncias relativas so incrementadas pelo Excel na
linha e/ou na coluna consoante se preenche as clulas ao longo
das colunas e das linhas. As referncias absolutas no so
alteradas. As referncias mistas s so alteradas na parte no
[D2FDUDFWHUHQXPDUHIHUrQFLDVLJQLFD[DU
Dica: possvel pressionar a tecla de funo F4 para
autocompletar a sequncia previamente feita.
Ala de cpia ou Ala de preenchimento

No canto inferior direito de clula ativa h um pequeno
quadrado denominado Ala de cpia ou preenchimento. Este
SHTXHQR ERWmR UHDOL]D D FySLD GR FRQWH~GR GH XPD FpOXOD
se for texto, e o cola nas demais clulas sequenciais caso
voc posicione o mouse sobre este boto, clique, mantenha
pressionado e desloque o mouse pelas linhas ou colunas
desejadas, repare que somente nas clulas sequenciais. Caso
o contedo da clula seja nmero ou texto com nmero, o
programa incrementa o valor existente na clula e altera o valor
nas demais clulas. Incrementar somar 1. Por exemplo na
clula C1 ns temos o texto: Soluo 1. Posicionando o mouse
VREUHDDOoDRPRXVHPXGDUiVHXOD\RXWGHFUX]EUDQFDHODUJD
SDUDSUHWDHQDHVWHpRLQGLFDWLYRTXHRPRXVHHVWiVREUHD
ala de cpia preenchimento. Neste caso, se eu clicar sobre a
ala e puxar at a clula c10, o contedo de C10 ser preenchido
automaticamente pelo programa para: Soluo 10, o programa
incrementou, somou 1, a contagem existente na clula.
Utilizao de Nomes
Uma outra forma alternativa para referir uma clula ou um
LQWHUYDORGHFpOXODVpDSURSRUFLRQDGDSHODXWLOL]DomRGHQRPHV
8PQRPHpXPLGHQWLFDGRUTXHSRGHVHUDWULEXtGRDXPDRX
PDLVFpOXODVDXPYDORURXDXPDIyUPXOD$GHQLomRGHXP
QRPH SRGH VHU IHLWD DWUDYpV GR PHQX ,QVHULU!1RPH!'HQLU
ou editar diretamente na caixa de nomes da barra de frmulas.
$XWLOL]DomRGHQRPHVWHPDVVHJXLQWHVYDQWDJHQVRVQRPHV
so mais sugestivos e de fcil deduo em planilhas a mesma
SDVWDGHWUDEDOKRRVQRPHVSRGHPVHUUDSLGDPHQWHFRODGRVD
SDUWLUGDFDL[DGHQRPHVIDFLOLWDQGRDVXDXWLOL]DomR
Tipos de Referncias
2 ([FHO XWLOL]D HQGHUHoRV GH FpOXODV SDUD PRQWDU VHXV
clculos, como j vimos, possvel expandirmos as funes
sem a necessidade de redigitar a frmula.
(QWHQGD RV GLIHUHQWHV WLSRV GH UHIHUrQFLD XWLOL]DGD SHOR

Excel e como so as variaes. A referncia so os endereos
de clula onde esto os valores que a funo que voc est
PRQWDQGRLUiXWLOL]DU
Remotas: so referncias feitas a dados de outros aplicativos
(ex: uma planilha com referncia a uma tabela do Access)
Externas: so referncias feitas a clulas de outras planilhas.
Internas: so referncias feitas a clulas da mesma planilha.
Nas referncias externas e internas existem 3 categorias de
referncias: Relativas, Absolutas e Mistas:
Relativas: Ao Copiar uma clula e Colar seu contedo em
outras clulas seu valor ser alterado relativamente a primeira
clula que foi digitada (copiada). Como representa uma posio
relativa, sempre que a referncia copiada ou deslocada, ela
DWXDOL]DVHHPIXQomRGDQRYDSRVLomR
Absolutas: Mas nem sempre desejamos que a frmula se

"propague". Neste caso colocamos um cifro - $ - antes da letra
para evitar que a coluna seja alterada (incrementada), ou antes
do nmero para evitar que a linha seja alterada. Observe que
agora a frmula se manteve constante.
Mistas: Quando precisamos de uma combinao das duas

situaes, colocamos o cifro frente apenas da letra da coluna
(ex: $A1) ou do nmero da linha (ex:A$1). Assim, "travamos a
propagao" da Coluna ou da Linha.
Observe, a seguir, que parte da frmula est sem o cifro - e
SRULVVRVHDOWHURXHDRXWUDSDUWHRXWUDYDGDHP%HP
virtude da colocao do cifro antes de B e de 1.
Se voc criou uma frmula e deseja alterar as referncias

relativas para absolutas (e vice-versa), selecione a clula
que contm a frmula. Na barra de frmulas, selecione
a referncia que voc deseja alterar e pressione a tecla
de funo F4. Sempre que voc pressionar F4, o Excel
DOWHUQDUi R FLIUmR WUDYDQGR VRPHQWH D OHWUD VRPHQWH
o nmero, ambos ou nenhum. Para editar uma clula basta
FOLFDU VREUH HOD GXDV YH]HV RX DSHQDV XPD H SUHVVLRQDU D
tecla de funo F2.
Funes embutidas ou encastrada

'L]VH TXH XPD IXQomR VH HQFRQWUD HPEXWLGD DQLQKDGD
TXDQGRpXWLOL]DGDFRPRDUJXPHQWRRSHUDQGRGHRXWUDIXQomR
Exemplo:
=SOMA(2;3;4;A1:B7;A9)
D o mesmo resultado de:
O Excel suporta at SETE nveis de ANINHAMENTO
Utilizao do Assistente de Funes

As funes podem ser digitadas: diretamente na planilha
ou atravs do Assistente de Funes que d acesso lista das
funes, ajudando tambm a construir a estrutura da funo
Mensagens de Erros mais comuns no Excel

2 WDPDQKR GD FROXQD QmR p VXFLHQWH SDUD H[LELU

seu valor. Somente com nmeros
#REF!
Na frmula existe a referncia para uma clula que

no existe.
#DIV/0!
A frmula est tentando dividir um valor por 0.
#NOME? A frmula possui um texto que o Excel no

reconhece.
#VALOR! Frmula possui um tipo errado de argumento.
Comentrios na clula
possvel inserir comentrios nas clulas. Os comentrios
servem para esclarecer o contedo da clula.
Basta clicar com o boto secundrio do mouse sobre uma
FpOXOD H HVFROKHU ,QVHULU FRPHQWiULR$ FpOXOD TXH SRVVXL R
comentrio possui um pequeno triangulo vermelho no canto
superior direito.
Frmulas
8WLOL]DPRVIyUPXODVSDUDID]HUPRVFiOFXORVVLPSOHVQR06
Excel.
Basta iniciar com o sinal de igual (=)
Digitar o endereo da clula e o operador matemtico.
$$
&'
=G44*S79
0'
'57 65)3
Funo
$ IXQomR p XP PpWRGR XWLOL]DGR SDUD WRUQDU PDLV IiFLO H
rpido a montagem de frmulas que envolvem clculos mais
complexos e vrios valores. Existem funes para os clculos
PDWHPiWLFRVQDQFHLURVHHVWDWtVWLFRV3RUH[HPSORQDIXQomR
620$$$VHULDRPHVPRTXH $$$$$
$$$$$VyTXHFRPDIXQomRRSURFHVVRSDVVDD
ser mais fcil e com menor probabilidade de erro de digitao.
Uma funo possui a seguinte sintaxe:
Sempre inicia com sinal de igual = ou @
Nome da funo, o que ser executado por ela: 620$
08/76(0;,02, etc.
Os endereos de clulas (parmetros) que possuem os
valores que sero usados pela funo sempre viro entre
parnteses ($$ entre os endereos podem ser inseridos
dois pontos ou ponto e vrgula (A2:A10) (A2;A10)
Quando os endereos so separados por dois pontos (A2 :
A10), a funo obter os valores de todas as clulas entre A2 e
A10, ou seja, A2, A3, A4 ... A10)
Quando os endereos so separados por ponto e vrgula (A2
$VRPHQWHRVHQGHUHoRVLQIRUPDGRVVHUmRXWLOL]DGRVSHOD
funo, ou seja, somente os valores existentes nas clulas A2 e
$VHUmRXWLOL]DGRV
No MS-Excel no se preocupe em digitar o nome da
funo com letra maiscula ou acentua-la, isto o programa
UHDOL]DDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHEDVWDVRPHQWHGLJLWDURQRPHFRUUHWR
GD IXQomR (P RXWUDV VXtWHV FRPR R %U2IFH p REULJDWyULR
acentuar a palavra, caso contrrio, o programa exibir um erro e
QmRUHDOL]DUiRFiOFXOR
A funo SOMA( ), por exemplo, exige como argumentos
D HVSHFLFDomR GD FpOXOD LQLFLDO H GD FpOXOD QDO VHSDUDGDV
por dois-pontos ou, ento, uma srie de endereos de clulas
separados por ponto-e-vrgula.
Cada funo possui uma sintaxe prpria, ou seja, esperaVHTXHRVVHXVDUJXPHQWRVVHMDPHVSHFLFDGRVHPXPDRUGHP
GHWHUPLQDGD6HLVVRQmRRFRUUHUKDYHUiXPHUURTXHID]FRP
TXH R UHVXOWDGR QmR VHMD SURGX]LGR RX XPD PHQVDJHP GH
advertncia seja exibida.
O nmero e tipo de argumentos requeridos variam de funo
para funo. Um argumento pode ser: Nmeros, Texto, Valores
OyJLFRV9DORUHVGHHUUR5HIHUrQFLDVRX0DWUL]HV
8VDQGRUHIHUrQFLDVDRXWUDVFpOXODVYRFrSRGHHVSHFLFDU
diretamente o endereo de uma clula ou ento uma faixa de
FpOXODVXVDQGRGRLVSRQWRVSDUDVHSDUDUDFpOXODLQLFLDOHQDO
Quando uma funo possuir mais de um argumento, eles devem
ser separados por um ponto-e-vrgula.
MODELOS DE FUNES
AGORA
=AGORA()
Retorna a data e hora atuais. Se o formato da clula era Geral

antes de a funo ser inserida, o resultado ser formatado como
uma data. Esta funo no possui argumentos, os parnteses
devem digitados sem nada entre eles.
HOJE
=HOJE()
Esta funo retorna a data atual. Sempre que a planilha for

DEHUWDDGDWDpDWXDOL]DGD(VWDIXQomRpLPSRUWDQWHTXDQGRVH
tem um controle de estoque com o controle de vencimento de
produtos por exemplo.
SOMA
=SOMA(A1:A10)
(VWDIXQomRUHDOL]DDVRPDGHWRGRVDVFpOXODVUHODFLRQDGDV
entre parnteses. Lembrando que os endereos separados entre
GRLVSRQWRVIRUPDPXPLQWHUYDORRXVHMDDTXLVmRH[LELGRV
RVHQGHUHoRVLQLFLDOHQDOGDVFpOXODVHWRGRVRVLQWHUPHGLiULRV
WDPEpPID]HPSDUWHGRFiOFXOR-iRVHQGHUHoRVVHSDUDGRVSRU
SRQWR H YtUJXOD VRPHQWH RV HQGHUHoRV UHODFLRQDGRV ID]HP
parte do clculo.
MULT
=MULT(C8:C10)
Esta funo multiplica todos os valores que se encontram

dentro do intervalo.
MXIMO
=MXIMO(D1:D10)
Esta funo exibe o maior valor existente no intervalo.

MNIMO
=MNIMO(F5:F20)
Esta funo exibe o menor valor existente no intervalo.

MAIOR
=MAIOR(A1:A30;2)
Esta funo retorna o MAIOR valor do intervalo

referenciado pelo K-simo. Na funo de exemplo o 2 maior
nmero ser exibido. O K-simo o nmero inserido aps o
LQWHUYDOR H VHSDUDGR GHOH SRU 0$,25$$ 6H R
K-simo for 3, ser exibido o 3 maior nmero existente no
intervalo. CUIDADO: OS NMERO REPETIDOS TAMBM
&217$0 6H H[LVWLUHP GRLV Q~PHURV DPERV VmR FRQWDGRV
para saber qual o valor referenciado no K-simo.
MENOR
=MENOR(A1:A30;4)
Semelhante a funo anterior, funciona do mesmo jeito,

apenas o K-simo referenciar o menor nmero.
MDIA
=MDIA(B1:H1)
Esta funo retorna a mdia aritmtica do intervalo. NO

NECESSRIO INSERIR DIVISO NA FUNO, ELA
MESMA FAR OS CLCULOS AUTOMATICAMENTE.
SE
=SE(F2>=5;APROVADO;REPROVADO)
(VWDIXQomRpGLYLGLGDHPWUrVSDUWHVVHSDUDGDVSRU$
SULPHLUDSDUWH)! pFKDPDGDGH7(67(/*,&2(VWH
WHVWHpXPDYHULFDomRTXHR([FHOUHDOL]D1RH[HPSORR([FHO
YHULFDVHRYDORUTXHHVWiQDFpOXOD)pPDLRUTXHRXPDLRU
TXHLVWRpUHSUHVHQWDGRSHORVVtPERORV! $VHJXQGDSDUWH
GDQRVVDIXQomR$3529$'2pDDomRTXHR([FHOH[HFXWDUi
caso o teste lgico for verdadeiro. J a terceira parte da funo
5(3529$'2pDDomRH[HFXWDGDSHORSURJUDPDFDVRRWHVWH
lgico for falso.
Ficou um pouco confuso, ento vamos falar mais um pouco
sobre nosso exemplo. A funo SE executa uma ao baseada
QRWHVWHOyJLFR&RPRYLPRV)! pQRVVRWHVWH9DPRVVXSRU
que o valor existente na clula F2 seja um nmero maior que
HQWmRQRVVRWHVWHOyJLFRpYHUGDGHLURWUXHSRUTXH"3RUTXH
DIXQomRGLVVH)PDLRURXLJXDODVHRQ~PHURHQFRQWUDGR
IRU H[DWDPHQWH R RX TXDOTXHU RXWUR Q~PHUR PDLRU TXH
nosso teste verdadeiro. Agora, se a funo encontrar em F2
XP Q~PHUR PHQRU TXH TXDOTXHU XP LQFOXVLYH QHJDWLYR R
WHVWHVHUiIDOVRIDOVH$JRUDRTXHDIXQomR6(ID]FRPHVWH
resultado, verdadeiro ou falso? Executa UMA DAS AES
GHVFULWDVQDVHTXrQFLDGDIXQomR9(5'$'(,52)$/62
(QWmR VH R Q~PHUR HQFRQWUDGR HP ) IRU LJXDO D RX PDLRU
TXHDIXQomRYDLLQVHULU$3529$'2QDFpOXODVHPDVSDV
elas indicam para a funo que um texto. Se o valor existente
HP)IRUPHQRUTXHMiVHUYHpPHQRUTXH
a funo vai inserir a palavra REPROVADO. Quando o teste
lgico der verdadeiro a funo executa o que estiver aps o
SULPHLUR4XDQGRRWHVWHOyJLFRGHUIDOVRDIXQomRH[HFXWDR
TXHHVWLYHUDSyVRVHJXQGRQRQRVVRFDVRLQVHUHXPWH[WR
que REPROVADO.
Existem casos que so inseridas outras funes dentro da
funo SE. Por exemplo:
=SE(F2>=5;SOMA(A1:A10;SOMA(B1:B10))
Neste exemplo quando o teste lgico for verdadeiro a
funo somar os valores de todas as clulas iniciando em A1
e terminando em A10 e exibir o resultado desta soma. Caso o
teste lgico for falso, a funo somar os valores de todas as
clulas iniciando em B1 at B10.
SE E
SE(E(1CONDIO;2 CONDIO);
VERDADEIRO;FALSO)
Nesta funo duas condies so analisadas ao invs de uma

como na funo anterior. Veja o exemplo a seguir:
Para que o atleta possa participar da corrida necessrio

atender a dois requisitos: ter 17 anos ou mais e ter mais de
1,70m. Para que o teste lgico seja verdadeiro ambas as
condies devem ser verdadeiras. Desta forma montamos o
7(67(/*,&2FRPGXDVFRQGLo}HVLGDGHHDOWXUDRQGH%
(idade) >=17 e C2 (altura) >1,7.
Analisando o resultado: Mrcio tem idade mas no tem
altura, por isso, a funo retornou No competir (falso).
Ana no tem idade mas tem altura, por isso, a funo
retornou No competir (falso).
Maria tem idade e altura, por isso, a funo retornou
Competir (verdadeiro).
Joo tem idade e altura, por isso, a funo retornou
Competir (verdadeiro).
CONTSE
=CONTSE(D2:D5;COMPETIR)
Esta funo conta quantas clulas possuem o parmetro que

pSDVVDGRDSyVRSRQWRHYtUJXODQRFDVR&203(7,5
Aproveitando o exemplo anterior vamos contar quantos

atletas participaro da corrida, no caso, 2 atletas.
CONCATENAR
= CONCATENAR(A1;B1)
&RQFDWHQDU VLJQLFD MXQWDU GHVWD IRUPD HVWD IXQomR

junta o que estiver em A1 com o que estiver em B1, conforme
o exemplo acima.
6HHP$HVWLYHURWH[WR(GLWRUDHHP%RWH[WR6ROXomR
R UHVXOWDGR GD IXQomR GR H[HPSOR VHUi (GLWRUD6ROXomR
sem espao entre os textos. Para inserir o espao digite
&21&$7(1$5$%GHVWDIRUPDDIXQomRYDLLQVHULU
o que estiver em A1, o espao em branco que est entre as aspas
H R TXH HVWLYHU HP % FDQGR (GLWRUD 6ROXomR e SRVVtYHO
XWLOL]DU R FDUDFWHUH QR OXJDU GD IXQomR FDQGR DVVLP
$ %LVVRWHUiRPHVPRHIHLWR
SOMASE
=SOMASE(A1:A5;<5)
Esta funo soma os valores de um intervalo que atendem

a um critrio. No exemplo sero somados apenas os valores
TXH IRUHP PDLRU TXH $PSOLDQGR XP SRXFR QD IXQomR
620$6($$%%DVRPDRFRUUHUiQRLQWHUYDOR
%%DSHQDVQDVFpOXODVTXHRFULWpULRIRUDWLQJLGRQRLQWHUYDOR
$$9DPRVVXSRUTXHQRLQWHUYDOR$$VRPHQWH$H$
possuam valores maiores que cinco, porm as clulas que sero
somadas sero B1 e B3.
Referncia entre Planilhas

&RPR YLPRV DQWHULRUPHQWH R ([FHO QD VXD FRQJXUDomR
padro, inicia com trs planilhas como vemos abaixo:
3DUD ID]HU XP FiOFXOR XWLOL]DQGR RV YDORUHV FRQWLGRV HP

RXWUDVSODQLOKDVXWLOL]DPRVDVHJXLQWHVLQWD[H
=SOMA(Plan1!D2:D5;B1:B15)
3DUD H[HPSOLFDU YRX XWLOL]DU D IXQomR DFLPD VXSRQGR
TXH HVWDPRV GLJLWDQGRD QD SODQLOKD 3ODQ (QWmR D IXQomR
620$5RVYDORUHVTXHHVWmRQRLQWHUYDOR''GDSODQLOKD
3ODQFRPRVYDORUHVTXHVHHQFRQWUDPQRLQWHUYDOR%%
da planilha atual, nRFDVR3ODQ
MS-POWER POINT
O Power Point um aplicativo que permite elaborar apreVHQWDo}HVFRQWHQGRWH[WRJXUDVHVRP(VWHDSOLFDWLYRpPXLWR
usado em reunies empresariais, aulas e trabalhos escolares.
um programa muito intuitivo e com muitos recursos multimdia,
H DVVLP FRPR WRGRV RV SURJUDPDV GR 3DFRWH 2IFH D
integrao com a nuvem muito fcil e incentivado.
O Modo de Exibio do Apresentador se adapta automatiFDPHQWHjVXDFRQJXUDomRGHSURMHomRHYRFrSRGHDWpXViOD
em um nico monitor. Os temas agora possuem variaes,
ID]HQGRFRPTXHTXHPDLVIiFLODSULPRUiORVSDUDTXHWHQKDP
a aparncia desejada.
6HPHOKDQWHDRVDSOLFDWLYRVGR2IFHTXHMiYLPRVVHX
o layout do Power Point 2013 baseado em Guias e Grupos de
comando.
Barra de Status: No Power Point 2013 esta barra exibe o
slide atual e a quantidade total da apresentao, o idioma,
oculta e exibe o Painel de anotaes, oculta e exibe a barra de
FRPHQWiULRVHDVWUrVIRUPDVGHH[LELomR1RUPDOFODVVLFDomR
de slide e modo de exibio de leitura, boto de apresentao de
VOLGHEDUUDGHVOL]DQWHGHFRQWUROHGH]RRPHDMXVWHGRVOLGHQD
janela atual
A rea de Trabalho (Desktop), ou Vista Normal do
Power Point 2013, por padro, dividida em 3 partes: Slide
em tamanho grande permitindo sua edio com facilidade,
esquerda, separado por uma linha na vertical so exibidos
WRGRVRVVOLGHVGDDSUHVHQWDomRHPWDPDQKRUHGX]LGRIDFLOLWDQGRDYLVXDOL]DomRGRVOLGHDQWHULRUHSRVWHULRUDRTXHHVWi
VHQGR HGLWDGR QR PRPHQWR H SRU P R SDLQHO GH QRWDV QD
parte inferior da janela.
Slide: So os painis que sero exibidos sequencialmente
durante a apresentao. Existem alguns modelos que se adequam a sua necessidade, h slides para inserir texto outros para
LQVHULUJXUDOPHVJUiFRVHWF&DGDVOLGHFRQWpPPDUFDGRres onde sero inseridos todos os objetos que compem o slide.
Design: So modelos com cores, molduras e efeitos visuais
FRPDFDEDPHQWRVEHPDWUDHQWHHSURVVLRQDO2VQRYRVWHPDV
GR3RZHU3RLQWWUD]HPQRYDVFRUHVHWHPDVFRPFRPELnaes variadas.
Animao: So Efeitos visuais animados que podem ser
SHUVRQDOL]DGRVQDHQWUDGDGXUDQWHHQDQDOL]DomRGRVREMHWRV
de um Slide.
Transio: So efeitos na sada de um Slide e a entrada do
SUy[LPR6OLGH6mRRVHIHLWRVTXHID]HPDWURFDGHVOLGHV
Inserindo e deletando slides

Para inserir um slide basta clicar no boto Novo Slide
no Grupo Slide da Guia Pgina Inicial, ou atalho de teclado
&75/0 3DUD GHOHWDU XP VOLGH FOLTXH VREUH HOH QD iUHD GH
YLVXDOL]DomR GH PLQLDWXUDV H SUHVVLRQH '(/(7( QR WHFODGR
ou clique com o boto secundrio do mouse sobre ele ter um
menu de atalho com a opo Excluir slide. Outras opes teis
neste menu so Duplicar slide, Layout (permitindo alterar) e
Ocultar Slide.
Layouts de slides
Montando a apresentao
Na maioria das opes de Layout de slide disponveis
SRVVtYHO LQVHULU WDEHODV JUiFRV 6PDUW$UWV JXUD &OLSDUW H
vdeos bastando clicar nos cones no dentro do slide conforme
JXUDDEDL[R
No se preocupe com o layout agora, se preocupe em

montar sua apresentao inserindo os slides e digitando o texto,
LQVHULQGRJXUDVJUiFRVVRQVWXGRTXHDFKDUQHFHVViULRSDUD
uma boa explicao ou apresentao do assunto abordado. No
existe uma regra para a sequncia dos slides, use a criatividade.
Salvando sua apresentao

Semelhante ao Word e Excel 2013 o salvar funciona da
mesma forma: clique no menu arquivo e comando Salvar ou
Salvar como conforme sua necessidade, escolha o local, nome,
tipo e clique OK.
$ QXYHP p FRPR XP DUPD]HQDPHQWR GH DUTXLYRV QR FpX
Voc pode acess-lo a qualquer momento que estiver online
e de qualquer dispositivo conectado Internet. Agora fcil
VDOYDUVHXVDUTXLYRVGR2IFHQRVHX2QH'ULYHRXQRVLWHGD
VXDRUJDQL]DomR'HOiYRFrSRGHDFHVVDUHFRPSDUWLOKDUVXDV
DSUHVHQWDo}HVGR3RZHU3RLQWHRXWURVDUTXLYRVGR2IFH9RFr
pode at mesmo trabalhar com seus colegas no mesmo arquivo
ao mesmo tempo. Basta ter uma conta no OneDrive Microsoft
Ao trmino da montagem clique na Guia Design e escolha
o modelo que mais lhe agrada, ao parar o mouse sobre qualquer
modelo os slides j aplicam, temporariamente, o tema a sua
apresentao, quando escolher o modelo desejado clique sobre
ele e todos os slides sero formatados com o modelo escolhido.
Aps escolher o Layout da apresentao clique sobre a Guia
transies e escolha um tipo de efeito para cada mudana ou
XWLOL]H R PHVPR HIHLWR SDUD WRGRV DV PXGDQoDV WUDQVLomR GH
slide da sua apresentao.
Neste momento voc decide se quer inserir um som para

a transio, o tempo e se quer aplicar a todos o mesmo efeito.
Escolhe ainda se a transio ocorrer atravs de um comando
seu ou com um tempo programado.
Aps o efeito de transio clique na Guia Animaes e
escolha um efeito para cada objeto no seu slide. Os objetos
VmRFDL[DVGHWH[WRJXUDVJUiFRV6PDUWDUWVHWFHPWRGRV
os slides.
Pronto! Sua apresentao est montada, agora execute
a apresentao clicando na Guia Apresentao de Slides e
HVFROKD'RFRPHoRRX'RVOLGHDWXDORXDLQGDXWLOL]HDWHFODGH
IXQomR)SDUDLQLFLDUDDSUHVHQWDomRGRLQtFLR3DUDSDUDUXPD
DSUHVHQWDomRSDUDUHDOL]DUFRUUHo}HVSUHVVLRQH(6&QRWHFODGR
e a apresentao ser interrompida. A apresentao sempre
IHLWDHP7HOD&KHLDHFDVRYRFrHVWHMDXWLOL]DQGRXPSURMHWRU
na tela do seu computador ser exibido a tela do apresentado
que contm o slide atual as notas que voc digitou no Painel
de notas e o prximo slide, na apresentao para o pblico, via
projetor, ser exibido apenas o slide atual.
Slide Mestre
Controla a aparncia da apresentao inteira, inclusive
as cores, fontes, segundo plano, efeitos e praticamente todo
contedo de uma apresentao. Voc pode inserir uma forma
ou logomarca no slide mestre, por exemplo, para que ela seja
mostrada em todos os slides automaticamente.
Comando Organizar
1R *UXSR 'HVHQKR R FRPDQGR RUJDQL]DU p EDVWDQWH ~WLO
quando trabalhamos com vrios objetos no mesmo Slide.
Com este comando podemos escolher os objetos que vo

sobrepor ao outro e podemos uni-los atravs do comando
DJUXSDURQGHRVREMHWRVVHOHFLRQDGRVVHUmRWUDWDGRVFRPRXP
nico objeto.
OEXPGHIRWRJUDD
Na Guia Inserir no Grupo Imagens tem o boto lbum de
IRWRJUDDFRPHOHYRFrHVFROKHXPDSDVWDFRPIRWRVHR3RZHU
Point cria automaticamente uma apresentao com todas as
fotos da pasta colocando cada foto em um slide diferente.
Imprimir
No menu Arquivo est o comando imprimir que pode ser
DFHVVDGRWDPEpPDWUDYpVGDVWHFODV&75/31RODGRGLUHLWR
GDMDQHODpH[LELGRDYLVXDOL]DomRGDLPSUHVVmRHjHVTXHUGD
DQWHVGRPHQX$UTXLYRFDPDVFRQJXUDo}HVGHLPSUHVVmR
2LWHPTXHH[LVWHDSHQDVQR3RZHU3RLQWpDFRQJXUDomRGH
quantos slides possvel imprimir na mesma pgina, veja as
opes abaixo:
possvel imprimir as seguintes opes: Slide em Pgina
Inteira, Anotaes, Estrutura de tpicos, at 9 slides na Vertical,
VOLGHVQDKRUL]RQWDORXWUrVVOLGHVFRPFRPHQWiULReSRVVtYHO
ainda Enquadrar Slides, Dimensionar para ajustar papel e Alta
Qualidade.
RASCUNHO
MS-ACCESS
2$FFHVVpXPDSOLFDWLYRWDPEpPGDIDPtOLDGR3DFRWH2IFH
2013 e tem a funo de criar um banco de dados relacional.
aplicativo muito til para controle de estoque.
Um banco de dados uma coleo de dados estruturados.
Como a distribuio dos dados possvel, manipularmos os itens
para extrair informaes teis. O componente mais bsico de
um banco de dados Access uma tabela na qual as informaes
esto ordenadas em linhas e colunas. Alm das tabelas, um
banco de dados Access pode incluir consultas, formulrios,
relatrios e outros componentes, todos os quais nos permitem
YLVXDOL]DUHPDQLSXODUQRVVDVLQIRUPDo}HVGHEDQFRGHGDGRV
de diferentes maneiras.
Muito til para uso geral, no , porm, recomendado para
bancos de dados de grande porte, pois sobrecarrega o sistema
devido ao alto trfego de informaes na rede. O Microsoft
Access, tambm conhecido por MS-Access, um banco de
dados relacional que permite o desenvolvimento rpido de
aplicaes que envolvem tanto a modelagem e estrutura de
GDGRVFRPRWDPEpPDLQWHUIDFHDVHUXWLOL]DGDSHORVXVXiULRV
O desenvolvimento da estrutura de dados se d de forma muito
intuitiva, bastando que o desenvolvedor possua conhecimentos
bsicos em modelagem de dados e lgica de programao.
Com o Microsoft Access possvel desenvolver desde
aplicaes simples como, por exemplo, um cadastro de clientes,
controle de pedidos at aplicaes mais complexas como,
por exemplo, todo o controle operacional, administrativo e
QDQFHLUR GH XPD SHTXHQD RX DWp PHVPR GH XPD PpGLD RX
grande em presa, pois os aplicativos desenvolvidos podem
rodar perfeitamente em uma rede de computadores e os dados
DUPD]HQDGRVSHORVLVWHPDSRGHPVHUSXEOLFDGRVQD,QWUDQHWRX
at mesmo na Internet.
O que um Banco de Dados Relacional?

%DQFR GH GDGRV UHODFLRQDO p DTXHOH TXH SHUPLWH ID]HU
relaes entre os seus dados. Assim, como por exemplo
usarmos uma agenda telefnica, esta representar um banco de
dados relacional, pois permite relacionar para cada NOME um
TELEFONE e um ENDEREO. importante notar que, sendo
um banco de dados um conjunto de dados, ele algo abstrato.
O Access apenas um software que permite a manipulao e o
gerenciamento deste banco de dados com o uso do computador.
O que um Objeto?
Objeto qualquer coisa que possa ser manipulada, como
uma tabela, um campo ou um relatrio.
&DPSRH5HJLVWURQRH[HPSORGDDJHQGDWHOHI{QLFDGL]VH
que cada NOME, TELEFONE ou ENDEREO um campo, ao
passo que cada conjunto de NOME, seu respectivo TELEFONE
e ENDEREO formam um registro.
Criando um novo banco de dados

Abra o Microsoft Access, voc ver uma tela inicial com
RSo}HVGHDUTXLYRVDVHUHPFULDGRV&OLTXHHP%DQFRGHGDGRV
GRGHVNWRSHPEUDQFR1RPHLHRDUTXLYRHFOLTXHHP&ULDU
Tabela
Aps criar o banco, voc ver uma tabela criada para voc
DGLFLRQDU DV LQIRUPDo}HV$ WDEHOD p H[LELGD QR 0RGR IROKD
GHGDGRV&OLTXHQRtFRQHGRFDQWRLQIHULRUGLUHLWRSDUDWURFDU
SDUD 0RGR GH GHVLJQ $R VHU VROLFLWDGR D VDOYDU D WDEHOD
salve-a com um nome qualquer e clique em OK.
Campos
Voc deve criar um campo para cada informao que voc
deseja receber. A tabela criada recebe as seguintes informaes
pessoais do usurio: Nome, Endereo, Cidade, Estado, CEP,
Telefone, Celular, RG, CPF e E-mail.
Na primeira linha, voc ver um campo chamado Cdigo
com tipo de dados Numerao Automtica. No altere esse
campo, ele a chave primria da sua tabela.
Na segunda linha, crie um campo chamado Nome e selecione
Texto Curto como tipo de dados.
Na terceira linha, crie um campo chamado Endereo e
selecione Texto Curto como tipo de dados.
Na quarta linha, crie um campo chamado Cidade e selecione
Na quinta linha, crie um campo chamado Estado e selecione
Na sexta linha, crie um campo chamado CEP e selecione
Nmero como tipo de dados.
Na stima linha, crie um campo chamado Telefone e
selecione Nmero como tipo de dados.
Na oitava linha, crie um campo chamado Celular e selecione
Na nona linha, crie um campo chamado RG e selecione
Na dcima linha, crie um campo chamado CPF e selecione
Na dcima primeira linha, crie um campo chamado E-mail e
selecione Texto Curto como tipo de dados.
Tamanho dos Campos

9RFr SRGH GHQLU R YDORU Pi[LPR GH FDUDFWHUHV D VHUHP
LQVHULGRVHPFDGDFDPSRQDSURSULHGDGH7DPDQKRGR&DPSR
(VVDHRXWUDVSURSULHGDGHVHVWmRQDJXLD*HUDODEDL[RGDVXD
tabela ao selecionar um dos campos.
Cadastrando
'HSRLVGHDOWHUDUSDUDR0RGRIROKDGHGDGRVYRFrYHUi
que todos os campos que voc criou esto disponveis para
receber informaes. Para cadastrar, basta voc inserir os dados
em cada um deles.
Voc pode conferir os cadastros criando um formulrio.
3DUDLVVR9iHP&ULDUHFOLTXHHP)RUPXOiULR(OHVVmR
exibidos em paginao.
Faa as alteraes que julgar necessrio se quiser criar seu
prprio banco de dados.
O interessante em um BD (Banco de Dados) relacional
deixarmos as pesquisas prontas e salvas. Vamos supor que voc
montar um BD no Access de uma agncia de carros usados. Na

HODERUDomRGDWDEHODYRFrHVSHFLFDFRPRFDPSRVGHVWDWDEHOD
para cadastro dos carros venda na loja possui os campos:
Fabricante, Modelo, Ano, Cor e Preo. Quando chega um cliente
TXH SUHUD FDUURV GD )RUG SRU H[HPSOR VH VXD SHVTXLVD SRU
fabricantes estiver pronta, basta abrir o arquivo de Consultas por
fabricantes e sua resposta est pronta para informar ao cliente.
Se for um taxista e necessitar de um carro Branco, ento s
abrir o arquivo de Consulta por Cor e selecionar a Cor Branco
e pronto, todos os carros Branco estaro relacionados pra voc,
podendo imprimir esta relao e deixar com o cliente se voc
quiser. Veja como fcil criar uma Consulta:
Abra o banco de dados e, na guia Criar, clique em Design
da Consulta.
1DFDL[D0RVWUDU7DEHODQDJXLD7DEHODVFOLTXHGXDVYH]HV
na tabela Carros Venda (onde tem todos os seus dados este
o seu Banco de Dados) e feche a caixa de dilogo.
Na tabela Carros Venda, vamos supor que voc tenha os
campos Fabricante, Modelo, Ano, Cor e Preo. Clique duas
YH]HV HP )DEULFDQWH H GHSRLV QRV RXWURV FDPSRV GHVWD SDUD
adicionar esses campos consulta.
Na guia Design, clique em Executar. A consulta
executada e exibe uma lista de Carros onde a primeira coluna
so os Fabricantes e todas as outras informaes como Ano,
&RU 0RGHOR H 3UHoR 6DOYH D &RQVXOWD FRPR &RQVXOWD SRU
IDEULFDQWH 5HSLWD D RSHUDomR FRORFDQGR &RU FRPR SULPHLUD
FROXQD GD FRQVXOWD H VDOYH FRPR &RQVXOWD SRU &RU GHSRLV
coloque Preo na primeira coluna e salve a consulta como
&RQVXOWDSRU3UHoRHDVVLPSRUGLDQWH
Como se trata de um BD Relacional toda e qualquer alterao
feita na tabela principal ser alterada AUTOMATICAMENTE
as Consultas, no necessita alterar as consultas ou salvar
novamente. No nosso exemplo da agncia de carros, quando
PFDUURpYHQGLGRHH[FOXtGRGDWDEHOD&DUURVj9HQGDHVWH
veculo tambm excludo na hora de todas as Consultas.
Caso seja adquirido novos carros basta cadastr-los na Tabela
&DUURVj9HQGDHHVWHVQRYRVFDUURVVmRLQFOXtGRVQDKRUDSHOR
SURJUDPD'HVWDIRUPDDVFRQVXOWDVHVWDUmRVHPSUHDWXDOL]DGDV
MS-Outlook
O Correio Eletrnico ou e-mail uma das formas de
FRPXQLFDomRPDLVXWLOL]DGDVQDDWXDOLGDGHYLQGRDFRPSDUDU
se somente com os posts de redes sociais.
um servio de comunicao em rede, que prov
comunicao entre as pessoas conectadas nesta rede, podendo
ser a Internet (WebMail) ou Intranet (corporativo).
Para obter um Webmail, basta se cadastrar em qualquer site
TXHIRUQHoDXPDFRQWDGHFRUUHLRHOHWU{QLFRHGLVSRQLELOL]HHVWH
servio. Algumas opes existentes: OutLook (ex Hotmail),
Gmail, Yahoo mail, Uol, Bol, Terra, etc...
Um endereo de e-mail possui o seguinte Layout: nome_
de.usuario1@provedor.com.br
Onde o nome de usurio deve ser nico naquele provedor
XPDYH]TXHVHXHPDLOpVXDLGHQWLFDomRSHVVRDOQmRSRGHQGR
haver dois endereos de e-mail idnticos no mesmo provedor.
possvel obter contas a partir de fontes como o Provedor
de Servio de Internet (ISP), seu empregador ou servios da
Web como o Yahoo! Mail, Google Gmail e Windows Live Mail.
Provedor de Servios de Internet (ISP)

Trata-se de uma empresa comercial que fornece acesso
Internet para e-mail, salas de chat ou uso da World
Wide Web. Alguns Provedores de Servios de Internet
so multinacionais, oferecendo acesso em muitos locais,
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fornece a sua conexo com a Internet.
O aplicativo Outlook responsvel pelo gerenciamento de
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$GLFLRQDUFRQWDQHVWDMDQHODFOLTXHHP&RQJXUDomRPDQXDO
RX WLSRV GH VHUYLGRUHV DGLFLRQDLV H FOLTXH HP DYDQoDU ,Ui
aparecer a uma nova janela para Escolher o Servio Selecione a
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E-mail na Internet
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fornecidas por ele.
Servidor de entrada (POP3): mail.seuservidor.com | porta
110 | Tipo de conexo: Nenhum
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| Tipo de conexo: SSL
Servidor de sada (SMTP): mail.seuservidor.com | porta
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0DVWDPEpPSRGHUiVHUPDLORXWURVHUYLGRUFRP_SRUWD
| Tipo de conexo: SSL
Requer autenticao com o seu usurio (seu e-mail) e sua
password (enviado pelo seu provedor)
Avalie sobre deixar cpias de mensagens no servidor neste
caso, as caixas de e-mail do servidor iro acumular e-mails at
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recepo de e-mails (mesmo que apaguem as mensagens da vossa
aplicao de e-mail), monitore constantemente a capacidade de sua
FDSDFLGDGHGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRLVWRGHSHQGHGRVHXSURYHGRU
Agora imagine que os seus dados so os seguintes:
Seu nome: Pedro Silva
Seu E-mail: pedrosilva@servidor.com
&RQJXUHFRQIRUPHDVLPDJHQVDEDL[R
&RPHVWDVLQIRUPDo}HVYRFrFRQFOXLXDFRQJXUDomRGDVXD
conta de e-mail no Outlook 2013.
Na guia Pgina Inicial esto os comandos para criar e
trabalhar com itens do Outlook como mensagens, itens de
calendrio ou contatos. Clique na guia Enviar/Receber para
FRPDQGRVUHODFLRQDGRVDRHQYLRGHLWHQVRXjYHULFDomRGD
existncia de novos itens do Outlook no servidor. Na guia
Pasta esto os comandos para criar, mover ou compartilhar
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exibio das pastas.
Os comandos para E-mail, que so os mais usados, esto
na guia Pgina Inicial. Eles incluem Novo E-mail, Responder,
Encaminhar e Excluir.
Clique em qualquer mensagem para exibi-la no Painel de
/HLWXUDRXFOLTXHGXDVYH]HVQDPHQVDJHPSDUDDEULOD6HXPD
mensagem tiver um anexo, clique nele para exibi-lo no Painel
GH/HLWXUDRXFOLTXHGXDVYH]HVSDUDDEULURDQH[RQRSURJUDPD
associado.
As Etapas Rpidas facilitam a execuo

de aes
Na guia Pgina Inicial, o grupo Etapas Rpidas combina
em um nico clique os diversos comandos necessrios para
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VLQDOL]DUHPRYHUXPDPHQVDJHPFRPDSHQDVXPFOLTXH9RFr
SRGHSHUVRQDOL]DUDV(WDSDV5iSLGDVSDGUmRHFULDUVHXVSUySULRV
botes combinando suas aes mais frequentes. A faixa de
opes no Outlook 2013 fornece cones grandes para mostrar
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8VHRVFRPDQGRVGDJXLD([LELUSDUDSHUVRQDOL]DUDLQGDPDLVDV
LQIRUPDo}HVTXHYRFrYrQR&DOHQGiULR&OLTXHGXDVYH]HVHP
qualquer item de calendrio para abri-lo e editar ou ver detalhes.
Na guia Pgina Inicial, use os comandos do grupo Novo para
criar itens de calendrio. A reunio ou o compromisso aberto
WHPPXLWRVGRVPHVPRVFRPDQGRVGDIDL[DGHRSo}HVGR2IFH
Outlook 2010, inclusive as opes de lembrete e recorrncia.
Pessoas (Antigo Contatos)

Na guia Pgina Inicial, use os comandos do grupo Novo para
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SDUD DEULOR H HGLWiOR 3DUD FULDU XPD OLVWD UHXWLOL]iYHO GH
contatos (conhecida anteriormente como lista de distribuio),
no grupo Novo, clique em Novo Grupo de Contatos.
Na guia Pgina Inicial, o grupo Modo de Exibio Atual
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exemplo, exibir contatos como uma lista de telefones ou na
forma de carto de visitas. No grupo Comunicar esto comandos
que conectam voc diretamente a um contato (por mensagem
de e-mail, solicitao de reunio, mensagem instantnea ou
telefonema, por exemplo).
Campos de destinatrio
To ou Para - endereo de e-mail do destinatrio Para quem
voc est enviando a mensagem.
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dever colocar o endereo de e-mail da pessoa que voc quer
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no queira enviar cpia.
%FF VLJQLFD %OLQG &DUERQ &RS\ FySLD FHJD RX &FR

Carbon Copy Occult. usada sempre que quisermos enviar
uma cpia da mensagem para algum, sem que os destinatrios
saibam dos outros endereos que receberam a mensagem.
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HPDLOVFRORFDGRVQHVWHFDPSRHQHPPHVPRVmRYLVXDOL]DGRV
entre si os e-mails que estiverem como cpia oculta.
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Cco, para exibi-lo clique na Guia Opes, e no Grupo Mostrar
Campos, clique no comando Cco na janela de composio da
mensagem.
Assunto ou Subject - neste local voc vai colocar o assunto
que se refere a sua correspondncia.
opcional, mas quando preenchido muito bom pois o
destinatrio j sabe do que se trata e poder dar prioridade na resposta
HDLQGDFULDUOWURVSDUDGLUHFLRQDUVXDPHQVDJHPSDUDXPDSDVWD
ORFDOGHQWURGRSURJUDPDRUJDQL]DQGRVXDFDL[DGHHQWUDGD
Anexar documentos
possvel anexar arquivos em qualquer mensagem
eletrnica.
Pode-se anexar arquivos de texto, planilhas, msicas, vdeos,
PDF, etc. Porm, arquivos executveis ( *.exe), por segurana,
no sero transmitidos, pois trata-se de um software executvel
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Caixas e Pastas
Todo site gerenciador de e-mail, assim como qualquer
aplicativo, ter uma composio de caixas padro. Alguns
podero ter caixas adicionais.
Caixa de Entrada: local onde suas mensagens novas sero
depositadas.
Caixa de Sada: mensagens que voc enviou, respondeu ou
encaminhou, mas ainda no foram enviadas.
Enviados: e-mail enviados encaminhados e respondidos
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servidor.
Rascunho: mensagens que voc iniciou uma edio e no
enviou.
Lixo: mensagens que foram deletadas pelo usurio.
Spam ou Lixo Eletrnico: so mensagens que, baseado em
DOJXPDVUHJUDVIRUDPGHQLGDVFRPRSHULJRVDVRXSXEOLFLWiULDV
Particulares: so pastas criadas pelo usurio que auxiliam a
RUJDQL]DomRGDVPHQVDJHQV
Sinalizao
$VPHQVDJHQVSRGHPVHUVLQDOL]DGDVGDVHJXLQWHIRUPD
$V PHQVDJHQV GH HPDLO VLQDOL]DGDV PHOKRUDP R

JHUHQFLDPHQWRGRVHPDLOV$VPHQVDJHQVVLQDOL]DGDVFULDPLWHQV
pendentes apenas para voc ou para voc e os destinatrios da
PHQVDJHP3RUH[HPSORpSRVVtYHOVLQDOL]DUXPDPHQVDJHPGH
e-mail que solicita informaes de que voc precisa at uma data
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ser exibido com ela, e uma mensagem ser apresentada na
Barra de Informaes no Painel de Leitura e na parte superior da
mensagem de e-mail quando ela for aberta no Outlook.
8PDPHQVDJHPTXHHVWHMDVLQDOL]DGDSDUDYRFrPHVPRSRGH
ajud-lo a controlar quem respondeu a ela. No cenrio anterior,
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LQIRUPDo}HV DWp FHUWD GDWD $ VLQDOL]DomR GD PHQVDJHP
para voc tambm serve como um lembrete para que voc
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DXWRPDWLFDPHQWHDVUHVSRVWDVjPHQVDJHPRULJLQDOVLQDOL]DGD
Na guia Mensagem, no grupo Marcas, clique em Acompanhar
e selecione a data de concluso de acompanhamento ou clique
HP3HUVRQDOL]DU
Se desejar receber um lembrete sobre essa mensagem
VLQDOL]DGDQDJXLD0HQVDJHPQRJUXSR(WLTXHWDVFOLTXHHP
Acompanhar e em Adicionar Lembrete. Se voc desejar, poder
alterar a data e a hora do lembrete.
e SRVVtYHO LQFOXLU XP VLQDOL]DGRU SDUD RV GHVWLQDWiULRV GH
modo que eles sejam alertados a respeito da data limite. Na guia
Mensagem, no grupo Marcas, clique em Acompanhar e, em
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OHPEUHWH SDUD R GHVWLQDWiULR VREUH HVVD PHQVDJHP VLQDOL]DGD
marque a caixa de seleo Lembrete e, em seguida, se for
necessrio, altere a data e a hora.
2EWHUXPDFRQUPDomRGHHQWUHJDRXGHOHLWXUD
$ FRQUPDomR GH HQWUHJD LQIRUPD TXH D VXD PHQVDJHP GH
e-mail foi entregue na caixa de correio do destinatrio, mas no
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informa que a sua mensagem foi aberta. Em ambos os casos, voc
UHFHEHUiXPDQRWLFDomRTXDQGRDVXDPHQVDJHPIRUHQWUHJXHRX
OLGD2FRQWH~GRGDVQRWLFDo}HVpDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHUHJLVWUDGRQD
mensagem original na pasta Itens Enviados.
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destinatrio da mensagem pode determinar se uma solicitao
GH OHLWXUD IRL UHTXLVLWDGD H QmR TXHUHU HQYLDU XPD FRQUPDomR
Se a mensagem for somente leitura no Painel de Leitura, uma
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GRGHVWLQDWiULRWDOYH]QmRWUDEDOKHFRPFRQUPDo}HVGHOHLWXUD
Na mensagem, na guia Opes, no grupo Controle, marque
DFDL[DGHVHOHomR6ROLFLWDU&RQUPDomRGH(QWUHJDRX6ROLFLWDU
&RQUPDomRGH/HLWXUD
Para ativar essas opes para todas as mensagens de e-mail
que voc enviar:
Clique na guia Arquivo para abrir o modo de
H[LELomR0LFURVRIW2IFH%DFNVWDJH
Clique em Opes.
Clique em E-mail.
Em Controle, escolha as opes desejadas.
Atribuir o nvel de prioridade

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para que os destinatrios possam ver o indicador na Caixa de
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WDPEpPSHUPLWHTXHRVGHVWLQDWiULRVFODVVLTXHPVXDVSUySULDV
mensagens por prioridade.
Na guia Mensagem, no grupo Marcas, clique em Alta

Prioridade ou Baixa Prioridade para ativar e desativar a
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indicar que est ativo.
'HQLUDGDWDGHYDOLGDGH
Quando uma mensagem expira, seu cabealho permanece
visvel, agora tachado, nas pastas do Outlook, e a mensagem
ainda pode ser aberta.
Na guia Opes, no grupo Mais Opes, clique no Iniciador
de Caixa de Dilogo Opes de Mensagem Imagem do boto.
Na caixa de dilogo Propriedades, em Opes de Entrega,
marque a caixa de seleo Vencimento aps e clique em uma
data e hora.
Adicionar cor de plano de fundo, gradiente, textura, padro
ou imagem
Na guia Opes, no grupo Temas, clique em Cor da Pgina.
Clique em uma cor na paleta Cores do Tema ou Cores
Padro. Clique em Mais Cores para obter uma paleta mais
detalhada. Para remover a cor, clique em Sem Cor.
Para adicionar um gradiente, uma textura, um padro ou
uma imagem, clique em Efeitos de Preenchimento.
Selecione as opes de preenchimento que deseja.
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2V JUiFRV SRGHP DWUDLU D DWHQomR GH VHXV GHVWLQDWiULRV
Eles tambm podem aumentar o tamanho do arquivo de
sua mensagem de e-mail, portanto, devem ser usados com
moderao. Para alterar a aparncia do plano de fundo da
mensagem, consulte a seo anterior, Adicionar cor de plano de
fundo, gradiente, textura, padro ou imagem.
Na guia Inserir, no grupo Ilustraes, clique em uma das
seguintes opes:
Imagem: Navegue at a pasta onde a imagem que deseja est
salva, selecione-a e clique em Inserir. possvel redimensionar
ou girar a imagem por meio de suas alas. Para obter opes
de imagem adicionais, clique com o boto direito do mouse na
imagem e clique em um comando no menu de atalho.
Clip-art: Digite uma descrio para a arte que deseja
encontrar e clique em Ir. Marque a caixa de seleo Incluir
FRQWH~GRGR2IFH2QOLQHSDUDLQFOXLUFOLSDUWVGLVSRQtYHLVQR
2IFHFRP&OLTXHQDLPDJHPTXHGHVHMDLQVHULU
Formas: Clique em uma forma. Para opes adicionais de
forma, clique com o boto direito do mouse na forma e clique
em um comando no menu de atalho.
SmartArt6HOHFLRQHXPOD\RXWSDUDRJUiFR6PDUW$UWH
FOLTXHHP2.&OLTXHQRJUiFR6PDUW$UWSDUDDGLFLRQDUXP
texto. Para obter opes adicionais, clique com o boto direito
GR PRXVH QR JUiFR 6PDUW$UW H FOLTXH HP XP FRPDQGR QR
menu de atalho.
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planilha do Microsoft Excel 2013 exibida, insira os dados do
JUiFR3DUDIHFKDUDSODQLOKDFOLTXHQRERWmR([FHOHHP)HFKDU
3DUDREWHURSo}HVDGLFLRQDLVGHJUiFRFOLTXHFRPRERWmRGLUHLWR
GRPRXVHQRJUiFRHFOLTXHHPXPFRPDQGRQRPHQXGHDWDOKR
Instantneo &OLTXH HP XPD GDV SiJLQDV YLVXDOL]DGDV RX
em Recorte de Tela. Selecione a rea da tela que deseja capturar.
Para inserir WordArt, no menu Inserir, no grupo Texto
clique em WordArt.
Adicionar uma assinatura

Voc pode criar uma assinatura padro a ser adicionada a
todas as suas mensagens de sada ou pode inserir uma assinatura
manualmente em mensagens de sada individualmente. Siga um
destes procedimentos:
Inserir uma mensagem automaticamente

Na guia Mensagem, no grupo Incluir, clique em Assinatura
e em Assinaturas.
Observao: Voc tambm pode acessar as opes de
assinatura disponveis na guia Mensagem depois de clicar
em Responder, Responder a Todos ou Encaminhar em uma
mensagem aberta.
Na caixa de dilogo Assinaturas e Papel de Carta, na guia
Assinatura de Correio, na lista Selecione a assinatura a ser
editada, selecione a assinatura desejada, ou clique no boto
Novo para criar uma assinatura.
Em Escolher assinatura padro na parte superior direita
da caixa de dilogo, na lista Novas mensagens, selecione a
assinatura desejada.
Para incluir uma assinatura nas mensagens que voc responde
e nas que encaminha, na lista Respostas/encaminhamentos,
selecione a assinatura. Se no deseja uma assinatura nessas
mensagens, selecione nenhuma.
Clique em OK.
Para adicionar a assinatura padro a uma mensagem, na guia
Mensagem, no grupo Incluir, clique em Assinatura e selecione
a assinatura.
Inserir uma mensagem manualmente

Na guia Mensagem, no grupo Incluir, clique em Assinatura
e selecione a assinatura desejada.
Observao: Voc tambm pode acessar as opes de
assinatura disponveis na guia Mensagem depois de clicar
em Responder, Responder a Todos ou Encaminhar em uma
mensagem aberta.
Protocolos de Conta de e-mail

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e-mail principal da Internet. Com uma conta de e-mail POP3,
suas mensagens podem ser baixadas em seu computador e, por
default, excludas do servidor de e-mail.
A principal desvantagem das contas POP3 a
impossibilidade de salvar e exibir suas mensagens em vrios
computadores. Alm disso, as mensagens que voc enviar de
um computador no sero copiadas na pasta Itens Enviados dos
outros computadores ou servidor.
IMAP Com uma conta de Internet Message Access Protocol
(IMAP), voc tem acesso a pastas de e-mail direto no servidor e
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o computador no qual est trabalhando. Portanto, voc pode
usar um computador diferente para ler suas mensagens onde
quer que esteja.
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SURWRFROR ,0$3 p SRVVtYHO D VLQFURQL]DomR HQWUH VXDV SDVWDV
existente no servidor e no seu cliente, ou mesmo atravs do
acesso via celular ou tablet.
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periodicamente entre seu servidor e todos os clientes.
RASCUNHO
BANCO DE DADOS
A palavra informtica a fuso das palavras informao
automtica. Para entender o conceito de informao, falaremos sobre trs conceitos: i) dado; ii) informao; e iii)
conhecimento.
Um dado um valor bruto, que por si s no capaz de
identificar algo ou algum. Por exemplo, o nome JOS DA
SILVA. Pode haver vrias pessoas com este nome e, o dado
JOS DA SILVA, neste contexto apenas um nome, algum
no possvel identificar.
Uma informao um conjunto de dados agregados,
ou seja, quando reunimos mais de um dado sobre o mesmo
objeto ou indivduo. Por exemplo:
NOME
JOS DA SILVA
JOO SANTOS
DADOS
CPF
989.125.999-87
TELEFONE
11-25863366
ENDEREO
RUA 02 DE JULHO, 12
MUNICPIO
SO PAULO
CPF
981.654.108-87
TELEFONE
11-3777-0900
ENDEREO
RUA BARO DE MAU
MUNICPIO
SUZANO
UF
SP
UF
SP
os dados NOME, CPF, TELEFONE, ENDEREO,

CIDADE, UF juntos, identificam indivduos. O conjunto
destes dados organizados em linhas gera uma informao.
No exemplo acima temos duas informaes: a identificao
dos Srs. JOS DA SILVA e JOO SANTOS.
O conhecimento o agrupamento de informaes. Se
desejssemos saber quantas pessoas residem no municpio
de SO PAULO, teramos que agrupar todos os indivduos,
cujo dado cidade seja igual a SO PAULO.
Obviamente que, este agrupamento requer uma organizao estruturada dos dados, de modo que a recuperao da
informao seja possvel de forma rpida. Um banco de dados um conjunto organizado de informaes, estruturado
de tal modo que permite o agrupamento e a recuperao da
informao necessria para tomada de deciso.
Organizao da informao
Para entender a organizao da informao, imagine que
voc est em um consultrio mdico e precisa preencher
um cadastro para que o seu pronturio (ficha mdica) seja
aberto. Todos os dados relevantes para identifica-lo como
paciente sero questionados a partir da ficha mdica.
Cada paciente preencher um cadastro com os seus

dados pessoais. O conjunto de dados sobre o mesmo paciente forma um Registro. Vrios registros juntos formam
um arquivo (ou tabela).
O arquivo com os dados poder ser gravado em diferentes tipos de mdia, tais como Planilhas Eletrnicas, Tabela
do Word, em documento de Texto ou fisicamente dentro de
uma pasta suspensa em um armrio.
Os softwares que gerenciam dados so denominados
Sistemas Gerenciadores de Bancos de Dados (SGBD). Um
SGBD um programa que permite acessar, armazenar,
recuperar e modificar dados.
Os bancos de dados podem ser do seguinte tipo: hierrquico, de rede, relacional e de objeto. Trataremos nesta
apostila do banco de dados relacional e apresentaremos foco
no banco de dados para gerao de relatrios gerenciais,
partindo do princpio que quem utilizar so profissionais
de reas diferentes a rea de informtica.
Banco de Dados Relacional
Um banco de dados relacional utiliza um modelo relacional, baseado na lgica e teoria dos conjuntos. Cada entidade
deve ser identificada e estruturada como uma tabela do banco de dados e os atributos como campos da tabela.
Exemplos de entidades: CLIENTE, FORNECEDOR,
PRODUTO, PEDIDO
Exemplos de atributos: nome, e-mail, telefone, cdigo,
descrio, valor, quantidade, ....
O tipo de relao estabelecido da forma
um-para-muitos
muitos-para-muitos
um-para-um
De acordo com o tutorial do MS-Access, segue detalhamento sobre as relaes:
Relao um-para-muitos
Considere um banco de dados de controle de Produtos
que inclua uma tabela Fornecedores. Um Fornecedor poder fornecer um ou mais produtos. Assim, para qualquer
fornecedor representado na tabela Fornecedores, poder
haver vrios produtos representados na tabela Produtos.
A relao entre a tabela Fornecedor e a tabela Produtos ,
portanto, uma relao um-para-muitos.
Um Fornecedor tem muitos Produtos.
No h produto sem fornecedor.
Para representar uma relao um-para-muitos na estrutura de dados das tabelas, necessrio especificar a chave
primria (CdigoDoFornecedor) do lado "um" da relao
(Tabela Fornecedores) e adicione-o como um campo tabela
no lado "muitos" da relao (Tabela Produtos). Nesse caso,
por exemplo, adicione um novo campo o campo Cdigo
da tabela Fornecedores tabela Produtos e nomeie-o como
Cdigo do Fornecedor.
Uma relao muitos-para-muitos

Considere a relao entre uma tabela Produtos e uma
tabela Pedidos. Um nico pedido pode incluir mais de um
produto. Por outro lado, um nico produto pode constar
em vrios pedidos. Assim, para todos os registros da tabela
Pedidos, pode haver vrios registros na tabela Produtos.
Alm disso, para cada registro na tabela Produtos, pode
haver muitos registros na tabela Pedidos. Esse tipo de relao denominado relao muitos-para-muitos porque com
relao a todos os produtos pode haver vrios pedidos, e para
todos os pedidos pode haver vrios produtos. Observe que
para detectar relaes muitos-para-muitos existentes entre
as tabelas importante considerar ambos os lados da relao.
Para representar uma relao muitos-para-muitos, voc
deve criar uma terceira tabela, geralmente chamada de tabela de associao, que divide a relao muitos-para-muitos
em duas relaes um-para-muitos. Insira a chave primria
de cada uma das duas tabelas na terceira tabela. Como resultado, a terceira tabela registra cada ocorrncia, ou instncia,
da relao. Por exemplo, a tabela Pedidos e a tabela Produtos
possuem uma relao muitos-para-muitos que definida
criando-se duas relaes um-para-muitos com a tabela Detalhes do Pedido. Um pedido pode ter muitos produtos, e cada
produto pode aparecer em muitos pedidos.
Uma relao um-para-um
Em uma relao um-para-um, cada registro na primeira
tabela pode ter somente um registro correspondente na
segunda tabela, e cada registro na segunda tabela pode ter
somente um registro correspondente na primeira tabela.
Esse tipo de relao no comum porque, geralmente, as
informaes relacionadas dessa maneira so armazenadas na
mesma tabela. A utilizao de uma relao um-para-um recomendada para dividir uma tabela com muitos campos, isolar
parte de uma tabela por motivos de segurana ou armazenar
informaes que se apliquem somente a um subconjunto da
tabela principal. Quando voc identificar esse tipo de relao,
ambas as tabelas devem compartilhar um campo em comum.
Nos Sistemas Gerenciadores de Banco de Dados, os dados so organizados em Tabelas e podem ser acessados por
meio de Consultas, Formulrios e Relatrios.
Tipos de Dados
Tipo de dado
Tamanho
Descrio
BYTE
1 byte
Um valor inteiro entre 0 e 255.
4 bytes
Campo Numrico (inteiro

longo), iniciado com 1 e incrementado automaticamente
pelo Microsoft Access quando
um novo registro adicionado
a uma tabela.
E\WHV
Campo numrico que aceita

casas decimais. Utilizado para
armazenar dados monetrios,
tais como salrio, impostos,
preo de produtos, dentre
outros.
Contador
Monetrio
E\WHV
Este campo armazena um

valor correspondente a uma
data ou hora. Ele permite
clculos de horas e datas e a
apresentao j mascarada
com barras (/) para datas e
pontos (:) para horas.
4 bytes
8PYDORUSRQWRXWXDQWHGH
preciso simples com um
intervalo de -3,402823E38 a
-1,401298E-45 para valores
negativos, 1,401298E-45 a
3,402823E38 para valores
positivos e 0.
Double
8 bytes
8PYDORUSRQWRXtuante de preciso
dupla com um intervalo de
-1,79769313486232E308 a
-4,94065645841247E-324
para valores negativos,
4,94065645841247E-324 a
1,79769313486232E308 para
valores positivos e 0.
Short
2 bytes
Um inteiro curto entre -32.768

e 32.767
Long
4 bytes
Um inteiro longo entre

-2.147.483.648 e
2.147.483.647.
Longtext
1 byte por
caractere
Longbinary
Como
GHQLGR
Texto
1 byte por
caractere
Data e Hora
Single
Monetrio
Zero at um mximo de 1,2

gigabytes. (Consulte Text.)
Zero a um mximo de
aproximadamente 1 gigabyte.
Usado para objetos OLE.
Zero a 255 caracteres.
7DPDQKRLQGHQLGR5Hservar o nmero de bytes
de acordo com o contedo
digitado no campo.
TABELAS
As tabelas so os objetos do Banco de Dados responsveis
pelo armazenamento dos dados. Devem ser estruturadas
para guardar todos os dados (atributos) relevantes e os tipos
de dados para cada atributo.
Representao dos Tipos de Dados na estrutura da Tabela
Cada Tipo de Dados possui um conjunto de propriedades que podem ser definidas, a fim de evitar entradas
de dados erradas.
Propriedades
Tamanho do Campo .. GHQHRQ~PHURPi[LPRGHFDUDFteres que sero aceitos na entrada do

campo.
Formato.....................: nesta propriedade, transformar todas
as letras do campo em maiscula
transformar todas as letras em
minscula
Mscara de Entrada .. IRUoD XP FRQMXQWR GHQLGR GH FDUDFteres. Por exemplo. Se a entrada for
XP FDPSR GH &3) SRGHUHPRV GHQLU
que, apesar do campo ser do tipo texto,
apenas nmeros sero aceitos e com as
pontuaes. 999.999.999-99. O nmero
9 indica que havero trs dgitos, separados por ponto e os ltimos dois dgitos
sero separados por hfen. O nmero 9
na mscara indica que a digitao do
nmero obrigatria. Se substituir o
nmero 9 pelo nmero 0, a digitao
ser opcional.
Legenda ...................: Legenda um nome amigvel para
R FDPSR$SHQDV QD YLVXDOL]DomR GD
tabela no modo folha de dados ser
apresentada como cabealho da coluna, a legenda do campo no lugar do
nome.
Valor Padro .............: O valor a ser automaticamente preenchido a cada novo registro. Por exemplo,
VHDWDEHODpGHFOLHQWHVHDHPSUHVDFD
em So Paulo, o Campo Cidade poder
DVVXPLUFRPRYDORUSDGUmRRWH[WR6mR
3DXORDVVLPVHPSUHTXHRFDGDVWURGH
um novo cliente for feito, este campo j
vir automaticamente preenchido com
este valor.
Requerido .................: Sim ou No. Se sim, o preenchimento
obrigatrio.
3HUPLWLUFRPSULPHQWR]HUR6LPVLJQLFDTXHRFDPSRSRGHr ser nulo.
Regra de Validao ...: Propriedade muito importante quanGR VH WHP XP FRQMXQWR GHQLGR GH
valores que o campo poder assumir.
Por exemplo, o campo Estado (UF),
quando o pas Brasil. A lista de
siglas podero constar na Regra de
Validao do campo UF, evitando que
o usurio preencha uma sigla que no
corresponde a uma Unidade de Federao.
Texto de Validao....: O texto a ser apresentado para o usurio
quando a regra de validao no for
atendida de modo satisfatrio.
Propriedades do Tipo Monetrio
Propriedades do Tipo Data
Os formatos de um campo data so opes de apresentao da data, conforme apresentam-se na figura a seguir.
Propriedades do Tipo Nmero
O tamanho de um campo do tipo Nmero poder variar

de acordo com o propsito.
Byte ............................. Q~PHURV LQWHLURV GH D

,GHDO SDUD DUPD]HQDU GDGRV
como idade de uma pessoa, que
QXQFDVHUiPDLRUTXHDQRV
Inteiro e Inteiro Longo : nmeros inteiros
Simples e Duplo .......... : nmero que aceita decimais, ideais para valores monetrios
Cdigo com replicao : nmero de um cdigo que chave estrangeira na tabela
Decimal ....................... : nmero com casas decimais, com
intervalo entre .
Sugesto de Estrutura de Dados para criao de Tabelas
CLIENTE
Campo
Tipo
Tamanho
CdigoCliente
Contador
(long int)
Nome
Texto
50
Endereo
Texto
50
Bairro
Texto
30
Cep
Texto
09
Cidade
Texto
30
UF
Texto
02
Telefone
Texto
09
Celular
Texto
09
Site
Campo
Texto
FORNECEDOR
Tipo
50
Tamanho
CdigoFornecedor
Contador
(long int)
Nome
Texto
50
Endereo
Texto
50
Bairro
Texto
30
Cep
Texto
09
Cidade
Texto
30
UF
Texto
02
Telefone
Texto
09
Celular
Texto
09
Site
Texto
50
Campo
CONTATO
Tipo
Tamanho
CdigoContato
Contador
(long int)
TipoContato
Nmero
Inteiro
Nome
Texto
50
Cargo
Texto
40
Telefone
Texto
09
Ramal
Texto
10
Celular
Texto
09
Email
Texto
50
Campo
CATEGORIA
Tipo
Tamanho
CdigoCategoria
Contador
(long int)
Descrio
Texto

Campo
PRODUTO
Tipo
Tamanho
CdigoProduto
Contador
(long int)
CdigoCategoria
Nmero
Inteiro
CdigoFornecedor
Nmero
Inteiro
DescricaoProduto
Texto
50
PrecoVenda
Monetrio
double
Campo
PEDIDO
Tipo
nmeroPedido
Contador
dataPedido
DataHora
DETALHES DO PEDIDO
Campo
Tipo
Tamanho
(long int)
Tamanho
Cdigo
Contador
(long int)
nmeroPedido
Nmero
(long int)
cdigoProduto
Nmero
(long int)
Quantidade
Nmero
Int
Total do item
Monetrio
Double
Chave Primria e Chave Estrangeira

Chave primria uma propriedade do campo que indica
que o mesmo identificar cada registro, no poder ser nulo,
o preenchimento obrigatrio e no poder haver, na tabela,
dois ou mais registros com o mesmo valor.
Na tabela Categoria, o campo CdigoDaCategoria definido como Chave Primria. Os campos chave primria possuem
um valor exclusivo. Normalmente, os campos cdigos na tabela
da Entidade principal so definidos como chaves primrias.
O campo CdigoDoCliente na Tabela de CLIENTE. O
campo CdigoDoFornecedor na Tabela FORNECEDOR. O
campo CdigoDoProduto na Tabela PRODUTO.
Chave estrangeira o campo que estabelece a associao de
uma tabela com outra. A chave estrangeira no poder ser nula,
mas poder haver dois ou mais registros com o mesmo contedo.
Por exemplo: Para cada CATEGORIA de Produtos, h
vrios produtos, de diferentes marcas.
Categoria Bebidas, cujo cdigo 0001.
Produtos desta categoria: Refrigerante de Laranja, Guaran, Refrigerante de Uva, Suco, Leite, dentre muitos outros.
Na organizao das tabelas, todas as bebidas citadas possuem um cdigo nico e exclusivo de Produto, mas possuem
o mesmo cdigo de Categoria de Produtos, por pertencerem
mesma categoria.
O campo CdigoDaCategoria Chave Primria na Tabela CATEGORIA e chave-estrangeira na tabela PRODUTO
Consultas
As consultas so os objetos do Banco de Dados responsveis pela seleo dos dados armazenados nas tabelas, respeitando um conjunto de critrios. por meio de consultas
que dados de duas ou mais tabelas podem ser combinados
e/ou agrupados de modo a apresentar uma informao relevante para subsidiar um processo decisrio. As consultas
correspondem a pesquisas no BD.
Tabelas e Consultas so apresentadas de modo similar,
como planilhas ou Folhas de Dados.
possvel especificar linhas de dados que aparecem
na consulta estabelecendo critrios de pesquisa. Se, por
exemplo, voc estiver consultando uma tabela CLIENTE,
poder especificar que deseja localizar apenas os que esto
localizados em determinada regio.
Os critrios de pesquisa so especificados por uma expresso.
Normalmente, a expresso consiste em um operador e um

valor de pesquisa. Na consulta Lista Alfabtica de Produtos
Ativos ilustrada abaixo, a expresso o valor No.
Lista Alfabtica de Produtos Ativos
Outros exemplos de expresso para a consulta acima,

seriam:
Produtos com Preo Unitrio entre 100 e 200 reais.
Campo:
Tabela:
&ODVVLFDomR
Mostrar:
PreoUnitrio
Produtos
Critrio:
>=100 E <200
Ou
Produtos com menos de 10 Unidades em Estoque
Campo:
UnidadesEmEstoque
Produtos
Tabela:
&ODVVLFDomR
Decrescente
Mostrar:
Critrio:
<10
Ou
Observao - Se estiver trabalhando com vrias tabelas, o
criador de consultas examina cada critrio de pesquisa para
determinar se a comparao feita gera uma associao. No
exemplo da Lista Alfabtica de Produtos Ativos, duas tabelas so usadas. Para cada produto, apresentada a Categoria
dele. Esta associao feita pelo campo Cdigo da Categoria.
As consultas so bases para a gerao de conhecimento.
Formulrios
Os formulrios so objetos do banco de dados cujo objetivo estabelecer uma interface de comunicao com o usurio, ou seja, para edio e visualizao dos dados disponveis
nas tabelas e consultas. Os formulrios so organizados
como um formulrio impresso, para ser preenchido.
Os formulrios podero ter diferentes formatos, a fim

de facilitar a digitao dos dados das tabelas. Apresenta-se a
seguir uma lista de formulrios como exemplo.
Formulrio para cadastro de clientes. Os campos so os

mesmos definidos na Tabela Clientes.
Formulrio para cadastro de Fornecedores. Os campos

so os mesmos definidos na Tabela Fornecedores.
Formulrio para cadastro de pedidos. Os campos so

os mesmos definidos na Tabela Pedidos. A folha de dados
destacada o sub-formulrio do formulrio pedidos e traz os
dados da Tabela Detalhes do Pedido.
O formulrio mostrado aqui inclui informaes retiradas
de vrias tabelas:
As informaes desse formulrio so originrias da tabela Clientes. Na tabela Pedidos, a nica informao gravada
sobre o cliente o Cdigo, o nome, endereo e demais dados
sobre o cliente so obtidos pela associao um-para-muitos
entre as duas tabelas.
Um CLIENTE tem muitos PEDIDOS.
As informaes desse sub-formulrio so originrias da

tabela Detalhes do Pedido. Na tabela Detalhes do Pedido,
a nica informao gravada sobre o produto o Cdigo. A
descrio do produto e o preo unitrio so obtidos pela associao um-para-muitos entre as tabelas Detalhes do Pedido e
Produtos.
Um PEDIDO tem muitos PRODUTOS.
Relatrios
Os relatrios so objetos do banco de dados que organizam os resultados das consultas ou para apresentao dos
contedos das tabelas, em interface para impresso.
VENDAS POR CATEGORIA
NOES BSICAS DE
ARMAZENAMENTO DE DADOS
E REALIZAO DE
CPIA DE SEGURANA (BACKUP).
DISPOSITIVOS PARA ARMAZENAMENTO
DE DADOS
O HD (hard disk), ou disco Rgido, a parte do compuWDGRURQGHVmRDUPD]HQDGRVRVGDGRVeHOHTXHJXDUGDWRGRV
os seus arquivos como fotos, msicas, trabalhos, jogos, vdeos e
tudo mais que voc tenha de informaes e dados. Com o passar
do tempo esses arquivos vo se acumulando e a falta de espao
se torna um problema pra quem no pode jog-los fora, e pra
isso que serve o HD externo. Com ele voc no precisa mais se
preocupar em trocar seu HD ou at mesmo o seu computador.
O HD externo funciona como um perifrico, como se fosse
XP3HQ'ULYHVyTXHFRPXPDFDSDFLGDGHLQQLWDPHQWHPDLRU
A maioria dos modelos funciona atravs da porta USB 2.0,
basta voc ligar o HD externo na tomada e ento conectar na
USB. Existem vrios modelos de HD externo, uns com funes
a mais que os outros, outros com mais capacidades que outros e
por a vai. Os mais simples so aqueles que conectamos e logo
em seguida aparecem no computador como mais um disco,
mas como a briga pelo mercado grande, muitos fabricantes
LQFUHPHQWDPRV+'VH[WHUQRVFRPSURJUDPDVMiLQVWDODGRV
Mas como todos os produtos tecnolgicos, a melhor opo
pra voc depende das suas prprias necessidades. Esses novos
PRGHORV Mi YrP FRP SURJUDPDV OHJDLV TXH ID]HP FRP TXH
voc tenha a aparncia do seu desktop em qualquer outro comSXWDGRURXWURVYHPFRPFDERTXHSRGHVHUXWLOL]DGRWDPEpP
em cmeras digitais, handhelds, smartphones, e j existem
WDPEpP RV TXH ID]HP FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR GH GDGRV HP UHGH
o que incrvel. De qualquer forma super legal voc pensar
HPWHUXPDFHVVyULRTXHDUPD]HQHWXGRTXHSUHFLVDLQFOXVLYH
programas como photoshop porttil, que voc pode levar pra
onde voc quiser e usar em qualquer computador que estiver
a sua frente!
O QUE DIFERE O PEN DRIVE DO HD EXTERNO?
O primeiro (PEN DRIVE) centrado na portabilidade e
simplicidade de uso e o segundo (HD EXTERNO), claro, na
FDSDFLGDGHTXDVHDVWURQ{PLFDGHDUPD]HQDUDUTXLYRV3RUWDQWR
tenha em mente que voc deve primeiro traar suas necessidades bsicas para, depois, escolher seu produto.
O que um Pen drive?
3HQ GULYHV VmR XQLGDGHV GH DUPD]HQDPHQWR TXH XWLOL]DP
PHPyULDDVK$PHPyULDDVKpXPWLSRGHPHPyULDTXHSHUPLWHTXHGDGRVVHMDPDSDJDGRVHHVFULWRVPXLWDVYH]HVeFRPR
se fosse um chip re-escrevvel que preserva o seu contedo sem
a necessidade de fonte de alimentao. Um pen drive tem a
aparncia de um isqueiro ou chaveiro.
Voc pluga na entrada USB do seu micro e, em segundos,

acessa os dados ali contidos ou grava novos arquivos.
6XUJLUDPQRQDOGHHKRMHDOFDQoDUDPWDPDQKDSRSXlaridade que j so solicitados at mesmo em listas de material
de algumas escolas.
Existem modelos com softwares internos que gerenciam
esses arquivos, podem ser bloqueados por senhas e at mesmo
carregar aplicativos diretamente, como se fosse uma central de
programas porttil.
O que um HD Externo?
So iguais aos HDs que voc tem dentro do seu micro
ou notebook e podem ser encontrados em diferentes formatos,
FDSDFLGDGHVHSURFHVVRVGHPRQWDJHPGLIHUHQWHV1mRXWLOL]DP
PHPyULDDVKPDVVLPGLVFRVUtJLGRVGHPDLRUFDSDFLGDGHH
velocidade no acesso aos dados.
So indicados para outro tipo de aplicao: backup e arma]HQDPHQWRGHJUDQGHVDFHUYRVGHGRFXPHQWRVIRWRVP~VLFDV

e vdeos. Embora existam alguns modelos do tamanho de uma
carteira masculina, sua portabilidade um pouco menor do
que a do Pen Drive e em alguns casos necessitam de fonte de
DOLPHQWDomRHSURWHomRFRPRXPHVWDELOL]DGRURXQREUHDN
Velocidades
3RUGHQLomRXP+'H[WHUQRGDGRDRWLSRGHOHLWXUDHSURWRFROR
de comunicao com o micro, mais rpido do que um pen drive,
SULQFLSDOPHQWHVHXWLOL]DUDVDtGDUHZLUHWLSRGHFRQH[mRXWLOL]Dda para transportar grandes quantidades de arquivos). Existem pen
drives com tecnologias que aumentam esta velocidade, mas elas
FDPDLQGDGHQWURGDUHDOLGDGHGHYHORFLGDGHVGHSHQGULYH
Capacidades
Pen Drives tm capacidade menor, variando de 1 Gb at
*EVXFLHQWHVSDUDDPDLRULDGDVDSOLFDo}HVQDVTXDLVXWLOL]DPRVHVWHHTXLSDPHQWR-i+'H[WHUQRVDSUHVHQWDPPRGHORV
com capacidade de 120Gb at incrveis 2 Terabytes (2 mil Gibabytes), recomendados para redes de empresas.
Preo
9DOHOHPEUDUPDLVXPDYH]TXHHVWDPRVIDODQGRGHSURGXtos com objetivos diferentes. Logo, uma comparao de preos
nunca ser precisa. Existe uma fronteira onde Pen Drives muito
bons custam quase a mesma coisa que HDs Externos com caSDFLGDGHUHGX]LGD3RUH[HPSORDRID]HUXPFRPSDUDWLYRHQWUH
XP3HQ'ULYHGH*EHXP+'([WHUQRGH*EYRFrFKHJD
a um preo semelhante. Mas, novamente, so produtos com OBJETIVOS diferentes. Avalie primeiro sua necessidade, sempre.
Durabilidade
$PHPyULDDVKGRVSHQGULYHVWHPXVRSURMHWDGRSDUDDWp
10 anos. HDs externos podem durar at um pouco mais, se bem
LQVWDODGRVSURWHJLGRVSRUOWURVGHOLQKDWUDWDGRVHQHOHVVHUHP
programadas manutenes peridicas.
CARTES DE ARMAZENAMENTO
&DUWmRGHPHPyULDRXFDUWmRGHPHPyULDDVKpXPGLVSRVLWLYRGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRGHGDGRVFRPPHPyULDDVKXWLOL]DGR
em videogames, cmeras digitais, telefones celulares, palms/
PDAs, MP3 players, computadores e outros aparelhos eletrnicos.
3RGHP VHU UHJUDYDGRV YiULDV YH]HV QmR QHFHVVLWDP GH
HOHWULFLGDGH SDUD PDQWHU RV GDGRV DUPD]HQDGRV VmR SRUWiWHLV
HVXSRUWDPFRQGLo}HVGHXVRHDUPD]HQDPHQWRPDLVULJRURVRV
que outros dispositivos baseados em peas mveis.
Imagem ilustrativa de um carto de memria de 16 GB e

outro de 4 GB
Entre os vrios tipos de cartes de memria Flash existentes,

o tipo SD (sigla para Secure Digital) , certamente, o mais popular. Seu uso bastante comum em cmeras digitais, telefones
celulares, tablets e at mesmo em consoles de videogame.
Antes de conhecermos as caractersticas dos cartes SD,
FRQYHQLHQWHVDEHUPRVRTXHpPHPyULD)ODVKDQDOHVWDpD
WHFQRORJLDTXHSHUPLWHRDUPD]HQDPHQWRHRDFHVVRDRVGDGRV
Tendo a Toshiba como principal nome por trs do seu desenvolvimento, a memria Flash , essencialmente, um chip do
tipo EEPROM (Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read Only
0HPRU\RTXHVLJQLFDTXHQHOHDJUDYDomRHDHOLPLQDomR
de dados so feitas eletricamente, sem necessidade de uso de
HTXLSDPHQWRVHVSHFLDLVSDUDDUHDOL]DomRGHVWDVWDUHIDV7UDWDVH
GHXPDWHFQRORJLDQmRYROiWLOLVWRpRQGHDVLQIRUPDo}HVSRGHP
FDUDUPD]HQDGDVSRUEDVWDQWHWHPSRQRVFKLSVVHPTXHEDWHULDV
RXRXWUDVIRQWHVGHHQHUJLDWHQKDPTXHVHUXVDGDVSDUDHVWHP
Os cartes SD so, na verdade, uma evoluo de um padro
anterior chamado MultiMedia Card (MMC), lanado em 1997
graas a uma parceria entre SanDisk e Siemens. Ambos so, de
fato, bastante parecidos, inclusive nos aspectos tcnicos e nas
dimenses fsicas.
O padro SD (Secure Digital) foi anunciado pouco tempo
depois, em 1999, e fruto de uma parceria entre SanDisk, Panasonic e Toshiba. Entre as suas principais caractersticas esto:
compatibilidade com determinaes de segurana da Secure
Digital Music Initiative (SDMI), que visa evitar a distribuio
ilegal de msicas; uma pequena trava de segurana que impede
a eliminao de dados do dispositivo; e melhor desempenho na
transferncia de dados.
Vrios tipos de cartes SD foram lanados pela indstria:
Carto SD
Este o primeiro tipo a ser lanado e, tambm, o mais
SRSXODUePXLWRFRPXPHQFRQWUiORHPFkPHUDVRXOPDGRUDV
digitais, por exemplo, assim como fcil encontrar entradas
para este tipo em laptops.
Os cartes SD possuem as seguintes medidas: 24 mm x 32
PP[PP(PXPDGHVXDVODWHUDLVKiXPSHTXHQRFRUWH
TXH ID] R GLVSRVLWLYR OHPEUDU YDJDPHQWH XPD IROKD GH SDSHO
com a ponta dobrada. Este tipo possui uma pequena trava lateral
de segurana que o usurio pode ativar para evitar gravao ou
eliminao de dados. Alm disso, possui 9 pinos de contato.
Carto miniSD
Anunciado em 2003, o carto miniSD , tal como o nome
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PHQRUSRVVXLQGRDVVHJXLQWHVPHGLGDVPP[PP[
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SLQRVGHFRQWDWR7UDWDVHGHXPWLSRFRPXPHQWHXWLOL]DGRHP
WHOHIRQHVFHOXODUHVPDVTXHQmRFRXWmRSRSXODUSRUFDXVDGR
surgimento dos cartes microSD.
Carto microSD
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Carto SDHC
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boa parte das aplicaes, mas a evoluo dos aparelhos - como
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Trata-se de uma categoria de carto com as mesmas medidas
do tipo SD. O seu diferencial justamente a capacidade: dispositivos SDHC so facilmente encontrados com capacidades
entre 4 GB e 32 GB.
Carto SDXC
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a mais recente, tendo sido anunciada no incio de 2009. Novamente, o foco aqui o expressivo aumento da capacidade de
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32 GB e 2 TB (terabytes). Naturalmente, esse tipo de carto tem
preo elevado.
CPIA DE SEGURANA (BACKUP)

Conceito: Backup uma cpia dos arquivos que consideramos mais importantes, ou aqueles arquivos chaves
(fundamentais) para uma empresa. Com o uso cada vez
mais constante de computadores, um sistema de backup que
garanta a segurana e disponibilidade full-time dos dados
corporativos fundamental. Apesar de ser uma medida de
segurana antiga, muitas empresas no possuem um sistema
de backup ou, o fazem de maneira incorreta. Montar um sistema de backup requer um pouco de cautela. importante por
exemplo, saber escolher o tipo de mdia para se armazenar as
informaes, como fitas magnticas, discos ticos ou sistemas
RAID. No Brasil, como em outros pases o dispositivo mais
usado o DAT (Digital Audio Tape), pois oferece capacidade
de armazenamento de at 16GB, a um custo mdio de um
centavo por megabyte. Para pessoas fsicas e pequenas empresas, no necessrio um grande investimento para implantar
um sistema de backup. Os mais usados trabalham com drives
externos -Zip e Jaz-, equipamentos que possuem preo bem
mais em conta, embora possuam menor capacidade de armazenamento, que j suficiente para estes casos.
Dispositivos: Embora as mdias ticas se mostrem como
ltima palavra em backup, no so muito viveis, pois possuem capacidade de armazenamento relativamente pequena
(cerca de 700 MB em um CD) e, em muitos casos no so regravveis. Um ponto a favor das mdias ticas a segurana,
porm atualmente esto sendo utilizadas para a criao de
uma biblioteca de dados, o que caracteriza armazenamento
de dados e no backup.
A tecnologia RAID, consiste num conjunto de drives que
visto pelo sistema como uma nica unidade, continuando a
propiciar acesso contnuo aos dados, mesmo que um dos drives venha a falhar. Os dados so passam pelo nvel 1, que significa espelhamento de drives ou servidores (cpia dos dados
de drives ou servidores), at o nvel 5, que o particionamento
com paridade (o mesmo arquivo repetido em diferentes discos). Esta tecnologia uma opo segura e confivel, sendo
muito utilizada em empresas que possuem rede non-stop e
que no podem perder tempo interrompendo o sistema para
fazer backup. Aps a escolha da mdia para armazenamento,
muito importante decidir qual software de backup mais
adequado para atender s necessidades do usurio. So trs os
requisitos bsicos que devem ser observados:

Facilidade de automatizao;
Recuperao;
Gerenciamento.
Assim, a ferramenta deve realizar, sem a interveno

humana, determinadas rotinas, como abrir e fechar a base de
dados ou copiar somente os arquivos alterados. importante
que o produto tambm realize o gerenciamento centralizado,
permitindo fazer o backup tanto dos arquivos quanto do
banco de dados atravs da mesma interface. Como escolher
um sistema de backup:
Procure o tipo de mdia de armazenamento adequado ao

volume de dados e s necessidades de sua empresa;
O ramo de atividade da empresa tambm determinante.
Companhias com sistemas non-stop necessitam de sistemas rpidos e seguros;
O software de backup deve realizar tarefas automatizadas,

como cpia peridica dos dados e atualizao dos arquivos modificados;
Se a empresa possuir banco de dados, importante que a

ferramenta gerencie atravs da mesma interface tanto o
backup de arquivos quando do prprio banco de dados;
muito mais prtico um software que permita o gerenciamento centralizado de toda rede, mesmo em redes heterogneas.
Falando em Internet, um mercado que vem surgindo

justamente o de backup via Web. O usurio pode alugar um
espao no servidor para armazenar o backup de seus dados,
podendo atualiz-los ou carreg-los quando bem entender.
A prestadora do servio responsvel pela segurana.
Porm, este servio de backup via Internet ainda no uma
soluo adequada para as empresas, devido a dois problemas
bsicos: falta de infra-estrutura e de segurana. Nenhuma
empresa deseja ter seus dados armazenados em um lugar
qualquer (indefinido) na Internet.
Outro ponto muito importante e que sempre bom
lembrar, que a maioria de falhas na rede corporativa so
frutos de erro humano. Isto significa que necessrio um
treinamento dos envolvidos, para que estes possam agir de
maneira correta em caso de emergncia (restaurao do backup). Entre as falhas mais comuns, alm da falta de preparo
dos envolvidos, o armazenamento dos disquetes ou outra
mdia de armazenamento no prprio local onde se localiza o
computador, o que no caso de qualquer desastre (incndio,
enchente), levar a perda total dos dados. Os backups so
importantes porque nos permite recuperar a informao e
perdas causadas pelos usurios, administradores, falhas de
hardware, software ou social, desastres de uma forma geral
e permitem tambm o arquivamento das informaes para
eventual uso futuro.
O backup a sobrevivncia de suas informaes, ele
poder ser feito por qualquer sistema de backup existente no
mercado, tais como: ZIP Drives, Fita DAT, CD, ou mesmo
em disquetes, sendo que estes no so to confiveis como os
citados anteriormente.
Os programas que executam o backup dependem do
tipo de equipamento que esta sendo usado, alguns tem seu
prprio programa de backup, outros aceitam que voc use o
programa de backup do prprio Windows.
ESTRATGIAS
Fazer backup do que? Backup apenas de tudo que

nico ao seu sistema: banco de usurios, arquivos de dados,
configurao do seu sistema,... ou Backup completo.
De que deve ser feito backup? Ao fazer apenas do que
for particular ao nosso sistema economizaremos mdia e
tempo de backup. Numa eventual pane geral poderemos
instalar o sistema novamente a partir das mdias originais
e reconfigur-lo auxiliado pelo backup para finalmente
restaurar os dados.
Se fizermos o backup completo o processo ser mais
complexo, demorado e custar mais mdia de backup mas,
em compensao a restaurao tende a ser mais simples.
TIPOS DE BACKUP
Do dia zero, feito logo aps a instalao do sistema.

Completo, cpia de todos os arquivos. Incremental, cpia
apenas dos arquivos modificados desde o ltimo backup.
O backup do dia zero pode ser til para recuperao ou
deteco problemas no sistema, como arquivos modificados
ou omissos. Alguns sistemas operacionais, como o FreeBSD
e algumas distribuies do Linux so distribudos com um
backup do dia zero, sem as devidas configuraes do sistema,
em um CD a parte. Uma boa poltica de backup pode misturar os trs ou os dois ltimos tipos.
Devemos lembrar de guardar as mdias de backup em um
local fisicamente seguro, de preferncia longe do sistema, tal
precauo poder um dia viabilizar a recuperao de dados
perdidos em uma catstrofe, por exemplo.
A poltica de backup pode incorporar mtodos e perodos
diferentes para diferentes tipos de arquivos do sistema. Por
exemplo, arquivos do sistema operacional costumam ser modificados com muito menor freqncia do que dados do usurio,
assim pode-se adotar uma poltica de backup completo mensal
para o sistema operacional e incremental semanal e para o /
home uma poltica semanal completa e incremental diria.
SOFTWARE DE BACKUP

Cpias simples
Arquivadores simples
Programas especializados
Backups pela rede
H uma vasta disponibilidade de ferramentas para backups

algumas para simples cpias, outras para arquivar diretrios e
arquivos em um nico arquivo, h aquelas ferramentas prprias
para backup de sistema, geralmente utilizadas pelos administradores. Os sistemas especializados preocupam-se em geral no
apenas na confeco de um backup mas tambm no controle das
mdias de backup e na sua realizao para toda a rede.
PERIDIOCIDADE DOS BACKUPS
Crie conjuntos de backup para cada dia da semana

(Segunda-feira, Tera-feira....), voc sempre ir criar
o backup de Segunda-feira no conjunto de backup de
Segunda-feira, e assim por diante. A vantagem deste
sistema que voc ter no mnimo 5 conjuntos de backup
para restaurar as suas informaes caso algum conjunto
no esteja funcionando. Guarde uma cpia de cada ms
por 24 meses e guarde tambm uma cpia do final de cada
ano por pelo menos 10 anos.
POR ONDE COMEAR?
Em primeiro lugar, organize seus arquivos. No necessrio fazer backup de todos os arquivos do micro, portanto
procure deixar em pastas separadas os arquivos importantes
(suas planilhas, seus documentos e textos). Utilize a pasta
Meus documentos, ou crie uma pasta com seu nome, onde
voc pode criar subpastas, como Trabalho, Lazer, etc. Ao
incluir as pastas que deseja salvar no backup, lembre-se de
incluir alguns arquivos que voc pode precisar mais tarde,
e que no esto em suas pastas pessoais: os favoritos do Internet Explorer, que ficam sob a pasta \Windows\Favoritos;
as pastas do Outlook Express, que ficam em um lugar meio
escondido, como \ Windows \ Application Data \ Identities
(se no localizar, pesquise por arquivo de nome *. dbx); e o
Catlogo de Endereos, que fica em \ Windows \ Application
Data \ Microsoft \ Address Book (extenso WAB).
Em segundo lugar, escolha o meio de armazenamento.
Como visto anteriormente, disquete o mais simples, mas
tambm o menos confivel e de menor capacidade de armazenamento. Voc ter que usar um programa de compactao
que divida o seu backup em blocos de 1.44 MB, como o Winzip,
ou o prprio programa de Backup do Windows. O disquete
uma mdia que apresenta erros com freqncia, portanto se
voc escolher utiliz-lo, salve a mesma informao em dois
disquetes, para o caso de um deles apresentar problema.
Outro meio de armazenamento o Zip Drive. Com
capacidade para 100 MB ou 250 MB, ele apresenta menos
problemas que disquetes, e tem maior capacidade. Voc
tanto pode utilizar uma unidade externa, conectada portal
serial ou USB, ou uma interna.
Se utilizar a externa, prefira a porta USB, pois a velocidade de transmisso de dados da serial muito baixa; alm
disso, o externo pode ser compartilhado com outros colegas;
o interno s compensa a compra se voc utilizar tambm
para outros fins. A soluo mais racional para backup um
gravador de CDs. O preo razovel, e a mdia utilizada
ptica, muito mais confivel e durvel que a magntica.
Voc pode utilizar CD-RW, que regravvel, e apagar os
mais antigos para sobrepor os novos backups.
A capacidade 650 ou 700 MB. Tambm pode optar por
um externo, se quiser compartilhar com outras mquinas, ou
se no tiver espao interno.
Por ltimo, decida a periodicidade do backup. Se as informaes no sofrem alteraes constantes (caso da maioria dos
usurios domsticos), considere o backup uma vez por semana,
ou mesmo a cada duas semanas. Existe tambm outra forma
de backup que chama-se imagem do disco rgido. Usando um
programa como o Norton Ghost, voc cria um arquivo que
tem todo o contedo de seu disco rgido. Salve este arquivo
em um CD, e no caso de um desastre, basta formatar o HD, e
fazer a restaurao desta imagem, e o Windows estar idntico
ao que estava no momento do backup.
A atividade de Backup curiosa: aparentemente intil
(um tempo perdido para copiar arquivos e mais arquivos),
torna-se subitamente muito til, quando menos se espera.
Portanto, sempre faa backup, criando sua prpria rotina
de recuperao de desastres, segundo sua necessidade.
Concluindo, deve se ter um plano de ao para montar um
sistema de backup, ou seja, as estratgias tanto de emergncia quanto as da prpria rotina devem ser estudadas e
padronizadas para que todos estejam preparados.
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aplicativos e procedimentos
associados Internet e intranet
Uma rede pode ser um computador ligado Internet ou um
computador ligado a outros computadores. A Internet uma
rede que conecta milhes de computadores ao redor do mundo
e permite a comunicao e trfego de milhes de informaes. A
World Wide Web a parte da Internet mais utilizada por usurios
de computadores. A Internet compreende trfego de informaes
por meio de pginas de hipertexto, notcias e e-mails.
possvel usar o servio de e-mails sem acessar o contedo disponvel na Internet.
A Internet til para:
encontrar informaes;
trocar mensagens;
acessar grupos de notcias;
compartilhar arquivos de fotos, vdeos e documentos;
pesquisar e comprar produtos;

entretenimentos: jogos, sites de relacionamentos,
dentre outros;
Duas coisas so importantes para conectar o computador
Internet:
1.
um Provedor de acesso Internet e
2.
um modem.
As empresas provedoras de acesso oferecem dois tipos de

conexes Internet:
Acesso por conexo banda-larga (ADSL, ISDN), Linha Privativa, dentre outras; e
Acesso por conexo discada (dial-up)
A conexo por banda-larga requer um tipo especial
de modem, visto que esta conexo possui um cabo e,
normalmente, a contratao do servio inclui o hardware.
Contratado o servio de acesso de um provedor, necessrio
ter instalado um navegador. Sobre navegadores, falaremos
mais adiante.
Dentre os servios de uma empresa provedora de acesso,
inclui-se o servio de email, pgina de web, hospedagem de
arquivos, sites e servios de bancos de dados.Intranet
uma rede que utiliza tecnologias de Internet, tais como
navegadores, e-mails e protocolos de comunicao, mas o
acesso privativo s pessoas vinculadas uma organizao,
tais como funcionrios, estagirios, etc..
Intranet
Pense na Internet e em todos os seu servios: a WWW,
para divulgao de informaes; o FTP, para a troca de
arquivos; o Telnet, para o uso de computadores remotos; e
o e-mail, para troca de mensagens etc. Imagine agora que a
sua empresa o mundo e os vrios computadores no mundo
todo isso uma Intranet.
A Intranet utiliza os servios e protocolos da Internet

dentro de uma mesma empresa. Possibilita, por exemplo,
que possamos mandar um e-mail para algum dentro da empresa ou enviar um arquivo por FTP a um computador em
outro andar. Tambm permite a criao de uma homepage
com sua identificao e os trabalhos que est desenvolvendo.
Enquanto a Internet estabelece os padres e as tecnologias para comunicao entre computadores, atravs de uma
rede mundial que conecta muitas redes, a Intranet aplica
estas tecnologias dentro da organizao via rede LAN/WAN
corporativa, com todos os mesmos benefcios. Exatamente
pela Internet ser um padro bem estabelecido, montar a
infra-estrutura simples. O Clssico problema de como fazer
um se conectar com muitos resolvida pelo uso de tecnologia
Internet via WAN/LAN. O controle de acesso e segurana,
problema complicado nos modelos informacionais atuais
tambm encontra soluo nos moldes da Internet.
A tecnologia da Internet passa a se incorporar na nova logstica empresarial de fora para dentro, ou seja, para suportar toda
esta nova dinmica externa a logstica interna (suprimento-fabricao-entrega) precisa acompanhar, a questo bsica :
a empresa quer responder pronta e corretamente s demandas
apresentadas pelo seu canal de vendas e seus parceiros.
No dar respostas, seja por telefone ou Internet igualmente inadmissvel. Portanto, hora de comear a operar via
Internet, aos poucos, sempre consciente de que a essncia do
sucesso operacional neste novo cenrio passa, aos poucos, por
uma integrao de todos os sistemas computacionais desde o
nvel de simples coleta de dados at a apresentao multimdia
via Internet. O caminho, no to longo, passa por:
Criar uma ponte entre os sistemas corporativos de
logstica e os acessos via Internet;
Simplificar as operaes, pois virtualmente estamos
todos trabalhando na mesma sala;
Criar bases de dados abertas que possam ser consultadas facilmente;
Montar uma estrutura de divulgao e pesquisa
rpidas de informao entre os diversos grupos de
trabalho da empresa via Intranet. Ou seja, Compras
/ Engenharia, Produo / Engenharia, Compras
/ Qualidade / Fornecedores, Vendas / Produo,
enfim... todos com todos.
Intranet e as Organizaes: J ponto pacfico que
apoiarmos a estrutura de comunicaes corporativas em
uma Intranet, d para simplificar o trabalho, pois, como j
foi dito, estamos virtualmente todos na mesma sala. De qualquer modo, cedo para se afirmar onde a Intranet vai ser
mais efetiva para unir (no sentido operacional) os diversos
profissionais de uma empresa. Mas em algumas reas j se
vislumbram benefcios, por exemplo:
Marketing e Vendas: Informaes sobre produtos, Listas
de Preos, Promoes Leads de Vendas (Indicativos para
prospeco), Informaes sobre a concorrncia, Anlises
sobre negcios ganhos e pedidos, Planejamento de Eventos,
Consultas sobre ATP (Availability to Promise), Material
para Treinamento etc.
Desenvolvimento de Produtos: Especificaes, Designs,
Planejamentos, Milestones de Projeto, Mudanas de Eng., Listas de Responsabilidades de membros das equipes, Situao de
Projetos, Caractersticas de Produtos da Concorrncia etc.
Servio ao Cliente e Suporte: Relatrios sobre problemas

comuns, Perguntas e repostas. Andamentos de Ordens de
Servios, Treinamentos e dicas para atender a reclamaes
gerais etc.
Recursos Humanos: Informaes sobre benefcios, polticas da companhia, etc. Misses da Companhia Oportunidades
de Trabalho, Programas de Desenvolvimento Pessoal etc.
Utilizao da Intranet: A questo : por dificuldades
de tirar informao de um lugar e disponibilizar para todos
os interessados, as empresas replicam esforos em diversas
reas e, na falta de unicidade de informaes, as decises
tomadas em reas diferentes, mas inter-relacionadas, so
muitas vezes conflitantes. Isso at natural que acontea,
uma vez que os executivos que as tomaram simplesmente
basearam-se em vises muito diferentes que tm da mesma
realidade que a empresa em que trabalham.
A Intranet (ou Internet Corporativa) ajuda neste caso?
Sim, a melhor ferramenta para disponibilizar a reapresentao de uma mesma realidade para muitas pessoas.
E exatamente por isso que ela se estabelece como uma
exploso de remodelamento empresarial e se transforma to rapidamente, de um sistema de integrao pblica, a uma estratgia
de comunicao corporativa. Agora, por que ela ajuda?
Motivos para utilizao da Intranet: Primeiro, porque
ela uma estrutura de comunicaes ONIPRESENTE,
qualquer um se comunica de qualquer lugar para qualquer
lugar. Pouqussimas empresas conseguiram implementar
um sistema eletrnico de comunicaes com seus parceiros,
justamente pela diversidade de ambientes computacionais
e protocolos de comunicao. Hoje, a empresa A para falar
com a B, via computador, ainda precisa primeiro negociar
a lngua que vo usar, (a Internet no uma Torre de
Babel, mais fcil se comunicar atravs dela). Os canais
de comunicao tambm variam, um canal dedicado de
alta velocidade atende a um tipo de demanda (atualizao
constante de dados entre fbricas e depsitos, p. ex.), canais
de acesso compartilhado (vendedores espalhados pelo pas,
consultando a nova lista de preos) caracterizam um acesso
no to constante, mas geograficamente disperso e variado.
A Intranet vai usufruir dos dois canais, sem problemas, e os
usurios no vo ter problema de usar a Intranet ou a Internet, porque so dois nomes para a mesma coisa, ningum
percebe se o canal de comunicao pblico ou privado
(a no ser pela velocidade). Um diretor vai olhar o mesmo
grfico de vendas, ou consultar uma promessa de entrega,
no computador da sua mesa, no meio da fbrica, de casa, da
Disneylndia, d no mesmo, ele vai entrar na sua Intranet a
partir de qualquer lugar, via Internet.
Segundo, e tambm importantssimo pela inovao conceitual: a informao no mais enviada, buscada sob demanda.
No se enviam mais catlogos, listas de preos, promoes,
mensagens, todos passam, a saber, onde estas informaes esto
disponveis e as buscam sempre que precisam. Isto simplifica
radicalmente muitas coisas, principalmente no que tange aos
procedimentos de atualizao e gerao de informaes, no se
imprime coisas a mais nem a menos, simplesmente porque no
se imprime mais nada.
Terceiro, a interface com o usurio agradvel, fcil de
usar, a mesma que ele, a mulher e os filhos usam em casa.
Quarto, a tecnologia estvel, acreditem se quiser, a
Internet (em termos de informtica) uma senhora mais
velha que o PC (Personal Computer), primeiro era exclusiva
do Pentgono, depois ampliou-se para as universidades de
todo o mundo e, agora, graas ao arsenal de tecnologia amigvel dos micros, toma conta das casas e empresas do nosso
combalido planeta.
E, finalmente, para se montar uma Intranet tecnicamente muito fcil, mas quando for para implement-la de
modo a alterar mais profundamente o modus operandi e a
logstica das corporaes, ento enfrentaremos tarefas como
aculturao de executivos, remodelamentos operacionais,
renovao de ambientes computacionais (principalmente
nas grandes corporaes, onde realmente este esforo Hercleo), etc. Mas errado tentar repensar a empresa inteira
primeiro e implementar depois, a remodelao correta ser
fruto do uso, que trar os feed-backs necessrios. Comece aos
poucos, das pontas para o meio, mas comece j.
A conexo com a Internet: Como vimos, a Intranet pode
ser utilizada apenas para acesso dentro da corporao, porm se a empresa desejar conectar-se remotamente a outras
Intranets, pode se utilizar de uma Rede de Longa Distncia
(WAN - Wide Area Network) prpria, com custos relativamente altos; pode utilizar a RENPAC - Rede Nacional de
Pacotes da Embratel, de mdio custo; ou ainda a Internet, de
baixo custo com uma boa relao custo / benefcio.
Nestes casos, recomendado um estudo apropriado para
verificar qual a melhor forma de conexo.
No caso de conexo com a Internet, temos ainda duas
opes principais a saber:
1.
conexo direta espinha dorsal (backbone) da Internet via Embratel, RNP,..., com alta performance,
porm com custo elevado;
2.
ou conexo via Provedor de Acesso Internet (ISP).

No primeiro caso, a conexo ao backbone se faz atravs de um roteador conectado a um canal dedicado.
No segundo caso, utilizaremos um microcomputador,

dedicado ou no, como ponte (gateway proxy), que ligado
rede local, tambm se conecta Internet com linha dedicada
ou telefnica comum via provedor de acesso.
Extranet
uma rede que utiliza tecnologias de Internet, tais como
navegadores, e-mails e protocolos de comunicao. O acesso
privativo s pessoas vinculadas organizao e a outras
pessoas externas, tais como fornecedores, clientes e outros
de interesse da organizao.
Site (ou stio)

Um site, website, um conjunto de pginas de Internet,
interligadas, cujo contedo especfico de uma organizao.
A pgina principal conhecida como homepage, ou simplesmente home. Na home, h link para todas as demais pginas
do site e, todas as pginas do site, permitem retornar pgina
principal (a home). O protocolo que permite visualizar o site
o HTTP.
A homepage de qualquer site acessvel na rede mundial
de computadores (Internet) por meio do domnio e, a partir
deste endereo, todas as pginas so acessveis.
Uma pgina ligada a outra e esta ligao , popularmente, chamada de link. Os links so ncoras que permitem o
usurio acessar, rapidamente, o contedo associado. Uma
pgina pode ter dezenas ou centenas de links e links podem
ser textos, imagens ou combinao dos dois.
Quando o mouse posicionado sobre o link, o ponteiro

muda para o formato de uma mo e o endereo do link aparece na barra de status.
Download
O termo download usado quando um arquivo

transferido da Internet para o computador. Os downloads
mais comuns so realizados quando acessamos contedos
de arquivos anexados a e-mails, aceitamos atualizaes de
software ou gravamos arquivos de contedos especficos, tais
como msicas, jogos, vdeos ou documentos.
Ao transferir o arquivo da Internet para o computador
(fazer um download), o usurio aceita o risco de gravar em
sua mquina um arquivo que contm vrus, ou um programa
que pode danificar as informaes do computador. Para
evitar o risco, os cuidados abaixo devem ser observados:
instalar software de antivirus;
fazer download de sites seguros;
confira o tipo de arquivo que ser transferido para
o computador. Arquivos executveis, com extenses
.exe, .scr, .bat, .com ou outros, podero ser executados
e danificar as informaes contidas no computador.
Upload
O termo upload usado quando um arquivo transferido

do computador para a Internet. Os uploads mais comuns so
realizados quando publicamos um site, enviamos arquivos
para diretrios virtuais, fotos em sites de relacionamento,
dentre outros.
Domnio
O domnio do site o endereo. No Brasil, a organizao

responsvel pelo registro dos domnios na Internet a FAPESP e operacionaliza os registros e consulta de domnios
por meio do site www.registro.br.
Os domnios so organizados em 4 partes:
{protocolo} {ponto} {nome do domnio} {ponto} {tipo
de domnio} {ponto} {sigla do pas}
A sigla do pas opcional, mas todos os outros so
obrigatrios. Como exemplo de domnio, veja o da Apostilas
Sinttica.
www.sinteticaapostilas.com.br
Para que o contedo seja trafegado na rede, importante
estabelecer uma linguagem para comunicao entre emissor
e receptor de mensagens. Esta linguagem o protocolo. O
protocolo indica o que ser trafegado na rede. Os protocolos
so HTTP e FTP.
Protocolos
Antes de conhecer os tipos de protocolos, vamos entender o significado do termo Protocolo. Esta palavra bastante
usada nas configuraes da Internet e pode ser entendida
como uma linguagem. Para que haja comunicao entre
duas pessoas, importante que o idioma falado seja conhecido pelas duas partes: a pessoa que pergunta e a outra que
escutar, entender a pergunta para poder responder.
TCP/IP
A Internet estabeleceu um protocolo para que todos os
computadores pudessem enviar e receber informaes e, assim, interconect-los. Este protocolo de Internet o TCP/IP.
IP acrnomo do termo Protocolo de Internet, (do ingls,

Internet Protocol). TCP acrnomo do termo Protocolo
de Controle de Transmisso (do ingls, Transfer Control
Protocol). TCP/IP define um conjunto de regras, padres e
convenes para computadores se comunicarem na Internet,
alm de gerenciar o envio e recebimento de pacotes de mensagens de dados enviadas via protocolo IP.
Protocolo HTTP
http:// advm do termo Hyper Text Transfer Protocol,
e significa Protocolo de Transferncia de Hipertexto. Um
site acessvel por http:// indica que o contedo trafegado ser
pginas de hipertexto. o protocolo padro.
Protocolo HTTPS
Uma conexo segura se as informaes trocadas entre
o site visitado e o navegador que so codificadas, de modo
a impossibilitar a leitura por softwares diversos. Neste caso,
o navegador e o site visitado conhecem o certificado digital
para decodificar as informaes. Este processo de codificao
denominado criptografia e a navegao tende a ser segura
quando a informao enviada.
possvel que mensagens criptografadas tenham seus
certificados descobertos, dependendo do algoritmo usado
para criptografar. Portanto no h garantia de segurana que
o site fidedigno e a privacidade do usurio poder estar
comprometida, pelo modo como o site utiliza ou distribui as
informaes do usurio.
No navegador, conexes seguras utilizam o protocolo
HTTPs e exibem um cadeado na barra de status. O certificado
que usado para criptografar a conexo tambm contm informaes sobre a identidade do dono do site ou organizao.
Voc pode clicar no cadeado para ver a identidade do site.
O protocolo HTTPS usado para compras online, acesso a
servios bancrios e transaes que requer nveis de segurana.
Protocolo FTP
ftp:// advm do termo File Transfer Protocol, e significa
Protocolo de Transferncia de Arquivos. um protoclo usado para transferir arquivos pela Internet. O acesso a arquivos
pelo protocol FTP torna o download de mltiplos arquivos
mais rpido. Este protocolo usado para disponibilizar
arquivos para que outros faam download.
Para iniciar uma transferncia de arquivos no navegador,
digite o endereo de FTP na barra de endereos do navegador.
O endereo de FTP inicia com "ftp://" em vez de "http://."
Por exemplo, para ir para o site de FTP da Microsoft,
digite ftp://ftp.microsoft.com, e ento, pressione a tecla
ENTER.
Telnet
Telnet um programa capaz de conectar outros computadores usando a Internet. Este programa permite que,
remotamente, voc execute programas e servios que esto
no computador remoto. Seu uso til para acessar arquivos
em mquinas remotas.
Wireless
Em uma rede sem fio, os computadores so conectados

por sinais de rdio, no lugar de fios ou cabos. A vantagem
das redes sem fio inclui a mobilidade e a ausncia de fios.
Como desvantagens, podemos citar uma conexo mais lenta,
se comparada a uma rede cabeada e interferncia de outras
redes sem fio, tais como telefones sem fio. A ajuda do MS-Windows ilustra a rede sem fio com a Figura abaixo.
Rede sem fio
Ethernet
Uma pgina ligada a outra e esta ligao , popularmente, chamada de link. Os links so ncoras que permitem o
usurio acessar, rapidamente, o contedo associado.
VoIP
Uma forma de comunicao utilizando recursos de internet, ou seja, um recurso a um melhor custo de estabelecer
ligaes a longa distncia.
Vrus e Antivrus
Antivirus so programas que lem arquivos antes de

abri-los e notifica se est ou no contaminado por vrus.
Quando o antivrus detecta algo suspeito no arquivo, mas
no capaz de identificar o vrus, ele denuncia como um
arquivo potencialmente inseguro.
Firewall
O termo ingls significa corta-fogo. Este conceito, advindo

das portas corta-fogo, as quais evitam que um incndio se alastre por outros andares de um edifcio, assim o objetivo dos
programas de firewall, impedir a transmisso e/ou recepo de
acessos no autorizados de uma rede para outra.
Os programas de Firewall aplicam polticas de segurana
a um determinado ponto de controle da rede e definem os
nveis de acesso aos usurios.
Navegadores ou Browsers
Um navegador um software preparado para acessar

o contedo disponvel na Internet. Leva o nome de navegador porque o contedo da Internet associado a outros
contedos que, por meio de links, so conectados e o usurio
vai de um contedo a outro, por meio de cliques a palavras
ancoradas a outros contedos.
Os navegadores mais usados atualmente so: o Internet
Explorer, Natscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox e Google
Crome. Apresentaremos nesta seo, as principais funcionalidades, comuns a todos os navegadores.
Funcionalidades comuns a todos os

navegadores
As principais funcionalidades esto, normalmente,
disponveis na barra de ferramentas padro do navegador.
As Figuras ilustram as barras de ferramentas padro, dos
navegadores Internet Explorer, Mozzila Firefox e Google
Crome, respectivamente.
Barra de Ferramentas padro do Internet Explorer
Barra de Ferramentas padro do Mozilla Firefox
Barra de Ferramentas padro do Google Crome
Quadro Ferramentas do Internet Explorer

Ferramenta
Funo
Voltar
A possibilidade de visitar pginas

e pginas na Internet, o boto
Voltar permite visualizar a(s)
ltima(s) pgina(s) visitada(s). Se
clicar no boto Voltar vrias vezes,
retroceder s pginas visitadas
na mesma seqncia que foram
acessadas. Utilize a seta para
baixo para escolher a pgina esSHFtFDTXHGHVHMDYROWDU
Avanar
Se a ferramenta Voltar foi acionada,

habilitar a ferramenta Avanar.
Observe que na Barra de Ferramentas padro do Internet Explorer
esta ferramenta est inativa (cinza).
O conceito similar ao boto
Voltar, porm, avanar as pginas
at a ltima visitada.
Parar
Quando o navegador est baixando uma pgina da Internet, se esta

IHUUDPHQWDIRUDFLRQDGDRGRZQORad da pgina ser cancelado.
Atualizar
Recarrega a pgina atual
Home
Carrega a pgina inicial do navegador
Pesquisar
Assistente de pesquisa da Internet. AjuGDDORFDOL]DUFRQWH~GRVHVSHFtFRV
Favoritos
Exibe o menu favoritos
Histrico
Exibe o histrico dos ltimos sites

visitados.
Opes
de E-mail
Esta ferramenta disponvel do Internet Explorer e permite acessar

R VRIWZDUH GH FRUUHLR
eletrnico (e-mail) rapidamente, j
na funo
Imprimir
Imprime o contedo visitado.
Adicionar uma pgina ao Menu Favoritos

O menu Favoritos tem por funo adicionar sites, a fim
de visualiz-los rapidamente, sem a necessidade de lembrar
o endereo e digit-lo. Quando um site adicionado ao menu
favoritos, o ttulo do site exibido no menu. Na prxima vez
que o usurio desejar acess-lo, basta localizar a opo do
site no menu.
(a)
(b)
Menu Favoritos. (a) do navegador Internet Explorer.
(b) do navegador Mozilla Firefox
As duas funes bsicas deste menu so: i) Adicionar

pgina a Favoritos; e ii) Organizar Favoritos. A organizao
de Favoritos corresponde criao de pastas e agrupamento
de links dentro destas pastas. A funcionalidade bsica igual
em todos os navegadores.
O processo para salvar um site no menu Favoritos :
1.
Abra o site que deseja salvar no menu Favoritos;
2.
No menu Ferramentas, clique em Adicionar a Favoritos (no Internet Explorer) ou Adicionar Pginas
(no Mozilla Firefox)
3.
Abrir uma caixa para digitar o nome, digite um

nome para a pgina de Internet e, ento, clique no
boto Adicionar.
Se h muitas pginas neste menu, possvel organiz-los

em pastas.
O processo para abrir um site do menu Favoritos :
4.
Abra o menu Favoritos;
5.
Na lista de sites favoritos, clique sobre o nome do

site que deseja abrir.
'HQLUDSiJLQDLQLFLDOGR1DYHJDGRU
Quando um navegador aberto, uma pgina da Internet aberta ou uma pgina em branco apresentada. O
fato que o usurio poder definir qual a primeira pgina
que deseja visualizar, quando entrar na Internet ou quando clicar na ferramenta
Para definir a pgina inicial do Navegador, siga os procedimentos a seguir, dependendo do navegador. O procedimento parecido para os demais navegadores:
Quadro Procedimento para definir a pgina Inicial, para
os navegadores Internet Explorer e Mozilla Firefox
No Internet Explorer
No Mozilla Firefox
1) acesse o site desejado e

siga os procedimentos a
seguir;
1) acesse o site desejado e

siga os procedimentos a
seguir;
2) No menu Ferramentas, clique

em Opes da Internet
2) No menu Ferramentas,
clique em Opes
3) Clique na Guia Geral
3) Clique na guia Geral
4) Em Home Page, clique em

Usar atual
4) Em Iniciar, clique em Usar

pgina aberta.
Janela Opes da Internet do navegador Internet Explorer
Janela Opes do navegador Mozilla Firefox
Cookies
Cookies so arquivos de textos gravados no computador
por sites visitados. Estes arquivos contm informaes
dos sites visitados ou de formulrios preenchidos pelo
usurio. Exemplos de informaes gravadas so nome,
email e preferncias. Outro exemplo corresponde a informaes sobre os sites visitados. Com base neste histrico,
possvel identificar o interesse do internauta e saber
quais os sites de seu interesse.
O usurio poder permitir ou no, a gravao de cookies
em seu computador, por sites que ele visita, porm, alguns
sites no funcionam se a gravao de cookies estiver desabilitada. Arquivos de cookies deveriam ser acessveis apenas
pelo site que os criou. Mas h casos de cookies contendo
informaes pessoais, onde outros sites o acessam para obter
informaes sem o consentimento do usurio.
As pginas visitadas na Internet so armazenadas em
uma pasta especial para exibio rpida em outra hora. A
janela Opes da Internet da Figura abaixo apresenta uma
forma de excluir os cookies armazenados no computador.
Procedimento para excluso de cookies gravados no computador.
Os navegadores permitem que o usurio defina o nvel de

privacidade que ter ao visitar sites na Internet. O nvel de
privacidade est relacionado a permisso dos sites em gravar
cookies e ler os cookies j gravados
Nveis de privacidade para gravao e acesso aos cookies

no navegador Internet Explorer
Configuraes de privacidade no navegador Mozilla Firefox
Sistemas de busca e pesquisa na Internet

H diversos sites projetados para buscar contedos
disponveis na Internet e pesquisa por assunto/rea. Chamaremos estes sites de buscadores, dentre os mais conhecidos
no mercado, citaremos o Google, Yahoo e o Bing.
www.google.com.br
www.yahoo.com.br
www.bing.com
Os sistemas de busca e pesquisa permitem uma busca na
Web por assunto, textos nos sites, imagens, vdeos, mapas,
notcias, artigos disponveis em revistas cientficas, livros,
etc. Os melhores sistemas de busca e pesquisa trazem segmentado as categorias de pesquisa para trazer resultados
relevantes ao pesquisador.
Site de um sistema de busca e pesquisa
importante saber buscar para que o resultado da busca

seja relevante.
GRUPOS DE DISCUSSO
A Internet nos dias de hoje uma grande forma de comunicao mundial e alm disso ela diponibiliza diversas
formas de interatividade entre seus adeptos. Uma das formas
de discusso bastante vlidas so atravs do Frum, pois os
fruns esto nos principais sites de contedo independente
do site e seu segmento.
Uma outra forma de discusso tambm utilizada so
os chats (bate papos) que tambm dominam sites diversos
promovendo uma interatividade entre seus visitantes.
REDES SOCIAIS
As redes sociais dominam o mundo da internet promovendo uma interatividade bastante presente no mundo
digital, podemos citar como grandes destaques o FaceBook,
Orkut, Youtube, Tuitter. Esses ferramentas de Interao
presentes na internet nos faz cada vez mais estarmos ligados
a uma nova subdiviso de sociedade: a sociedade digital.
ANOTAES
NAVEGADORES
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fotolog, redes sociais, e-mail, etc.
Os navegadores tambm so conhecidos pelo seu termo
em ingls WEB Browser, ou simplesmente Browser (bastante
cobrado em provas).
As pginas da web so escritas em basicamente em HTML,
a linguagem de marcao que informa aos navegadores como
estruturar e apresentar contedo em uma pgina. Em outras palavras, HTML fornece os blocos bsicos de construo de uma
pgina web, como se fossem painis empilhados e posicionados
lado-a-lado, e neste painis so exibidos todo contedo de uma
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inserido nestes painis. Uma pgina WEB bem parecida a
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FRPTXDQWDVOLQKDVHFROXQDTXLVHUHGHQDRWDPDQKRGHFDGD
FpOXODeDVVLPTXHVHPRQWDXPDSiJLQD:(%'XUDQWHPXLto tempo, esses blocos de construo eram simples e estticos:
linhas de texto, links e imagens que duraram bastante tempo.
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jogar on-line ou analisar um mapa de nossa regio sem ter que
esperar que a pgina seja carregada a cada movimento de peas
ou mudana de mapa.
A ideia dessas pginas dinmicas teve incio com a inveno
da linguagem de script JavaScript. O suporte a JavaScript pelos
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incorporar mais interaes importantes em tempo real. Por
exemplo, se voc preencheu um formulrio on-line e pressionou
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suas inseres em tempo real e alert-lo quase que instantaneamente, caso voc tenha preenchido algum campo do formulrio
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preenchido corretamente, se o CEP da sua rua confere e seu
nmero de telefone no est faltando algum nmero.
Entretanto, a web dinmica, na forma como a conhecemos
hoje, ganhou vida quando XHR (XMLHttpRequest) foi introdu]LGRHP-DYD6FULSWHXVDGRSHODSULPHLUDYH]HPDSOLFDWLYRVGD
web, como o Microsoft Outlook para a web, Gmail e Google
Maps. O XHR permitiu que partes distintas de uma pgina,
como um jogo, um mapa, um vdeo ou uma pesquisa, fossem
alteradas sem a necessidade de carregar novamente toda a
pgina. Como resultado, os aplicativos da web so mais rpidos
e mais geis.
As pginas da web tambm se tornaram mais interessantes
HHFD]HVFRPDLQWURGXomRGH&66CascadingStyleSheets). A
tecnologia CSS garante aos Web Designers uma maneira fcil
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de replicar o layout da pgina para outras pginas do seu site
sem ter que reprogramar toda a pgina. Toda pgina contm
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formulrios e pgina de fundo. Quando for necessrio criar uma
nova pgina s chamar novamente o layout de ttulo, texto,
formulrio e pgina de fundo.
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Javascript, entre outros, estas linguagens e recursos permitem
a estes programas interpretar corretamente os elementos que
formam uma pgina WEB.
A funcionalidade principal de um navegador apresentar o
recurso da web escolhido por voc por meio de uma solicitao
ao servidor e exibio na janela do navegador. O recurso geralmente um documento HTML, mas tambm pode ser um PDF,
uma imagem ou outro tipo de arquivo como Download. O local
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2VSURJUDPDGRUHVGDZHEXWLOL]DPFRPIUHTXrQFLDHVVDSRWHQte combinao de JavaScript, XHR, CSS e outras tecnologias da
web, como AJAX (AssynchronousJavaScript e XML). O HTML
tambm continuou evoluindo, conforme mais recursos e aperfeioamentos eram incorporados a novas verses do HTML padro.
A evoluo da web se d graas aos esforos contnuos de
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desenvolveram essas tecnologias e garantiram que elas fossem
reconhecidas pelos principais navegadores do mercado. Essa
interao entre tecnologias e navegadores transformou a web
em uma plataforma de construo aberta e amigvel para desenYROYHGRUHVTXHGHUDPjOX]YiULRVDSOLFDWLYRV~WHLVHGLYHUWLGRV
que usamos diariamente.
HTML5
A evoluo da ltima verso do HTML, conhecido como
+70/pXPFRQMXQWRGHUHFXUVRVTXHSHUPLWHDRV:(%'Hsigners e aos desenvolvedores a capacidade de criar a prxima
gerao de incrveis aplicativos on-line.
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da Internet precisavam instalar softwares adicionais, chamados
plug-ins, para assistir a vdeos em seus navegadores. Em pouco
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2XWURVH[FHOHQWHVUHFXUVRVGH+70/LQFOXHPRSo}HVRII-line que permitem aos usurios interagir com aplicativos da
web mesmo quando no tiverem conexo com a Internet, alm
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os recursos de arrastar e soltar permitem que os usurios ane[HPFRPIDFLOLGDGHHUDSLGH]XPDUTXLYRDXPDPHQVDJHPGH
e-mail. Basta arrastar o arquivo da rea de trabalho do computador do usurio para a janela do navegador esta foi uma melhoria
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&RPR WRGD D ,QWHUQHW D WHFQRORJLD +70/ HVWi HP FRQVtante evoluo, com base nas necessidades e imaginao dos
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alguns dos melhores aspectos da web: funciona em qualquer lugar e em qualquer dispositivo com um navegador moderno. Mas
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de diversas opes de navegadores e, ao contrrio das TVs, os
navegadores da web podem ser baixados gratuitamente.
Atualize seu navegador

Navegadores antigos e novos NO DEVEM continuar
instalados: os navegadores modernos so mais rpidos, repletos
de recursos e mais seguros, os navegadores antigos so lentos
e, em ltimo caso, um temido perigo pois em caso de ataques
maliciosos eles no conseguem eliminar. Eis um perigo para
quem continua usando o Windows XP, ele suporta at o Internet
([SORUHU6HYRFrXVDR;3GHYHXWLOL]DUXPRXWURQDYHJDGRU
DWXDOL]DGRHQXQFDXVDUR,(
A maioria das pessoas no percebe o quanto um navegador
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vidas on-line, em especial nossa segurana on-line. Voc no
dirigiria um carro antigo com pneus carecas, freios desgastados
e motor corrodo por muitos anos. uma pssima ideia arriscar-se da mesma forma com o navegador que voc usa para navegar
por todas as pginas e todos os aplicativos na WEB.
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Internet Explorer, do Opera ou do Google Chrome, importante
por trs motivos:
Em primeiro lugar, os navegadores antigos so vulnerveis
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ltimas correes e os ltimos recursos de segurana. As vulnerabilidades de um navegador podem levar a senhas roubadas,
softwares maliciosos penetrando secretamente em seu compuWDGRURXSLRU8PQDYHJDGRUDWXDOL]DGRDMXGDDHYLWDUDPHDoDV
de segurana como phishing e malware.
Em segundo lugar, a web evolui rapidamente. Muitos dos
recursos mais recentes em sites e aplicativos atuais no funcionaro em navegadores antigos. Somente navegadores atuaOL]DGRV DSUHVHQWDP DV PHOKRULDV GH YHORFLGDGH TXH SHUPLWHP
a execuo de pginas e aplicativos rapidamente, em conjunto
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Por ltimo, os navegadores antigos atrasam a inovao da
web. Se muitos usurios da Internet seguirem usando esses
navegadores antigos, os desenvolvedores sero forados a criar
sites que funcionem com tecnologias antigas e atuais. Diante de
tempo e recursos limitados, eles acabaro desenvolvendo tecnologias que sejam compatveis com todos os navegadores e no
podero construir a prxima gerao de aplicativos teis e inovadores. Imagine se os engenheiros de trfego de hoje tivessem
que elaborar autoestradas de alta velocidade que fossem seguras
SDUDDXWRPyYHLVGDGpFDGDGH3RUHVVHPRWLYRQDYHJDGRUHV
GHVDWXDOL]DGRVVmRSUHMXGLFLDLVSDUDRVXVXiULRVHPJHUDOHSDUD
a inovao da web.
Plug-in
No incio da Internet, as primeiras verses de HTML no
podiam fornecer contedo verstil como vdeos, apenas texto,
imagens e links eram possveis.
Os plug-ins foram inventados para compensar as limitaes
da tecnologia inicial de HTML e fornecer mais contedo interativo. Um plug-in uma parte adicional de software, especiali]DGDHPSURFHVVDUWLSRVHVSHFtFRVGHFRQWH~GR3RUH[HPSOR
RVXVXiULRVSRGHPID]HUGRZQORDGHLQVWDODUXPSOXJLQFRPR
R$GREH)ODVK3OD\HUSDUDYLVXDOL]DUXPDSiJLQDTXHFRQWHQKD
um vdeo ou um jogo interativo.
O nvel de interao entre um plug-in e um navegador
FXULRVDPHQWHpTXDVHQHQKXP2QDYHJDGRUGHQHXPHVSDoR
HVSHFtFRQDSiJLQDSDUDRSOXJLQHGHL[DRWUDEDOKDU2SOXJLQ
livre para operar naquele espao, independentemente do
navegador.
(VVDLQGHSHQGrQFLDVLJQLFDTXHXPSOXJLQHPSDUWLFXODU
pode trabalhar em diversos navegadores. No entanto, essa onipresena tambm torna os plug-ins alvos principais de ataques
de segurana contra navegadores deixando-os vulnerveis. Seu
computador estar ainda mais vulnervel a ataques de segurana se voc estiver executando plug-ins que no estiverem
DWXDOL]DGRVMiTXHRVSOXJLQVGHVDWXDOL]DGRVQmRDSUHVHQWDP
as correes de segurana.
Alguns fornecedores de navegadores e de plug-ins esto
trabalhando em conjunto para proteger os usurios contra riscos
de segurana. Por exemplo, as equipes do Google Chrome e do
Adobe Flash Player vm unindo esforos para integrar o Flash
3OD\HUQRQDYHJDGRU2PHFDQLVPRGHDWXDOL]DomRDXWRPiWLFD
do Chrome ajuda a garantir que o plug-in do Flash Player nunca
HVWHMDGHVDWXDOL]DGRHVHPSUHUHFHEDDVFRUUHo}HVHDWXDOL]Do}HV
GHVHJXUDQoDPDLVUHFHQWHVVHYRFrWHPR&KURPHDWXDOL]DGR
FRPFHUWH]DWHPRDVKDWXDOL]DGRWDPEpP
Extenses do navegador
As extenses para navegadores acrescentam recursos
DGLFLRQDLV DR VHX QDYHJDGRU ZHE PRGLFDQGR SiJLQDV H
LQWHJUDQGRRFRPRXWURVVHUYLoRVTXHYRFrXWLOL]H,VVRVLJQLFD
TXHYRFrSRGHSHUVRQDOL]DUVHXQDYHJDGRUFRPRVUHFXUVRVTXH
so mais importantes para voc. Considere as extenses como
formas de adicionar superpoderes ao navegador.
Se voc quiser integrar o seu navegador a algum servio ou
DGLFLRQDUDOJXPUHFXUVRH[WUDYRFrSRGHID]HULVVRFRPXPD
extenso que j exista ou instalar uma nova.
Esses recursos extra podem ser simples ou complexos
dependendo de suas necessidades. Por exemplo, voc pode instalar uma extenso de converso de moeda que aparecer como
um novo boto ao lado da barra de endereos do navegador, um
ERWmRSDUDID]HUGRZQORDGGHYtGHREORTXHLRGHSURSDJDQGDV
etc. Cada navegador ter seus complementos que foram desenvolvidos para ele.
As extenses dos navegadores tambm podem agir por
conta prpria, fora das pginas da web. Uma extenso de
QRWLFDomR GH HPDLOV SRGH HVWDU LQVHULGD QD EDUUD GH IHUUDPHQWDVGHVHXQDYHJDGRUGLVFUHWDPHQWHYHULFDQGRDFKHJDGD
de novas mensagens em sua conta de e-mail e informando
voc quando houver um novo e-mail. Nesse caso, a extenso
estar sempre trabalhando, independentemente da pgina que
YRFrHVWLYHUDFHVVDQGR$OpPGLVVRYRFrQmRSUHFLVDUiID]HU
ORJLQHPVHXHPDLOHPRXWUDMDQHODSDUDYHULFDUVHKiQRYDV
mensagens.
Voc precisa ser muito cuidadoso com extenses. Elas esto
atuando no seu navegador, ento uma extenso ruim pode utiOL]DURVHXDFHVVRSDUDYLVXDOL]DURKLVWyULFRGDVXDQDYHJDomR
podendo capturar as suas informaes bancrias. aconselhYHO XWLOL]DU DSHQDV H[WHQV}HV GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV FRQKHFLGRV
bem avaliadas e com muitos usurios o mnimo a se pedir
de uma extenso.
3DUDFRQKHFHUQRYDVH[WHQV}HVYHULTXHDJDOHULDGHH[WHQses de seu navegador. Voc ver muitas extenses que podem
DMXGiORDQDYHJDUGHIRUPDPDLVHFLHQWHIXQFLRQDORXPDLV
divertida.
Diferentes navegadores tm sistemas diferentes de extenses. O Firefox possui o mais poderoso deles. Muitas pessoas
ID]HPXVRGR)LUHIR[SRUFDXVDGLVVRHOHWRUQDPXLWDVH[WHQses avanadas possveis, e que no seriam compatveis com
outros navegadores. Devido sua histria, muitas extenses
que seriam impossveis em outros navegadores podem estar
disponveis apenas no Firefox.
O Chrome tambm tem um reservatrio de extenses bem

sucedido, e muito provavelmente h uma extenso do Chrome
SDUDTXDOTXHUFRLVDTXHYRFrTXLVHUID]HU2&KURPHFRORFDDOJXQVOLPLWHVQDVVXDVH[WHQV}HVGHQDYHJDGRUID]HQGRFRPHODV
no sejam to poderosas quanto s do Firefox, mas estes limites
permitem que o Chrome mantenha o seu sistema de permisses
e restrinja alguns detalhes para uma navegao mais segura.
O Internet Explorer tem um reservatrio de extenses bem
pequeno. Poucas esto disponveis, e a maioria das atualmente
em uso no Internet Explorer so provavelmente as barras
de ferramentas como Ask toolbar, que no bem vista pelos
XWLOL]DGRUHVHGHVHQYROYHGRUHVGHQDYHJDGRUHVHTXHWHYHVXD
XWLOL]DomRIRUoDGDDRVXVXiULRVHPFRQMXQWRFRPRXWURVSURJUDPDV6HYRFrTXHURVUHFXUVRVH[WUDVGDVH[WHQV}HVXWLOL]HRXWUR
navegador alm do Internet Explorer.
O Safari e o Opera tambm tem extenses disponveis, mas
seus recursos so bem menores que os do Firefox e do Chrome.
As extenses, ou add-ons, no so a mesma coisa que os
SOXJLQVSDUDQDYHJDGRU3OXJLQVVmRFRPSOHPHQWRVFRPRR
Adobe Flash, Oracle Java ou Microsoft Silverlight. Elas permitem que as pginas incorporem e transmitam contedos como
OPHVHP)ODVK3')V RXDSOLFDWLYRVHP-DYDSRUH[HPSOR
que sem o plug-in no seriam mostrados no navegador. Os plug-ins so alvo comum de ataques porque pginas podem carreg-los e explorar seus erros, enquanto extenses so diferentes.
$VSiJLQDVTXHYRFrYLVLWDQmRSRGHPID]HUQDGDFRPDVVXDV
extenses. Essencialmente, as extenses adicionam recursos a
mais para voc, enquanto os plug-ins adicionam recursos para
VHUHPXWLOL]DGDVSHODVSiJLQDVTXHYRFrYLVLWD
Sincronizando o navegador
9RFr XWLOL]D DSOLFDWLYRV GD ZHE SDUD DFHVVDU HPDLOV P~sicas e outras atividades. Voc salva documentos importantes,
fotos e arquivos on-line e os acessa de qualquer computador
conectado Internet, de qualquer lugar no mundo. Se houver
algum acidente com seu computador ou se ele for roubado, nem
tudo estar perdido. Basta encontrar outro dispositivo conectado
Internet e voltar a trabalhar com todas as informaes vitais
que voc inteligentemente salvou on-line. Mas, e o que acontece com as marcaes de favoritos, as extenses e preferncias
de navegadores que voc usa diariamente? Eles foram perdidos
junto com seu computador?
$ UHVSRVWD FRVWXPDYD VHU VLP 9RFr SUHFLVDULD SURFXUDU
novamente por suas extenses favoritas e reunir todos os sites
que havia marcado como favoritos com tanto esforo. Mas
agora no! Muitos dos navegadores atuais, como o Firefox e
o Chrome, comearam a construir um recurso conhecido como
VLQFURQL]DomR$VLQFURQL]DomRSHUPLWHVDOYDUVXDVFRQJXUDes do navegador on-line, na nuvem, para que elas no sejam
SHUGLGDVPHVPRTXHVHXFRPSXWDGRUVHSHUFDGHQLWLYDPHQWH
$ IXQFLRQDOLGDGH GD VLQFURQL]DomR WDPEpP VLPSOLFD VXD
vida se voc usar diversos computadores, como um laptop no
trabalho e um computador desktop em casa. No ser necessrio
UHFULDUPDQXDOPHQWHDPDUFDomRGHVLWHVIDYRULWRVRXUHFRQJXUDUDVFRQJXUDo}HVGRQDYHJDGRUHPFDGDFRPSXWDGRUTXH
YRFr SRVVXLU $V PXGDQoDV TXH YRFr ]HU DR VHX QDYHJDGRU
VLQFURQL]DGR HP XP FRPSXWDGRU DSDUHFHUmR DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH
HPWRGRVRVRXWURVFRPSXWDGRUHVVLQFURQL]DGRVHPTXHVWmRGH
segundos.
1R &KURPH SRU H[HPSOR D VLQFURQL]DomR VDOYD WRGRV RV
favoritos, as extenses, as preferncias e os temas em sua Conta
GR*RRJOH8WLOL]HRXWURFRPSXWDGRUFRQHFWDGRj,QWHUQHWDEUD
o Chrome e faa o login em sua Conta do Google por meio do
UHFXUVRGHVLQFURQL]DomRGRQDYHJDGRUHWRGDVDVVXDVFRQJX-
raes favoritas do navegador esto prontas para serem usadas

no novo computador. Independentemente de quantos computadores voc precisa usar, desde que haja conexo Internet e
XPQDYHJDGRUPRGHUQRTXHHVWHMDVLQFURQL]DGRFRPDQXYHP
voc est pronto.
Cookies do navegador
Cookie HP LQJOrV VLJQLFD ELVFRLWR PDV RV FRRNLHV
desempenham uma funo importante no fornecimento da
funcionalidade que os usurios de Internet desejam de sites
da web: uma memria de visitas, j ocorridas ou em andamento.
Basicamente, um Cookie um arquivo de texto muito
simples, cuja composio depende diretamente do contedo do
endereo Web visitado. Por exemplo, a maioria dos sites arma]HQDP LQIRUPDo}HV EiVLFD FRPR HQGHUHoRV ,3 H SUHIHUrQFLDV
sobre idiomas, cores, etc. Contudo, em portais como o Gmail e
R+RWPDLOQRPHVGHXVXiULRVHVHQKDVGHHPDLOWDPEpPID]HP
parte dos Cookies.
6HYRFrYLVLWDUXPVLWHGHOPHVHLQGLFDUTXHYRFrJRVWDGH
comdias, por exemplo, os cookies enviados pelo site podero
OHPEUDULVVR'HVVDIRUPDYRFrSRGHUiYLVXDOL]DUFRPpGLDVQR
comeo de seu prximo acesso ao site.
Carrinhos de compras on-line tambm usam cookies.
(QTXDQWRQDYHJDSRU'9'VQHVVHVLWHGHFRPSUDVGHOPHV
voc observar que poder adicion-los ao carrinho sem
SUHFLVDUID]HUORJLQWRGDYH]TXHDGLFLRQDUXPQRYRSURGXWR
6HXFDUULQKRGHFRPSUDVQmRVHHVTXHFHGRV'9'VPHVPR
que voc visite outras pginas do site, porque eles estaro
preservados pelos cookies do navegador. Os cookies tambm
podem ser usados em publicidade on-line, lembrando seus
interesses e mostrando a voc anncios relacionados enquanto
voc navega pela web.
Algumas pessoas preferem no permitir cookies. Por isso,
os navegadores mais modernos possibilitam o gerenciamento
de cookies para se enquadrar s suas preferncias. possvel
FRQJXUDUUHJUDVGHJHUHQFLDPHQWRGHFRRNLHVSDUDFDGDVLWH
permitindo um maior controle de sua prpria privacidade.
2 TXH LVVR VLJQLFD p TXH YRFr SRGH HVFROKHU HP TXDLV VLWHV
FRQD H SHUPLWLU FRRNLHV VRPHQWH SDUD HVVHV VLWHV EORTXHDQdo cookies de outras fontes. Como existem muitos tipos de
FRRNLHV LQFOXLQGR FRRNLHV GH VHVVmR ~QLFD TXH IXQFLRQDP
apenas durante a sesso de navegao, ou cookies permanentes,
que existem durante diversas sesses, os navegadores modernos
QRUPDOPHQWHRIHUHFHPFRQWUROHVGHVLQWRQLDQDSDUDTXHYRFr
SRVVDHVSHFLFDUVXDVSUHIHUrQFLDVFRPUHODomRDGLIHUHQWHVWLpos de cookies, como aceitar cookies permanentes como sendo
de sesso.
No navegador Google Chrome, possvel observar algo
extra nos menus de opes: um link direto para o gerenciador de
FRQJXUDo}HVGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRGR$GREH)ODVK3OD\HU(VVH
OLQNIDFLOLWDRFRQWUROHGHGDGRVORFDLVDUPD]HQDGRVSHOR$GREH
)ODVK3OD\HUWDPEpPFRQKHFLGRVFRPRFRRNLHV)ODVKTXH
podero conter informaes sobre sites e aplicativos baseados
em Flash que voc acessa. Junto com o gerenciamento de
cookies dos navegadores, voc tambm pode controlar facilPHQWHDVFRQJXUDo}HVGHFRRNLHV)ODVK
Cookies devem ser usados com cautela em computadores
de uso compartilhado, como Lan House, principalmente caso
contas de e-mails sejam acessadas. Uma pessoa que usar o PC
depois que voc, poder ter acesso aos seus e-mails simplesmente por entrar no mesmo site que voc entrou. Logo, nesse
tipo de mquina, fortemente recomendado que os cookies
sejam apagados aps o uso.
Navegadores e privacidade
Segurana e privacidade esto intimamente ligadas, mas no
so idnticas.
Considere a segurana e a privacidade de sua casa: trancas e
alarmes ajudam a proteg-lo de ladres, mas janelas e cortinas
mantm sua intimidade privada de pessoas que passam perto de
sua janela.
Enquanto navega pela web, voc gera um dirio onde so
DUPD]HQDGRVORFDOPHQWHHPVHXFRPSXWDGRUXPKLVWyULFRGH
sites visitados, os cookies enviados ao navegador e os arquivos
de download. Se voc solicitou ao seu navegador para lembrar
suas senhas ou dados de formulrios, essas informaes tambm
HVWDUmRDUPD]HQDGDVHPVHXFRPSXWDGRU
Algumas pessoas podem no saber que possvel limpar
de nossos computadores todos esses dados dos navegadores
DTXDOTXHUPRPHQWReIiFLOGHUHDOL]DUHVVDWDUHIDDFHVVDQGR
RPHQX2So}HVRX3UHIHUrQFLDVGRQDYHJDGRU2VQRPHV
variam de navegador para navegador. De fato, as verses mais
recentes de quase todos os navegadores modernos oferecem um
PRGRSULYDGRRXDQ{QLPRSDUDQDYHJDU3RUH[HPSORQR
modo de navegao annima do Chrome, as pginas visuali]DGDV QmR DSDUHFHUmR QR KLVWyULFR GH QDYHJDomR $OpP GLVVR
todos os novos cookies so excludos depois que voc fecha as
janelas abertas no modo de navegao annima. Esse modo
especialmente til se voc compartilhar seu computador com
RXWUDVSHVVRDVRXVHXWLOL]DUXPFRPSXWDGRUS~EOLFRHPXPD
biblioteca ou Lan House.
Todos esses recursos de privacidade do navegador permitem
o controle sobre os dados de navegao localmente em seu
FRPSXWDGRU RX VREUH GDGRV HVSHFtFRV TXH VmR HQYLDGRV SHOR
VHXFRPSXWDGRUDVLWHV$VFRQJXUDo}HVGHSULYDFLGDGHGHVHX
navegador no controlam outros dados que esses sites possam ter
sobre voc, como informaes enviadas anteriormente no site.
Existem maneiras de limitar algumas das informaes que
os sites recebem quando voc os visita. Muitos navegadores
permitem que voc controle suas preferncias de privacidade
para cada site e faa suas prprias escolhas sobre dados esSHFtFRV FRPR FRRNLHV -DYD6FULSW H SOXJLQV 3RU H[HPSOR
pSRVVtYHOFRQJXUDUUHJUDVSDUDSHUPLWLUFRRNLHVVRPHQWHGH
XPDOLVWDHVSHFtFDGHVLWHVFRQiYHLVHLQVWUXLURQDYHJDGRUD
bloquear cookies de outros sites.
6HPSUHKiXPSRXFRGHWHQVmRHQWUHSULYDFLGDGHHHFLrQcia. A coleta de dados agregados e de feedback de usurios do
mundo real pode ajudar a melhorar produtos e a experincia dos
usurios. O segredo encontrar um bom equilbrio entre os dois
e manter fortes padres de privacidade.
Veja um exemplo do mundo real: cookies de navegadores.
Por um lado, com cookies, um site visitado frequentemente pode
lembrar os contedos de seu carrinho de compras, manter voc
FRQHFWDGRHIRUQHFHUXPDH[SHULrQFLDPDLV~WLOHSHUVRQDOL]DGD
com base em visitas anteriores. Por outro lado, permitir cookies
GH QDYHJDGRUHV VLJQLFD TXH R VLWH SRGHUi FROHWDU H OHPEUDU
informaes sobre essas visitas anteriores. Se desejar, voc pode
EORTXHDU FRRNLHV D TXDOTXHU PRPHQWR $VVLP QD SUy[LPD YH]
HPTXHHVWLYHUFXULRVRVREUHDVLQWRQLDQDGDVFRQJXUDo}HVGH
SULYDFLGDGHGHVHXQDYHJDGRUYHULTXHDVFRQJXUDo}HVGHSULYDFLGDGHQRPHQX2So}HVRX3UHIHUrQFLDVGHVHXQDYHJDGRU
Malware, phishing e riscos de segurana

4XDQGR YRFr XWLOL]D XP FDL[D K GHYH ROKDU SRU FLPD
GR RPEUR SDUD FHUWLFDUVH GH TXH QLQJXpP HVWHMD HP YROWD
SDUDURXEDUVXDVHQKDRXVHXGLQKHLURYHULFDVHWHPDOJXpP
HVWUDQKRSRUSHUWR1DYHUGDGHpSURYiYHOTXHYRFrYHULTXH
primeiramente se no se trata de um caixa falso. Quando voc

QDYHJD SHOD ZHE H UHDOL]D WUDQVDo}HV RQOLQH GRLV ULVFRV GH
segurana que devem ser observados: malware e phishing.
(VVHV DWDTXHV VmR UHDOL]DGRV SRU LQGLYtGXRV RX RUJDQL]Do}HV
que buscam roubar suas informaes pessoais ou invadir seu
computador. Estes indivduos so rotineiramente chamados
GH +DFNHU SRUpP D FODVVLFDomR FRUUHWD GH SHVVRDV TXH
possuem um farto conhecimento de informtica e telefonia e
XWLOL]DPHVWHVFRQKHFLPHQWRVQDWHQWDWLYDGHURXEDUVHXVGDGRV
importantes implantando arquivos em seu computador ou ainda
GHVHQYROYHQGR IRUPDV GH DWDTXH SDUD HVWH P R FKDPDPRV
GH FUDFNHU +DFNHU p XPD SHVVRD TXH SRVVXL JUDQGHV FRQKHFLPHQWRVPDVQmRXWLOL]DHVWHVFRQKHFLPHQWRVSDUDHIHWXDU
crimes, eles trabalham com o desenvolvimento de vacinas para
antivrus, desenvolvem defesas contra ataques e testam a proteo de empresas para que no sejam alvo de cracker.
Phishing RFRUUH TXDQGR DOJXpP QJH VHU RXWUD SHVVRD
normalmente por meio de um site falso, para engan-lo e
ID]HU YRFr FRPSDUWLOKDU LQIRUPDo}HV SHVVRDLV &KDPDVH
SKLVKLQJVHPHOKDQWHjSHVFDULDHPLQJOrVSRUTXHHVVDV
pessoas lanam iscas eletrnicas e esperam at que algum
morda. Em um golpe de phishing tpico, a pessoa envia um
e-mail que parece ser de um banco ou de um servio da web
TXHYRFrFRQKHFHHXVD$OLQKDGHDVVXQWRSRGHUiGL]HU$WXDOL]HVXDVLQIRUPDo}HVEDQFiULDV2HPDLOFRQWpPOLQNVGH
phishing que parecem direcion-lo ao site de seu banco, mas
QD YHUGDGH R DSRQWDUi D XP VLWH LPSRVWRU 8PD YH] QR VLWH
YRFrVHUiVROLFLWDGRDID]HUORJLQUHYHODQGRDVVLPQ~PHURVGH
contas e de cartes de crdito, senhas ou outras informaes
FRQGHQFLDLVDRVEDQGLGRV
Malware, por outro lado, um software malicioso instalado em seu computador, geralmente sem seu conhecimento.
9RFr SRGH VHU VROLFLWDGR D ID]HU GRZQORDG GH XP DQWLYtUXV
que, na verdade, o prprio vrus. Ou voc pode visitar uma
pgina que instala o software em seu computador sem nem
PHVPR VROLFLWDU RX DLQGD ID] R GRZQORDG GH XP SURJUDPD
que instala outros softwares, alguns vm listados nas janelas
RQGH FOLFDPRV 1H[W RX 3Uy[LPR VHP OHU H LQVWDODPRV
TXDWUR RX FLQFR VRIWZDUHV GH XPD ~QLFD YH] FXLGDGR 2
software desenvolvido para roubar nmeros de cartes de
crdito ou senhas de seu computador. Em alguns casos, ele
SRGHUi GDQLFDU VXD PiTXLQD $VVLP TXH R PDOZDUH HVWLYHU
em seu computador, no s difcil remov-lo, como ele tambm ter liberdade para acessar todos os dados e arquivos que
encontrar, enviar essas informaes a qualquer lugar e causar
estragos ao seu computador.
8PQDYHJDGRUPRGHUQRHDWXDOL]DGRpDSULPHLUDOLQKDGH
defesa contra ataques de phishing e malware. A maioria dos
navegadores modernos, por exemplo, pode ajudar a analisar
pginas da web para buscar por sinais de malware oculto,
alertando-o quando encontrarem algo.
Ao mesmo tempo, os ataques nem sempre usam tcnicas
VRVWLFDGDV SDUD LQYDGLU VHX FRPSXWDGRU (P YH] GLVVR HOHV
SRGHUmR HQFRQWUDU PDQHLUDV LQWHOLJHQWHV GH HQJDQiOR H ID]HU
voc tomar decises equivocadas.
O uso dos endereos da web

Um URL (UniformResourceLocator) trata-se de uma sequrQFLDGHFDUDFWHUHVXWLOL]DGRSDUDREWHUXPUHFXUVRQD,QWHUQHW
(VWHUHFXUVRHVWiDUPD]HQDGRHPDOJXPVHUYLGRUHRTXHGLJLWDPRVQDEDUUDGHHQGHUHoRGRVQDYHJDGRUHVpDORFDOL]DomRH[DWD
GHVWHDUPD]HQDPHQWRRXVHMDVXDORFDOL]DomReGHVWDIRUPD
que acessamos um download, uma pgina WEB, uma foto, um
formulrio, etc...
Ao digitar um endereo no URL, o site buscado no servidor que o hospeda em algum ponto do mundo, transportado
SRU PLOKDUHV GH TXLO{PHWURV GH FDERV GH EUD yWLFD DWp VXD
FRQH[mRGH,QWHUQHWORFDOHQDOPHQWHH[LELGRSHORQDYHJDGRU
em seu computador, agora nem parece que sua Internet to
lenta assim.
$QWHV GH SURVVHJXLUPRV YDPRV GHQLU H FRPSUHHQGHU R
TXHVLJQLFDGRVWHUPRV85,85/H851HVHXVREMHWLYRVDR
serem criados.
URI 8QLIRUP5HVRXUFH,GHQWLHU
Tambm conhecido como ,GHQWLFDGRU GH 5HFXUVRV 8QLversal IRL FULDGR SDUD LGHQWLFDU RV UHFXUVRV GLVSRQtYHLV QD
Internet, atravs de um endereo ou um nome.
Um recurso de Internet pode ser uma pgina WEB, um site,
um e-mail, uma imagem, arquivos, um programa de computador
ou um vdeo. Cada objeto disponvel na Internet precisa de um
LGHQWLFDGRU~QLFRSDUDQmRVHUFRQIXQGLGRFRPRXWURVUHFXUVRV
e sabermos exatamente em que lugar eles esto. Exemplos:
KWWSZZZVROXFDRFRPEUORFDOL]DFDR85,FRPRQRPH-do-recurso.html
IWSVROXFDRFRPEUGH85,FRPORFDOL]DFDRHQRPHGR-recurso.txt
Dessa forma, uma URI composta pelo nome do recurso
HSHODORFDOL]DomRGRPHVPRQDJUDQGHUHGHGHFRPSXWDGRUHV
URN UniformResourceName
Tambm conhecido como Nomes de Recursos Universal,
HOHVHUYHSDUDLGHQWLFDUUHFXUVRVGH,QWHUQHWXVDQGRDSHQDVXP
nome. comum associar a URN com os nomes de arquivos,
pginas e vdeos. Cada um desses recursos possui um nome que
considerado uma URN.
URL UniformResourceLocator
&RQKHFLGRFRPR/RFDOL]DGRUGH5HFXUVRV8QLYHUVDOHIRL
criado com objetivo associar um endereo com qualquer nome
de recurso na internet.
A URL geralmente est relacionada com o endereo de
Internet, seja o endereo de um site, um endereo de e-mail, o
endereo de um vdeo ou imagem. Desta forma, conseguimos
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Atravs das URLs conseguimos saber exatamente onde
esto todos os recursos disponveis na internet, de forma simSOLFDGDHVHPFRQIXVmR([HPSOR
http://www.solucao.com.br/apostila/
ftp://solucao.com.br/apostila/cursos/nacional/
3RUVHUXPLGHQWLFDGRUJHQHUDOLVWDXP85,SRGHFRQWHUR
HQGHUHoRGDORFDOL]DomRGHXPUHFXUVRQD,QWHUQHWHXPQRPH
para distingui-lo de todos os outros recursos. Sendo assim, toda
URI pode conter uma URN e/ou uma URL.
7RGD851H85/VmRXPD85,XPDYH]TXHDPERVVHUYHP
SDUDLGHQWLFDUXPUHFXUVRQDLQWHUQHWVHMDSRUXPQRPH851
ou por um endereo (URL), ou pelas duas coisas juntas.
Por causa de seu efeito prtico, muitos ainda continuam chamando os endereos de internet de URL, causando muita confuso
na cabea das pessoas. Contudo, como os endereos de internet
SRVVXHPWDQWRRVQRPHVGRVUHFXUVRV851TXDQWRDVXDORFDOL]Do no mundo virtual (URL), o termo mais correto para eles URI.
Para navegar para qualquer local (site em ingls) necessrio
inserir o endereo deste local para que o navegador possa entrar
HPFRQWDWRFRPRVHUYLGRUHSHGLURUHFXUVRTXHYRFrGHVHMD
Esta a funo da barra de endereo, permitir que voc insira o
local para onde quer ir, porm, uma URI mais que um simples
endereo, ela permite que voc execute algumas tarefas relacionadas com a troca de informaes. Para cada tarefa necessrio
XWLOL]DUXPSURWRFRORGLIHUHQWH(LVRVSURWRFRORVTXHSRGHPVHU
XWLOL]DGRVHPXPD85,KWWSIWSWHOQHWPDLOWRZDLVHJRSKHU
Atravs da URI tambm possvel o envio de parmetros,
dados de um formulrio ou senhas para os servidores. As senhas
no devem ser enviadas atravs da URI pois podem ser capturadas e lidas por quem receber ou sequestrar esta informao. As
VHQKDVGHYHPVHUWUDQVPLWLGDVFULSWRJUDFDPHQWH
Uma URI pode ser formada por cinco partes (NEM TODAS
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Protocolo: o tipo de linguagem usada para se comunicar
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diferente, desta forma, o protocolo indicado em primeiro lugar
QD85/2SURWRFRORPDLVXWLOL]DGRpRSURWRFROR+773HyperTextTransferProtocol), este protocolo permite trocar pginas
Web em formato HTML. Contudo, outros protocolos podem ser
XWLOL]DGRVFRPRMiPHQFLRQDPRV)730DLOWR*RSKHU
,GHQWLFDGRUHVHQKDSHUPLWHHVSHFLFDURVSDUkPHWURVGH
acesso a um servidor protegido. Esta opo desaconselhada
numa rede no segura porque a senha visvel quando transmitida via URI.
Nome do servidor: Trata-se do nome de domnio do computaGRUTXHDUPD]HQDRUHFXUVRVROLFLWDGReSRVVtYHOXWLOL]DURHQGHUHoR
IP do servidor ao invs do nome, porm, torna a URI menos legvel.
Nmero da porta: trata-se de um nmero associado a um
servio que permite ao servidor saber que tipo de recurso pedido. A porta associada por padro ao protocolo, por exemplo,
DRXWLOL]DURSURWRFRORKWWSDSRUWDSDGUmRpD$VVLPTXDQGR
o servio Web do servidor associado ao nmero de porta
R Q~PHUR GH SRUWD p IDFXOWDWLYR QmR p QHFHVViULR GLJLWi-lo. Pelas portas de comunicao que entram e saem todas
as informaes do nosso computador. Por curiosidade existem
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DOJXPDSOLFDWLYRGXUDQWHVXDLQVWDODomRHXWLOL]DGDSRUHOHSDUD
se comunicar com seu servidor. Caso voc instale um aplicativo
de fontes no seguras, este programa abre portas que podem ser
XWLOL]DGDVSRUXPFUDFNHUSDUDLQYDGLUVHXFRPSXWDGRURXHVWH
aplicativo pode coletar informaes pessoais como nmero da
VXDFRQWDFRUUHQWHVHQKDVHWFHHQYLDGDDXPVLWHXWLOL]DQGR
estas portas. As portas so monitoradas pelo Firewall.
O caminho de acesso ao recurso: Esta ltima parte permite
DRVHUYLGRUFRQKHFHUROXJDURQGHRUHFXUVRHVWiDUPD]HQDGRH
o nome do arquivo pedido.
Endereos seguros
2OKDQGRXPD85,FRPDWHQomRpSRVVtYHOLGHQWLFDUXPD
possvel fraude (phishing) digitando:
www.bancodobrasil.com.br um modelo de endereamento
que parece te direcionar para o site do Banco do Brasil. Este
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SRUWDOEEKRPHEEDSyV SUHVVLRQDUPRV R
ENTER ou clicar no boto de IR.
Podem ocorrer variaes: http://www.bb.com.br/portalbb/

KRPHEE"FRGLJR0HQX
Este ltimo endereo te leva pgina de cartes dentro do
domnio Banco do Brasil (bb).
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endereo o bb.com.br uma pgina dentro do endereo www.
[\]FRPEU RX DLQGD ZZZ[\]FRPEUEDQFRGREUDVLO
WDPEpP QmR p XP HQGHUHoR VHJXUR SRLV R bancodobrasil
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bastante cuidado com estes endereos, principalmente se
voc os recebe por e-mail, grandemente aconselhvel digitar o endereo na barra do navegador, depois deixa-lo como
FAVORITO, e no clicar em links para diminuir qualquer
trabalho de digitao.
Outra dica de segurana observar o protocolo, quando
for digitar dados cadastrais ou sigilosos, seja em instituies
QDQFHLUDVRXORMDVRQOLQHTXDOTXHUSiJLQDGHVWLQDGDDLQVHULU
login, nmero de conta, nmero de carto e senha o protocolo
http:// dever ser substitudo pelo https:// isto indica que toda
comunicao entre seu computador e o servidor ser feito atravs
de uma conexo segura.
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Outra funcionalidade de seu navegador validar a identidade
na Internet. Quando estamos conversando com algum mais
IiFLOID]HUPRVDLGHQWLFDomRGHVWDSHVVRD-iQD,QWHUQHWLVWRp
mais difcil, saber exatamente com quem estamos em contato
muito mais complicado.
Nesta funo o seu navegador exerce um papel fundamental,
existem ferramentas que nos ajudam a determinar se um site
p JHQXtQR RX QmR $OJXQV VLWHV SRVVXHP XP FHUWLFDGR GH
validao estendida que nos permite determinar o nome da
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2FHUWLFDGRGHYDOLGDomRHVWHQGLGDRIHUHFHDVLQIRUPDo}HVQHFHVViULDVSDUDDMXGDUYRFrDFHUWLFDUVHGHTXHQmR
HVWHMDFRQDQGRVXDVLQIRUPDo}HVDXPVLWHIDOVR9HMDXP
exemplo da validao estendida em ao no navegador. No
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estendida, o nome do banco exibido em uma caixa verde
entre o cone de cadeado e o endereo da web na barra de
endereos:
$ IRUPD GH H[LELU R FHUWLFDGR YDULD GH DFRUGR FRP R

QDYHJDGRU(VWHMDDWHQWRDVJXUDVFLPDVmRGRVQDYHJDGRUHV
OPERA e Firefox.
3DUD UHFHEHU D FHUWLFDomR GH YDOLGDomR HVWHQGLGD R SURSULHWiULRGHXPVLWHSUHFLVDSDVVDUSRUXPDVpULHGHYHULFDo}HV
FRQUPDQGRVXDLGHQWLGDGHHDXWRULGDGHOHJDLV1DVJXUDVDFLPDDYDOLGDomRHVWHQGLGDGDLQVWLWXLomRFRQUPDTXHVLPRVLWH
SHUWHQFHDLQVWLWXLomRHpYHUGDGHLUR3HQVHQHVVDFHUWLFDomR
como algo que associa o nome do domnio do endereo da web
a algum tipo de identidade no mundo real.
importante compartilhar informaes delicadas com um
VLWHVRPHQWHVHYRFrFRQDUQDHPSUHVDUHVSRQViYHOSHORVLWH
3RUWDQWRQDSUy[LPDYH]HPTXHYRFrIRUUHDOL]DUXPDWUDQVDomR
delicada envolvendo dados como nmeros de carto ou conta e
senhas, observe por um momento e analise as informaes de
segurana do site.
O mecanismo de renderizao
$ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH GR PHFDQLVPR GH UHQGHUL]DomR TXH
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documentos e imagens HTML e XML. Ele pode exibir outros
formatos por meio de plug-ins (ou extenses do navegador). Por
exemplo, possvel exibir um PDF por meio de um plug-in do
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Protocolos de Internet que os navegadores

utilizam para se comunicar:
IP/DNS
Estas cinco letras so a alma do mapeamento da Internet,
sem elas, seria impossvel trocar informaes entre dispositivos
e formam, juntamente com o protocolo TCP/IP, os mais importantes protocolos da Internet.
Em uma rede de computadores cada dispositivo necessita
VHULGHQWLFDGRSDUDTXHDVFRPXQLFDo}HVSRVVDPVHUUHDOL]DGDV$LGHQWLFDomRpIHLWDSRUXPQ~PHURYLUWXDODWULEXtGRDR
dispositivo pelo administrador da rede ou aleatoriamente por
um protocolo chamado DHCP. No somente os dispositivos
PDV WDPEpP RV VLWHV VmR LGHQWLFDGRV SHOR HQGHUHoR ,3 1mR
H[LVWHQDGDHPXPDUHGHGHFRPSXWDGRUHVTXHQmRVHMDLGHQWLcado por um endereo, pois sem o endereo IP, este dispositivo
RXORFDOFDULDLQDFHVVtYHO
Um endereo IP formado por quatro conjuntos de nmeURVVHSDUDGRVSRUSRQWRVTXHYmRGHDFDGDFRQMXQWR
FDQGR DOJR SDUHFLGR FRP 192.168.10.158 esta sintaxe
a verso 4 do protocolo IP, por isso o chamamos de IPV4, e
possui capacidade de endereamento de 32bits. Este tamanho
SRVVLELOLWD XP Pi[LPR GH 32) endereos distintos. A poca de seu desenvolvimento, esta quantidade era
FRQVLGHUDGD VXFLHQWH SDUD LGHQWLFDU WRGRV RV FRPSXWDGRUHV
na rede e suportar o surgimento de novas sub-redes. No entanto,
com o rpido crescimento da Internet, surgiu o problema da
HVFDVVH]GRVHQGHUHoRV,3YPRWLYDQGRDFULDomRGHXPDQRYD
gerao do protocolo IP.
$ YHUVmR ,39 WHP XPD UHSUHVHQWDomR GLYLGLQGR R
HQGHUHoR TXH SRVVXL ELWV HP RLWR JUXSRV GH ELWV
VHSDUDQGRRV SRU GRLV SRQWRV HVFULWRV FRP GtJLWRV KH[Ddecimais (0-F). Ficando com algo parecido com este exemplo:
2001:0DB8:AD1F:25E2:CADE:CAFE:F0CA:84C1 com
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HQGHUHoRV (VWH
valor representa aproximadamente 79 octilhes (7,9uGH
YH]HV D TXDQWLGDGH GH HQGHUHoRV ,3Y H UHSUHVHQWD WDPEpP
PDLVGHRFWLOK}HVuGHHQGHUHoRVSRUVHUKXPDQR
QD7HUUDFRQVLGHUDQGRVHDSRSXODomRHVWLPDGDHPELOK}HV
de habitantes.
O protocolo IP foi desenvolvido para prover duas funes
bsicas: a fragmentao, que permite o envio de pacotes maiores
que o limite de trfego estabelecido num enlace, dividindo-os
HPSDUWHVPHQRUHVHRHQGHUHoDPHQWRTXHSHUPLWHLGHQWLFDU
RGHVWLQRHDRULJHPGRVSDFRWHVDSDUWLUGRVHQGHUHoRVDUPD]Hnados no cabealho do protocolo.
Resumindo ao que interessante para os concursos
IPV4 quatro nmeros divididos em quatro blocos
(192.168.5.240&DGDQ~PHURRXEORFRpUHSUHVHQWDGRSRU
ELWVWRWDOL]DQGRELWV
,39 RLWR EORFRV FRP UHSUHVHQWDomR KH[DGHFLPDO 2001
:0DB8:AD1F:25E2:CADE:CAFE:F0CA:84C1). Cada bloco
FRQWpPELWVWRWDOL]DQGRELWVGHHQGHUHoDPHQWR
um dos protocolos mais importantes da Internet, porque
permite a elaborao e o transporte dos datagramas IP (os pacoWHVGHGDGRVVHPFRQWXGRDVVHJXUDUDHQWUHJD1DUHDOLGDGH
o protocolo IP trata os datagramas IP independentemente uns
GRVRXWURVGHQLQGRDVXDUHSUHVHQWDomRRVHXHQFDPLQKDPHQto e a sua entrega.
Os dados circulam na Internet sob a forma de datagramas
(fala-se tambm de pacotes). Os datagramas so dados encapsulados, isto , so dados aos quais se acrescentaram cabealhos
que correspondem a informaes sobre o seu transporte (como
o endereo IP de destino).
Os dados contidos nos datagramas so analisados (e eventualmente alterados) pelos Switches que permitem o seu trnsito
dentro de uma rede.
O pacote roteado com base no endereo de destino que ele
carrega no cabealho e pode atravessar vrias redes distintas
DQWHVGHDWLQJLURGHVWLQRQDO
Como j vimos, em redes TCP/IP cada computador tem um
endereo virtual nico, chamado endereo IP. No entanto, para
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que nmeros.
O DNS (Domain Name System, Sistema de Nome de Domnio) permite o uso de nomes para os endereos IP. Por exemplo,
pPDLVIiFLOPHPRUL]DURQRPHGHXPVLWHGRTXHRHQGHUHoR
,3GHOHpPXLWRPDLVIiFLOPHPRUL]DUZZZJRRJOHFRPEUGR
TXHWDQWRID]GLJLWDURQRPHRXRHQGHUHoR,3
Lembrando que o nmero IP pode ser alterado conforme necessidades, mas o nome somente ser alterado se houver alguma
mudana no nome da empresa ou do site.
Quando voc digita em seu navegador www.umsitequalquer.

com.br, o protocolo DNS entra em ao, procura um servidor DNS,
que existe em todas as conexes com a Internet, e pergunta qual endereo IP est associado ao nome www.umsitequalquer.com.br. O
VHUYLGRU'16UHVSRQGHUiQRFDVRGR*RRJOHH
ento o seu navegador saber qual endereo IP usar nesta cone[mR(VWDOLVWDXVDGDSHORVHUYLGRU'16pDWXDOL]DGDFRQVWDQWHmente e a mesma no mundo inteiro, por isso possvel acessar
o site do Museu do Louvre em Paris (www.louvre.fr) daqui do
Brasil. Ento quando cair DNS na prova de qualquer concurso
voc j sabe que o protocolo que converte o nome digitado na
barra de endereo do navegador pelo endereo IP. Como se fosse uma lista telefnica da WEB. Isto extremamente necessrio
pois todas as formas de roteamento de informaes na Internet
XWLOL]DPRHQGHUHoR,3H181&$RQRPHGRVLWH
A propsito, o DNS permite que mais de um nome seja
associado a um mesmo endereo IP. Isto permite que voc
hospede mais de um site em um nico servidor, por exemplo.
Quando voc acessa um servidor que tem mais de um site hospedado, seu navegador acessar ele atravs do seu endereo
IP (descoberto atravs de uma requisio DNS, como expliFDPRVHQTXDQWRTXHRVHUYLGRUYHULFDUiRQRPHTXHYRFr
est usando em seu navegador para saber qual site fornecer
para voc.
DHCP ('LQDPLF+RVW&RQJXUDWLRQ3URWRFRO)
Este protocolo uma das funes de um servidor de rede.
Um servidor um computador especial com alto poder de
SURFHVVDPHQWRHDUPD]HQDPHQWRPpGLRVHFRPSDUDGRDXPD
rede de computadores.
Em qualquer rede de computadores, grande ou pequena,
todos os equipamentos, dispositivos, hosts e computadores so
ORFDOL]DGRVQHVWDUHGHDWUDYpVGRHQGHUHoR,3
Este endereo atribudo sua placa de rede, que o hardware responsvel pela comunicao do seu computador com
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,3 )L[R FRPR R QRPH Mi GL] p R TXH QmR VH DOWHUD (P
SHTXHQDVUHGHVpDWULEXtGRPDQXDOPHQWHQDVFRQJXUDo}HVGH
conexo da placa de rede, pois no uma tarefa difcil e no h
a necessidade de um servidor para controlar estes endereos.
IP Dinmico, este tipo de conexo quando o endereo IP
atribudo ao nosso computador por outro computador, ou seja,
em uma rede mdia ou grande, existe APENAS UM equipaPHQWRQDUHGHFDSD]GHIRUQHFHUXPHQGHUHoR,34XDQGRVHX
computador ligado sua placa de rede, que tambm possui uma
LGHQWLFDomR ~QLFD QR PXQGR HQGHUHoR 0$& PDQGD XPD
mensagem na rede para as mquinas (Broadcast) perguntando
quem fornece endereo IP. Nesta hora o nosso servidor DHCP
este computador que responde a esta mensagem informando seu
endereo IP (do servidor), sua mquina manda uma mensagem
VHLGHQWLFDQGRHQGHUHoR0$&SDUDR,3GRVHUYLGRU'HSRVVHGRHQGHUHoR0$&RVHUYLGRU'+&3FRQUPDVHDPiTXLQD
ID]SDUWHGDTXHODUHGHFDVRDUPDWLYRRVHUYLGRU'+&3HQYLD
SDUDVXDPiTXLQDXPSDFRWHGHFRQJXUDo}HVMXQWDPHQWHFRP
RHQGHUHoR,3TXHHODXWLOL]DUiSRUXPWHPSRGHWHUPLQDGRSHOR
servidor.
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VHUYLGRUpFDSD]GHGLVWULEXLUDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHHQGHUHoRVGH,3
GLIHUHQWHVDWRGRVRVFRPSXWDGRUHVjPHGLGDTXHHOHVID]HPD
solicitao de conexo com a rede. Essa distribuio dos IPs
p IHLWD HP XP LQWHUYDOR SUpGHQLGR FRQJXUDGR QR VHUYLGRU
6HPSUH TXH XPD GDV PiTXLQDV IRU GHVFRQHFWDGD R ,3 FDUi
livre para o uso por outra mquina da rede.
Pesquisas
8WLOL]HSDODYUDVVLPSOHVFRPRconcurso publico
3DUD SHVTXLVDU XPD SDODYUD H[DWD XWLOL]H DVSDV QD
IUDVHTXHSURFXUDVHMDEHORHQTXDQWRGXUH
3DUD UHDOL]DU SHVTXLVDV HP XP VLWH HVSHFtFR GLJLWH D
palavra site: , o endereo do site e a palavra ou frase da
pesquisa. Fica assim site: folha.com.br formula 1
Estou pesquisando frmula 1 no site folha.com.br

4XHUXPUHVXOWDGRFRPXPWLSRGHDUTXLYRHVSHFtFR
.PDF ou .PPTX? Aps a palavra ou frase coloque
OHW\SHSGI
Fica assim IRWRVVtQWHVHOHW\SHSSW[ e os resultados
sero arquivos do Power Point sobre fotossntese.
Como funcionam os principais navegadores

da WEB
Internet Explorer:
O Internet Explorer 11 fornecido junto com a sua atuaOL]DomR GR :LQGRZV RX GR :LQGRZV 57 2 ,QWHUQHW
Explorer facilita o acesso a sites e ajuda a ver com o mximo
de qualidade todo o contedo incrvel que voc pode encontrar.
Depois de aprender alguns gestos e truques comuns, voc poder usar seu novo navegador com todo o conforto e aproveitar ao
mximo seus sites favoritos.
/HPEUHVH TXH RV SURJUDPDV QR :LQGRZV DSDUHFHP GH
duas formas a verso Metro e verso Desktop.
Utilizando a barra de endereos
A barra de endereos o seu ponto de partida para navegar
pela Internet. Ela combina barra de endereos e caixa de pesquisa para que voc possa navegar, pesquisar ou receber sugestes
em um s local. Ela permanece fora do caminho quando no
est em uso para dar mais espao para os sites. Para que a barra
de endereos aparea, passe o dedo de baixo para cima na tela
ou clique na barra na parte inferior da tela se estiver usando um
PRXVH+iWUrVPDQHLUDVGHXWLOL]iOD
Para navegar. Insira uma URL na barra de endereos para ir
diretamente para um site. Ou toque, ou clique, na barra de endereos para ver os sites que mais visita (os sites mais frequentes).
Para pesquisar. Insira um termo na barra de endereos e
toque ou clique em IrBotoIr o para pesquisar a Internet com o
mecanismo de pesquisa padro.
Para obter sugestes. No sabe para onde deseja ir? Digite
uma palavra na barra de endereos para ver sugestes de sites,
aplicativos e pesquisa enquanto digita. Basta tocar ou clicar em
uma das sugestes acima da barra de endereos.
Multitarefas com guias e janelas
Com as guias, voc pode ter muitos sites abertos em uma
s janela do navegador, para que seja mais fcil abrir, fechar
e alternar os sites. A barra de guias mostra todas as guias ou
janelas que esto abertas no Internet Explorer. Para ver a barra
de guias, passe o dedo de baixo para cima (ou clique) na tela.
Abrindo e alternando as guias
Abra uma nova guia tocando ou clicando no boto Nova
guia Boto Nova guia . Em seguida, insira uma URL ou um
termo de pesquisa ou selecione um de seus sites favoritos ou
mais visitados.
Alterne vrias guias abertas tocando ou clicando nelas na
barra de guias. Voc pode ter at 100 guias abertas em uma s
janela. Feche as guias tocando ou clicando em Fechar no
canto de cada guia.
Usando vrias janelas de navegao

Tambm possvel abrir vrias janelas no Internet Explorer
11 e exibir duas delas lado a lado. Para abrir uma nova janela,
pressione e segure o bloco Internet Explorer (ou clique nele
com o boto direito do mouse) na tela Inicial e, em seguida,
toque ou clique em Abrir nova janela.
Duas janelas podem ser exibidas lado a lado na tela. Abra
uma janela e arraste-a de cima para baixo, para o lado direito ou
esquerdo da tela. Em seguida, arraste a outra janela a partir do
lado esquerdo da tela.
Voc pode manter a barra de endereos e as guias encaixaGDV QD SDUWH LQIHULRU GD WHOD SDUD DEULU VLWHV H ID]HU SHVTXLVDV
UDSLGDPHQWH $EUD R ERWmR &RQJXUDo}HV WRTXH RX FOLTXH
em Opes e, em Aparncia, altere Sempre mostrar a barra de
endereos e as guias para Ativado.
Personalizando sua navegao
Depois de ter aprendido as noes bsicas sobre o uso do
navegador, voc poder alterar suas home pages, adicionar sites
IDYRULWRVH[DUVLWHVjWHOD,QLFLDO
Para escolher suas home pages: As home pages so os sites
que se abrem sempre que voc inicia uma nova sesso de navegao no Internet Explorer. Voc pode escolher vrios sites, como
seus sites de notcias ou blogs favoritos, a serem carregados na
abertura do navegador. Dessa maneira, os sites que voc visita
com mais frequncia estaro prontos e esperando por voc.
3DVVHRGHGRGDERUGDGLUHLWDGDWHODHWRTXHHP&RQJXraes. (Se voc estiver usando um mouse, aponte para o canto
inferior direito da tela, mova o ponteiro do mouse para cima e
FOLTXHHP &RQJXUDo}HV 7RTXH RX FOLTXHHP 2So}HV H HP
Home pages, toque ou clique em Gerenciar.
,QVLUDD85/GHXPVLWHTXHJRVWDULDGHGHQLUFRPRKRPH
page ou toque ou clique em Adicionar site atual se estiver em
um site que gostaria de transformar em home page.
Para salvar seus sites favoritos

Salvar um site como favorito uma forma simples de mePRUL]DURVVLWHVGHTXHYRFrJRVWDHTXHGHVHMDYLVLWDUVHPSUH
6HYRFrWLYHUIHLWRDDWXDOL]DomRSDUDR:LQGRZVDSDUWLUGR
:LQGRZVHHQWUDGRXVDQGRVXDFRQWDGD0LFURVRIWWRGRVRV
favoritos j existentes tero sido importados automaticamente.)
V at um site que deseja adicionar.
Passe o dedo de baixo para cima (ou clique) para exibir os
comandos de aplicativos. Em seguida, toque ou clique no boto
Favoritos para mostrar a barra de favoritos.
Toque ou clique em Adicionar a favoritos
toque ou clique em Adicionar.
e, em seguida,
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fornece acesso com touch ao site em questo. Alguns sites
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em grupos na tela Inicial.
Para exibir os comandos de aplicativos, passe o dedo de
baixo para cima (ou clique).
Toque ou clique no boto Favoritos , toque ou clique no
boto Fixar site e, em seguida, toque ou clique em Fixar na
Tela Inicial.
Voc pode alternar rapidamente os favoritos e as guias tocando ou clicando no boto Favoritos ou no boto Guias
nos
comandos de aplicativos.
Lendo, salvando e compartilhando contedo

da Internet
Ao percorrer seus contedos online favoritos, procure pelo
cone Modo de exibio de leitura na barra de endereos. O
Modo de exibio de leitura
retira quaisquer itens desnecessrios, como anncios, para que as matrias sejam destacadas. Toque ou clique no cone para abrir a pgina no modo de
exibio de leitura. Quando quiser retornar navegao, basta
tocar ou clicar no cone novamente.
3DUD SHUVRQDOL]DU DV FRQJXUDo}HV GR PRGR

de exibio de leitura
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(Se voc estiver usando um mouse, aponte para o canto
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Toque ou clique em Opes e, em Modo de exibio de
leitura, escolha um estilo de fonte e um tamanho de texto.
Para salvar pginas na Lista de Leitura

Quando voc tiver um artigo ou outro contedo que deseje
ler mais tarde, basta compartilh-lo com sua Lista de Leitura em
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guias de navegao abertas. A Lista de Leitura a sua biblioteca
pessoal de contedo. Voc pode adicionar artigos, vdeos ou
outros tipos de contedo a ela diretamente do Internet Explorer,
sem sair da pgina em que voc est.
Passe o dedo desde a borda direita da tela e toque em Compartilhar.
(Se usar um mouse, aponte para o canto superior direito da tela,
mova o ponteiro do mouse para baixo e clique em Compartilhar.)
Toque ou clique em Lista de Leitura e, em seguida, em
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Leitura.
Protegendo sua privacidade

,QWHUDJLUHPUHGHVVRFLDLVID]HUFRPSUDVHVWXGDUFRPSDUWLOKDUHWUDEDOKDUYRFrSURYDYHOPHQWHID]WXGRLVVRGLDULDPHQWH
QD,QWHUQHWRTXHSRGHGLVSRQLELOL]DUVXDVLQIRUPDo}HVSHVVRDLV
para outras pessoas. O Internet Explorer ajuda voc a se proteger
melhor com uma segurana reforada e mais controle sobre sua
privacidade. Estas so algumas das maneiras pelas quais voc
pode proteger melhor a sua privacidade durante a navegao:
8VH D 1DYHJDomR ,Q3ULYDWH 2V QDYHJDGRUHV DUPD]HQDP
informaes como o seu histrico de pesquisa para ajudar a
melhorar sua experincia. Quando voc usa uma guia InPrivate,
pode navegar normalmente, mas os dados como senhas, o histrico de pesquisa e o histrico de pginas da Internet so excludos quando o navegador fechado. Para abrir uma nova guia
InPrivate, passe o dedo de baixo para cima na tela (ou clique
nela com o boto direito do mouse) para mostrar os comandos
de aplicativos ou toque ou clique no boto Ferramentas de guia
Boto Ferramentas de guia e em Nova guia InPrivate.
Use a Proteo contra Rastreamento e o recurso Do NotTrack para ajudar a proteger sua privacidade. O rastreamento
refere-se maneira como os sites, os provedores de contedo
terceiros, os anunciantes, etc. aprendem a forma como voc
interage com eles. Isso pode incluir o rastreamento das pginas
que voc visita, os links em que voc clica e os produtos que
voc adquire ou analisa. No Internet Explorer, voc pode usar
a Proteo contra Rastreamento e o recurso Do NotTrack para
ajudar a limitar as informaes que podem ser coletadas por terceiros sobre a sua navegao e para expressar suas preferncias
de privacidade para os sites que visita.
O que so cookies?
Cookies so pequenos arquivos que os sites colocam no
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preferncias. Os cookies podem melhorar a sua experincia de
navegao, permitindo que os sites se lembrem das suas preferncias ou evitando que voc tenha de se conectar sempre que
visitar determinados sites. No entanto, alguns cookies podem
colocar a sua privacidade em risco ao rastrear os sites que voc
visita.
Para excluir cookies

Na tela inicial, toque ou clique em Internet Explorer para
abrir o Internet Explorer.
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(Se voc estiver usando um mouse, aponte para o canto
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Toque ou clique em Opes e, na seo Histrico, toque ou
clique em Selecionar.
Marque a caixa de seleo Cookies e toque ou clique em
Excluir.
Para excluir cookies na rea de trabalho

%ORTXHDUFRRNLHVHSHUVRQDOL]DUFRQJXUDo}HVGHFRRNLHV
6HQmRTXLVHUTXHRVVLWHVDUPD]HQHPFRRNLHVHPVHXFRPputador, voc pode bloquear os cookies. Tambm possvel
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Para bloquear cookies

Abra a rea de trabalho e toque ou clique no cone do Internet Explorer na barra de tarefas.
Toque ou clique no boto Ferramentas Boto Ferramentas e
depois em Opes da Internet.
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todos os cookies e toque ou clique em OK.
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Toque ou clique no boto Ferramentas Ferramentas e depois
em Opes da Internet.
Na guia Privacidade, siga um ou mais destes procedimentos:
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em Sites.
Para importar um arquivo de preferncias de privacidade,
toque ou clique em Importar.
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toque ou clique em Padro.
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Permitir cookies
O bloqueio de cookies pode impedir que algumas pginas
sejam exibidas corretamente. Tambm pode aparecer uma mensagem em um site avisando que preciso permitir os cookies
para poder ver esse site.
Para permitir cookies

Toque ou clique no boto Ferramentas Boto Ferramentas e
depois em Opes da Internet.
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os cookies e toque ou clique em OK.
Exibir e excluir seu histrico de navegao

Seu histrico de navegao composto pelas informaes
TXHR,QWHUQHW([SORUHUOHPEUDHDUPD]HQDHPXPFRPSXWDGRU
conforme voc navega pela Web. Isso inclui dados digitados
em formulrios, senhas e sites visitados, e contribui para uma
melhor experincia de navegao. Se voc estiver usando um
computador compartilhado ou pblico, no recomendvel que
o Internet Explorer lembre seus dados de navegao.
([LELUVHXKLVWyULFRGHQDYHJDomRHH[FOXLUVLWHVHVSHFtFRV
Ao exibir seu histrico de navegao, voc pode optar por
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que j visitou.
No Internet Explorer para a rea de trabalho, toque ou clique
no boto Favoritos Boto Favoritos.
Clique na guia Histrico e escolha como deseja exibir o
KLVWyULFRVHOHFLRQDQGRXPOWURQRPHQXVXVSHQVR
Exibir por Data mostra as ltimas trs semanas do histrico
em ordem cronolgica.
Exibir por Site mostra uma lista com os sites que voc
visitou nas ltimas trs semanas, mas no as datas das visitas.
Exibir por Mais Visitados mostra os sites mais visitados nas
ltimas trs semanas.
Exibir pela Ordem de Visita Hoje mostra apenas os sites que
voc visitou hoje.
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com o boto direito) um site de qualquer uma dessas listas e
toque ou clique em Excluir. Ou retorne a uma pgina tocando
ou clicando em qualquer site da lista.
Excluir o histrico de navegao

Excluir regularmente o histrico de navegao ajuda a proteger sua privacidade, especialmente se voc estiver usando um
computador compartilhado ou pblico.
Mostrar tudo
Para excluir seu histrico de navegao no aplicativo Internet
Explorer
Para excluir seu histrico de navegao na rea de trabalho
Navegao por abas
Os naYHJDGRUHVHPVXDYHUVmRDWXDOXWLOL]DPDQDYHJDomR
atravs de abas.
Estas abas funcionam como janelas que so exibidas na
mesma pgina do navegar.
Basta clicar com o Scroll do mouse (rodinha) para que qualquer link seja aberto em uma nova aba na janela ativa.
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estar disponvel para retornar ela quando quiser.
Abrir links em nova aba
Clique no link com o boto direito do mouse e escolha a
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Clicar no link com o Scroll do mouse (*)

Clicar no link com o CTRL pressionado(*)
(*) Funciona em links, favoritos, histrico, no menu dos
botes Voltar/Avanar e nas sugestes do campo de endereo.
Para abrir uma nova aba ao digitar no campo de endereo ou
no campo de pesquisa: pressione Alt ao teclar Enter.
Comande as abas com o teclado

Abrindo/Fechando
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Navegando
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,USDUDDDEDGDGLUHLWD&WUO7DERX&WUO3J'Q
([LELUGDSULPHLUDDRLWDYDDED&WUODWp&WUO
([LELUD~OWLPDDED&WUO
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Explorer na barra de tarefas, basta clicar e arrastar sua aba at
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Pesquisa
1R,(DSHVTXLVDpUHDOL]DGDGLUHWDPHQWHQDEDUUDGHHQGHreos (URL).
$HVFROKDGRVLWHGHEXVFDpIHLWDQDMDQHOD2So}HVGD,QWHUQHWFOLFDQGRQRERWmRFRQJXUDo}HVQRFDPSR3HVTXLVD
Gerenciador de Download
O Gerenciador de Download mantm uma lista dos arquivos
EDL[DGRVSRUYRFrHRQRWLFDTXDQGRXPDUTXLYRSRGHVHUXP
malware (software mal-intencionado). Ele tambm permite que
voc pause e reinicie um download, alm de lhe mostrar onde
encontrar os arquivos baixados em seu computador.
Vulnerabilidades
O Internet Explorer foi sendo ao longo dos anos apontado
como um software com numerosas falhas de segurana. Programas maliciosos ou oportunistas exploravam brechas para roubar
informaes pessoais. Softwares maliciosos vrus worms
trojans , exploravam falhas do navegador para controlar e/
ou direcionar os usurios a determinadas pginas. Alguns especialistas apontam estes problemas como uma das causas para a
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A Microsoft argumenta que a quantidade de vulnerabilidades
encontradas est relacionada ao contingente de usurios. Sendo
este fator predominante para que pessoas mal-intencionadas
H[SORUDVVHP HUURV FRP QV LOtFLWRV (QWUHWDQWR SUREOHPDV UHlacionados a vulnerabilidade de navegadores no restringem-se
ao Internet Explorer. Outros navegadores populares tambm j
foram vtimas de pessoas mal-intencionadas, como exemplo:
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sendo, torna-se bvio que pessoas que projetam pragas digitais
HQIDWL]HPVRIWZDUHQDYHJDGRUHVVLVWHPDVRSHUDFLRQDLVSRSXODres. Depois que o Internet Explorer passou a perder mercado,
falhas de segurana em outros navegadores comearam a ser
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alvo de tantas crticas est relacionado com o fato de o mesmo
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problemas antes que algum software mal-intencionado seja
descoberto.
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&RXQWHUR,QWHUQHW([SORUHUFRXFRPFDQGRDWUiV
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recuperou mais o primeiro lugar. Apesar disso outras pesquisas
como a Marketshare 20 aponta que a queda no chegou a ser to
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em queda nos ltimos anos. At Setembro de 2014 se mantm
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dos usurios mundiais, segundo o StatCounter.
Privacidade de navegao
Voc pode impedir que outras pessoas acessem suas informaes de navegao usando dois recursos de privacidade no
Windows Internet Explorer:
Proteo contra Rastreamento e
Navegao InPrivate.
Proteo contra rastreamento

Quando voc visita um site, alguns contedos podem ser fornecidos por um site diferente. Esse contedo pode ser usado para
coletar informaes sobre as pginas que voc visita na Internet.
A Proteo contra Rastreamento bloqueia esse contedo
de sites que esto em Listas de Proteo contra Rastreamento.
([LVWHXPD/LVWDGH3URWHomRFRQWUD5DVWUHDPHQWR3HUVRQDOL]Dda includa no Internet Explorer que gerada automaticamente
com base nos sites visitados por voc. Tambm possvel
baixar Listas de Proteo contra Rastreamento e, dessa maneira,
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para as listas.
Voc pode ativar a Proteo contra Rastreamento no Windows Internet Explorer 9 para ajudar a evitar que sites coletem
informaes sobre sua navegao na Web. Voc tambm pode
ativar a Filtragem ActiveX para ajudar a evitar que programas
acessem o seu computador sem o seu consentimento.
Depois de ativar qualquer um desses recursos, voc pode
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Clique no boto Ferramentas, aponte para Segurana e
clique em Proteo contra Rastreamento.
Na caixa de dilogo Gerenciar Complemento, clique em uma
Lista de Proteo contra Rastreamento e clique em Habilitar.
Usar a Filtragem ActiveX para bloquear controles ActiveX

Controles ActiveX e complementos do navegador da Web
so pequenos programas que permitem que os sites forneam
contedos como vdeos. Eles tambm podem ser usados para
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em seu computador sem o seu consentimento ou permitir que
outra pessoa controle o computador remotamente.
Navegao InPrivate
A Navegao InPrivate impede que o Windows Internet
([SORUHUDUPD]HQHGDGRVGHVXDVHVVmRGHQDYHJDomRDOpPGH
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Como funciona...
Quando voc inicia a Navegao InPrivate, o Internet Explorer abre uma nova janela do navegador. A proteo oferecida
pela Navegao InPrivate tem efeito apenas durante o tempo
que voc usar essa janela. Voc pode abrir quantas guias desejar
nessa janela e todas elas estaro protegidas pela Navegao
InPrivate. Entretanto, se voc abrir uma segunda janela do
navegador, ela no estar protegida pela Navegao InPrivate.
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GRQDYHJDGRU$WDOKRGHWHFODGR&756+,)73
Firefox: O Firefox um Browser, programa navegador,

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navegador de cdigo aberto, por isso alguns programadores
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seja, possvel de ser instalado em vrios Sistemas Operacionais
como Windows, Linux, Android, Mac OS X, etc.
O navegador promete manter seus dados pessoais em sigilo
e possui boas ferramentas para diminuir o rastreamento feito
pelos sites enquanto navega pela Internet.
O Firefox dividido em trs fases de desenvolvimento at
FKHJDUQDVXDYHUVmRQDO
1LJKWO\: aqui que as novidades aparecem. O Nightly
normalmente usado apenas por quem precisa (ou gosta de)
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Aurora $SyV VHPDQDV GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR DWLYR D
verso Nightly vira Aurora. Somente so feitos ajustes de
compatibilidade e estabilidade. Em casos especiais pode haver
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durante este ciclo.
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efetuadas nesta fase.
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desenvolvimento de um novo Firefox est concludo. A atuali]DomRDXWRPiWLFDpOLEHUDGDSDUDWRGRVRVXVXiULRV
Possui uma verso porttil onde possvel carrega-lo em um
pendrive e execut-lo atravs deste dispositivo sem a necessidade de insta-lo no sistema.
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lista de complementos, addons, que so acessados diretamente
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agregam novas funcionalidades ao programa.
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um e-mail ou post em um blog ou rede social o corretor informar quando encontrar alguma palavra que ele no reconhea
como correta, semelhante ao que acontece em um editor de
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Instalao no Windows
Visite a pgina de download do Firefox de qualquer navegador (ex: Microsoft Internet Explorer). Automaticamente ser
detectado a melhor verso do Firefox para seu PC.
Clique no link verde para baixar o instalador do Firefox.
Dependendo da velocidade de sua conexo, poder demorar
alguns minutos. Inicie o processo clicando no boto Rodar ou
executar.
Depois basta seguir os passos.
Instalando o Firefox no Linux

Instalar o Firefox em seu computador o primeiro passo
para poder us-lo.
Muitas distribuies do Linux incluem o Firefox como
navegador padro, e muitas tm um gerenciador de aplicativos
que pode facilmente auxili-lo a instalar o Firefox. O gerenciador de aplicativos ir:
&HUWLFDUTXHYRFrSRVVXLWRGDVDVELEOLRWHFDVQHFHVVirias para rodar o Firefox.
Instalar o Firefox de um modo que funciona melhor
com sua distribuio do Linux.
Criar atalhos para iniciar o Firefox.
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computador.
Habilitar a remoo do Firefox como qualquer outro
aplicativo.
O gerenciador de aplicativos tambm possui alguns pontos
negativos:
Pode no obter a ltima verso do Firefox.
Pode obter uma verso sem a marca Firefox.
Instalando o Firefox no Mac

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(por exemplo, o Safari, Chrome, IE). Ser detectado automaticamente a plataforma e o idioma do seu computador e recomendado a verso do Firefox adequada para voc.
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copi-lo.
No Me Rastreie
O No Me Rastreie um recurso do Firefox que te ajuda
a controlar a maneira como seus dados online so coletados e
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sites que esto te rastreando que voc no quer mais ter suas
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Lightbeam
O Lightbeam, complemento para Firefox, permite que voc
saiba quem so os sites que esto te rastreando enquanto voc
navega pela Web. Criado com uma interface dinmica e de simples compreenso, feito para te colocar no controle da situao.
Restaurao da sesso
Agora quando a energia eltrica for interrompida ou mesmo
se o Firefox travar, todas as janelas so reabertas assim que voc
reiniciar. Para acelerar o incio do Firefox, algumas abas s sero
carregadas ao serem selecionadas. Esse comportamento pode ser
PRGLFDGRSHODVRSo}HV9RFrWDPEpPSRGHUHVWDXUDUDEDVMiIHchadas atravs do comando Ctrl+Shift+T ou pelo menu Histrico.
Senhas
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criptograf-las. S quem souber a senha mestra ter acesso a
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Salvando uma pgina web

Clique no menu
e depois em Salvar pgina para abrir
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3iJLQDGDZHEFRPSOHWD: Salva a pgina juntamente
com as imagens, permitindo que a pgina seja visuaOL]DGD FRPR p RULJLQDOPHQWH PDV SRGH QmR PDQWHU D
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as imagens e outros arquivos necessrios para exibio
completa da pgina.
3iJLQD GD ZHE VRPHQWH +70/: Salva a pgina
original sem imagens, preservando a estrutura HTML.
Arquivos de texto: Salva a pgina como um arquivo de
texto sem preservar a estrutura HTML, mas poder ser
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Todos os arquivos e HTXLYDOHQWH j 3iJLQD GD ZHE
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extenso para o arquivo (como .htm ou .shtml).
Clique em Salvar.
Salvando partes de uma pgina web

Para salvar uma imagem: Clique com o boto direito do
mouse na imagem, selecione Salvar imagem como... no menu
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Para salvar outros elementos da pgina use o painel de mdia
da janela de propriedades da pgina.
Criando atalhos para um site

Voc pode usar o Firefox para criar atalhos na rea de trabalho para uma pgina que voc visitou:
1. Redimensione a janela do Firefox, para poder ver a
janela do Firefox e a rea de trabalho na mesma tela.
2. Clique no cone esquerda da Barra de endereo (onde
a URL exibida).
3. Enquanto voc segura o boto do mouse, mova o ponteiro para sua rea de trabalho, e ento solte o boto do mouse.
O atalho ser criado.
Voc tambm pode segurar e soltar itens do seus favoritos e

histrico para sua rea de trabalho para criar os atalhos.
Se voc abrir o atalho que voc criou, seu Navegador
Padro ser aberto exibindo a pgina do atalho. Alm disso,
pode haver extenses do Firefox de terceiros que podem ajud-lo.
Comando
Fechar aba
Fechar janela
Atalho
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Painel Histrico
Janela Biblioteca (Histrico)
Apagar histrico recente
Atalho
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Comando
Adicionar todas as abas aos favoritos
Adicionar esta pgina aos favoritos
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Janela Biblioteca (Favoritos)
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Como buscar por textos e links no contedo

de uma pgina
Enquanto voc navega em um site usando o Firefox, voc
pode procurar palavras ou textos na pgina. O Firefox vai lhe
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destacar todas as demais combinaes da pesquisa.
Utilizando a Barra de Pesquisa

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mtodos:
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Clique no boto menu
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da barra de pesquisa. O Firefox ir marcar ocorrncias da frase
medida que voc digitar.
Se no forem encontradas ocorrncias do texto na
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aparecer ao lado dela.

Enquanto a Barra de Pesquisa est sendo exibida, voc pode
usar os seguintes comandos:
X: Fecha a barra de pesquisa
Setas Prximo e Anterior: Navega pelas ocorrncias
do texto pesquisado.
Realar tudo: Reala cada ocorrncia do texto pesquisado. Clique em Realar tudo novamente para
desativar.
Diferenciar maisculas/minsculas Torna a pesquisa
sensvel a letras maisculas e minsculas. Se voc
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tambm sero encontradas. Se Diferenciar maisculas/minsculas estiver selecionado, apenas ocorrncias
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Pesquisa rpida
A Barra de Pesquisa Rpida til para pesquisas rpidas e
normalmente desaparece depois de alguns segundos. Ela no
contm os botes Prxima, Anterior e Realar tudo.
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Localizar em links
Se voc quiser encontrar textos em links da pgina que voc
est navegando:
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HPOLQNVDSDUHoD
'LJLWHRWH[WRQRFDPSR/RFDOL]DUHPOLQNV2SULmeiro link que contm o texto pesquisado ser selecionado.
$SHUWH&WUO*SDUDUHDOoDURSUy[LPROLQNTXHFRQtm o texto pelo qual voc pesquisou.
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e aperte Esc, ou simplesmente clique em qualquer lugar fora da
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Localizar enquanto digita em uma pgina

O Firefox pode pesquisar por textos que voc digita sem ter
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1.
Clique no boto
2.
Selecione a opo Avanado.
3.
Clique na aba Geral.

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, depois em Opes
Aps voc ativar este recurso:

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Enquanto voc digita, a primeira combinao ser realada.

nao.
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Para fechar a Barra de Pesquisa Rpida, aguarde um

momento at ela desaparecer ou pressione Esc para fech-la
imediatamente. Voc tambm pode clicar em qualquer lugar no
Firefox que no seja parte da barra de Pesquisa Rpida para
fech-la.
Trabalhando com abas

Se voc gosta de abas, e regularmente tem vrias delas, que
no cabem na barra de abas, Grupos de Abas foram feitos para
voc. Eles tambm so timos para agrupar abas por tarefa e
ento trocar entre os grupos.
Se voc ainda no abriu vrias abas, faa isso.
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grupo. Para criar um novo grupo, simplesmente arraste
uma aba para fora do grupo.
Voc pode continuar adicionando abas para um novo
grupo, e voc pode criar mais grupos.
2. Quando terminar, clique em uma aba para sair da
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que voc clicou ser ativada e somente as abas daquele grupo
estaro visveis.
Dica: Voc pode adicionar um boto Grupo de abas na
sua barra de ferramentas para facilitar o acesso. Consulte
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Firefox para obter instrues.
Alternando entre os Grupos de Abas

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clicou ser ativa e apenas as abas deste grupo sero visveis.
Voc tambm pode usar o atalho de teclado Ctrl+`
permite que voc avance para o prximo grupo, e
Ctrl+Shift+` permite que voc volte para o grupo
anterior.
Grupos de Abas so timos para agrupar abas por tarefa. Por
exemplo, voc pode ter um grupo relacionado a um trabalho da
faculdade, e um outro grupo para pagar as suas contas online.
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Procurando por uma aba

Ache rapidamente aquela aba.
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2. Clique no boto de busca no canto direito da janela e
ento digite no campo de busca que aparecer para buscar uma
aba.
Ou simplesmente comece a digitar e a busca ir acontecer
automaticamente.
3. medida que voc digita, as abas que correspondem a
sua busca iro ser destacadas. Simplesmente clique em uma aba
para selecion-la e voltar ao Firefox.
Se voc tem mais de uma janela do Firefox aberta, voc
pode ver abas de outras janelas que correspondem a sua
busca no inferior da janela. Clicar em uma destas abas
ir focar aquela janela, aba e grupo
Organizando os Grupos de Abas

Grupos de Abas podem ser facilmente redimensionados,
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um grupo voc pode fech-lo e se livrar de todas as abas de
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Redimensionando Grupos de Abas Clique e arraste
o canto do grupo para aumentar ou diminu-lo.
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maiores ou menores para melhor se ajustarem.
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Clique neste boto para ver quais abas esto na pilha
sem mudar o tamanho do grupo.
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para mov-lo pela tela.
Nomeando Grupos de Abas Clique ao lado do cone
da caneta no topo de um grupo e digite um nome para
ele. Ento pressione Enter ou clique em algum lugar
da janela.
Fechando Grupos de Abas Cada grupo de abas tem
um boto fechar no canto superior direito. Clicar nele
ir fechar aquele grupo e todas as suas abas.
Se voc fechou um grupo de abas acidentalmente,
voc pode clicar no boto Reabrir grupo para
restaur-lo.
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elas sero representadas pelo cone do site no lado direito de
cada grupo.
Importar favoritos do Google Chrome

O Firefox permite que voc importe facilmente seus favoritos e outros dados do Google Chrome.
1. Clique no boto favoritos
em seguida clique em
Exibir todos os favoritos para abrir a janela da Biblioteca.
2. Na barra de ferramentas na janela Biblioteca clique no
boto Importar e backup e selecione Importar dados de outro
navegador....
3. No Assistente de Importao que surge, selecione
Chrome e clique no boto Avanar.
2)LUHIR[OLVWDUiRVWLSRVGHFRQJXUDo}HVHLQIRUPDes que podero ser importados. Selecione os itens que voc
deseja importar para o Firefox e clique em Avanar.
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outras coisas.
Histrico: Informaes sobre pginas da web que voc
visitou.
Favoritos: Pginas da web que voc salvou no Google
Chrome.
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importados pelo Firefox.
Como o padro do Google Chrome salvar seus favoritos
na barra de favoritos, voc deve procurar os seus favoritos
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Barra dos favoritos do Firefox.
Atualizao
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Chrome:
O Chrome um navegador desenvolvido pela Google
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o Google Chrome j era o terceiro navegador mais usado do
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um software que agradou muito a populao mundial devido a
sua navegao por abas e rea de trabalho bem limpa deixando
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tornando-se tendncia que foi seguida pelos outros softwares
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para as plataformas Windows, Mac OS X, Android, Ubuntu,
Debian, Fedora e OpenSuSE.
Possui um leitor de arquivos PDF integrado, possvel
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DOWNLOAD E INSTALAO
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de instalao comece. Lembrando que voc poder instalar o
Google Chrome mesmo estando off-line.
No Windows 7, Vista, ou at mesmo no XP, uma janela do
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padro. Caso o usurio escolha o Chrome, ele ser iniciado
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muito simples. Depois de baixar o instalador, o usurio deve
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assim, ele ser instalado em todos os usurios da mquina.
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para iniciar a instalao. Depois que tudo estiver devidamente
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Velocidade
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permite executar aplicaes Web complexas rapidamente, e
com o WebKit, o Chrome um dos navegadores mais rpidos
da atualidade. Para cada novo lanamento, ele continua a melhorar a sua velocidade.
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mquinas modestas. A velocidade tambm sentida no carregamento de pginas e na execuo de apps e extenses. O software
se destaca, tambm, pelo sistema de administrao por abas.
Omnibox: a barra nica de endereos e busca
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de pesquisa que integrada barra de URL, que baseia as
respostas pelos ltimos sites visitados pelo usurio. O objetivo
tornar os resultados de busca mais satisfatrios. A Omnibox,
tambm chamada de barra de endereo, no tem somente a
funcionalidade de caixa de pesquisa.
O browser do Google foi projetado para aproveitar ao
mximo espao da tela. Nele, s existe um local para digitar
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deve ser feita.
Com esta funo, todos os resultados da sua busca aparecem

enquanto o assunto pesquisado est sendo digitado. Assim, o
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automaticamente. Se o resultado desejado no for sugerido, no
entanto, basta terminar de digitar o termo desejado e pressionar
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Por que acessar primeiro o YouTube.com para depois
procurar um vdeo? Basta digitar youtube.com na omnibox e
pressionar a tecla TAB para pesquisar diretamente no YouTube.
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para seus sites favoritos.
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Google, Bing, Yahoo! Brasil ou o Ask selecionado na tela
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podero ser acrescentados e selecionados como padro.
Como pesquisar no Google Chrome

Use a barra de endereo para pesquisar na Web, nos seus
favoritos e no seu histrico de navegao. Digite seu termo de
pesquisa na barra e pressione Enter para ver os resultados do
seu mecanismo de pesquisa padro.Existem outras formas de
pesquisa no Google Chrome. Estas dicas se aplicam ao Google
Chrome nos sistemas operacionais Windows, Mac e Linux .
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Comece digitando na barra de endereo o endereo do
site que voc deseja pesquisar. Se o Google Chrome tiver um
registro do site, ele oferecer automaticamente a opo para
pesquisar nesse site. Caso voc se lembre da palavra-chave do
mecanismo de pesquisa, tambm pode digitar a palavra-chave
na barra de endereo. Pressione Tab para escolher em qual local
deseja navegar e pressione Enter.
Pesquisar uma pgina
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est visitando.
Pesquisar seu histrico de navegao, downloads
e favoritos
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histrico de navegao, o histrico de download e os favoritos,
respectivamente. Esses recursos esto disponveis no menu
, na barra de ferramentas do
do Google Chrome Chrome
navegador.
Pesquisa com o boto direito do mouse
Use o cursor para destacar qualquer texto ou imagem em
uma pgina da Web. Clique com o boto direito do mouse e
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ou o texto em destaque.
Colar e pesquisar
Destaque qualquer texto em uma pgina da Web com seu
cursor e o copie. Quando estiver pronto para pesquisar, clique
com o boto direito do mouse na barra de endereo e selecione
Colar e pesquisar.
Pesquisa com destacar e arrastar(somente para
Windows e Linux)
Destaque qualquer texto em uma pgina da Web com o
cursor e arraste-o para a barra de endereo. O Google Chrome
exibe automaticamente os resultados de pesquisa fornecidos
pelo seu mecanismo de pesquisa padro para o texto destacado.
Pesquisa por voz
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para algumas aes como pesquisar, ver rotas e criar lembretes.
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tempo.
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br no navegador Google Chrome. No canto superior direito da
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ou clique no cone do microfone, ao lado direito da caixa de
pesquisa .
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francs, alemo, italiano, japons, coreano, russo, espanhol
e portugus (Brasil). No entanto, alguns exemplos no esto
disponveis em todos os idiomas.
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jQRLWH"RX2QGHHVWiSDVVDQGR-RJRVYRUD]HV"
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SUy[LPD"
Saber as horas4XHKRUDVVmRHP6mR3DXOR"
Responder a perguntas gerais 2QGH $OEHUW (LQVWHLQ
QDVFHX"RX4XDQWRVDQRVWHP%H\RQFp"
Calcular a gorjeta4XDOpDJRUMHWDSDUDUHDLV"
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Converter unidades4XDQWRpJUDPDVHPTXLORV"
Resolver um problema de PDWHPiWLFD5DL]TXDGUDGDGH

Quando voc comea a digitar na barra de endereo, os
seguintes cones podem aparecer ao lado das suas sugestes de
pesquisa:
Seus sites favoritos

/Pesquisas populares (previses) que contm as palavras
que voc est digitando
Sites do seu histrico de navegao

Integrao com servios do Google
Ao navegar na internet, sempre bom contar com alternativas. Se a opo possuir integrao com os principais servios
web, melhor ainda. Este o caso do Chrome, que um navegador integrado plataforma de servios do Google para dar aos
usurios acesso completo aos seus servios. Para isto funcionar,
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Ao iniciar uma seo, o usurio tem acesso aos seus marFDGRUHV DSOLFDo}HV KLVWyULFR H RXWUDV GHQLo}HV HP WRGRV RV
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Internet. Dessa forma, seus itens esto seguros caso haja algum
problema com o computador, smartphone ou tablet. a ideia de
computao em nuvem, de qualquer computador todas as suas
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layout, tema, plugin, e qualquer outra funcionalidade que voc
tenha dados ao aplicativo estar disponvel na hora.
Loja de aplicativos
Alm dos servios do Google, com a loja Chrome Web
Store possvel instalar aplicativos e extenses para tornar o
uso do navegador mais completo. As extenses complementam
as funcionalidades do programa, enquanto os aplicativos disSRQLELOL]DPQRYDVIXQFLRQDOLGDGHVDHOH&RQKHoDDVPHOKRUHV
extenses do Chrome para o uso de redes sociais.
Tudo isso sem precisar sair do browser e com uma grande

diversidade de opes. Na loja, o usurio pode instalar temas
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WHPDVGR&KURPHHRFXVWRPL]HVXDVIXQFLRQDOLGDGHV
Abas
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abas, pois normal esquecer depois do endereo acessado.
Com o browser, possvel abrir mais de 100 abas ao mesmo tempo, se o computador aguentar pois consome muita
memria RAM. Sendo assim, o usurio continua navegando
enquanto guarda outras abas para ver depois ou alternar entre
elas.
comum que plugins de terceiros, como o Java ou o
Flash, sobrecarreguem o sistema, resultando no travamento. A diferena que, com este programa, o usurio no
perde todo o contedo aberto, basta fechar a aba travada
para continuar navegando normalmente. Essa caracterstica
muito til para quem precisa ter muitas abas abertas ao
mesmo tempo.
e SRVVtYHO DLQGD )L[DU $ED FOLFDQGR FRP R ERWmR VHcundrio do mouse sobre a aba e escolher este comando, isto
far com que a aba escolhida seja deslocada para a esquerda
FDQGRDQWHVGHTXDOTXHUDEDQDEDUUDGHDEDVHTXHFRPXPD
largura bem inferior se comparado com as demais abas. Esta
DEDFRPRUHIHULGRVLWHFDUiGLVSRQtYHOPHVPRDSyVIHFKDU
RQDYHJDGRUpSRVVtYHO[DUTXDQWDVDEDVTXLVHUSRUpPLVWR
afeta diretamente na velocidade do carregamento do programa
QDVXDLQLFLDOL]DomR
Comande as abas com o teclado

Abrindo/Fechando
$EULUXPDDED&WUO7
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Navegando entre abas
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,USDUDDDEDGDGLUHLWD&WUO7DERX&WUO3J'Q
([LELUGDSULPHLUDDRLWDYDDED&WUODWp&WUO
([LELUD~OWLPDDED&WUO
cones indicativos em abas

Ao abrir diversas abas, so frequentes as situaes em que
comeam a sair som de mais de um site. Para no perder tempo
ao procurar de onde vem a msica, o Chrome agora exibe um
cone indicativo na aba. Com isso, o usurio pode rapidamente
GHVFREULUHPTXDODEDRVRPRXRYtGHRHVWiVHQGRUHSURGX]LGR
e, ento, fech-la.
Novo modo Windows 8

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iUHDGHWUDEDOKRWUDGLFLRQDORXXWLOL]iORHPXPDLQWHUIDFHHVWLOR
0HWUR2GHVLJQGHVWHUHFXUVRWRUQDPDLVQDWLYRHDGHTXDGR
ao visual baseado em tiles do novo sistema da Microsoft. Para
isso, basta clicar no menu do programa e escolher a opo que
permite alternar entre os dois ambientes.
2 GLIHUHQFLDO GR PRGR 0HWUR p TXH TXDQGR R VRIWZDUH
est nessa interface, possvel gerenciar diversas janelas e
acessar seus Chrome Apps usando um lanador de aplicativos
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O lanador existe no modo tradicional, mas no to integrado
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9LVmR 0HWUR GR &KURPH PXLWR SDUHFLGR FRP D YLVXDOL]DomRGDUHDGH7UDEDOKRDPXGDQoDFDQDSDUWHLQIHULRUGD

janela onde o aplicativo apresenta, no canto esquerdo, atalhos
para os principais aplicativos integrados Google exibidos em
primeiro plano na Barra de Status e o Google Drive e Web Store
DFHVVDGRVDWUDYpVGRERWmRGH$SOLFDWLYRVGHVWDFDGRHPD]XOH
sua janela.
Safe Browsing: Bloqueio de malware
100 = Noes de I nformtica
Preocupado com a segurana dos seus usurios, o Google

adicionou um novo sistema de navegao segura. Agora, ele
emite alertas automaticamente quando o usurio acessa um site
RXDUTXLYRPDOLFLRVR&RPHVWHUHFXUVRRLQWHUQDXWDFDPDLV
protegido de malwares e de phishing pgina WEB falsa.
O Safe Browsing exibe um alerta no canto inferior da tela
para avisar a presena de arquivos maliciosos. Alm disso, ele
exige que os usurios faam mais procedimentos para seguir em
frente ao acessar o download de um arquivo ou uma pgina susSHLWD&RPLVVRDVHJXUDQoDGDQDYHJDomRpPXLWRRWLPL]DGD
3DUD DXPHQWDU DLQGD PDLV D SURWHomR R SURJUDPD XWLOL]D
isolamento de processos. Isso adiciona uma camada de proteo
contra pginas da web malignas que tentam instalar softwares
QR VHX 3& PRQLWRUL]DU DV VXDV DWLYLGDGHV QD :HE RX URXEDU
informaes privadas do disco rgido.
Na loja Chrome Web Store possvel instalar uma extenso
chamada WOT. O WOT um servio de anlise e reputao de
sites que ajuda voc a tomar decises inteligentes sobre se deve
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ou navega on-line.
O WOT simplesmente exibe a reputao dos sites de acordo
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quando voc usa o Google, Yahoo!, Bing ou qualquer outro
mecanismo de busca. Os cones tambm so visveis ao lado
dos links nos sites de redes sociais como Facebook e Twitter e
servios de e-mail como Gmail e Yahoo! Mail, bem como em
outros sites conhecidos como a Wikipdia. Ao clicar no cone
de semforo, voc pode encontrar mais informaes sobre a
reputao do site e opinies de outros usurios. O sinal verde
VLJQLFD TXH RV XVXiULRV DYDOLDUDP R VLWH FRPR FRQiYHO H
seguro, o vermelho alerta sobre possveis ameaas e o amarelo
indica que voc precisa ser cauteloso ao usar o site.
As avaliaes e anlises do WOT so fornecidas por uma
FRPXQLGDGH JOREDO GH PLOK}HV GH XVXiULRV TXH FODVVLFDP
os sites com base em suas experincias pessoais. Alm disso,
fontes de terceiros so usadas para alert-lo sobre software
malicioso e outras ameaas tcnicas que voc pode encontrar.
Voc pode compartilhar suas experincias avaliando voc
mesmo os sites, ajudando a tornar a Internet um lugar mais
seguro para todos.
A tecnologia de validao de autenticidade ajuda a impedir
que um malware se instale em seu computador ou use aquilo que
acontece em uma guia do navegador para afetar o que acontece
na outra. O processo de validao de autenticidade adiciona
uma camada complementar de segurana contra pginas da web
maliciosas que tentam instalar programas em seu computador,
PRQLWRUDUVXDVDWLYLGDGHVQDZHERXURXEDULQIRUPDo}HVFRQdenciais de seu disco rgido.
Com a tecnologia Navegao segura ativada no Google
Chrome, caso encontre um site suspeito de conter phishing
ou malware durante sua navegao na web voc receber uma
pgina de aviso.
Modo de navegao annima

Quando no quiser que suas visitas a websites ou downloads
sejam gravados em seus histricos de navegao e download,
voc poder navegar no modo de navegao annima. Alm
disso, todos os cookies criados durante a navegao no modo de
navegao annima so excludos depois que todas as janelas
annimas abertas so fechadas.
Quando voc estiver navegando no modo de navegao
annima, poder ver o cone do modo de navegao annima
no canto da pgina. A navegao em modo annimo til
principalmente quando voc precisa navegar na web de forma
SULYDGD VHP D QHFHVVLGDGH GH DOWHUDU VXDV FRQJXUDo}HV GH
privacidade novamente entre as sesses de navegao. Por
exemplo, voc pode ter uma sesso normal e uma sesso
em modo annimo em janelas separadas ao mesmo tempo.
Preferncias de privacidade
Voc pode controlar todas as suas preferncias de privaciGDGHQRPHQXGR*RRJOH&KURPH%DVWDVHOHFLRQDU&RQJXUDo}HVFOLFDUHP0RVWUDUFRQJXUDo}HVDYDQoDGDVHDMXVWDUD
seo "Privacidade".
Limpar os dados de navegao
Se o usurio desejar apagar as informaes da navegaomR TXH Mi IH] Ki D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH OLPSDU RV GDGRV HP
qualquer momento. Isso inclui histricos de navegao e
transferncia, cookies, senha e dados de formulrios salvos.
Estas informaes so muito importantes para quem invade
seu computador. Atravs destas informaes possvel
traar um perfil de sua atividade na Internet procurando a
SULQFLSDOLQIRUPDomRTXHpVHYRFrID]FRPSUDVRQOLQHRX
UHDOL]DWUDQVDo}HVEDQFiULDVYLD,QWHUQHW
Controle de pais
Outra grande novidade a funo de controle dos pais, no
qual possvel determinar, por exemplo, quais sites um usurio
pode ter acesso. Essa ferramenta bastante til para pais que
GHVHMDP PDQWHU RV OKRV HP VHJXUDQoD RX SDUD TXHP TXHU
limitar o uso do navegador por terceiros.
Para gerenciar os usurios supervisionados, basta acessar as
FRQJXUDo}HVHP8VXiULRVFOLFDUQRERWmR$GLFLRQDUQRYR
XVXiULR1DFULDomRGRXVXiULRPDUTXHRLWHP(VWHpXP
XVXiULRVXSHUYLVLRQDGRJHUHQFLDGRSRU
O navegador grtis e possui verses para Windows, Mac
OS, Linux, Android e iOS. Por isso, se voc procura um browser rpido, multiplataforma e integrado aos principais servios
da web, faa download do Google Chrome!
Noes de I nformtica = 101

ANOTAES
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MICROSOFT OUTLOOK 2010

Um correio eletrnico um sistema de comunicao que
permite enviar e receber mensagens.
Os sistemas de correio eletrnico transferem mensagens na
Internet utilizando dois protocolos de comunicao. Um protocolo um padro de comunicao entre dois sistemas computacionais.
Protocolo SMTP: o protocolo para envio de mensagens.
A sigla um acrnomo do termo Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
Protocolo POP3: o protocolo para recebimento de
mensagens. (Post Office Protocol). Este protocolo requer autenticao, ou seja, a validao do nome do usurio e da senha e as
mensagens recebidas podem ser descarregadas no computador
pessoal e excludas do provedor.
Estrutura do Endereo eletrnico

Um endereo eletrnico a identificao da caixa postal
eletrnica. A caixa-postal eletrnica tem o mesmo propsito da
caixa-postal convencional. A estrutura do endereo eletrnico :
nome_do_usurio@provedor.com.br
onde,
nome _do_usurio : o proprietrio do endereo eletrnico e, dento do mesmo provedor, no poder haver duplicidade.
@ .................. : smbolo usado para separar o nome do usurio da conta de email do provedor.
.com ........... : o .com o tipo do registro do provedor.
Alguns tipos de registros
.com
comercial
.edu
educacional
.adv
advocacia
.net
.br .............. : pas de origem do provedor.
Propriedades da mensagem
Todas as mensagens so transferidas e recebidas com as
seguintes propriedades:
De: .............................endereo eletrnico do emissor
Para: ................................ endereo(s) eletrnico(s) do(s)
destinatrio(s) da mensagem.
Cc: ................................... (com
cpia).
Endereo(s)
eletrnico(s)
de
outro(s)
destinatrio(s) da mensagem. O
receptor da mensagem saber que
a mensagem foi copiada para outro
endereo.
Cco: ................................. (Com cpia oculta). Semelhante a
propriedade Cc:, mas com um sutil
diferencial: Os destinatrios da mensagem no sabero que a mesma foi
endereada, em secreto, a algum.
Corpo da mensagem ....... : contedo da mensagem.
062XWORRN
um software de correio eletrnico, capaz de gerenciar uma ou
mais contas de email, organizar as mensagens e listas de contatos
em pastas, alm de monitorar o recebimento de novas mensagens.
A Figura a seguir apresenta a janela principal do MS-Outlook 2010.
Painel de Navegao MS-Outlook 2010
3DVWDVGR062XWORRN
MS-Outlook 2010, bem como vrios outros softwares de correio
eletrnico, possuem pastas para agrupar as mensagens.
1) Caixa de Entrada.. : todas as mensagens recebidas so,

automaticamente, armazenadas na
Caixa de Entrada.
2) Rascunho.................: as mensagens digitadas, mas no
enviadas, quando salvas, ficam
armazenadas na pasta Rascunho,
podendo ser enviadas a qualquer
momento.
3) Itens enviados ......: as mensagens enviadas saem
da caixa de sada e so armazenadas
na pasta Itens Enviados.
4) Itens excludos ..... : as mensagens excludas de qualquer
outra pasta ficam armazenadas na
pasta Itens excludos. As mensagens
excludas desta pasta so apagadas
do computador, definitivamente.
5) Caixa de sada ...... : as mensagens enviadas vo para caixa
de sada at serem definitivamente
enviadas.
6) Lixo eletrnico.........: um recurso com propsito de filtrar
as mensagens reconhecidas pelo como
spam, retirando-as da caixa de entrada.
Quando chega uma mensagem de spam,
ela automaticamente movida para a
pasta Lixo Eletrnico, para que a Caixa
de Entrada no seja congestionada e
tenha apenas mensagens pessoais e
profissionais do usurio. Veja a seguir
como configurar o Filtro de Lixo
Eletrnico.
7) Pasta de Pesquisa : uma pasta que filtra os e-mails categorizados, no lidos ou grandes. um acesso rpido a mensagens
marcadas.
&RPRGHQLURQtYHOGHSURWHomRGR/L[R(OHWU{QLFR
Ao instalar o MS-Outlook 2010, por padro, o filtro de Lixo Eletrnico torna-se ativado e o nvel de proteo est definido como
Baixo, uma configurao predefinida para capturar o spam mais bvio. Tambm por padro, todas as mensagens capturadas pelo
Filtro de Lixo Eletrnico so movidas para a pasta Lixo Eletrnico. Estas configuraes podem ser alteradas pelo usurio, lembrando
que, embora o Filtro de Lixo Eletrnico do MS-Outlook 2010 oferea proteo contra muitos dos spams enviados, nenhum filtro pode
capturar todas as mensagens de lixo eletrnico.
Veja a seguir o procedimento de configurao:
*XLD3iJLQD,QLFLDOJUXSR([FOXLUFOLTXHHP/L[R(OHWU{QLFRHFOLTXHHP2So}HVGH/L[R
Eletrnico.
CRIAR PASTAS
Outras pastas podero ser criadas pelo usurio, dentro ou
fora das pastas padro, a fim de facilitar a organizao das
mensagens.
1)
Menu Arquivo
2)
Opo Novo e Pasta
Criar uma pasta com o nome identificado pelo usurio
(a)
1)
Clicar sobre uma das pastas para selecionar
2)
Clique direito para abrir o menu
3)
Opo Nova pasta....
A barra de ferramentas agrupa em guias as principais funcionalidades deste aplicativo.

A guia Arquivo rene as principais funcionalidades encontradas no Menu arquivo das verses anteriores.
A barra de ferramentas Pgina Inicial rene as funcionalidades bsicas de e-mail:
a) Novo e-mail;
b) Responder;
c) Responder a Todos;
d) Encaminhar;
e) Mover;
f) Categorizar;
f) Catlogo de Endereos.
&ULDUXPHPDLOQR062XWORRN
A criao de uma mensagem eletrnica requer que as propriedades da mensagem sejam informadas. No mnimo, as propriedades De:, Para, Contedo devem ser preenchidas para que a
mensagem seja enviada. A propriedade Assunto recomendada,
mas no obrigatria.
Painel de edio de mensagem eletrnica
Os campos Para:, Cc:, e Assunto: so campos importantes de

serem preenchidos. O usurio poder enderear a mensagem a
um ou mais endereos de email. Veja o exemplo destes campos
preenchidos na Figura.
Destinatrios e assunto da mensagem
Para: digitar o(s) endereo(s) eletrnico do(s) destinatrio(s)

da mensagem. Se houver mais de um endereado, separ-los
com ponto e vrgula (;).
Cc: Abreviao do termo com cpia. Informar o endereo de
outros destinatrios. Como boa prtica de envio de mensagens,
o objetivo de copiar pessoas nas mensagens eletrnicas, dar
cincia do contedo. Os destinatrios da mensagem informados
no campo Para: visualizaro os endereos das pessoas copiadas..
Cco: Abreviao do termo Com cpia oculta. Este recurso
interessante para que os receptores das mensagens no tenham
acesso a quem mais ela foi endereada. Como boa prtica de envio de
mensagem, quando uma mensagem for endereada a uma lista muito
grande de destinatrios, recomenda-se colocar a lista de endereos no
campo Cpia Oculta (Cco:)
A janela do MS-Outlook 2010 organizada em uma estrutura dividida em sete partes. Esta estrutura permite ao
usurio ter acesso rpido aos itens relevantes de um sistema
de correio eletrnico, a saber: as pastas do MS-Outlook; as
mensagens gravadas em cada pasta; listas de contatos; Calendrio; Tarefas; e Contedos das Mensagens. Adicionalmente,
as barras de ferramentas oferecem funcionalidades, ou seja,
o que possvel fazer dentro deste ambiente.
Painel de Navegao do MS-Outlook 2010. (a) Guias. (b)

Barra de Ferramentas. (c) Pastas do MS-Outlook. (d) Lista
de mensagens. (e) Contedo da mensagem selecionada. (f)
Seletor de e-mails, o qual permite que os itens d e e sejam
apresentados.g) Calendrio, mudar o painel de navegao
de e-mails para calendrio. h) Contatos. i) Tarefas.
Calendrio
Quando a opo Calendrio est ativa, o painel de navegao
no exibe as mensagens, mas sim o calendrio do ms, podendo
ser alterado para outras formas de visualizao, conforme a barra
de ferramentas especficas.
Contatos
Criar uma lista de contatos importante para facilitar a
localizao do endereo eletrnico. O catlogo de endereos do
MS-Outlook permite registrar todos os dados do contato, tais
como nome completo, endereo residencial, comercial, nome do
cnjuge, filhos, sexo, data de aniversrio, aniversrio de casamento e outros.
Formulrio de cadastro do contato.
Um contato poder ser registrado com mais de um email

associado. O Catlogo de endereos til para pesquisar o endereo de email de um contato, digitando apenas parte do nome
da pessoa.
Catlogo de Endereos da Identidade Principal
Os constatos so apresentados no painel de navegao do

MS-Outlook 2010 em forma de carto de visita.
Lista de Mensagens
As mensagens gravadas nas pastas so organizadas por ordem
de data e hora de recebimento. Por padro, a lista apresenta os indicadores de prioridade, anexo e sinalizador, o remetente, assunto
da mensagem, data e hora do recebimento. possvel classificar as
mensagens em ordem crescente ou decrescente, clicando sobre o
nome da coluna de cada um dos itens da lista de mensagens.
3URFHVVRSDUDFRQJXUDUFRQWDVGHHPDLO
O processo de configurao de contas de email no MS-Outlook
2010 inicia na guia Arquivo, opo Adicionar Conta.
Ao clicar em Adicionar Conta, a janela Adicionar Nova Conta

ser aberta.
Passo 1 do processo de criao de contas de email

no MS-Outlook 2010
Quando uma mensagem enviada, aparecer o nome ou o

endereo de email do remetente no campo De da mensagem
enviada. No passo 1 do processo de configurao de conta de
email, o nome a ser digitado poder ser o nome da pessoa, da
forma como ele gostaria de ser identificado. Por exemplo: Prof.
Ricardo Ramos, ou simplesmente Ricardo.
Os provedores de acesso Internet disponibilizam os dados a
serem informados nos campos Servidor de entrada e sada de email.
Ao se preparar para um concurso pblico muito importante saber
diferenciar os servidores de entrada dos de sada.
POP3: servidor de entrada, responsvel pelas mensa
gens recebidas.
SMTP: servidor de sada, responsvel pelas mensagens
enviadas.
ANOTAES
Grupos de Discusso
e stios de busca e
pesquisa na Internet
Busca e pesquisa na Internet
A funo primordial da Internet a informao transparente, de conhecimento liberado, irrestrito e que todos conhecem
ou podem tomar conhecimento. Baseando nestes princpios
disponibilizar formas de pesquisa de informaes se tornaram
um dos principais servios que a Internet oferece.
Com a popularizao da Internet alavancada na ltima
dcada pelos dispositivos mveis, a quantidade de informao disponibilizada na WEB gigantesca. Encontrar estas
informaes algo impossvel sem o auxlio de alguns sites
que se propuseram a realizar este tipo de servio.
Existem vrios sites que oferecem o servio de busca,
catalogao e organizao das informaes existentes em
milhes de locais e so denominados mquinas de busca
ou Sites de busca.
Sites de busca so mecanismos de procura agregados a
gigantescos bancos de dados com informaes sobre pginas da web. Quando digitamos uma determinada palavra
no campo de busca desses mecanismos, aparecem novas
pginas com listas de links (endereos) que apontam
para outras pginas nas quais o termo que procuramos se
encontra. Existem vrios sites desse tipo na rede, como
o Google, Altavista, Yahoo!, Cad, UOL, Aonde, Achei,
Aeiou, dentre outros.
Ele permite que uma pessoa solicite contedo de
acordo com um critrio especfico (tipicamente contendo
uma dada palavra ou frase) e responde com uma lista de
referncias que combinam com tal critrio, ou seja uma
espcie de catlogo.
Antes de um mecanismo de busca poder dizer a voc onde
um arquivo ou documento est, ele deve ser encontrado.
Para encontrar informaes em centenas de milhes de
pginas da Web, um mecanismo de busca emprega robs
de software especiais, chamados aranhas (Spiders), para
construir listas de palavras encontradas nos sites da Web.
A aranha comear por um site popular, indexando as
palavras em suas pginas e seguindo cada link encontrado
dentro do site. Dessa forma, o sistema de aranhas inicia
rapidamente a viagem, alastrando-se pelas partes mais
amplamente usadas da Web.
Spiders ou robot um conjunto de software que
vasculham toda a Web em busca de ocorrncias de um
determinado assunto em uma pgina. Alguns motores
tambm extraem dados disponveis em grupos de notcias,
grandes bancos de dados ou diretrios abertos. um
Sistema de software projetado para encontrar informaes
armazenadas em um sistema computacional a partir de
palavras-chave indicadas pelo utilizador, reduzindo o
tempo necessrio para encontrar informaes.
Depois que os robot completaram a tarefa de localizao das informaes nas pginas da Web, lembrando que
essa uma tarefa que realmente nunca estar concluda,
pois a natureza constantemente altervel da Web significa
que os robot esto sempre rastejando, o mecanismo de
busca deve armazenar as informaes de uma forma que
as torne teis. Existem dois componentes-chave envolvidos
na reunio de dados acessveis aos usurios:
1. As informaes armazenadas com os dados;
2. O mtodo pelo qual as informaes so indexadas.
No caso mais simples, um mecanismo de busca poderia
simplesmente armazenar a palavra e a URL onde ela foi
encontrada. Na realidade, isso funcionaria para um mecanismo de uso limitado, j que no haveria maneira de
dizer se a palavra foi usada de uma maneira importante ou
trivial em uma pgina, se ela foi usada uma vez ou muitas
vezes ou se a pgina continha links para outras pginas
contendo a palavra.
Em outras palavras, no haveria maneira de construir a
lista de classificao que tenta apresentar as pginas mais
usadas no topo da lista dos resultados da busca conforme a
importncia daquela palavra no contexto do texto.
Para criar mais resultados teis, a maioria dos mecanismos de busca armazena mais do que simplesmente
a palavra ou URL. Um mecanismo pode armazenar o
nmero de vezes que a palavra aparece em uma pgina.
O mecanismo pode atribuir um peso a cada entrada, com
valores crescentes atribudos s palavras medida que elas
aparecem prximas ao topo do documento, em subttulos,
em links, nas metatags ou no ttulo da pgina.
As metatags permitem aos proprietrios de uma
pgina especificar palavras-chave e determinar sob quais
delas a pgina ser indexada. Isso pode ser til, especialmente nos casos em que as palavras na pgina podem ter
significados duplos ou triplos: as metatags podem guiar
o mecanismo de busca para escolher qual desses vrios
possveis significados para essas palavras o correto.
Cada mecanismo de busca comercial tem uma frmula diferente de atribuir peso s palavras em seu ndice. Essa uma
das razes pelas quais uma busca pela mesma palavra, em
diferentes mecanismos de busca, produzir listas diferentes,
com as pginas apresentadas em ordens diferentes.
Um ndice tem um nico propsito: ele permite que as
informaes possam ser encontradas o mais rapidamente
possvel. Existem bem poucas maneiras para se construir
um ndice, mas uma das maneiras mais efetivas construir
uma tabela hash.
Em um hashing, uma frmula aplicada para anexar
um valor numrico a cada palavra. A frmula projetada
para distribuir igualmente as entradas por um nmero
predeterminado de divises. A distribuio numrica
diferente da distribuio de palavras no alfabeto, e essa
a chave para a eficcia de uma tabela hash. A combinao
de indexao eficiente e armazenamento eficaz possibilita
a obteno de dados mais rapidamente, mesmo quando o
usurio cria uma busca complicada.
Realizar uma busca por meio de um ndice envolve

um usurio criar uma pesquisa e submet-la por meio
do mecanismo de busca. H basicamente dois tipos de
busca: por catlogos e por indexadores ou motor
de pesquisa robot, ou seja, funcionamento como o de
robs. Os mecanismos de busca por catlogo ordenam e
classificam endereos na internet, no se preocupando
com o contedo textual das pginas catalogados. Um
exemplo de site de busca que utiliza o mecanismo de
catlogo o AEIOU de Portugal, que cataloga os sites
na internet, mas no o contedo textual das pginas individuais. Os registros so listados em grandes diretrios e
subdiretrios, classificados por assunto. Assim, as pastas e
subpastas contm as seguintes informaes: nome do site,
endereo na rede, breve descrio do contedo feito por
algumas palavras-chave. J os sites indexadores ou robot
trabalham de modo diferente, organizando e classificando
tambm o contedo textual de cada site, pgina por pgina. Quando os indexadores analisam uma pgina, olham
para o que as outras pginas vinculadas tm a dizer sobre
ela, dando preferncia quelas que apresentam termos
prximos entre si.
Os primeiros motores de busca (como o Yahoo) baseavam-se na indexao de pginas atravs da sua categorizao. A mais recente gerao de motores de busca (como
Google) utiliza tecnologias diversas, como a procura por
palavras-chave nas pginas e o uso de referncias externas
espalhadas pela web, permitindo at a traduo direta de
pginas para a lngua do utilizador.
O Google, como vimos, que trabalha com o mecanismo
robot, calcula os resultados tomando por base uma equao de 500 milhes de variveis em mais de dois bilhes
de termos em cerca de um bilho de pginas. So considerados para esses clculos fatores como a popularidade
dos links e certas caractersticas das pginas (termos em
negrito, no cabealho ou em fontes maiores). A posio de
cada pgina na lista apresentada depender, entre outros
fatores, do nmero de pginas que se ligam a ela e tambm de sua importncia. Ou seja, a importncia de uma
pgina derivada de sua popularidade e da popularidade
das pginas que para ela apontam.
A pesquisa pode ser bastante simples, pelo menos uma
palavra. Construir uma pesquisa mais complexa requer o
uso de vrias palavras e at de operadores booleanos, que
permitem que voc refine e estenda os termos da busca.
Tipos de buscador
Buscadores globais: Google, Yahoo e Bing pesquisam todos os documentos na rede, resultado aleatria
dependendo do ranking de acessos aos sites.
Buscadores verticais: AchaNoticias, Catho, SAPO e
BuscaP pesquisas especializadas em bases de dados
prprias, geralmente paga uma mensalidade ou de um
valor por clique.
Guias locais: Listo, GuiaMais, AcheCerto, EuAchei-
Fcil buscadores exclusivamente locais ou regionais,

endereos de empresas ou prestadores de servios.
108 = N oes de I nformtica
Guias de busca local ou buscador local: empresas e prestadores de servios prximas ao endereo do
internauta a partir de um texto digitado, proximidade
identificada pelo CEP.
Fazendo Buscas:
As buscas no Google no so sensveis a maisculas
e minsculas. Todas as palavras, independentemente
da forma como forem escritas, sero entendidas como
minsculas. Por exemplo, buscas por google, GOOGLE
ou GoOgLe traro os mesmos resultados. As pesquisas
padres do Google no so sensveis a acentos ou sinais
diacrticos, ou seja, [Muenchen] e [Mnchen] encontraro
as mesmas pginas. Se quiser discriminar as duas palavras, use um sinal + tanto para [+Muenchen] como para
[+Mnchen], desta forma a busca ser feita priorizando a
palavra digitada, sendo que alguns sites inserem em suas
metatags as duas palavras para que o site seja referenciado
independente da forma de pesquisa.
Comece digitando a palavra mais importante e o
prprio Google dar algumas sugestes, com base em sua
indexao, e voc escolhe o que mais corresponde a sua
necessidade.
Para pesquisar uma frase utilize a frase entre aspas.
Exemplo: editora soluo
Quanto mais especfica for a palavra, maior ser a
chance de obter resultados relevantes. Dessa forma [toques
de celebridades] melhor do que [sons de celebridades].
Porm, lembre-se de que se a palavra tiver o significado
correto, mas no for a mais usada pelas pessoas, ela poder no corresponder s pginas que voc busca. Utilize
palavras comuns.
Antes de iniciar sua consulta, digite site:,aps a palavra chave, se desejar que sua resposta venha de um site ou
tipo de site especfico (.org, .edu). Por exemplo: site: edu
ou site: editorasolucao.com.br.
Sua pesquisa ficar assim: apostila BBsite: editorasolucao.com.br para pesquisar apostila do Banco do
Brasil no site da Editora Soluo.
A pesquisa ignora pontuao. Isso inclui @#%^*()=[]\
e outros caracteres especiais. No h a necessidade de
utiliz-los. Lembre-se, seja o mais direto possvel.
Pesquise por tipos especficos de arquivos, como PDF,
PPT, ou XLS, adicionando filetype: e a abreviao de trs
letras aps as palavras chave. Ex: Apostila concurso
bbfiletype: pdf ou filetype: doc.
Destaque palavras e caracteres comuns como o e e se
eles forem essenciais para a sua pesquisa (como no ttulo
de um filme ou livro) colocando-os entre aspas: o. Voc
tambm pode usar o sinal de menos para especificar
itens especficos que voc no deseja ver nos resultados,
como ingredientes em uma receita.
Ex. tanque -roupa molho -tomate
Utilizar o asterisco entre aspas o torna um coringa.
(ex: caf * leite: Google buscar ocorrncias de caf +
qualquer palavra + leite.
Use o operador related: para encontrar pginas com

contedo similar. Digite related: seguido pelo endereo
do site. Por exemplo, se voc encontrar um site de que
gostou, tente usar related:[Insira o URL] para localizar
sites similares.
Ex. related: http://www.editorasolucao.com.br
Fique dentro do seu oramento pesquisando apenas itens
em uma faixa de nmeros colocando .. entre os valores.
Ex. monitor 23 R$ 500,00..R$ 1.000,00
Converta qualquer medida (por exemplo, milhas para
quilmetros ou onas para litros) digitando o nmero e a
unidade de medida. Ex: milhas em km.
Para ver a hora certa em qualquer lugar do mundo, pesquise por horrio e a cidade ou pas. Ex: horarioberlin.
Quando estiver pesquisando, clique em Ferramentas
de pesquisa no painel direita na pgina de resultados e,
a seguir, filtre por pas, idioma, data, resultados e localidade. Esse recurso escolher o melhor idioma para pesquisar
e fornecer resultados traduzidos.
Pesquise por meteorologia seguido por um CEP dos
EUA ou o nome de qualquer cidade no mundo para obter a
meteorologia atual e a previso. Insira apenasmeteorologia para obter a meteorologia do seu local atual. Ou ainda
pode digitar clima so paulo.
Deseja pesquisar a web usando a cmera do celular em
vez de palavras? Em um celular Android, abra o aplicativo Google Goggles (em um iPhone, abra o aplicativo de
Pesquisa do Google e selecione Goggles), tire uma foto do
item sobre o qual deseja pesquisar e aguarde os resultados.
No necessrio digitar.
Coloque define: na frente de qualquer palavra para ver
sua definio. Ex: define: hiperbolica.
Calcule qualquer coisa. Insira qualquer equao matemtica na caixa de pesquisa e sua resposta ser calculada.
Ex: 450+125+250-832 pressionando o ENTER o
resultado ser 7
Ex: 100*3,14-cos(83)
Adicione um CEP ao final da pesquisa de local, como
costelas de porco e obtenha resultados que mostram
as churrascarias mais prximas, junto com nmeros de

telefone, um mapa e at comentrios. Se voc no incluir
seu CEP, o Google poder sugerir locais prximos a voc.
Ex. costela de porco 02022-901.
Deseja saber onde se localiza um CEP ou um cdigo de
rea? Digite-o na caixa de pesquisa. Para mapear qualquer
localidade, digite o nome ou CEP da cidade seguido pela
palavra mapa e voc ver o mapa do lugar. Clique nele
para v-lo no Google Maps.
Fale para pesquisar. Toque no boto de microfone
na caixa de pesquisa do Google, ou pressione por alguns
segundos o boto de pesquisa do telefone para ativar a
tela Fale agora. A Pesquisa por voz para Android suporta
VoiceActions no Android 2.2 (Froyo) e superior.
Algumas palavras, s vezes, so ignoradas pelo

mecanismo de busca do Google. Isso acontece porque o
Google utiliza o conceito de stop words. Stop Words
so palavras que o mecanismo ignora por serem irrelevantes maioria das pesquisas. Por exemplo, em Bolo
de Chocolate a palavra de normalmente ignorada (a
no ser que a frase inteira esteja entre aspas duplas). Mas
se usar aspas duplas no traz exatamente o resultado
que voc deseja, existe uma outra maneira de fazer com
que o Google inclua uma palavra digitada na pesquisa.
Basta acrescentar como prefixo o sinal +. Isso fora
o mecanismo a encontrar determinado termo. Um bom
exemplo seria procurar por Star Wars Episode I. Se
voc no colocar a frase inteira entre aspas, o mecanismo ir ignorar o I. Para forar a pesquisa de I,
digite Star Wars Episode +I. O sinal + tambm serve
para fazer com que o google no procure por similares.
Por exemplo, se voc digitar favorite +book, o google
procurar por favorite e, tambm, por favourite. Para
evitar isso, acrescente um sintal de mais em favorite, ou
seja, +favorite.
Observao: no coloque o sinal de + seguido de
espao. O sinal deve ficar colado na palavra desejada.
Grupos de Discusso
Lista de discusso ou Lista de E-mail ou Grupos de
E-mail ou ainda Newsgroups ou mailing list uma
ferramenta gerencivel pela Internet que permite a um
grupo de pessoas a troca de mensagens via e-mail entre
todos os membros do grupo.
Imagine que voc gosta ou tem interesse num assunto
qualquer como aviao ou concursos pblicos e quer trocar informaes com outras pessoas sobre estes assuntos.
Entrando nesses sites voc pode encontrar grupos de
discusso sobre quase qualquer assunto. Ao se cadastrar
nesse grupo todas as mensagens enviadas para um determinado endereo de e-mail, automaticamente redistribuda para todos os participantes do grupo. Grupo de
discusso so ferramentas de comunicao assncronas,
ou seja, para o recebimento e envio de mensagens no
necessrio que os participantes estejam conectados ao
mesmo tempo, como o caso do chat. Nesses Grupos de
Discusso existe a figura do Dono do Grupo, normalmente o usurio fundador do grupo e pode existir ou no um
ou vrios moderadores.
O dono e os moderadores so os usurios responsveis por manter a lista num bom funcionamento. Por
exemplo, evitando brigas entre os usurios, aprovando
ou censurando algumas mensagens, e no deixando a
vinculao de mensagens fora do tema e do objetivo do
grupo. Num grupo de discusso atualmente possvel
compartilhamento de arquivos, fotos e msica entre os
participantes.
Se a lista tiver vrios assinantes e for razoavelmente
movimentada, o nmero de mensagens recebidas diariamente pode ser muito alto. Somando-se a isso o fato
de que um usurio pode assinar quantas listas quiser,
o resultado que o usurio pode se ver em meio a um
verdadeiro mar de mensagens.
Os Grupos de Discusso so muito utilizados no meio

estudantil onde uma turma de estudantes criam um grupo
e passam o endereo de e-mail do grupo para seus professores e direo da escola, desta forma, qualquer material
enviado pelo professor ou recado da direo da escola
direcionado automaticamente para o e-mail pessoal de
todos os integrantes do grupo.
Sites de Grupo: Yahoo Grupos br.groups.yahoo.com
Google Groups groups.google.com Grupos www.grupos.
com.br MS Hotmail (SkyDrive) https://groups.live.com
Fruns
Com propostas parecidas ao Grupo de Discusso os Fruns
tambm so criados e mantidos com a finalidade de transmitir
conhecimento, procedimentos sobre um determinado assunto,
porm as mensagens ficam arquivadas no site organizadas por
tema e com a consulta mais facilitada. Frum nada mais que
um site, onde os usurios podem promover debates, tirar dvidas, dar sua opinio ou apenas trocar informaes com outros
membros sobre um tema especifico. Muitos utilizam fruns
para discutir com outras pessoas assuntos ao qual tem interesse, como Hobbys (fotografia, dana,automobilismo,etc.), reas
de atuao (professores, artistas, msicos, jornalistas) e uma
poro de outros assuntos.
O membro com status de usurio possui liberdade
para publicar mensagens em tpicos abertos ao debate e
respond-los independentemente de quem os publicou.
O membro com status de moderador tem a permisso de
editar, mover, deletar, adequar o que for necessrio na sala
de tpicos a que tem permisso de moderao. Na maioria
dos fruns, cada assunto possui um ou mais moderadores
os quais possuem funes diversas que variam de frum
para frum, mas basicamente eles podem editar mensagens
postadas, eliminar publicaes, moderar e eliminar tpicos,
como tambm, trocar uma mensagem que foge do assunto
(chamadas de off-topic) e post-lo no lugar correto e comunicar o usurio, entre outros. Resumindo, um usurio cuja
funo corrigir tudo o que no est bem e alertar para
esses mesmos erros.
O membro com status de administrador o que agrega
as funes de administrao e configurao do frum,
criao de adequao de novas salas, quem tem permisso para enviar e-mails em massa, quem pode bloquear,
suspender ou expulsar outros membros, entre inmeras
outras funes administrativas. s vezes, tambm pode-se
encontrar moderadores com algumas funes de administradores (como bloquear usurios), ou administradores
com permisses menores que outros.
O membro com status de banido aquele que foi
expulso do frum por desrespeitar as regras do mesmo.
Ele no pode postar nada e no pode alterar seu perfil.
Geralmente os banidos no podem voltar ao frum, mas
existem fruns em que h regras para permitir que um
membro banido volte ao frum.
H muitos fruns hoje em dia que possuem muito
mais nveis de permisso que no se restringem apenas
aos membros, administradores, moderadores ou banidos.
Esses quatro nveis so apenas os essenciais.
Todas as plataformas de fruns possuem caractersticas (que podem ser habilitadas ou no pelos administradores) que no so comuns a todos os fruns, mas podem
facilitar o uso deste.
Mensagem privada
Uma mensagem privada (ou MP) uma mensagem
enviada em privado para um membro (ou mais). So
geralmente usadas para conversas pessoais.
Anexo
Um anexo mandado por um post. um arquivo que
mandado para o servidor do frum e pode ser baixado pelos outros usurios do frum. Fruns geralmente
possuem limites (de tamanho e/ou de extenso) para os
arquivos que podem ser enviados pro servidor do frum,
ou probem totalmente os anexos.
Emoticons
Emoticons ou smiles so smbolos ou combinaes de
smbolos para representar o contedo emocional de um post.
Enquetes
Muitos fruns possuem um sistema de enquete para
que se saiba a opinio dos usurios do frum sobre alguma coisa. As enquetes podem permitir escolha nica
ou mltipla. As enquetes tambm podem ser feitas para
expirar em uma certa data ou um nmero de dias aps
sua criao. Os membros votam na enquete e as estatsticas so exibidas de forma grfica.
Tipos de Frum
Existem dois tipos de frum: o pblico e o privado.
No frum de discusso pblico, provedores, empresas ou
instituies disponibilizam espaos para discusso sobre
os mais variados tpicos de interesse geral, durante um
determinado perodo de tempo; o acesso e a participao
nesse tipo de frum livre e irrestrito, sem limite de tempo
ou espao para a troca de mensagens escritas. Em contrapartida, no frum de discusso privado, uma empresa
ou instituio abre espao para discusso sobre tpicos
especficos relacionados rea de interesse, durante um
perodo de tempo determinado; o usurio apenas precisa
ter acesso ao sistema do frum na web, por meio de cadastramento prvio para obteno da senha competente.
Definies:
Fruns Sistema dividido em categorias (temas) onde o
contedo das discusses produzido pelos usurios registrados no sistema e arquivados no site com consulta facilitada.
Blog site onde a principal caracterstica a publicao de notcias regulares, onde as mais atuais vm
sempre no topo da pgina. Os leitores de um blog podem
interagir atravs de comentrios ou votao de notcias
dependendo do programa utilizado para construir o blog.
CHAT Sistema de comunicao entre pessoas cadastradas em tempo real de forma sncrona.
WIKI oriundo da Wikipdia, uma enciclopdia
aberta onde qualquer usurio pode contribuir editando
e acrescentando informaes aos termos j cadastrados
e criar novos. O material editado revisado por uma
equipe antes de ser postado.
WEB 2.0
e APLICATIVOS ON-LINE
Podemos perceber nos dias atuais, significativas mudanas na maioria das pginas que visitamos. H alguns anos, os
sites estavam disponveis como livros: as pessoas acessavam,
liam e viam o que era de interesse e fechavam. No mximo,
a comunicao com os desenvolvedores ou responsveis pelo
contedo era atravs de um email. Atualmente, uma pgina
que se limitar a isso est fadada ao esquecimento.
Atualmente, para uma pgina ser minimamente enquadrada nesse segundo captulo da histria da internet, ela
deve fornecer experincia de contedo para o usurio. Este
contedo deve ser dinmico e aberto participao dele,
no mnimo. Deve fugir de blocos de textos e proporcionar
opes de alcance daquilo que o usurio deseja.
Essas mudanas ganharam o nome de Web 2.0 e so talvez
a maior revoluo que a internet j passou como um todo. O
2.0 indica uma nova verso da internet, um novo captulo,
novos rumos para a grande rede. O objetivo fornecer aos
navegantes mais criatividade, compartilhamento de informao e, mais que tudo, colaborao entre eles, fazendo com
que esses navegantes tomem parte nesta revoluo.
Com base nestes conceitos, explodiram servios de relacionamentos sociais, pginas repletas de vdeos, wikis, blogs
e outros servios com um trao em comum: a participao
efetiva do usurio nos dois sentidos do trfego de informao: recebe-se contedo dinmico, fornece-se o mesmo tipo
de informao com a mesma facilidade. O mais interessante
disto tudo que no se trata de uma revoluo tecnolgica
ou atualizao brusca. simplesmente uma mudana na maneira de promover contedo dinmico atravs da internet.
Visualmente, as pginas tambm mudaram bastante. Elas
esto com elementos grficos muito mais desenvolvidos,
tratados e agradveis. Porm, essas mudanas no devem ser
relacionadas diretamente com o conceito de Web 2.0. Essas
melhorias grficas foram aprimoramentos aplicados pelos
desenvolvedores que coincidiram com a exploso do contedo
dinmico. Bom para os usurios, que, ao mesmo tempo, ganharam voz na internet com pginas muito mais agradveis
visualmente.
Um exemplo de como o visual no est diretamente
ligado a este novo conceito a Wikipdia, que possui uma
estrutura visual bsica, investindo pesado mesmo no contedo. O Orkut outro caso de simplicidade no visual, mas
eficincia em seus recursos. Simplicidade esta que no deve
ser confundida com precariedade, pelo contrrio.
Obviamente que grfico e dinamismo se encontram muitas vezes, e essa unio muito bem vista (literalmente) pelos
usurios. Alm das inovaes puramente grficas, pginas
Web 2.0 tambm trouxeram alguns recursos deste tipo, como
botes grandes e efeitos em degrad. Porm, se o internauta
no souber o que fazer em um ambiente maravilhosamente
desenvolvido graficamente, esquea, ele no volta pgina.
Em resumo, as pginas Web 2.0 aproveitaram os recursos
grficos, aprimoraram muitos deles e hoje os aproveitam em
muitos casos, mas isso no implica uma relao direta entre
eles.
Conforme OReilly, Web 2.0 a rede como plataforma,
abarcando todos os dispositivos conectados. As aplicaes
Web 2.0 so aquelas que produzem a maioria das vantagens
intrnsecas de tal plataforma: distribuem o software como um

servio de atualizao contnuo que se torna melhor quanto
mais pessoas o utilizam, consomem e transformam os dados
de mltiplas fontes - inclusive de usurios individuais - enquanto fornecem seus prprios dados e servios, de maneira
a permitir modificaes por outros usurios, criando efeitos
de rede atravs de uma arquitetura participativa e superando
a metfora de pgina da Web 1.0 para proporcionar ricas
experincias aos usurios (OREILLY, 2005B).
Em resumo, o conceito fundamental da Web 2.0 desenvolver aplicativos que aproveitem a capacidade da Internet
para se tornarem melhores conforme so utilizados pelas
pessoas, usando para isso a inteligncia coletiva. Exemplos de
aplicativos desse tipo so blogs (como o Novo na Rede, o GF
Solues), wikis (como a Wikipdia) e redes sociais (como o
Orkut, facebook, twitter e mais recentemente o Google Buzz).
A web 2.0 alcanou sucesso por utilizar um dos fatores que
contriburam para o crescimento da internet como meio de
comunicao e entretenimento, ou seja, constatao de que na
internet o usurio tem uma experincia totalmente diferente da
obtida com a televiso ou qualquer outro meio de comunicao.
Enquanto a televiso transmite o seu contedo para o usurio, sem nenhuma interao, a internet possibilita ao usurio
criar seu prprio contedo, participando dele ativamente por
intermdio de blogs, wikis e redes sociais, acrescentando,
modificando, transformando essa notcia e gerenciando o que
deseja ou no receber, ler e comentar diariamente.
A web 2.0 tem sua base na participao, na colaborao
online e na certeza de que as pessoas querem criar contedo
em vez de apenas consumir, uma viso totalmente diferente
do incio da web quando s podamos nos sentar a frente do
computador e ler as matrias que nos eram apresentadas.
Aplicativos on-line
Outro excelente recurso proporcionado por esta mudana de conscincia foram os aplicativos web (Rich Internet
Applications). So programas com funes de softwares
tradicionais, porm o processamento necessrio e os dados
so baixados de um servidor. Isto elimina a necessidade de
instalao e, em alguns casos, oferece mais segurana. Ou
seja, a internet utilizada como plataforma, e o aplicativo
torna-se o servio de muitas pginas.
Com a evoluo da web 2.0, os programas online esto
cada vez melhores e indispensveis. Editores de texto, publicadores, comunicadores, organizadores e muitos outros
programas esto disponveis na web.
Veja alguns exemplos de aplicaes da web 2.0 abaixo:
Thinkfree Office - http://www.thinkfree.com/ O Thinkfree Office uma alternativa completa, gratuita e online para
edio de textos, planilhas de clculo e apresentaes. Com 1
GB de armazenamento gratuito, s fazer o cadastro no site
para sair usando.
Backpackit - http://www.backpackit.com/ Backpackit
um site onde o usurio pode organizar qualquer coisa.
Alm de ser um exemplo de como a web 2.0 funciona, o site
tem agenda, bloco de notas, contato de amigos, espao para
upload e muitas outras funes. L possvel montar, por
exemplo, uma lista de presentes de casamento ou de objetos
que gostaria de vender. O site tem um plano gratuito e outro
pago, com mais opes.
Basecamp - http://www.basecamphq.com/ Basecamp,

da mesma empresa do site anterior, um organizador de
projetos baseado no mesmo conceito do Backpackit. Com o
Basecamp possvel criar uma pgina com uma lista de tarefas, documentos para compartilhar e muitas outras opes.
Snipshot - http://snipshot.com/ Snipshot um editor de
imagens online. O programa permite girar a foto, redimensionar e converter formatos, alm de possibilitar o ajuste de
cores, contraste e muito mais.
Media Convert - http://media-convert.com/ Como diz o
nome do site, o Media Convert converte quase todos tipos
de arquivo. udio, vdeo, texto, imagem, toques de celular e
muitos outros tipos o site interpreta. So centenas de formatos diferentes que o site aceita.
Meebo - http://wwwm.meebo.com/ Meebo um site
para utilizar mensageiros intantneos online. Compatvel
com AIM, Yahoo Messenger, ICQ, Google Talk e MSN,
s colocar seu usurio e senha e o site loga e puxa a lista de
usurios automaticamente.
Google Analytics - http://www.google.com/analytics/
Analytics a ferramenta que o Google disponibiliza para
manter estatsticas do seu site. Depois de fazer o registro
no site, s colocar um cdigo no HTML da sua pgina e
monitorar tudo pelo Analytics.
Mailinator - http://www.mailinator.com/ Muitos servios online exigem que um cadastro seja feito e que um e-mail
seja dado para verificao. Entretanto, ficar distribuindo sua
conta de e-mail por a uma forma de rapidamente encher
sua caixa de vrus e spam. O Mailinator cria contas temporrias, sem senha, somente para o cadastro em sites, facilitando
todo o processo.
43 things - http://br.43things.com/ O princpio de 43
fazer uma lista de todas as coisas que voc quer fazer. No
site o usurio coloca seus objetivos pode conferir se outras
pessoas tem o mesmo.
Traineo - http://www.traineo.com/ Para os fs de exerccios, o Traineo o site certo. A pgina permite que seja
feito um cadastro de todas as atividades fsicas feitas no dia e
depois faz uma anlise e grficos com os dados.
Fonte: http://www.dicas-l.com.br/arquivo
Alguns exemplos de aplicativos web 2.0 muito difundidos so:
Wikipedia www.pt.wikipedia.org
Meebo www.meebo.com
Brasil wiki www.brasilwiki.com.br
Wikimapia www.wikimapia.org
Flickr www.flickr.com
Orkut www.orkut.com.br
last.fm www.last.fm
Twitter www.twitter.com
diHITT www.dihitt.com.br
Youtube www.youtube.com
Google Docs www.docs.google.com
O futuro da WEB 2.0

Cada vez mais as empresas iro investir nessa nova maneira de interagir com as pessoas
Da mesma forma que a alguns anos no se podia pensar
em uma grande empresa que no estivesse na internet, daqui
a algum tempo as empresas que no investirem na Web 2.0
certamente sero vistas como grandes dinossauros.
COMUNICAO
A comunicao via Internet, especialmente nos bate-papos,
possibilitou um novo canal de contato entre as pessoas e, devido
ao seu carter dinmico e ao cdigo utilizado para transmitir as
mensagens - a escrita, acabou apropriando-se de caractersticas
do texto falado que foram incorporadas ao texto escrito
A internet foi criada como um veculo de comunicao
alternativo, e ainda hoje utilizada principalmente com esse
propsito. Menos invasivo que o telefone e menos formal que
uma carta, o e-mail, por exemplo, atualmente a principal
forma de utilizao da Rede. Segundo uma recente pesquisa
Cad/Ibope, o uso do correio eletrnico a atividade mais
freqente de 39% dos usurios brasileiros, superando at
mesmo a navegao na WWW em busca de informaes
sobre produtos e servios (35%).
Alm disso, tambm comum o uso de softwares que
permitem a utilizao da internet como um canal de voz,
como uma opo mais econmica para os telefonemas internacionais e interurbanos. Portanto, sem dvida a internet
um meio de comunicao interpessoal.
COMUNIDADES VIRTUAIS
(listas, chats e outros)
Redes sociais
Define-se por rede social uma das formas de representao dos relacionamentos afetivos ou profissionais dos
seres entre si ou entre seus agrupamentos de interesses
mtuos. A rede responsvel pelo compartilhamento de
idias entre pessoas que possuem interesses e objetivo em
comum e tambm valores a serem compartilhados. Assim,
um grupo de discusso composto por indivduos que
possuem identidades semelhantes. Essas redes sociais esto hoje instaladas principalmente na Internet devido ao
fato desta possibilitar uma acelerao e ampla maneira das
idias serem divulgadas e da absoro de novos elementos
em busca de algo em comum.
Segundo Fritjof Capra, redes sociais so redes de

comunicao que envolvem a linguagem simblica, os
limites culturais e as relaes de poder. So tambm
consideradas como uma medida de poltica social que
reconhece e incentiva a atuao das redes de solidariedade
local no combate pobreza e excluso social e na promoo do desenvolvimento local. As redes sociais so capazes
de expressar idias polticas e econmicas inovadoras com
o surgimento de novos valores, pensamentos e atitudes.
Esse segmento que proporciona a ampla informao
a ser compartilhada por todos, sem canais reservados e
fornecendo a formao de uma cultura de participao,
possvel, graas ao desenvolvimento das tecnologias de
comunicao e da informao, globalizao, evoluo
da cidadania, evoluo do conhecimento cientfico sobre
a vida etc. as redes unem os indivduos organizando-os de
forma igualitria e democrtica e em relao aos objetivos
que eles possuem em comum.
As redes sociais podem ser divididas em trs vertentes:
Rede Social Primria ou Informal: So redes de relaes
entre indivduos , em decorrncia de conexes pr-existentes,
relaes semiformalizadas que do origem a quase grupos.
(SCHERER-WARREN,2007). Ela formada por todas as
relaes que as pessoas estabelecem durante a vida cotidiana,
que pode ser composta por familiares, vizinhos, amigos,
colegas de trabalho, organizaes etc. as redes de relacionamento comeam na infncia e contribuem para a formao
das identidades.
Rede Social Secundria ou Global: formada por profissionais e funcionrios de instituies pblicas ou privadas,
por organizaes no-governamentais, organizaes sociais
etc., e fornecem ateno, orientao e informao.
Rede Social Intermediria ou Rede Associativa: formada por pessoas que receberam capacitao especializada,
tendo como funo a preveno e apoio. Podem vir do setor
da sade, igreja e at da prpria comunidade.
As redes sociais secundrias e intermedirias so formadas pelo coletivo, instituies e pessoas que possuem interesses comuns. Elas podem ter um grande poder de mobilizao
e articulao para que seus objetivos sejam atingidos.
Redes Sociais na Internet

So as relaes entre os indivduos na comunicao mediada por computador. Esses sistemas funcionam atravs da
interao social, buscando conectar pessoas e proporcionar
sua comunicao. As pessoas levam em conta diversos fatores ao escolher conectar-se ou no a algum. As organizaes
sociais geradas pela comunicao mediada por computador
podem atuar tambm de forma a manter comunidades de suporte que, sem a mediao da mquina, no seriam possveis
porque so socialmente no-aceitas.
O conceito de lao social passa pela idia de interao social, sendo denominado lao relacional, em contraposio
ao lao associativo, aquele relacionado unicamente ao pertencer (a algum lugar, por exemplo). Os laos associativos
constituem-se em meras conexes formais, que independem de ato de vontade do indivduo, bem como de custo
e investimento. Os laos sociais tambm podem ser fortes
e fracos. Laos fortes so aqueles que se caracterizam pela
intimidade, pela proximidade e pela intencionalidade
em criar e manter uma conexo entre duas pessoas. Os
laos fracos, por outro lado, caracterizam-se por relaes
esparsas, que no traduzem proximidade e intimidade. As
interaes sociais que ocorrem na Internet (em weblogs,
fotologs e no Orkut) constituem efetivamente laos fortes.
Declaraes de amor, amizade e suporte so freqentes,
demonstrando intimidade. Recebem tambm a definio
de Redes Sociais Virtuais, que so os agrupamentos, por
meio de softwares especficos (aplicativos Web 2.0) que
permitem a gravao de perfis, com dados e informaes
de carter geral e especfico, das mais diversas formas e tipos (textos, arquivos, imagens, fotos, vdeos, etc.), os quais
podem ser acessados e visualizados por outras pessoas.
H tambm a formao de grupos por afinidade, com ou
sem autorizao, e de espaos especficos para discusses,
debates e apresentao de temas variados (comunidades,
com seus fruns).
O mais recente estudo da Universal McCann revela um
pormenor curioso: no domnio da Internet, os blogs esto
perdendo terreno no que respeita partilha de informao
e de contedos multimdia, que vem crescendo progressivamente nas redes sociais. As redes sociais atualmente
permitem aos usurios fazerem o mesmo que fariam num
blog e mais ainda. Estas plataformas continuam a crescer,
enquanto outros elementos dos social media estagnam ou
entram em declnio.
Orkut
O Orkut foi criado por um ex-aluno da Universidade de
Stanford chamado Orkut Bykkkten e lanado em 2004
pelo Google. um sistema virtual que possibilita a conexo
entre pessoas e a afiliao delas a comunidades. Os indivduos so mostrados em forma de perfis, possvel receber
conexes diretas (amigos) e indiretas (amigos dos perfis),
e tambm como organizaes sob forma de comunidades e
tambm ferramentas de interao variadas, tais como fruns
para comunidades. Envio de mensagens para cada perfil,
envio de mensagens para comunidades, amigos e amigos de
amigos (muitas vezes utilizadas para spam).
Inicialmente, o Orkut parece demonstrar a existncia
de redes sociais amplas. Porm a maioria das distncias se
reduz pela presena de alguns indivduos que so amigos
de todo mundo. Estes seriam chamados de hubs, pessoas
totalmente conectadas, com imenso nmero de amigos, que
contribuem para a queda da distncia entre os indivduos no
sistema. Mas nem todos so realmente amigos nesta rede. A
maioria destas conexes pode ser falsa no sentido de que no
apresenta nenhum tipo de interao social e, portanto, pode
no demonstrar a existncia de uma rede social. Ao final,
torna-se simplesmente uma coleo de perfis.
Para o sistema, essas pessoas representam grandes ns
que conectam membros de vrios grupos isolados. Porm,
no h, nessas redes, a obrigatoriedade da interao.
Comunidades Virtuais
A comunidade virtual um conceito aplicado numa
tentativa de explicar os agrupamentos humanos surgidos no
ciberespao. Trata-se de um grupo de pessoas que estabelecem
entre si relaes sociais, que permaneam um tempo suficiente
para que elas possam constituir um corpo organizado, atravs
da comunicao mediada por computador e associada a um
virtual settlement. Apesar de semelhante, essa idia difere dos
clssicos, fundamentalmente, por dispensar o contato fsico,
que no mais pr-requisito, mas apenas complemento do
contato social.
E tambm seria possvel discutir se a interao social
estaria nas comunidades. Apesar do grande nmero de
participantes, no h uma interao ideal, onde todas ou a
maioria das pessoas trocassem informaes. Ou seja, a quantidade da interao no parece proporcional ao tamanho da
comunidade. Muitas vezes, seu propsito gerar um agrupamento momentneo. Pessoas so convidadas a fazer parte
da comunidade at que chegue a um determinado nmero
de membros depois a comunidade deletada e depois some
totalmente do sistema. O Orkut possui hubs que se estabelecem a partir da ordem dos mais ricos. As comunidades cada
vez ficam mais popular e se constituem redes sem escalas.
Weblogs e Fotologs
Os weblogs e fotologs tambm estabelecem-se como
redes sociais na medida em que tambm possuem lista de
amigos. Nos weblogs o privilgio para os texto se nos fotologs
a imagem trabalhada. Nos fotologs e weblogs as dinmicas
das redes so observadas e esto sempre e transformao.Eles
tambm podem ser hubs, na medida em que possui muitas
conexes sociais entre as pessoas que ali interagem.
As redes sociais so formas de compartilhamento de
informaes, gostos e idias entre usurios com os mesmos
gostos e estilos. Assim, um grupo de discusso composto
por indivduos que possuem identidades semelhantes
Entende-se por Rede Social como uma das formas de
representao dos relacionamentos afetivos ou profissionais
dos seres humanos entre si ou entre seus agrupamentos de
interesses mtuos.
Atualmente na web, as redes sociais esto presentes em
sites de relacionamento online, e muitas vezes possvel
construir uma rede de contatos dentro de sites de social
media. Os exemplos mais populares de redes sociais so o
orkut, facebook, e myspace
Assim como qualquer meio de divulgao online, no
qual se incluem vrias tcnicas de link building (cadastro
em diretrios, press releases, submisso em sites de social
bookmarking, article submissions, feeds), as redes sociais
possibilitam espalhar links externos pela Web.
A grande diferena no uso de redes sociais , alm de
espalhar links externos, poder fazer com que esses links
externos sejam acessados por o mximo de pessoas possveis.
Isso se consegue criando uma forte rede de contatos de possveis pessoas que gostariam de apreciar seu contedo.
Para isso busque sempre compartilhar links com pessoas

que tenham interesse no seu contedo, submeta seus links
em comunidades ou categorias relacionadas ao tema de
sua submisso, e aos poucos torne-se algum importante
dentro da rede social da qual voc atua. E mais um ponto
importante: no use de tcnicas desonestas como spam para
se promover em uma rede social. As conseqncias podem
ser ruins, podendo resultar em punies, para voc e para o
site ou blog de onde voc est postando a notcia.
As redes sociais ganharam seu lugar de uma maneira
vertiginosa, alm de proporcionar um aumento significativo nas interaes e conectividade de grupos sociais,
tornaram-se um meio promissor de divulgao de contedo
e propagao de idias.
Seu diferencial em potencial est em sua capacidade de
construir e facilitar o acesso rpido informao. Por isso
devemos atentarmos s formas de divulgao, e s formas
de gerenciamento de perfis em redes sociais para que nossas
idias no sejam somente aceitas e propagadas como tambm
sejam relevantes.
Para obter bons resultados de divulgao em redes
sociais existem alguns valores em nossos perfis que devem
ser trabalhados:
Visibilidade: o fator visibilidade est ligado manuteno da prpria rede social, ou seja, quanto maior sua
permanncia e contribuio na rede, maior ser sua visibilidade. Maximize sua visibilidade trabalhando suas relaes
online, participe de comentrios em blogs, fruns e ajude o
compartilhamento de boas idias.
Reputao: o conceito de reputao est diretamente
relacionado s informaes sobre quem somos e sobre o que
pensamos que permitem que outros criem suas impresses
sobre ns. Nunca se esquea de investir seu tempo em divulgar bons contedos nas redes sociais. Desta forma, o bom
contedo compartilhado sempre ser bem propagado e voc
contribuir para sua boa reputao.
Popularidade e Autoridade: caracterizamos popularidade e autoridade muito mais como a capacidade de
influenciar, do que em nmeros relativos, pois o bom
contedo sempre ser bem aceito e propagado por si s,
mas sua influncia ser maior quando se trata de perfil com
reconhecimento na rea que este se refere. Permanncia e
persistncia devem ser trabalhadas para se obter autoridade
e popularidade.
Blogs, Twitter e Redes Sociais estaro cada vez mais
presentes formando um novo cenrio, uma nova internet.
O usurio que antes era um mero espectador de contedo
deix-lo- de ser e comear a produzir e divulgar o seu
prprio contedo e a construir sua identidade na rede.
Redes Sociais
Rede Social conforme dicionrio:
1. Conjunto de relaes entre pessoas ou organizaes

que partilham interesses, conhecimentos e valores comuns;
2. Site ou pgina da internet onde se estabelece esse
tipo de relaes, atravs da publicao de comentrios,
fotos, links, etc.
Costumamos nos relacionar com pessoas que fazem
parte do nosso convvio, normalmente, pessoas que
frequentam o mesmo ambiente ns como escola, clube,
futebol, baladas, etc. Tais pessoas demonstram o mesmo
gosto e preferncias que ns, isto j uma rede social.
Uma Rede Social virtual tem o mesmo sentido, so pessoas que frequentam o mesmo local que voc, a Internet,
possibilitando desta forma permanecer constantemente
online permitindo um contato quase que permanente
com nossos amigos, compartilhando fotos, filmes e locais
instantaneamente. No esperamos mais o final do dia ou
o final de semana para encontrar nossos amigos e contar
as novidades, elas so compartilhadas na hora em que
acontecem. So pginas de Internet que possibilitam
que pessoas estabeleam relaes sociais com outras em
qualquer lugar do mundo. Tudo isto graas ao poder da
tecnologia nos dispositivos mveis e pginas que permitem
formar esta sociedade.
Rede Social uma sociedade formada por pessoas e
instituies ligadas e que possuem ideias, objetivos e
pensamentos comuns e formada pela afinidade entre os
membros. A ideia da rede ter vrias pessoas ligadas a
voc e outras ligadas ela, desta forma, formando uma
comunidade com suas regras e ampliar esta rede de pessoas a finalidade. O dinamismo de uma Redes Sociais
a Interao, quanto mais pessoas estiverem ligadas ou
conectadas com seu perfil maior sero as publicaes
e interao entre sua comunidade. Compartilhar suas
ideias, experincias, aventuras e conquistas o motor de
se manter conectado nesta rede.
O principal evento que ocorre nas redes sociais fsicas
bem como nas redes sociais virtuais so as interaes
entre seus membros, sem interao no h relao social,
muito menos rede social. A interao social o processo de
comunicao entre os componentes da rede. Este processo
pode ser classificado quanto ao tipo de interao: mtua;
reativa. Ou quanto ao tempo: sncrona ou assncrona.
Interao mtua: a interao que ocorre de modo
natural, esta construda pelos usurios da rede sendo

imprevisveis os resultados destas interaes.
Interao reativa: essa interao s ocorre baseada
no princpio da ao e reao, ou seja, uma interao limitada e inclusive previsvel dependendo da ao tomada
pelo usurio. Nesse sentido precisa-se de um estmulo para
que haja uma resposta.
Interao social sncrona: so as interaes que

ocorrem ao mesmo tempo, ou de modo imediato, por
exemplo, ao conversar no telefone com um amigo, ou
utilizar um aplicativo de mensagem instantnea para
conversar com um familiar distante, perceba que a conversao ocorre de maneira imediata.
Interao social assncrona: o contrrio das interaes sncronas, esta caracterizada por ocorrer em
tempos diferentes. Por exemplo: ao enviar uma carta, o
destinatrio pode levar dias ou para que a correspondncia
que voc enviou chegue a suas mos e assim possa ler. A
comunicao no ocorre de modo imediato, praticamente
no mesmo tempo.
Capital Social
Sobre este assunto existem conceitos diferenciados.
Para alguns autores, o capital um conjunto de recursos
possudo pelo grupo, enquanto para outros, ele uma
consequncia das relaes sociais, que percebida pelos
envolvidos no grupo, e que , deste modo, passvel de ser
transformado por eles em outra forma de capital.
Outros autores trabalham com o capital social a partir
de uma perspectiva de recursos dos quais dispe um grupo
de indivduos, representados por aspectos especficos da
estrutura social que os auxiliam a atingir objetivos e interesses. Existe ainda a ideia que o capital social constitui-se
no contedo das relaes sociais em uma rede. neste
sentido que trata-se do contedo embutido nas interaes
que constituem os laos sociais, que pode ser acumulado,
aprofundando um determinado lao e aumentando o sentimento de grupo. O capital social tem, deste modo, dupla
faceta: coletivo e individual. Diz respeito ao indivduo, a
partir do momento que este que pode alocar esses recursos e utiliz-los. coletivo, porque faz parte das relaes
de um determinado grupo ou rede social e somente existe
com ele.
O capital social se apresenta sobre diferentes categorias e antes de destaca-las ainda interessante saber que
estas esto compreendidas em 2 nveis de capital social,
onde o 1 nvel apresenta uma relao no to madura
e possui grande probabilidade de apresentar laos sociais
fracos,enquanto que o 2 nvel apresenta uma relao social amadurecida provavelmente com laos sociais fortes.
Laos fortes so aqueles que se caracterizam pela intimidade, pela proximidade e pela intencionalidade em criar e
manter uma conexo entre duas pessoas. Os laos fracos, por
outro lado, caracterizam-se por relaes esparsas, que no
traduzem proximidade e intimidade. Laos fortes constituem-se em vias mais amplas e concretas para as trocas sociais,
enquanto os fracos possuem trocas mais difusas.
Capital Social de Nvel 1: representa requisito para
constituio do capital de segundo nvel.
Capital Social Relacional: soma das relaes,laos e
trocas presentes na conexo entre membros de uma rede.
Pode-se observar que tal tipo de capital muitas vezes se
torna necessrio para que se possa iniciar uma conexo
com outro usurio da rede social, ou ento para manter

uma relao social com outros.
Capital Social Normativo: como j diz o nome envolve normas de comportamento a serem seguidas pelo
grupo ou pelos membros deste, sendo este requisito para
permanncia do membro neste. Exemplo desse tipo de
capital ou contedo trocado na rede social so as normas
expostas em algumas comunidades da rede social.
Capital Social Cognitivo: compreende a soma
dos conhecimentos e informaes compartilhadas por
membros de um determinado grupo. Esse pode incluir
notcias,dvidas expostas a fim de obter informaes importantes na resoluo de tais por parte dos seus contatos
no grupo que voc pertence ou na rede a qual voc est
includo.
Capital Social de Nvel 2: esse tipo apresenta uma
evoluo do capital de nvel 1, assim sendo, este mostra
ser um capital social de maior maturidade da rede social.
Capital social de confiana no ambiente social:
esse contedo mostra que h uma confiana nos membros
de determinado grupo, havendo ento tal confiana torna-se inevitvel dizer que h um lao social mais fortalecido.
Capital social institucional: inclui instituies formais e no formais que vo dar suporte aos membros
do grupo, assim neste tipo de capital esto presentes
caractersticas como a cooperao e a coordenao entre
membros do grupo onde tal capital social trocado. Exemplo disso so comunidades onde membros compartilham
arquivos sobre determinada temtica. Seja um vdeo de
um captulo da srie de TV que d nome a comunidade,
ou arquivos de msicas no caso de ser uma comunidade
dedicada a determinado cantor famoso, ou at materiais
como apostilas.
Ao analisar o capital social trocado entre membros de

um grupo social possvel determinar o tipo de lao que
existe entre os membros deste.
As Redes Sociais funcionam basicamente atravs de
perfis e comunidade. Os perfis so criados pelas pessoas
ao se cadastrar, que indicam tambm quem so seus
amigos. As comunidades so criadas pelos indivduos e
podem agregar grupos, funcionando como fruns, com
tpicos e mensagens. Uma Rede Social um sistema que
proporciona duas formas de interao social mediada por
computador: a interao mtua, que pode ser observada
nos posts das comunidades (em estilo de frum), onde
cada um pode escrever o que deseja e receber manifestaes em retorno; bem como nos scrapbooks dos perfis
(uma espcie de caderno de notas, onde possvel deixar
recados para os amigos e receber deles recados) e testemunhos; alm de mensagens enviadas para uma comunidade
ou para algum em particular. A interao reativa pode ser
considerada social quando algum solicita a outrem que
seja seu amigo (pedido de amizade), pedido este que pode
ser aceito ou negado unicamente; nas classificaes que
podem ser dadas aos amigos; bem como classificar o indivduo; e, por fim, no mbito das comunidades moderadas,
quando algum solicita a entrada e o moderador aceita
ou no. Trata-se de reao porque a ao, embora com

reflexos sociais, constitui-se unicamente em um apertar
de botes, sem que a outra parte possa manifestar-se a
este respeito. Nas comunidades, existe interao reativa
quando algum associa-se a elas (basta clicar em um boto
quero fazer parte desta comunidade ou, no caso de uma
comunidade no-pblica, esse boto envia uma mensagem
ao moderador que clica em outro boto aceito ou no
voc na minha comunidade) e mtua quando algum
manifesta-se no sistema de frum (mensagens e tpicos).
A partir do que foi visto acima, percebe-se que o capital
social constitudo estaria basicamente nas categorias de
relacional e cognitivo, enquanto o do grupo de blogs
estaria, alm dessas categorias, a confiana no ambiente
e institucional. Portanto, possvel perceber diferenas
na composio do capital social das Redes Sociais Virtuais.
O capital social nessas redes tambm demonstrou
uma forte conexo com o custo de manuteno dos laos
sociais. Nos blogs, onde os laos so espontneos, no
sentido de que no so mantidos pelo sistema, h mais
custo para que eles sejam mantidos. preciso interagir e
interagir vrias vezes no tempo. O capital social resultante
dessas relaes mais amplo e sedimentado. Nas Redes
Sociais Virtuais, as conexes so mantidas sem custo para
os indivduos, gerando falta de interesse na participao e
baixo capital social. Alm disso, o capital voltil, j que
pode ser facilmente retirado (apagado) do grupo ou mesmo influenciado pelos grupos que buscam desestabilizar
o sistema e os boatos que confundem os usurios. Nota-se, pois, uma maior confiana relacionada a uma maior
profundidade no lao social e a esta confiana, uma maior
capacidade de gerar capital.
O capital social, nas redes sociais, tem tambm caractersticas de primeiro nvel, vinculado basicamente
ao contato social, capital relacional,e ao conhecimento e
informao, cognitivo.
Tanto nas redes sociais reais como nas virtuais ou
on-line ocorrem mudanas nos seus elementos, portanto
redes sociais so dinmicas e no estticas. A seguir so
descritas algumas das principais dinmicas que podem
ocorrer em ambas as redes.
Cooperao: esse movimento se d quando membros
se unem e trabalham juntos em prol de alcanar um
objetivo seja ele qual for. Sendo assim um processo
que resulta por gerar uma estrutura social. Exemplo disso
so blogs coletivos, onde se unem algumas pessoas em
prol de publicar, por exemplo, semanalmente material ou
posts sobre determinada temtica.
Competio: nesse sentido h o sentimento de luta,
de querer superar o outro. Por exemplo, comunidades
dedicadas a usurios que gostam de um determinado
filme,surge a competio ao passo que apesar de serem
dedicadas a fs de um nico filme h nestas o objetivo
de superar uma a outro em algum fator, por exemplo no
nmero de usurios ou membros.
Conflito: pode gerar hostilidade e ruptura da estrutura social, inclusive pode apresentar violncia e agresso
tanto fsica como verbal. Esse tipo de movimento pode

ser observado por comentrios que estimulem a violncia,
preconceito, despeito e ataques ultrapassando os limites
da moralidade e da decncia nas relaes humanas.
Ruptura e Agregao: o movimento de ruptura se
refere a ao de quebra no lao social entre um membro
e a rede social a qual fazia parte. Quanto ao movimento
de agregao o inverso do movimento de ruptura, nesse
sentido diz respeito a ao de agregar novos usurios a
determinada rede social.
Adaptao e auto-organizao: o movimento de
adaptao passa a ser perceptvel a partir do momento

que h evento de rudo na rede social, ou seja, um dado
evento que possa alterar a harmonia existente desde ento
e que vai requerer dos membros de determinada rede
mudanas na sua rotina da rede a fim de retomar a ordem.
A partir de ento surge assim a auto-organizao da rede
social a partir das mudanas propagadas para os demais
membros.
Sites de Redes Sociais so pginas web que tem como
finalidade permitir a interao social entre pessoas que se
cadastram nestes. No se pode dizer que um site de rede
social seja uma rede social pois na verdade eles apenas
serviro de suporte para que as pessoas construam suas
redes sociais online. Nesses sites alguns valores so desenvolvidos, so estes: visibilidade, popularidade, reputao
e autoridade.
Visibilidade: diz respeito a quanto o usurio est
visvel na rede, quanto mais conectado estivar no site de
rede social mais visvel este ser para outros, consequentemente mais sujeito a receber informaes que circulam na
rede, bem como tambm de receber suporte social. Alm
do mais, essa visibilidade permite a manuteno da rede
social uma vez que embora distante de alguns contatos, o
capital social no deixa de existir.
Reputao: tem a ver com a impresso que causamos
nos outros. Como os outros membros da rede me veem,

que juzo de valor estes fazem dos outros, que impresso
os uns tm dos outros. A reputao pode ser construda a
partir das informaes que deixamos nas redes inclusive
sobre ns mesmos. A reputao um valor que no
medido quantitativamente, ou seja, no o nmero de
seguidores no Twitter, nem de amigos no Facebook que
vo mostrar quem tem uma boa ou m reputao. Ela
avaliada de maneira qualitativa.
Popularidade: pessoa popular aquela que possui
uma grande audincia na rede, a popularidade um valor

mais fcil de perceber na rede social, medida quantitativamente. Nmero de conexes estabelecidas dentro da
rede, nmero de referncias a essa pessoa por parte de
outros personagens da rede, bem como de comentrios em
um blog pessoal, por exemplo, mostram quo popular a
pessoa na rede social.
Autoridade: mede o quanto a pessoa influente na
rede. Ser influente nesse sentido significa a capacidade
de o usurio gerar conversaes na rede e assim sustentar
discusses acerca de um tema. A Autoridade envolve tanto

o capital relacional como tambm o cognitivo.
As redes sociais online podem interagir pessoas de
diferentes segmentos, como por exemplo, redes de relacionamentos como Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Google+,
MySpace, flickr, Badoo, tumblr, YouTube, WhatsApp, etc,
redes profissionais como o Linkedin, redes comunitrias
que funcionam em bairros ou cidades, redes polticas, dentre outras, e se tornaram quando mtodo de comunicao
e expresso da sociedade.
Uma das primeiras redes sociais que tiveram uma
grande expresso mundial foi o Orkut, da Google, por um
tempo foi a rede social com maior nmero de seguidores.
Hoje o Facebook ocupa este status.
Facebook:
Essa rede social foi criada pelos estudantes da
Universidade de Harvard em fevereiro de 2004, pelos
estudantes Mark Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz,
Chris Hughes e Eduardo Saverin. Logo no incio a rede
se tornou um sucesso entre os usurios, mas tambm
passou por problemas jurdicos. A princpio o Facebook
s era utilizado pelos alunos da universidade, mas ainda
naquele ano ela permitiu a entrada de outros usurios.
No final de 2004 o Facebook atingiu a marca de 1
milho de membros. O feed de notcias apareceu pela
primeira vez em 2006. As pginas para criao de fanpages para empresas e marcas foi criada em 2007 e no ano
seguinte o Brasil ganhou sua verso em portugus. A
opo curtir surgiu em 2009 e agradou aos usurios.
Em 2010 foi lanado o filme A Rede Social contando os
fatos que levaram a criao da rede. Em 2012 a empresa
abriu suas aes para novos investidores e comprou o
Instagram por 1 bilho de dlares.
Twitter:
A rede foi lanada em maro de 2006 com o nome de
Twitter para compartilhar mensagens curtas. Os criadores
so Jack Dorsey, Evan Willians e Biz Stone. O limite de
140 caracteres na rede deve-se a seu conceito inicial que
era para mensagens SMS.
Curiosidade: O Twitter utiliza um desenho de baleia
quando a rede est sobrecarregada para demonstrar as
tentativas da empresa em restabelecer o servio.
Chris Messina props em 2007 uma forma de agrupar

assuntos correlatos no twitter. Foi assim que surgiu a
hashtag e em 2009 o site transformou essas tags em links
que so migrados para uma pgina de busca de palavras
iguais. Em 2008 foi criada a opo Trendig Topics que
popularizaram mais as hashtags. Esses tpicos trazem os
assuntos mais discutidos no mundo e nos pases.
No ano de 2009 foi criado o boto retute, que permitia o compartilhamento de mensagens em toda a rede. No
ano seguinte lanou aplicativos para Android e iPhone e
a verso dessa rede para portugus aconteceu apenas em
2011.
Em 2012 as publicaes passaram a ser customizadas

com base na localizao e nos seguidores de sua pgina.
No incio de 2013 foi lanado o servio Vine, um recurso
para captura e compartilhamento de vdeos curtos.
Curiosidade: O tute mais retuitado na rede foi o
publicado por Barack Obama na noite em que foi eleito em

2012. Foram mais de 810.000 retuitadas.
@reply (menes): a palavra reply traduzida para
o portugus significa resposta, sendo assim, quando o
usurio faz um @reply, na verdade, ele est respondendo
a uma mensagem postada por outro utilizador.
Beetweet: um tweet que est em grande discusso,
refere-se a um tpico bastante popular, ou seja, muitas

pessoas esto fazendo referncia a esse tpico no Twitter.
Mensagens Diretas (DirectMessagesDM): so
mensagens que so enviadas exclusivamente para as pessoas
que te seguem. bom lembrar que ao usurio postar qualquer
mensagem no Twitter, tal mensagem ser vista no somente
pelos que esto conectados a este, mas qualquer pessoa
que visualizar o seu perfil no Twitter ter acesso a tais,
claro, caso no seja uma mensagem direta DM.
Fail Whale: a imagem de uma baleia sendo carregada
por passarinhos. Quando essa imagem aparece significa que
a conexo est sobrecarregada ou que ocorreu algum erro.
Hashtag: uma forma de organizar as mensagens de
modo a serem encontradas mais facilmente pelos motores
de busca do Twitter bem como para que as pessoas com
interesses em comum possam te encontrar.
Tweet: so as mensagens que postamos no Twitter.
Retweet (RT): comparando com um e-mail, como
usar a ferramenta encaminhar, sendo assim, retweetar
o ato de tweetar uma mensagem postada anteriormente
por outra pessoa.
FollowSeguidores: No Twitter, o usurio pode ser
seguido ou ser um seguidor. Seguidor o usurio que
recebe todas as atualizaes (mensagens) postadas no

Twitter pela pessoa a quem segue, quando voc segue algum, significa que as mensagens que este posta aparecero para voc. No papel de Seguido, todas as atualizaes
que voc posta sero vistas por quem te segue.
Trend Topics: lista em tempo real dos nomes mais

postados no Twitter pelo mundo todo. So considerados
na contagem desses nomes: as hashtags e nomes prprios.
Instagram:
uma rede social de fotos para usurios de Android e
iPhone. Basicamente se trata de um aplicativo gratuito que
pode ser baixado e, a partir dele, possvel tirar fotos com
o celular, aplicar efeitos nas imagens e compartilhar com
seus amigos.
H ainda a possibilidade de postar essas imagens em
outras redes sociais, como o Facebook, Tumblr, Flickre
o Twitter. No Instagram, os usurios podem curtir e comentar nas suas fotos e h ainda o uso de hashtags (#)
para que seja possvel encontrar imagens relacionadas a
um mesmo tema, mesmo que as pessoas que tiraram essas

fotos no sejam suas amigas.
g+:
O Google+ a nova rede social do Google, que introduz
muitas caractersticas novas, incluindo Crculos (grupos de
amigos), Sparks (sugestes de contedo), Hangouts (chat
por vdeo) e Huddles (chat em grupo).
MySpace:
um servio de rede social que utiliza a Internet para
comunicao online atravs de uma rede interativa de
fotos, blogs e perfis de usurio. Foi criada em 2003. Inclui
um sistema interno de e-mail, fruns e grupos. J foi a
rede social mais utilizada no mundo.
Flickr:
O Flickr um site da web de hospedagem e partilha de
imagens fotogrficas, alm de permitir novas maneiras de
organizar as fotos e vdeos. Permite a seus usurios criarem
lbuns para armazenamento de suas fotografias e entrarem
em contato com fotgrafos variados e de diferentes locais do
mundo. No comeo de 2005 o site foi adquirido pela Yahoo!
WhatsApp:
WhatsApp Messenger um aplicativo de mensagens
multiplataforma que permite trocar mensagens pelo celular sem pagar por SMS. Est disponvel para iPhone, BlackBerry, Android e Windows Phone esses telefones podem
trocar mensagens entre si! Como o WhatsApp Messenger
usa o mesmo plano de dados de internet que voc usa para
e-mails e navegao, no h custo para enviar mensagens
e ficar em contato com seus amigos.
Alm das mensagens bsicas, os usurios do WhatsApp
podem criar grupos, enviar mensagens ilimitadas com
imagens, vdeos e udio. O novssimo recurso o de fazer
ligaes atravs do WhatsApp.
Linkedin:
Essa rede social voltada para contatos profissionais
com um bom nmero de seguidores no Brasil. Foi lanada em
2003 e tinha apenas 4.500 usurios, mas j atingiu mais de
200 milhes em 2013. Os usurios dessa rede so especficos
e podem encontrar contatos da faculdade e das empresas
em que j trabalharam. Atualmente o Linkedin atua como
uma grande rede de recrutamento de profissionais em todo
o mundo. comparvel a redes de relacionamentos, e
principalmente utilizada por profissionais que querem compartilhar informaes sobre negcios.
Cuidados nas Redes Sociais
As redes sociais on-line representaram um enorme avano
na comunicao entre pessoas rompendo limites referentes a
distncia, tempo e circunstncias, contudo se por um lado traz
o benefcio de superar tais limites, por outro a exposio de

quem as usa aumenta, portanto essencial us-las com cautela
para que depois no venhamos a nos arrepender e at sermos
prejudicados por conta de um determinado ato.
Cuidado com o que se escreve: uma vez na rede,
suas palavras diro muito sobre quem voc bem como
outras caractersticas, portanto, CUIDADO com o que
posta, comentrios preconceituosos, violentos, imorais,
bem como uso de palavres ou muitas grias no so bem
vistos nem quistos e causam uma enorme m impresso.
Alm disso, CUIDADO com os erros de ortografia, estes
podero te prejudicar caso estejas concorrendo em uma
seleo a uma vaga de emprego por exemplo.
Cuidado com sua exposio: muito cuidado com
dados sobre sua vida pessoal, descrever hbitos dirios,
onde vai, em que horrio vai, o que faz durante o dia,
MUITO PERIGOSO, at porque qualquer pessoa pode
ter acesso a tais informaes, quanto mais sigiloso mais
seguro voc ficar. Pessoas de ndoles ms podem verificar
tais informaes.
FOTOS: so outro grande problema,determinadas
fotos no devem ser postas nas redes sociais, estas podero manchar sua reputao para quem as v. Evite postar
fotos com roupas intimas ou trajes de banho, ou ento
fotos de corpo inteiro, muitos indivduos usam tais fotos
para construrem montagens que mostram o usurio em
poses sensuais ou sem vestimenta. Cuidado com fotos que
exibam o interior da sua casa como portas e suas fechaduras, modelo das janelas, objetos de valor como televiso,
computador, etc.
Cuidado com quem voc se relaciona: Pessoas
que passam uma boa imagem sobre voc ou no? De que

comunidades voc participa? Os empregadores analisam
isso tambm. Se voc daquele usurio que participa de
comunidades como odeio meu chefe, odeio acordar
cedo, no minto dou um show, certamente isso afastar
boas oportunidades do seu perfil.
Questes
1.
(FCC 2011 TRT 14 Regio) O stio do Tribunal

Regional do Trabalho da 14 Regio disponibiliza,
entre outros, o link para o twitter TRT. Twitter :
a)
um site em que possvel enviar recados, arquivos,

links e itens de calendrio criados diretamente no
programa.
b)
um mensageiro instantneo que permite a troca de

mensagens entre usurios previamente cadastrados.
c)
um site cuja estrutura permite a atualizao rpida

a partir de acrscimos de artigos, posts e dirios on-line.
d)
e)
um cliente de e-mails e notcias que permite a troca

de opinies sobre o assunto em pauta entre usurios
previamente cadastrados.
uma rede social na qual os usurios fazem atualizaes de textos curtos, que podem ser vistos publica-
mente ou apenas por um grupo restrito escolhido

pelo usurio.
2.
(FGV SEFAZ 2010) O twitter definido como

uma rede social e servidor para microblogging
que permite aos usurios o envio e a leitura de
atualizaes pessoais de outros contatos utilizando a web e outros meios especficos em
dispositivos portteis. As alternativas a seguir
apresentam algumas caractersticas dessa
tecnologia, exceo de uma. Assinale-a.
a)
Pode ser chamado de como o SMS da Internet.
b)
Possibilita seguir pessoas entrando na pgina deles e

clicando em follow.
c)
Utiliza textos de at 140 caracteres conhecidos como

tweets.
d)
Emula o funcionamento do software Outlook Express.
e)
Usa @usuariodapessoa no comeo da mensagem

para envi-la especificamente a uma pessoa.
3.
(FCC 2011 TRF 5 Regio) Linkedin
a)
uma rede de negcios principalmente utilizada por

profissionais.
b)
um aplicativo de correio eletrnico pago.
c)
uma forma de configurar perfis no correio eletrnico

do Google.
d)
um aplicativo antivrus de amplo uso na web.
e)
uma forma de conexo entre o computador pessoal e

o provedor internet.
Gabarito
1E
2D
3A
SEGURANA DA INFORMAO
Falar de segurana da informao com foco no comportamento do usurio chama-nos a ateno para dois conceitos
importantes. O primeiro a definio de Segurana da
Informao e o segundo Engenharia Social.
Segurana da Informao o conceito dado ao
conjunto de aes realizadas por meio de softwares
e hardwares para proteger dados, senhas, arquivos
pessoais, programas, listas de contato cadastradas nos
programas de e-mails dos computadores conectados a
uma rede local ou Internet.
Engenharia Social compreende o conjunto de
aes realizadas para obter informaes ou acesso
a computadores, independentemente de sistemas
computacionais, mas utilizando, principalmente, o ser
humano, que o elemento mais vulnervel do sistema
de informao.
A segurana da informao fragilizada com a presena
de vrus. Os vrus so programas de computadores, construdos com propsitos de destruir arquivos pessoais ou de
invadir os computadores para obter informaes sigilosas,
tais como senhas e dados pessoais.
H softwares que so desenvolvidos com propsitos
maliciosos (conhecidos como malware), tais como explorar
as vulnerabilidades existentes nos sistemas operacionais
de modo a facilitar a invaso no autorizada de usurios
conectados Internet. Estes softwares tm por objetivo no
serem perceptveis, por isto, so programados para se autoexecutarem quando um determinado programa conhecido
pelo usurio for executado. Normalmente, estes softwares
utilizam de meios ilcitos e no autorizados para se alojarem
nos computadores.
Apresenta-se a seguir alguns cuidados para evitar a contaminao de vrus ou malwares:
Nunca abra arquivos anexos recebidos por e-mails ou
mensagens instantneas, enviadas por pessoas desconhecidas ou no confiveis. Ainda que o remetente da
mensagem seja algum conhecido, se desconfiar do teor
da mensagem, no abra o anexo, pois poder ter sido enviado por um vrus, a partir de um endereo conhecido;
Exclua as mensagens duvidosas sem abri-las;
Sempre que possvel, utilize softwares anti-vrus para
verificar a presena de vrus nas mensagens recebidas;
Nunca clique em links recebidos por e-mail de remetentes desconhecidos. H muitos e-mails enviados
em nomes de agncias bancrias solicitando recadastramento de senhas. Nunca clique nestes links,
pois infectaro o computador com algum malware ou
solicitaro dados indevidamente;
Se algum da sua lista de amigos enviar mensagens
instantneas, arquivos ou links de websites estranhos,
encerre a sesso de mensagem instantnea;
Verifique todos os arquivos usando uma soluo de segurana na Internet antes de transferi-los ao seu sistema.
Somente transfira arquivos (download) de origem
conhecida
Utilizar um software de segurana para bloquear toda
a comunicao de sada no solicitada;
A Engenharia Social uma tcnica para obteno de

informao, induzindo o usurio a dar as informaes
necessrias. Ela pode ser usada para o bem ou para o mal.
Os vrus utilizam tcnica da Engenharia Social para se
propagarem na rede.
Apresentaremos a seguir algumas tcnicas de Engenharia Social utilizadas para propagao de vrus de modo
exponencial na rede mundial de computadores.
a.
Envio de e-mails com link
O remetente envia um e-mail com um link para uma lista

de contatos. Exemplos de mensagens usadas para propagar
o vrus so convites para visualizar fotos suas ou de pessoas
conhecidas; imagens de famosos, sexo, cartes de amizade,
ou at mesmo, avisos de que est sendo trado(a) com link
para ver as fotos que provam a denncia. O teor da mensagem, muitas vezes enviadas por algum da sua lista de
contatos que fora infectado pelo vrus, desperta no receptor
a curiosidade e a confiana de que a mensagem verdica,
impulsionando-o a clicar no link antes mesmo de analisar
se uma mensagem duvidosa ou no. Ao clicar, o vrus se
instala no computador e retransmite a mesma mensagem
para a lista de contatos do usurio.
b.
Envio de e-mails de atualizaes de dados de

Instituies Financeiras
E-mails enviados em nome de Instituies financeiras

bem conhecidas solicitando atualizao de cadastro. Normalmente pede o nmero da conta e senha. O site, muitas
vezes, igual ao site oficial da Instituio financeira, porm,
est redirecionado para outro servidor. Quando o usurio
digita seus dados, est, na verdade, informando seus dados
de conta e senha para uma pessoa no autorizada, que, de
posse dos dados, acessar a conta e ter condies de transferir o dinheiro de sua conta para outra ou realizar outras
movimentaes financeiras de interesse.
c.
Clone do site do banco
O usurio digita o site do banco que mantm conta

corrente para realizar transaes disponveis no Internet
Banking (www.seubanco.com.br). O site que ele acessa
uma cpia idntica do site do Banco que mantm conta.
No entanto, o vrus instalado em seu computador, j redirecionou o seu acesso para outro servidor. Como o site
uma cpia idntica, o usurio informar LOGIN e SENHA
e prosseguir. Porm, como a pgina que solicita a conta
e a senha no a pgina real do banco, as informaes do
usurio no sero apresentadas, mas na prxima tentativa
o usurio conseguir, pois o vrus j obteve os nmeros
de agncia, conta e senha necessrios para acessar a conta
bancria do Internauta.
Uma dica para evitar este tipo golpe , sempre que
acessar o site de um banco, antes de informar os dados da
conta e senha corretos, colocar os dados errados. A pgina
de autenticao no site clonado, no tem como validar
estas informaes, portanto, ela sempre avanar. Se voc
informou os dados errados e o site se comportou como se
estivessem corretos, um forte indcio que o site acessado
no seja o real site do banco.
d. E-mails de correntes
Algum envia um email de pessoas desaparecidas, ou
com lindas mensagens de auto-ajuda e, no final, fazem um
apelo informando que, se o usurio enviar para n pessoas da
sua lista de contato, algo de bom acontecer. Na dvidas, os
receptores reencaminham e proliferam o vrus.
e.
Links enviados por Sites de relacionamento
O usurio infectado envia recados para sua lista de contatos de sites de relacionamento, tais como Orkut, Facebook,
Twiter, dentre outros. Os recados que outras pessoas deixam
no perfil de um determinado usurios chamado de scrap. Os
scraps enviados nos sites de relacionamento, normalmente,
so animados, com fotos, links ou bem coloridos, para chamar a ateno. Se houver link, poder ter o mesmo propsito
explicado no item 1, porm, utilizando de outros meios.
Outros fatores que fragilizam a segurana da informao so:
a.
Definir a mesma senha para vrios acessos;
b.
Definir senhas bvias;
c.
Salvar um nico arquivo no computador contendo

todas as senhas que o usurio utiliza; e
d. Escrever a senha em locais bvios como monitor ou

mouse-pad.
Dicas para evitar tais fragilidades so recomendadas por
o CESUP-RS :
Memorizar as senhas, evitando escrev-las;
Se registr-la em algum lugar, no a identifique como
sendo uma senha;
No manter senha, nmero da conta (ou nome de
usurio) juntos;
Ao definir uma senha, misturar nmeros, smbolos
permitidos (_,-, .) e letras maisculas e minsculas
No informar sua conta/senha para outras pessoas.
Troque-a a cada 2 meses;
No reutilize senhas antigas;
No enviar dados pessoais ou senhas por email;
Enviar correntes de email em massa.
PROCEDIMENTOS DE SEGURANA
Evite abrir arquivos desconhecidos, anexos em emails,
endereados por pessoas desconhecidas. Temos notcias que
a infeco por vrus de computador aumentou, assustadoramente, com a proliferao da Internet.
Evite disquetes piratas com programas de procedncia
duvidosa ou fontes desconhecidas. Teste disquetes e discos
rgidos quando for utilizar ambientes de outras reas.
Evite a troca indiscriminada de programas. Utilize
sempre a etiqueta de proteo (write protect) em disquetes
que contenham Software, para evitar gravao estranha nos
mesmos.
Para efeito de segurana, estabelea rotina peridica de

back-up, em disquetes, dos diretrios do winchester. Em
caso de contaminao e possvel a recuperao a partir de
uma determinada data.
Na compra de software, assegure-se de que os pacotes so
selados e de que os selos no foram quebrados.
Antes de instalar quaisquer novos softwares, tire backup do sistema existente. Desta forma, se infectado, pode-se retornar a um ponto seguro conhecido.
Proteja a carga de disco rgido, sempre que possvel,
evitando que algum coloque programas nocivos no mesmo.
Teste, periodicamente, a integridade dos arquivos em
relao a tamanhos data e horrio de criao.
Separe arquivos de dados de arquivos de programas em
discos flexvel ou disco rgidos.
No mantenha programas desnecessrios ativos no sistema.
No trabalhe com disquetes originais; faa cpias de
trabalho de todos os programas. Guarde os originais sempre
protegidos contra escrita.
Tenha sempre em mos vacinas ou antdotos (antvirus)
e, o mais importante, ATUALIZE-OS CONSTANTEMENTE (de nada adianta uma vacina vencida).
Existem diversas vacinas no mercado brasileiro, que podero resolver o problema do vrus eletrnico, alguns exemplos:
NAV - Norton antivrus, o SCAN e o AVG Anti-Virus da
Grisoft.
Os vrus no se propagam para um disco se este estiver
comproteo contra escrita.
Os vrus no se propagam em memrias ROM (Read
Only Memory): Os vrus no sobrevivem na memria RAM
(Random Access Memory) do computador se a energia
eltrica for desligada por mais de 30 segundos (exceto se o
Computador possuir bateria para manter o contedo da memria; neste caso a bateria tambm deve ser desligada). Uma
vez detectado um vrus, quase sempre possvel elimin-lo
completamente, restaurando o programa hospedeiro. A nica
exceo ocorre quando o vrus destri intencionalmente parte
do seu hospedeiro.
Os vrus no atacam somente cpias piratas, so conhecidos casos de programas originais, adquiridos legalmente
ou em demonstrao pela revendedora, estarem infectados.
Depois de cada programa antivrus surge uma nova gerao
de vrus resistentes aos testes efetuados. Uma analogia pode
ser feito entre os esquemas de proteo contra cpias e os
programas copiadores; a evoluo permanente. Para cada
AntiVirus surge um novo vrus mais resistente e vice-versa.
Os Vrus podem danificar o Hardware de um equipamento.
Um acionador de disco pode sobre aquecer se o cabeote for mantido em vaivm permanente; ou pode ser
desajustado se for constantemente acionado alm dos limites
normais das trilhas. Interessantssima a matria da PC Word
- Mate o vrus antes que eles contaminem seu sistema de
17/01/ 2001
Voc no precisa ficar paranico com os vrus de computador s alerta, consciente e disposto a tomar medidas para
se proteger.
Instale um utilitrio antivrus e atualize-o com freqncia.
Um programa antivrus simplesmente o software mais
essencial que voc pode acrescentar ao PC. Considere suas
opes durante a configurao do software; no mnimo,
voc deve ativar uma varredura automtica freqentemente
e garantir que o utilitrio verifique o contedo de arquivos
compactados.
Os fornecedores de antivrus atualizam suas definies
os arquivos que eles usam para detectar vrus semanalmente.
Para segurana mxima, voc tambm deve atualizlas
com a mesma freqncia. Alguns utilitrios podem
acrescentar definies automaticamente medida que se
tornam disponveis.
Cuidado com as macros. Proteja o PC habilitando as
opes de segurana de macro nos seus pacotes de software.
Em aplicativos do Office 2000, como o Word e o
Outlook, por exemplo, selecione Ferramentas-Macro-Segurana e certifiquese de que o nvel de segurana
esteja ajustado para alto ou mdio.
Atualize seu software de Internet. A maioria dos
vrus atuais chega via e-mail. Portanto, certifique-se de
que seu programa de correio eletrnico esteja atualizado.
O Microsoft Outlook o alvo da maior parte dos vrus
baseados em e-mail e a Microsoft fornece novas correes
de segurana regularmente.
Tambm no ignore seu navegador. As correes mais
recentes fecham algumas brechas na segurana do ActiveX e da Java.
Mantenha seu crebro funcionando. No abra arquivos anexados de pessoas que voc no conhece e suspeite
daqueles de origem conhecida. D especial ateno a
qualquer arquivo que tenha a extenso. VBS. Mesmo que
voc ache que um arquivo legtimo, no o abra com seu
programa de correio eletrnico. Grave-o em disco e passe-o por um detector de vrus antes.
Proteja sua rede. Se voc responsvel por PCs em
rede, talvez valha a pena impedir os usurios de receberem tipos especficos de arquivos anexados a e-mail,
como. EXE ou. VBS. Programas de correio eletrnico
baseados em servidor oferecem verses sofisticadas
dessa funcionalidade, mas o Outlook s tem uma verso
enxuta. No ignore o equilbrio entre segurana e produtividade: o bloqueio de todos os arquivos. DOC ajuda
a manter os vrus de macro longe, mas, afeta a eficincia
do seu trabalho.
Faa backup freqente. Quer voc use um PC domstico ou uma rede corporativa, backup regular essencial no
caso de um vrus conseguir entrar.
NOES DE VRUS, WORMS E

PRAGAS VIRTUAIS.
Vrus
Um vrus de computador um programa malicioso com
objetivo de infectar o sistema operacional e se multiplicar
por outros computadores interligados em rede ou pela transferncia de arquivos por discos ou pendrives.
A maioria das contaminaes ocorre pela ao do usurio,
ao executar um arquivo infectado, recebido como anexo em
um e-mail, ou pela abertura/execuo de arquivos infectados.
Sistemas Operacionais desatualizados, sem correes de
segurana, podem fragilizar o sistema operacional para o
recebimento e execuo do vrus inadvertidamente.
Os softwares utilitrios denominados antivrus so programas de computador concebidos para prevenir, detectar
e eliminar vrus de computador. Existem vrios softwares
com esse intuito disponveis, a diferena entre eles est nos
mtodos de deteco, nas ambientes operacionais em que
operam, no preo e nas funcionalidades.
Apresentaremos a seguir os tipos de vrus de computador.
TIPOS DE VRUS
VRUS DE BOOT: Um dos primeiros tipos de vrus
conhecido, o vrus de boot infecta a parte de inicializao
do sistema operacional. Assim, ele ativado quando o disco
rgido ligado e o sistema operacional carregado.
BOMBA-RELGIO: so programados para serem executados em momentos especficos, tais como datas, horrios,
ou a combinao dos dois. A ao prevista pelo visto causar
algum tipo de dano no dia ou momento previamente definido. Exemplos: Sexta-Feira 13 e Michelangelo.
TROJANS OU CAVALOS DE TRIA: A exemplo da mitologia, os vrus trojans se alojam nos computadores infectados
e gravam um arquivo, de modo desapercebido para o usurio,
que permitem a um estranho acessar o micro infectado ou coletar dados e envi-los pela Internet para um desconhecido, sem
notificar o usurio. Estes cdigos so denominados de Trojans
ou cavalos de Tria. Inicialmente, os cavalos de Tria permitiam
que o micro infectado pudesse receber comandos externos, sem
o conhecimento do usurio. Desta forma o invasor poderia ler,
copiar, apagar e alterar dados do sistema. Atualmente os cavalos
de Tria agora procuram roubar dados confidenciais do usurio,
como senhas bancrias. Os vrus eram, no passado, os maiores
responsveis pela instalao dos cavalos de Tria, como parte
de sua ao, pois eles no tm a capacidade de se replicar. Atualmente, os cavalos de Tria no mais chegam exclusivamente
transportados por vrus, agora so instalados quando o usurio
faz download de um arquivo da Internet e o executa.
WORM OU VERMES: Como o interesse de fazer um
vrus ele se espalhar da forma mais abrangente possvel,
os seus criadores por vezes, deixaram de lado o desejo de
danificar o sistema dos usurios infectados e passaram a
programar seus vrus de forma que apenas se repliquem, sem
o objetivo de causar graves danos ao sistema. Desta forma, os
seus autores visam a tornar suas criaes mais conhecidas na
Internet. Este tipo de vrus passou a ser chamada de verme
ou worm. Eles esto mais aperfeioados, j h uma verso

que, ao atacar a mquina hospedeira, no s se replica, mas
tambm se propaga pela Internet, pelos e-mails que esto
registrados no cliente de e-mail, infectando as mquinas que
abrirem aquele e-mail, reiniciando o ciclo.
VRUS EM SITES DE RELACIONAMENTOS: vrus
que capaz de enviar scraps (recados) automaticamente para
todos os contatos da vtima na rede social, alm de roubar
senhas e contas bancrias de um micro infectado atravs
da captura de teclas e cliques. Apesar da necessidade de
clicar em um link para se infectar, a relao de confiana
existente entre os amigos infectados aumenta a possibilidade
de o usurio clicar sem desconfiar de que o link leva para
um WORM. Ao clicar no link, um arquivo bem pequeno
baixado para o computador do usurio. Ele se encarrega de
baixar e instalar o restante das partes da praga, que enviar a
mensagem para todos os contatos da rede social.
ESTADO ZUMBI: ocorre quando um computador
infectado e est sendo controlado por terceiros. Podem us-lo
para disseminar vrus, keyloggers, e procedimentos invasivos em
geral. Usualmente esta situao ocorre pelo fato da mquina estar com seu Firewall e ou Sistema Operacional desatualizados.
Segundo estudos na rea, um computador que est na Internet
nessas condies tem quase 50% de chance de se tornar uma
mquina zumbi, que dependendo de quem est controlando,
quase sempre com fins criminosos, como acontece vez ou outra,
quando CRACKERS so presos por formar exrcitos zumbis
para roubar dinheiro das contas correntes e extorquir.
VRUS DE MACRO: os vrus de macro (ou macro vrus)
vinculam suas macros a modelos de documentos gabaritos e a
outros arquivos de modo que, quando um aplicativo carrega
o arquivo e executa as instrues nele contidas, as primeiras
instrues executadas sero as do vrus. Vrus de macro so
parecidos com outros vrus em vrios aspectos: so cdigos escritos para que, sob certas condies, este cdigo se "reproduz",
fazendo uma cpia dele mesmo. Como outros vrus, eles podem
ser escritos para causar danos, apresentar uma mensagem ou
fazer qualquer coisa que um programa possa fazer. Resumindo,
um vrus de macro infecta os arquivos do Microsoft Office (.doc
- word, .xls - excel, .ppt - power point, .mdb - access.)
SPLOG: Existem tambm o falso blog, ou splog, que
nada mais do que um blog em que na realidade de propaganda, quase sempre, isso geralmente para ao avancar
as vendas de algum produto, raramente faz algum mal, mas
pode conter links que podem ser perigosos.[1]
KEYLOGGERS: So programas desenvolvidos para capturar tudo que digitado no computador. O grande interesse
desses softwares descobrir nomes de usurios (logins) e senhas usados para acessar sites de bancos e/ou sistemas de acesso
restrito, bem como nmero de carto bancrio, dentre outros.
3WPLAYER: um falso player incorporado com cavalos
de tria que infectam computadores que utilizam o sistema operacional Microsoft Windows. Projetado para explorar usurios
que buscam na Internet e fazem download de arquivos de vdeo,
apresentando instrues que indicam como descarregar e instalar
este player, necessrio para assistir o vdeo. O 3wPlayer emprega
uma forma de engenharia social para infectar computadores.
ADWARE qualquer programa que executa automaticamente, mostra ou baixa publicidade para o computador depois
de instalado ou enquanto a aplicao executada. Alguns
programas adware os usurios tm a opo de pagar por uma
verso registrada, que normalmente elimina os anncios.
BACKDOOR: tambm conhecido por Porta dos fundos,

so softwares que utilizam portas para entrar em computadores alheios, abertas por falhas de segurana, oportunizando a
invaso de um cracker por meio de uma rede.
DIALER: um software discador ou marcador de nmero
telefnico, considerado um trojan, um programa que aps
ter assumido o controle de uma mquina, utiliza a conexo
discada do modem para atos lesivos ao usurio da mquina.
Muitos dialers so instalados pelo prprio usurio sem
este saber do que realmente se trata, pois normalmente os
programas em que estes esto "escondidos" prometem acesso a
sites pornogrficos, MP3 ou outros assuntos atrativos. Alguns
dialers tambm podem ser instalados sem conhecimento do
usurio atravs de vulneravilidades no navegador de internet
ou atravs de arquivos anexados em emails. A remoo dos
dialers normalmente requer procedimentos especiais.
GpCode ou PGPCoder: um cavalo de tria que
seqestra arquivos do usurios criptografando-os com o
algoritmo RSA. Todos os diretrios onde o cavalo de tria
ataca recebem um arquivo texto onde pedida uma quantia
em dinheiro para o fornecimento da chave necessria para
a recuperao dos arquivos. Algumas variantes possuem
problemas de implementao o que permite que a chave seja
obtida e os arquivos seqestrados sejam recuperados.
SCAREWARE compreende vrias classes de software
mal intencionados, ou cujo benefcio limitado ou inexistente, que so vendidos aos consumidores por meio de certas
prticas antiticas de marketing. A abordagem de venda
utiliza engenharia social para causar choque, ansiedade, ou
a percepo de uma ameaa, sendo geralmente dirigida a
usurios desavisados. Algumas formas de spyware e adware
tambm usam tticas de scareware.
Uma ttica usada frequentemente pelos criminosos envolve
convencer os usurios de que um vrus infectou o seu computador, sugerindo ento que baixem (ou paguem por) programas
antivrus falsos para remov-lo.[1] Geralmente o vrus totalmente fictcio e o software no tem qualquer funcionalidade ou
ele prprio um malware. [2] De acordo com o Anti-Phishing
Working Group, o nmero de pacotes scareware em circulao
cresceu de 2850 para 9287 na segunda metade de 2008.[3] Na
primeira metade de 2009, o APWG identificou um aumento de
585% no nmero de programas scareware.[4]
O termo "scareware" tambm pode ser aplicado a qualquer aplicao ou vrus (no necessariamente vendido como
acima) que prega peas no usurio com a inteno de causar
ansiedade ou pnico.
RANSOMWARE um tipo de malware. Refere-se
aos cavalos de tria que cobram resgate. Um exemplo
o Arhiveus-A, que compacta arquivos no micro da
vtima num pacote criptografado. Depois informa que os
documentos somente sero recuperados se a vtima fizer
compras em trs farmcias online. Ento recebe uma
senha de 30 dgitos para reaver os arquivos. Porem no
passa de um golpe, pois a vitima ir pagar uma quantia
pelos medicamentos para um suposto resgate dos dados e
ao fim no recebera nenhuma senha e ter de usar outros
meios para conseguir recuperar seus arquivos.
APLICATIVOS PARA SEGURANA
(Antivrus, Firewall, Anti-Spyware)

Os antivrus so programas de computador concebidos
para prevenir, detectar e eliminar vrus de computador.
Existe uma grande variedade de produtos com esse intuito
no mercado, a diferena entre eles est nos mtodos de deteco, no preo e nas funcionalidades.
Um bom antivrus deve:
identificar e eliminar a maior quantidade possvel de
vrus e outros tipos de malware;
analisar os arquivos que esto sendo obtidos pela Internet;
verificar continuamente os discos rgidos (HDs), flexveis (disquetes) e unidades removveis, como CDs,
DVDs e pen drives, de forma transparente ao usurio;
procurar vrus, cavalos de tria e outros tipos de
malware em arquivos anexados aos e-mails;
criar, sempre que possvel, uma mdia de verificao (disquete ou CD de boot) que possa ser utilizado caso um vrus
desative o antivrus que est instalado no computador;
atualizar as assinaturas de vrus e malwares conhecidos, pela rede, de preferncia diariamente.
Alguns antivrus, alm das funcionalidades acima, permitem
verificar e-mails enviados, podendo detectar e barrar a propagao
por e-mail de vrus, worms, e outros tipos de malware.
As dicas para o bom uso do antivrus so simples:
mantenha o antivrus e suas assinaturas sempre atualizados;
configure-o para verificar automaticamente arquivos
anexados aos e-mails e arquivos obtidos pela Internet;
configure-o para verificar automaticamente mdias
removveis (CDs, DVDs, pen drives, disquetes, discos
para Zip, etc);
configure-o para verificar todo e qualquer formato de
arquivo (qualquer tipo de extenso de arquivo);
se for possvel, crie o disquete de verificao e utilize-o esporadicamente, ou quando seu computador
estiver apresentando um comportamento anormal
(mais lento, gravando ou lendo o disco rgido fora de
hora, etc);
Algumas verses de antivrus so gratuitas para uso
pessoal e podem ser obtidas pela Internet. Mas antes de
obter um antivrus pela Internet, verifique sua procedncia
e certifique-se que o fabricante confivel, pois podemos
achar que estamos nos protegendo e ao invs disso tornando
nosso computador ainda mais vulnervel.
Um antivrus no capaz de impedir que um atacante
tente explorar alguma vulnerabilidade existente em um
computador. Tambm no capaz de evitar o acesso no
autorizado a um backdoor instalado em um computador.
Existem tambm outros mecanismos de defesa,
conhecidos como firewalls, que podem prevenir contra
tais ameaas, mas ressaltamos que antivrus e firewall
tem finalidades diferentes mesmo estando includos na
segurana da informao.
FIREWALLS: Os firewalls so dispositivos constitudos pela combinao de software e hardware, utilizados para dividir e controlar o acesso entre redes de
computadores. Um tipo especfico o firewall pessoal,
que um software ou programa utilizado para proteger
um computador contra acessos no autorizados vindos
da Internet. Antispyware
To importante quanto um antivrus, o antispyware
serve como uma barreira para as pragas da internet. Se
voc no tem muita experincia com internet, ou no
constuma analisar as pginas que acessa, bom ter um
programa destes instalado em sua mquina. Antispywares (anti = contra, spy = espio, ware = mercadoria,
programa ) so programas utilizados para combater
spyware, adware, keyloggers entre outros programas espies. Entre esses programas esto os: firewalls, antivrus
entre outros. Abaixo a lista dos melhores antispywares.
Super Antispyware
Mesmo que este programa seja mais recente, ele hoje j
criou seu nome. Tem 10 milhes de usurios e est tem realmente o antisyware / adware. O programa to profundo, to
rpido, executado em tempo real. Se voc tiver qualquer
dvida sobre spyware, experimente este.
Windows Defender
Proteo fornecida pela Microsoft para proteger seu computador contra spywares e outros softwares maliciosos que
podem estar instalados em seu sistema. Mantm a segurana
de seu sistema atravs de anlise profunda dos arquivos
instalados, busca peridica em todo o sistema, proteo
contnua, atualizaes automticas, etc. Possui utilitrio de
instalao e desinstalao.
Spybot: Search & Destroy

Spybot uma prtica ferramenta que elimina essas
pragas. Ele remove vrios tipos de spywares de seu sistema,
como spybots, keyloggers, e adwares. considerado superior
ao Ad-Aware, um de seus concorrentes diretos, pois detecta
um maior nmero de spywares, atualizado muito mais freqentemente, alm de possuir vrias ferramentas, inclusive
a opo para imunizar o seu sistema, bloqueando alguns
spywares antes mesmo que sejam instalados. Seu idioma
pode ser alterado para o portugus dentro do programa.
Ad-Aware Free
Ad-Aware, agora em sua nova verso, mais potente e
eficiente na proteo deu seu computador! Essa ferramenta
trabalha na deteco para remoo de spywares e afins.
Faz a varredura de seu sistema procura de algumas pragas
virtuais especficas, especialmente aqueles arquivos ilegalmente embutidos em sharewares para monitorar e traar um perfil
comercial do usurio (de onde voc acha que surgem muitos
daqueles incmodos e-mails comerciais do nada?).
NORTON PERSONAL FIREWALL

O Norton Internet Security um pacote de softwares
que inclui o Norton Personal Firewall, o qual fornece uma
barreira de segurana entre seu computador e a Internet.
O componente Norton Personal Firewall do Norton
Internet Security inclui recursos que impedem o acesso no
autorizado ao seu computador quando voc est na Internet,
detectam possveis ataques pela Internet, protegem suas
informaes pessoais, bloqueiam anncios da Internet para
agilizar a navegao pela Internet, ajudam a eliminar e-mails
indesejados na sua caixa de entrada e protegem os membros
da famlia contra contedo on-line imprprio.
PROCEDIMENTOS DE BACKUP
O Backup muito utilizado nos dias de hoje como uma
forma de garantir a segurana da informao, pois pequenas,
mdias e grandes empresas independente do ramo de atividade.
O Backup pode ser feito de diversas formas por exemplo:
Salvas o arquivo criado em cd, dvd, pendrive, hd

externo, outra unidade da rede que esta conectado o
computador que foi criado o arquivo e at mesmo para
o e-mail, pois permanecer uma copia local e outra no
servifor de seu provedor de e-mail.
2XWUDIRUPDWDPEpPXWLOL]DGDpDWUDYpVGRDFHVVyULR
do Windows chamado backup.
Procedimentos

Menu iniciar
Programas
Acessrios
Ferramentas de Sistema
Backup

A conectividade global por meio da Internet oportunizou o surgimento de uma ampla variedade de servios
que envolvem transaes financeiras, tais como Internet
banking (movimentaesbancrias), e-commerce(vendas a
varejo), e-procurement, e-mail Marketing, dentre outros.
Todos os servios ou a contratao destes requerem o cadastro dos dados pessoais do contratante ou comprador
e dados de cobrana tais como nmeros de cartes de
crdito, documentos ou em casos mais especficos, tais
como bancos,os dados de acesso conta, a saber nmeros
de agncia, conta e senha.
Adicionalmente, o simples envio de e-mail um servio de troca de mensagens que requer a segurana para
o emissor de que, apenas o destinatrio da mensagem
ter acesso as informaes contidas na mesma.
Os meios de trfego da Internetsobre linhas telefnicas ou redes sem fio, permitem que pessoas no
autorizadas interceptem a mensagem antes mesmo de
chegarem ao destinatrio.Ou numa comunicao com o
banco, que algum internauta no autorizado, intercepte
os dados de acesso a conta bancria, permitindo-ofazer
movimentaes no autorizadas.
A tcnica computacional para proteger o trfego das
informaes chamada de criptografia. Estudaremos a
seguir os principais conceitos que a envolvem.
CONHECIMENTOS BSICOS DE REDES

DE COMPUTADORES E
SEGURANA DA INFORMAO
Redes
O objetivo de uma rede de computador existir ligar dois ou

mais computadores para que assim troquem informaes entre
si, podendo compartilhar dados e ou servios. Podemos assim
dizer que por volta de 1965, nos estados unidos, por obra de dois
cientistas: Lawrence Roberts e Thomas Merril. A experincia
foi realizada por meio de uma linha telefnica discada de baixa
velocidade, fazendo a conexo entre dois centros de pesquisa em
Massachusetts e na Califrnia. Estava plantada ali a semente para
o que hoje a Internet me de todas as redes.
Podemos identificar na figura acima que alguns componentes so importantssimos na criao de uma rede local,
segue abaixo algumas definies de uma rede:
Podemos escolher o tipo de rede a ser usada com fio
(Ethernet) ou sem fio (Wireless) vamos defini-las
ETHERNET Esse tipo rede destaca-se pela utilizao
de cabeamento, tornando a rede mais estvel com relao
transmisso de dados diminuindo a perda de sinal, mas
em contrapartida deixa o computador preso ao local que
instalado o cabo.
O cabo par tranado surgiu com a necessidade de se ter

cabos mais flexveis e com maior velocidade de transmisso,
ele vem substituindo os cabos coaxiais desde o incio da
dcada de 90.
WIRELESS Esse tipo de rede destaca-se por no utilizar-se de cabeamento, gerando um comodismo ao operador, pois
ele no fica preso a um local especifico e sim s a necessidade
de estar dentro da rea de cobertura, em contra partida a uma
possibilidade maior de perde de sinal durante a utilizao.
Componentes de uma rede

Servidor Computador que administra informaes ou
servios dentro das redes, podemos ter os seguintes servidores:
Servidor de dados: Guardam os dados (informaes) compartilhados na rede.
Servidor de impresso Administra a ordem e seqencia
com que as impresses sero feitas em todos os computadores
ligados na determinada rede.
Servidor de e-mail Guarda e administra os e-mails dos
determinados associados ou integrantes de um provedor.
Estao de Trabalho Os outros computadores que integram a rede com finalidade de desenvolverem os trabalhos do
dia a dia.
Hub Os Hubs so dispositivos concentradores, responsveis por centralizar a distribuio dos quadros de dados em redes
fisicamente ligadas em estrelas. Funcionando assim como uma
pea central, que recebe os sinais transmitidos pelas estaes
e os retransmite para todas as demais.
Switch O switch um hub que, em vez de ser um

repetidor uma ponte. Com isso, em vez dele replicar os
dados recebidos para todas as suas portas, ele envia os dados
somente para o micro que requisitou os dados atravs da
anlise da Camada de link de dados onde possui o endereo
MAC da placa de rede do micro.
Repetidores
Repetidores transmitem todos os dados que recebe para
todas as suas sadas. Assim, quando uma mquina transmite
dados para outra mquina presente no mesmo segmento,
todas as mquinas da rede recebem esses dados, mesmo
aquelas que esto em outro segmento.
Bridges (Pontes)
Bridges um repetidor Inteligente. Ela tem a capacidade
de ler e analisar os quadros de dados que esto circulando
na rede. Com isso ela consegue ler os campos de endereamentos MAC do quadro de dados. Fazendo com que a ponte
no replique para outros segmentos dados que tenham como
destino o mesmo segmento de origem.
TIPOS DE REDE
LAN (Local Area Network): rede de rea local uma
rede de computadores utilizada para interconexo de equipamentos com a finalidade de troca de dados. Tais redes so
denominadas locais por cobrirem apenas uma rea limitada
(10 Km no mximo, quando passam a ser denominadas
MANs).
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): rede metropolitana o nome dado s redes que ocupam o permetro de
uma cidade. So mais rpidas e permitem que empresas
com filiais em bairros diferentes se conectem entre si.). Por
exemplo, uma rede de supermercado, em uma cidade, onde
todas acessam uma base de dados comum.
PAN (Personal Area Network): Rede de rea pessoal
uma tecnologia de rede formada por ns (dispositivos conectados rede) muito prximos uns dos outros (geralmente no
mais de uma dezena de metros). Por exemplo, um computador
porttil conectando-se a um outro e este a uma impressora. So
exemplos de PAN as redes do tipo Bluetooth.
WAN (Wide Area Network): Rede de rea alargada ou
Rede de longa distncia, tambm conhecida como Rede
geograficamente distribuda, uma rede de computadores
que abrange uma grande rea geogrfica como um pas ou
continente, onde temos uma rede muito famosa que est
nessa categoria a Internet.
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): Rede local
sem fios. Podemos dizer que essa rede uma evoluo
da LAN utilizando-se de uma estrutura de distribuio
de sinal chamada Wireless como foi citado acima difere
muito da Ethernet.
VPN (Virtual Private Network): Rede privada virtual.
Utilizam uma rede pblica, por exemplo a internet, para
estabelecer uma ligao de dados entre dois pontos, como
exemplo podemos dizer que baixa o custo de comunicao
entre duas empresas ou filiais.
Falando em tipos de redes em alguns momentos nos leva
a pensar. se podemos ou no misturar duas ou mais redes,
criando uma s, a resposta vem com um esboo bem do
nosso cotidiano, podemos ter uma rede local (LAN), mas
tambm podemos ter uma rede a longa distancia ligada nela
uma (WAN) que conhecemos como Internet.
REDES DE ACESSO REMOTO

Agora com as propriedades acima podemos entender que
as redes de acesso remoto so as redes que envolvem computadores localizados em lugares distintos como exemplo
pode-se citar uma WAN bem conhecida a Internet.
TOPOLOGIAS DE REDE
As topologias de rede so utilizadas para determinar a
forma com que ser estruturado o formato fsico de uma rede
para que assim a distribuio de dados possa ser feita de uma
forma mais gil e eficiente. Abaixo estaremos demonstrando
os principais tipos de topologias.
Barramento
A Topologia Barramento faz com que os pacotes de dados tenham um endereo certo, ou seja, a informao s ser
ligada pela estao que a informao foi endereada.
Numa rede em barramento todos os dispositivos esto

ligados diretamente linha por onde circulam os pacotes,
todos os dispositivos da rede vm os pacotes. Cada dispositivo da rede tem um endereo nico, que permite atravs da
anlise dos pacotes selecionar os que lhe so destinados.
ESTRELA
A Topologia Estrela tem como caracterstica principal
um n central, onde os dados que trafegam na rede necessariamente passam por ele, pode ser um hub ou outro perifrico de rede que tem funo de administrar a distribuio
de dados.
Para que uma rede tenha topologia em estrela no necessrio ter uma disposio em forma de estrela, necessrio
somente cada dispositivo da rede estar ligado por um cabo
prprio a um ponto central. A topologia em estrela distribuda um pouco mais complexa que a topologia em estrela
simples, pois neste caso existem mltiplos pontos de ligao
centrais, como se pode ver na prxima figura.
ANEL
A Topologia Anel tem como caracterstica que a informao que trafega na rede passa por todas as estaes, ou
seja, a informao no direcionada a uma nica estao,
alm de ser unidirecional.
PROTOCOLOS DE COMUNICAO (TCP/IP)

Os protocolos de comunicao em uma rede independente de qual seja tem a funo de gerenciar as informaes
que trafegam na rede, para conseguir gerenciar esse processo
o protocolo coloca uma srie de regras, onde torna capaz a
comunicao entre duas redes distintas.
As redes necessitam de um protocolo para que sua troca
de informaes seja estabelecida sem erros, com isso em um
momento foi necessrio a criao de um protocolo universal
que seria utilizao na maioria das redes, esse protocolo teve
a finalidade de gerar regras de comunicao iguais para diferentes tipos de redes com um objetivo de trocar informaes
entre duas ou mais redes.
O TCP/IP foi criado aps a unio de vrios protocolos
distintos com um intuito de padronizar as regras de comunicao. Uma das redes responsveis pela criao do TCP/
IP foi a Internet que une diversas redes pelo mundo.
Protocolo HTTP
http:// advm do termo Hyper Text Transfer Protocol,

e significa Protocolo de Transferncia de Hipertexto. Um
site acessvel por http:// indica que o contedo trafegado ser
pginas de hipertexto. o protocolo padro.
Protocolo HTTPS
Uma conexo segura se as informaes trocadas entre
o site visitado e o navegador que so codificadas, de modo
a impossibilitar a leitura por softwares diversos. Neste caso,
o navegador e o site visitado conhecem o certificado digital
para decodificar as informaes. Este processo de codificao
denominado criptografia e a navegao tende a ser segura
quando a informao enviada.
possvel que mensagens criptografadas tenham seus
certificados descobertos, dependendo do algoritmo usado
para criptografar. Portanto no h garantia de segurana que
o site fidedigno e a privacidade do usurio poder estar
comprometida, pelo modo como o site utiliza ou distribui as
informaes do usurio.
No navegador, conexes seguras utilizam o protocolo
HTTPs e exibem um cadeado na barra de status. O certificado que usado para criptografar a conexo tambm contm
informaes sobre a identidade do dono do site ou organizao. Voc pode clicar no cadeado para ver a identidade do
site.
O protocolo HTTPS usado para compras online, acesso a servios bancrios e transaes que requerem nveis de
segurana.
Protocolo FTP
ftp:// advm do termo File Transfer Protocol, e significa
Protocolo de Transferncia de Arquivos. um protocolo
usado para transferir arquivos pela Internet. O acesso a
arquivos pelo protocol FTP torna o download de mltiplos
arquivos mais rpido. Este protocolo usado para disponibilizar arquivos para que outros faam download.
Para iniciar uma transferncia de arquivos no navegador, digite o endereo de FTP na barra de endereos do
navegador. O endereo de FTP inicia com "ftp://" em vez de
"http://."
Por exemplo, para ir para o site de FTP da Microsoft, digite ftp://ftp.microsoft.com, e ento, pressione a tecla ENTER.
Telnet
Telnet um programa capaz de conectar outros computadores usando a Internet. Este programa permite que,
remotamente, voc execute programas e servios que esto
no computador remoto. Seu uso til para acessar arquivos
em mquinas remotas.
VOIP
Voz sobre IP (tambm conhecido por VoIP, Telefonia IP e
Telefonia Internet) se refere tecnologia que permite a transmisso de sinais de voz pela Internet ou por uma rede privada. Para
realizar ligaes VoIP, o usurio precisar de um programa para
discagem um dos mais conhecidos o Skype.
IP
Internet Protocol, o protocolo sob o qual assenta a infra-estrutura da Internet;
Endereo IP, um modelo de endereamento utilizado
pelo protocolo IP.
Duas verses da tecnologia IP existem hoje. Essencialmente, todas as redes de computadores de uso domstico IP
verso 4 (IPv4), mas um nmero crescente de instituies
de ensino e pesquisa adotaram a verso de IP de prxima
gerao 6 (IPv6).
Notao IPv 4 Endereamento

Um endereo IPv4 constitudo por quatro bytes (32
bits). Estes bytes so tambm conhecidos como octetos .
Para fins de legibilidade, os seres humanos costumam
trabalhar com endereos IP em uma notao decimal pontilhada chamada. Esta notao lugares perodos entre cada um
dos quatro nmeros (octetos) que compem um endereo
IP. Por exemplo, um endereo IP que os computadores vem
como 00001010 00000000 00000000 00000001 escrito em
decimal com pontos como 10.0.0.1
Como cada byte contm 8 bits, cada octeto de um intervalos de endereos IP no valor de um mnimo de 0 a um
mximo de 255. Portanto, toda a gama de endereos IP de
0.0.0.0 atravs de 255.255.255.255. Que representa um total
de 4294967296 possvel addreses IP.
IPv6 Addressing Notation

Endereos IP mudam significativamente com o IPv6. Os
endereos IPv6 so 16 bytes (128 bits) de comprimento em
vez de quatro bytes (32 bits). Este tamanho maior significa
que o IPv6 suporta mais de
300.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
endereos possveis! Nos prximos anos, como um
nmero crescente de telefones celulares, PDAs e outros
eletrnicos de consumo expandir sua capacidade de rede, o
espao de endereo IPv4 menores provavelmente vai acabar
e endereo IPv6 se tornar necessrio.
Os endereos IPv6 so geralmente escritos na forma a
seguir:
hhhh: hhhh: hhhh: hhhh: hhhh: hhhh: hhhh: hhhh
Nesta notao completa, pares de bytes IPv6 so separados
por dois pontos e cada byte em turnos representado como
um par de nmeros hexadecimal, como no exemplo a seguir:
E3D7: 0000:0000:0000:51 F4: 9BC8: C0A8: 6420
Como mostrado acima, os endereos IPv6 geralmente
contm muitos bytes com valor zero A resumida notao em
IPv6 remove esses valores a partir da representao de texto
(embora os bytes ainda esto presentes no endereo de rede
reais) como se segue.:
E3D7:: 51F4: 9BC8: C0A8: 6420
Finalmente, muitos endereos IPv6 so extenses de
endereos IPv4. Nestes casos, o mais direita quatro bytes
de um endereo IPv6 (o mais direita dois pares byte) pode
ser reescrita na notao IPv4. Converter o exemplo acima
para rendimentos notao mista
E3D7:: 51F4: 9BC8: 192.168.100.32
Os endereos IPv6 podem ser escritos em qualquer uma
das notao abreviada, total ou mista ilustrado acima.
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Este protocolo uma das funes de um servidor de rede.
Um servidor um computador especial com alto poder de
processamento e armazenamento mdio, se comparado a
uma rede de computadores.
Em qualquer rede de computadores, grande ou pequena,
todos os equipamentos, dispositivos, hosts e computadores
so localizados nesta rede atravs do endereo IP.
Este endereo atribudo sua placa de rede, que o
hardware responsvel pela comunicao do seu computador
com outros dispositivos via rede, de duas formas: fixo ou
dinmico.
IP Fixo, como o nome j diz, o que no se altera. Em
pequenas redes atribudo manualmente nas configuraes
de conexo da placa de rede, pois no uma tarefa difcil
e no h a necessidade de um servidor para controlar estes
endereos.
IP Dinmico, este tipo de conexo quando o endereo
IP atribudo ao nosso computador por outro computador,
ou seja, em uma rede mdia ou grande, existe APENAS
UM equipamento na rede capaz de fornecer um endereo
IP. Quando seu computador ligado sua placa de rede, que
tambm possui uma identificao nica no mundo (endereo MAC) manda uma mensagem na rede para todas as
mquina (Broadcast) perguntando quem fornece endereo
IP. Nesta hora o nosso servidor DHCP este computador
que responde a esta pergunta informando seu endereo IP
(do servidor), sua mquina manda uma mensagem se identificando, endereo MAC, para o IP do servidor. De posse do
endereo MAC o servidor DHCP confirma se a mquina faz
parte daquela rede, caso afirmativo, o servidor DHCP envia
para sua mquina um pacote de configuraes juntamente
com o endereo IP que ela utilizar por um tempo determinado pelo servidor.
O protocolo DHCP faz exatamente isto, por meio dele um
servidor capaz de distribuir automaticamente endereos
de IP diferentes a todos os computadores medida que eles
fazem a solicitao de conexo com a rede. Essa distribuio
dos IPs feita em um intervalo pr-definido configurado no
servidor. Sempre que uma das mquinas for desconectada o
IP ficar livre para o uso em outra.
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Para configurar o servidor DHCP, inicie o Assistente para
configurar o servidor seguindo um destes procedimentos:
Em Gerenciar o Servidor, clique em Adicionar ou remover uma funo. Por padro, Gerenciar o Servidor iniciado
automaticamente quando voc faz logon. Para abrir Gerenciar o Servidor, clique em Iniciar e em Painel de Controle,
clique duas vezes em Ferramentas Administrativas e, em
seguida, clique duas vezes em Gerenciar o Servidor.
Para abrir o Assistente para Configurar o Servidor, clique em Iniciar, em Painel de Controle, clique duas vezes em
Ferramentas Administrativas e, em seguida, em Assistente
para Configurar o Servidor.
Na pgina Funo do Servidor, clique em Servidor

DHCP e, em seguida, clique em Avanar.
Resumo das Selees

Na pgina Resumo das Selees, verifique e confirme as
opes selecionadas. Se voc selecionou Servidor DHCP na
pgina anterior, aparecer o seguinte:
Instalar servidor DHCP

Execute o 'Assistente de novo escopo' para configurar um
novo escopo de DHCP
Para aplicar as selees mostradas na pgina Resumo
das Selees, clique em Avanar. Depois que voc clica em
Avanar, a pgina Configurando Componentes do Assistente de Componentes do Windows exibida e, depois, fechada
automaticamente. No possvel clicar em Voltar ou em
Avanar nessa pgina.
Usando o Assistente para Novos Escopos

Depois que voc clica em Avanar, o Assistente para Configurar o Servidor instala o servio Servidor DHCP e inicia
o Assistente para Novos Escopos para reunir informaes
e adicionar a funo de servidor DHCP. Se voc cancelar
o Assistente para novos escopos, o servio Servidor DHCP
permanecer instalado, mas no poder distribuir endereos
IP aos clientes at que voc crie um escopo. Se voc optar
por criar o escopo posteriormente, poder fazer isso usando
o console DHCP.
Nome do escopo
Na caixa de dilogo Nome do Escopo, digite um nome
para o escopo na caixa Nome. Em Descrio, digite uma
descrio (opcional). A maioria das redes possui vrias sub-redes, e cada uma destas requer seu prprio escopo. Assim,
o servidor DHCP geralmente administra vrios escopos. Escolha um nome e uma descrio que ajudaro a diferenciar
os vrios escopos.
Quando terminar, clique em Avanar.
Intervalo de endereos IP
Na pgina Intervalo de Endereos IP, defina o intervalo de endereos IP deste escopo digitando-os no incio e
no final do intervalo. O assistente utiliza os endereos IP
informados para determinar a mscara de sub-rede correta.
A mscara de sub-rede correta aparece automaticamente em
Mscara de sub-rede.
No caso incomum de os clientes dessa sub-rede precisarem usar uma mscara de sub-rede diferente daquela fornecida pelo assistente, voc dever digit-la em Mscara de
sub-rede ou inserir nmero de bits dessa mscara no campo
Comprimento.
Adicionar excluses
Na pgina Adicionar Excluses, voc pode definir os
endereos IP que o servidor DHCP no deve alocar aos
clientes. Por exemplo, o prprio servidor DHCP possui um
endereo IP esttico que no deve ser alocado aos clientes. O
mesmo acontece com o gateway padro e com vrios dispositivos de rede, como impressoras conectadas em rede. Exclua
esses endereos IP, de forma que o servidor DHCP no os
aloque aos clientes.
Recomendamos que voc exclua mais endereos IP
do que precisa, j que mais fcil truncar um intervalo
de excluso do que expandi-lo. Exclua os endereos IP do
incio ou do final do intervalo de possveis endereos IP, e
no da parte intermediria. Por exemplo, se o intervalo de
endereos IP desta sub-rede vai de 10.0.0.1 a 10.0.0.255, e
voc deseja excluir dez endereos IP, defina o intervalo de
excluso de uma das seguintes formas:
10.0.0.1 a 10.0.0.10
10.0.0.245 a 10.0.0.255
Para cada intervalo de endereos IP que voc deseja
excluir, digite o endereo IP no incio do intervalo em Endereo IP inicial, digite o endereo IP no final do intervalo
em Endereo IP final e clique em Adicionar.
Esta etapa facilita a administrao do cliente, mas
opcional. Se voc deixar todos os campos desta pgina em
branco e clicar em Avanar, os clientes sero capazes de
obter endereos IP do servidor DHCP.
Durao da concesso
Na pgina Durao da Concesso, voc pode definir o
perodo durante o qual o cliente pode usar o endereo IP
deste escopo. O servidor DHCP concede endereos IP aos
seus clientes. Cada concesso possui uma data e horrio de
validade. O cliente deve renovar a concesso se quiser continuar a usar o endereo IP. O padro da durao de concesso
de oito dias.
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Na pgina Configurar Opes de DHCP, voc pode especificar se deseja configurar as opes de DHCP.
Recomendamos que voc aceite o padro, Sim, desejo
configurar essas opes agora e clique em Avanar, ainda
que no queira configurar as opes. Se voc escolher No,
configurarei essas opes mais tarde, ocorrer o seguinte:
O Assistente para novos escopos cria o escopo mas no o
ativa. Voc deve usar o console DHCP para ativar o escopo
para que os clientes recebam endereos IP desse escopo. Para
obter informaes sobre como ativar um escopo usando o

console DHCP, consulte Ativar um escopo.
Voc no ver as prximas quatro pginas do assistente
descritas abaixo. Continue lendo em Completing the New
Scope Wizard.
Roteador (gateway padro)

Na pgina Roteador (Gateway Padro), voc pode especificar os roteadores (tambm conhecidos como gateways
padro) que os clientes devero usar. possvel adicionar
um nmero de endereos IP igual ao nmero de roteadores
desta sub-rede.
Servidores de nomes de domnio e DNS

Na pgina Servidor de Nomes de Domnio e DNS, voc
pode especificar o nome do domnio que os clientes desta
sub-rede devem usar quando resolverem nomes DNS.
Voc tambm pode especificar o servidor DNS que os
clientes devem usar para resolver nomes DNS. Voc pode
digitar o endereo IP desse servidor DNS ou digitar o nome
dele e clicar em Resolver. Dessa forma, o assistente determinar o endereo IP para voc. possvel adicionar vrios
servidores DNS.
Servidores WINS
Na pgina Servidores WINS, voc pode especificar o
servidor WINS com os quais os clientes devem se comunicar
para registrar e resolver nomes NetBIOS. Voc pode digitar
o endereo IP desse servidor WINS ou digitar o nome dele e
clicar em Resolver. Dessa forma, o assistente determinar o
endereo IP para voc. possvel adicionar vrios servidores
WINS.
Ativar escopo
Na pgina Ativar Escopo, voc pode ativar o escopo ou
optar por fazer isso mais tarde. Na maioria dos casos, voc
deve aceitar o padro e ativar o escopo imediatamente. Se
voc optar por ativar o escopo posteriormente, poder fazer

isso usando o console DHCP. Ative o escopo para permitir
que os clientes da sub-rede deste escopo obtenham endereos IP do servidor DHCP.
DNS
DNS Domain Name System (SISTEMA
DE NOMES DE DOMNIO)
Embora os programas possam se referir em teoria a pginas
Web, caixas de correio e outros recursos que utilizam os endereos de rede (por exemplo, endereos IP) dos computadores
em que esto armazenados, esses endereos so difceis para
as pessoas memorizarem. Alm disso, navegar pelas pginas
Web de uma empresa a partir de 128.111.24.41 significa
que, se a empresa mudar o servidor Web para uma mquina
diferente, com um endereo IP diferente, todos precisam ser
informados sobre o novo endereo IP. Por isso, foram introduzidos nomes de alto nvel, legveis, a fim de desassociar os
nomes das mquinas dos endereos dessas mquinas. Desse
modo, o servidor Web da empresa poderia ser conhecido
como www.cs.washington.edu independentemente do seu
endereo IP. Todavia, a rede somente reconhece endereos
numricos; portanto, necessrio algum tipo de mecanismo
para converter as strings ASCII em endereos de rede.
Na ARPANET havia simplesmente um arquivo, hosts.
txt, que listava todos os nomes de computador e seus endereos IP. Toda noite, esse arquivo era acessado por todos os
hosts no local em que era mantido. Para uma rede de algumas
centenas de grandes mquinas com tempo compartilhado,
essa estratgia funcionava bastante bem.
No entanto, bem antes que milhes de PCs estivessem
conectados Internet, todos perceberam que essa estratgia
no poderia continuar a ser utilizada para sempre. Em
algum momento, o arquivo acabaria por se tornar grande
demais. No entanto, a razo mais importante que poderia
haver conflitos de nomes de hosts constantemente, a menos
que os nomes fossem gerenciados de uma forma centralizada
algo totalmente fora de cogitao em uma enorme rede
internacional, devido carga e latncia. Para resolver esses
problemas, foi criado o sistema de nomes de domnios ou
DNS (Domain Name System), em 1983. Ele tem sido uma
parte fundamental da Internet desde ento.
A essncia do DNS a criao de um esquema hierrquico de atribuio de nomes baseado no domnio e de um
sistema de banco de dados distribudo para implementar
esse esquema de nomenclatura. Ele mais usado para mapear nomes de hosts em endereos IP, mas tambm pode servir
para outros objetivos. O DNS definido nas RFCs 1034,
1035, 2181 e elaborado com mais detalhes em muitas outras.
Em resumo, o DNS utilizado da forma descrita a
seguir. Para mapear um nome em um endereo IP, um
programa aplicativo chama um procedimento de biblioteca
denominado resolvedor e repassa a ele o nome como um
parmetro. Vimos um exemplo de resolvedor, gethostby-
name. O resolvedor envia uma consulta contendo o nome

para um servidor DNS local, que procura o nome e retorna
uma resposta contendo o endereo IP ao resolvedor. Este,
em seguida, retorna o endereo IP ao programa aplicativo
que fez a chamada. As mensagens de consulta e resposta
so enviadas como pacotes UDP. Munido do endereo IP,
o programa pode ento estabelecer uma conexo TCP com o
host ou enviar pacotes UDP at ele.
O AMBIENTE DE NOMES DO DNS

Gerenciar um grande conjunto de nomes que est em
mudana constante no um problema de fcil resoluo.
Em um sistema postal, o gerenciamento de nomes feito
por meio do uso de letras que especificam (implcita ou explicitamente) o pas, o estado ou a provncia, a cidade e a rua
do destinatrio. Graas ao uso desse tipo de endereamento
hierrquico, no h confuso entre o Joo da Silva que mora
na Rua Barata Ribeiro, em So Paulo, e o Joo da Silva que
mora na Rua Barata Ribeiro, no Rio de Janeiro. O DNS
funciona da mesma forma.
Para a Internet, o topo da hierarquia de nomes controlado por uma organizao chamada ICANN (Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). A ICANN foi
criada para essa finalidade em 1998, como parte do amadurecimento da Internet para uma abrangncia mundial, econmica. Conceitualmente, a Internet dividi-a em mais de 250
domnios de nvel superior, em que cada domnio cobre
muitos hosts. Um domnio dividido em subdomnios, e
estes so partidos ainda mais, e assim por diante. Todos
esses domnios podem ser representados por uma rvore. As
folhas representam domnios que no possuem subdomnios
(mas contm mquinas, claro). Um domnio de folha pode
conter um nico host, ou ento pode representar uma empresa e conter milhares de hosts.
Existem dois tipos de domnios de nvel superior: Os
genricos e de pases. Os genricos, incluem domnios originais da dcada de 80 e domnios introduzidos por meio
de solicitaes ICANN. Outros domnios genricos de alto
nvel sero acrescentados no futuro.
Os domnios de pases incluem uma entrada para cada
pas, conforme a definio da ISO 3166. Os nomes de domnio de pas internacionalizado que usa alfabeto no latino
foram introduzidos em 2010. Esses domnios permitem
que as pessoas nomeiem hosts em rabe, cirlico, chins ou
outros idiomas.
fcil obter um domnio de segundo nvel, como
nome-da-empresa.com. Os domnios de nvel superior so
controlados pelos registradores apontados pela ICANN.
Para obter um nome, basta ir at um registrador correspondente (nesse caso, com) para verificar se o nome desejado est
disponvel e no marca registrada de outra pessoa. Se no
houver nenhum problema, o solicitante pagar uma pequena
taxa anual e conseguir o nome.
Porm, medida que a Internet se torna mais comercial
e mais internacional, ela tambm passa a ser mais disputada,
especialmente em questes relacionadas a nomes. Essa controvrsia inclui a prpria ICANN. Por exemplo, a nao do
domnio xxx levou vrios anos e exigiu a soluo de vrios

casos em tribunal. Colocar contedo adulto voluntariamente
em seu prprio domnio uma coisa boa ou ruim? (Algumas
pessoas no queriam contedo adulto disponvel de forma
alguma na Internet, enquanto outras queriam coloc-lo
em um domnio, de modo que filtros pudessem facilmente
localiz-lo e impedir seu uso por crianas.) Alguns dos
domnios so auto-organizados, enquanto outros tm restries sobre quem pode obter um nome. Mas que restries
so apropriadas? Pense no domnio pro, por exemplo. Ele
adotado por profissionais qualificados. Mas quem um
profissional? Mdicos e advogados sem dvida so profissionais. Mas e fotgrafos autnomos, professores de msica,
mgicos, bombeiros hidrulicos, barbeiros, exterminadores,
tatuadores, mercenrios e prostitutas? Essas profisses so
vlidas? De acordo com quem?
Tambm h dinheiro envolvido nos nomes. Tuvalu (o
pas) vendeu uma licena em seu domnio tv por US$ 50
milhes, tudo porque o cdigo do pas bastante adequado
para anunciar sites de televiso. Praticamente toda palavra
comum (em ingls) usada no domnio com, alm dos erros
de grafia mais usuais. Experimente pesquisar utenslios
domsticos, animais, plantas, partes do corpo etc. A prtica
de registrar um domnio apenas para esperar e vend-lo a
uma parte interessada por um preo muito mais alto tem
at mesmo um nome. Isso se chama cybersquatting. Muitas
empresas que foram lentas quando a era da Internet comeou descobriram que seus nomes de domnio bvios j
haviam sido usados quando tentaram adquiri-los. Em geral,
desde que nenhuma marca registrada esteja sendo violada e
nenhuma fraude seja envolvida, os nomes so atribudos a
quem chegar primeiro. Apesar disso, polticas para resolver
disputas de nomenclatura ainda esto sendo preparadas.
Cada domnio tem seu nome definido pelo caminho
ascendente entre ele e a raiz (sem nome). Esses componentes
so separados por pontos. Dessa forma, o departamento de
engenharia da Cisco poderia ser eng.cisco.com, em vez de
um nome no estilo UNIX, como /com/sun/eng. Observe que
essa nomenclatura hierrquica significa que eng.cisco.com.
no entra em conflito com um possvel uso de eng em eng.
washington.edu., que poderia ser usado pelo departamento
de lngua inglesa da Universidade de Washington.
Os nomes de domnios podem ser absolutos ou relativos.
Um nome de domnio absoluto sempre termina com um
ponto (por exemplo, eng.sun.com.), ao contrrio de um
nome de domnio relativo. Os nomes relativos tm de ser
interpretados em algum contexto para determinar exclusivamente seu verdadeiro significado. Em ambos os casos, um
nome de domnio se refere a um n especfico da rvore e a
todos os ns abaixo dele.
Os nomes de domnios no fazem distino entre letras
maisculas e minsculas. Os nomes de componentes podem
ter at 63 caracteres, e os nomes de caminhos completos no
podem exceder 255 caracteres.
Em princpio, os domnios podem ser inseridos na
rvore em domnios genricos ou de pas. Por exemplo,
cs.washington.edu poderia ser igualmente listado sob o
domnio de pas us como cs.washington.wa.us. Contudo, na
prtica, quase todas as organizaes dos Estados Unidos esto sob um domnio genrico e, praticamente, todas fora dos
Estados Unidos esto sob o domnio de seu pas. No existe
regra contra o registro sob dois domnios de m\--superior.
Grandes empresas normalmente fazem isso (por exemplo,
sony.com, sony.net e sony.nl).
Cada domnio controla como sero alocados todos os
domnios abaixo dele. Por exemplo, o Japo tem os domnios
ac.jp e co.jp, que espelham edu e com. A Holanda no faz essa
distino e coloca todas as organizaes diretamente sob nl.
Assim, os trs domnios a seguir representam departamentos
de cincia da computao de universidades:
1. cs.washington.edu (Universidade de Washington
nos Estados Unidos);
2.
cs.vu.nl (Vrije Universiteit, na Holanda);
3.
cs.keio.ac.jp (Keio University, no Japo).
Para que um novo domnio seja criado, necessria a permisso do domnio no qual ele ser includo. Por: exemplo, se
o grupo VLSI tiver comeado na Universidade de Washington e quiser ser conhecido como vlsi. cs.washington.edu, ele
precisar da permisso de quem gerncia cs.washington.edu.
Da mesma forma, se uma nova universidade for licenciada,
digamos a University of Northen Soth Dakota ela ter de solicitar ao gerente do domnio edu que lhe atribua o domnio
unsd.edu (se estiver disponvel). Dessa forma, os conflitos
de nomes so evitados e cada domnio pode controlar seus
subdomnios. Uma vez que um novo domnio tenha sido
criado e registrado, ele poder criar subdomnios, tais como
cs.unsd.edu, sem que seja necessria a permisso de algum
que esteja em um nvel mais alto na rvore.
A atribuio de nomes leva em considerao as fronteiras
organizacionais, e no as redes fsicas. Por exemplo, mesmo
que os departamentos de cincia da computao e de engenharia eltrica estejam no mesmo prdio e compartilhem a
mesma LAN, eles podero ter domnios distintos. Da mesma
forma, mesmo que o departamento de cincia da computao
esteja dividido em dois prdios, normalmente todos os hosts
instalados em ambos pertencero ao mesmo domnio.
HEI REGISTROS DE RECURSOS

Todo domnio, seja um nico host, seja um domnio de
nvel superior, pode ter um conjunto de registros de recursos
associado a ele. Esses registros so o banco de dados DNS.
Para um nico host, o registro de recurso mais comum
apenas seu endereo IP, mas tambm existem muitos outros
tipos. Quando um resolvedor repassa um nome de domnio
ao DNS, o que ele obtm so os registros de recursos associados quele nome. Portanto, a principal funo do DNS
mapear nomes de domnios em registros de recursos.
Resumindo DNS a sigla para Domain Name System que
significa Servidor de Nomes de Domnio. Basicamente ele
transforma um "nome" de domnio (por exemplo editorasolucao.com.br), num endereo IP que o endereo REAL
do domnio (por exemplo 54.84.53.115). Esses servidores
possuem ento uma srie de tabelas, ligando "nomes de
domnios" a "endereos IP". Quando um nome no encon-
trado ali, ele pergunta para um "outro" servidor se ele sabe o

endereo, recebe a informao e atualiza sua prpria tabela
para novos acessos. Este o funcionamento "bsico" de como
funciona "nomes de domnios" na internet.
Porm, ao mesmo tempo que simples, tambm um
componente fcil de ser mal utilizado, seja porque foi configurado para no ser atualizado com muita frequncia, ou est
com a tabela corrompida, ou sofreu algum ataque de hacker
que alterou suas tabelas etc., por isso, sempre interessante
no caso de verificar que algum site no est sendo acessado,
se o problema realmente no site, ou no servidor de nomes
que est sendo utilizado.
Uma maneira de resolver isso, passar a utilizar servidores DNS mais confiveis, mais estveis e mais completos,
principalmente se o seu provedor de internet possui
problemas constantes, e um dos servidores DNS gratuitos
mais utilizados e mais confiveis o do prprio Google (ele
disponibiliza o acesso para quem desejar), que so os servidores nos endereos 8.8.8.8 e 8.8.4.4. Existe 2 maneiras de
configurar o DNS: diretamente no seu roteador, ou ento na
sua prpria placa de rede.
Sem este protocolo voc teria que decorar o endereo
IP de todos os sites da Internet, isso mesmo, todo site tem
um endereo IP, por isso que se chama endereo, e site
significa local ento o endereo de locais na Internet so
determinados pelos endereos IP.
Embora sua finalidade seja simples, deve ficar claro que
o DNS um sistema distribudo, grande e complexo, que
compreende milhes de servidores de nomes que trabalham
juntos. Ele forma um elo importante entre os nomes de domnio legveis aos humanos e os endereos IP das mquinas.
E inclui replicao e caching para ganhar desempenho e
confiabilidade, sendo projetado para ser altamente robusto.
No abordamos a segurana, mas, como voc pode imaginar, a capacidade de mudar o mapeamento entre nome e
endereo pode ter consequncias devastadoras se isso for
feito de forma maliciosa. Por esse motivo, extenses de segurana, chamadas DNSSEC, foram desenvolvidas para DNS.
Resoluo de problemas comuns em

redes: falta de conectividade, rompimento
de cabo
Uma rede de dados conecta seus computadores, dispositivos e servidores atravs de cabo UTP (cabo azul) e Fibra
tica. Os computadores, chamado de host, so conectados
um equipamento chamado Switch. Este Switch, dependendo do porte da empresa conectado outro Switch at que a
conexo chegue ao servidor.
Existem vrias estruturas implementadas para desenhar a rede e depende de alguns fatores como geografia do
local, estabilizadores e transformadores de tenso eltrica
espalhados pela empresa. Nunca aproxime o cabo azul de
uma fonte de energia eltrica, ou monte seu Switch prximo
a estes lugares. A transmisso de dados feita de forma eletromagneticamente e toda conduo de energia eltrica gera
um campo magntico, este campo magntico pode provocar
a perda de pacote de dados, isto torna a rede de dados mais

lenta, pois obriga o emissor da informao a retransmitir dos
dados que foram perdidos. O modo como as conexes entre
dispositivos, que chamamos de enlace, so feitas damos o
nome de Topologia.
Algumas topologias:
Estrela
anel Talk Ring
rvore
Barra Linear
Mesch
Os problemas de conexo sempre devem ser analisados
levando em conta como esto conectados, qual a estrutura,
qual a topologia da rede, desta forma fica mais fcil identificar um erro.
Quando um usurio reclama que est sem conexo a primeira pergunta que devemos fazer se somente o computador
de quem est reclamando no consegue se comunicar ou
toda uma seo de trabalho. Se for a sua Internet que caiu voc
procura saber se teu vizinho tem conexo ou tambm no.
Uma anlise comece pelo mais simples, se somente
seu computador que no conecta rede, verifique o cabo de
rede (patch cord) quanto ao seu correto encaixe na placa de
rede e no ponto de conexo na parede. Para certificar que
seu computador no est se conectando abra o Prompt de
Comando, tambm conhecido como cmd, e digite ping
10.140.78.65 supondo que este endereo IP seja de alguma
mquina conhecida na rede ou ainda de algum servidor.
Verifique se o adaptador de rede est na lista de compatibilidade de Hardware (HCL) da Microsoft.
Verifique se o adaptador de rede e o hardware de uplink
(hub ou switch) para configuraes comuns. Certifique-se de
que todos os recursos de rede complementares (adaptador de
rede, hub e switch) esto definidos para a mesma velocidade
e nvel duplex. Se o tipo de mdia est definido como autosense, com auto-deteco, ou deteco automtica ou "Seleo automtica", certifique-se de que todos os componentes
esto detectando corretamente.
Em alguns switches, uma configurao duplex de Auto
pode fazer com que ele use half-duplex. Talvez voc precise
for-lo a usar full-duplex.
Redefina o switch, reinicie o cliente e teste a conectividade.Coloque o cliente e o servidor em um hub passivo.
Se reinicia a comunicao, o problema pode ser causado
por uma configurao de switch de rede incorreto.Para obter
mais informaes sobre como configurar os dispositivos,
entre em contato com o fornecedor do hardware.
Defina manualmente o adaptador de rede do computador
que possua problemas de conectividade para half-duplex e
uma velocidade mais baixa.
Conecte o sistema a um switch configurado para half-duplex e 10 Mbps, ou use um hub de 10 Mbps, para ver
se a conexo pode ser estabelecida a uma velocidade de
transmisso inferior.
Para aumentar o desempenho, aumente as configuraes
de velocidade manualmente para 100 Mbps e reinicie os

computadores. Testar a perda de conectividade de rede,
aumente a configurao para full-duplex e reinicie os computadores. Se ocorrer perda de rede, reduza a configurao
de duplex e a velocidade para as configuraes anteriores.
Troque o cabo de rede entre o sistema com falhas e o hub
ou switch.
Substitua o adaptador de rede por um adaptador de rede
que tenha sido testado e provado ser confivel. Para fazer
isso, execute as seguintes etapas:
Remova o programa de diagnsticos do adaptador de rede.
Remova o adaptador de rede nas propriedades de Rede.
Instale o novo adaptador de rede.
Execute o Monitor de Rede ao mesmo tempo em ambas as
extremidades da conexo de rede. Aps a filtrar os rastreamentos nos endereos dos dois sistemas, compare ambos os rastreamentos para verificar se voc pode ver os mesmos trfegos.
Use a Retransmisso TCP e a ferramenta de Especialistas
de Monitorao de Rede, para detectar retransmisses TCP.
Para fazer isso, execute as seguintes etapas:
Inicie o Monitor de Rede.
No menu Ferramentas, clique em Especialistas e, em seguida, clique em Retransmisso TCP no painel de navegao.
Clique em Adicionar Lista de Execuo.
Clique em Executar Especialistas.
Se estiverem faltando quadros em um dos rastreamentos,
verifique todo cabeamento intermedirio, hubs, switches e
roteadores para hardware ou erros de configurao.
No Monitor de Rede, exiba o quadro de resumo de
Estatsticas de Captura. Este quadro o ltimo quadro do
rastreamento. Se ele contiver um valor diferente de zero os
seguintes contadores de estatstica, o problema de conectividade pode ser causado por um problema de hardware ou de
configurao:
ESTATSTICAS: MAC CRC Errors = 0
ESTATSTICAS: MAC Frames Dropped due to HardWare Errors = 0
Switches de rede e adaptadores de rede do servidor
precisam ter as configuraes duplex iguais para que a comunicao funcione corretamente.
Os computadores em uma rede local (LAN) normalmente compartilham um meio de rede full-duplex comum.
Problemas de conectividade podem ocorrer se uma das
seguintes condies for verdadeira:
O computador foi movido para uma nova porta de comutao da Ethernet que detecta automaticamente a velocidade
da rede.
A porta do switch Ethernet e o adaptador de rede do
computador esto configurados para forar a comunicao
full-duplex de 100 Mbps ou 1 Gbps.
Voc pode melhorar o desempenho da rede em um ambiente Ethernet LAN usando hardware full-duplex.
Com full-duplex, transmitir e receber caminhos so
processos separados.
O Acesso Remoto
Muitos dispositivos, como, por exemplo, modems ADSL,
pequenos servidores de impresso e roteadores, possuem vrias opes de configurao; muitas vezes rodam o Linux ou
outro sistema operacional completo, mas no possuem nem
teclado, nem monitor. Nestes casos toda a configurao feita remotamente, atravs de algum utilitrio de configurao.
O mais comum o uso de alguma interface http, que voc
acessa de qualquer micro da rede local usando o navegador,
ou ento o uso do ssh ou telnet.
O telnet no oferece nenhum tipo de segurana. Todas as
informaes, incluindo as senhas, so transmitidas em texto
puro, de forma legvel pela rede e so fceis de interceptar.
O SSH utiliza um sistema de criptografia bastante seguro
para proteger os dados. Algum poderia muito bem interceptar as informaes pois, a internet uma rede pblica, mas
os dados capturados no tero utilidade nenhuma. O SSH a
opo mais usada para administrar servidores remotamente.
Dificilmente as empresas hospedam seus websites
in house, ou seja, em servidores instalados dentro da
prpria empresa. Quase sempre os servidores ficam hospedados em data centers, complexos que oferecem toda a
estrutura necessria para que os servidores fiquem no ar
de forma confivel, incluindo links redundantes (se o link
principal cai, existe um segundo de reserva), nobreaks
de grande porte, geradores, refrigerao (a temperatura
ambiente mais baixa ajuda os componentes a trabalhar de
forma mais estvel) e assim por diante.
Isto significa que, apesar do servidor ser seu, voc no
tem nenhum tipo de acesso fsico a ele. No pode usar o teclado ou mouse por exemplo, tudo precisa ser feito a distncia.
No Linux, toda a configurao do sistema, instalao
de novos programas e outras operaes , podem ser feitas a
partir do modo texto, o que permite configurar o servidor
e mant-lo atualizado remotamente, via SSH. Outro ponto
interessante que apesar de ser nativo do Unix, existem
clientes SSH tambm para Windows e outras plataformas,
permitindo que o responsvel administre o servidor a partir
de uma estao Windows, por exemplo.
No Kurumin voc encontra diversas opes de servidores e clientes de acesso remoto dentro do Iniciar > Redes e
acesso remoto.
Estaes de Trabalho
As estaes de trabalho, tambm chamadas de clientes,
so geralmente computadores de secretria, portteis ou
PDAs, os quais so usados para acesso aos servios disponibilizados pelo servidor, ou para executar tarefas locais. So
mquinas que possuem um poder de processamento menor.
Algumas vezes so usadas estaes sem disco [diskless], as
quais usam completamente os arquivos e programas disponibilizados pelo servidor.
Sistema Operacional de Rede

O Sistema Operacional de Rede um programa informtico
de controle da mquina que d suporte rede, sendo que existem
2 classes de sistema: sistema cliente e sistema servidor.
O sistema cliente possui caractersticas mais simples,

voltadas para a utilizao de servios, enquanto que o sistema servidor possui uma maior quantidade de recursos, tais
como servios para serem disponibilizados aos clientes.
Os sistemas baseados em Unix so potencialmente clientes
e servidores, sendo feita a escolha durante a instalao dos
pacotes, enquanto que em sistemas Windows, existem verses
clientes [Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP] e verses
servidores [Windows 2000 Server e Windows 2003 Server]
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Assinatura Digital
No dia-a-dia a veracidade de um documento se d a
assinatura que est presente nele, somente assim ele pode
ser levado em conta legalmente.
Com a Internet cada vez mais presente em nosso dia-a-dia, encontramos um problema: Como dar veracidade e
autenticidade um documento enviado pela web ?
por essas e outras razes que a assinatura digital foi criada. Apesar de no ser 100% segura, a probabilidade de haver
uma falsificao da mesma pode ser comparada de algum
falsificar sua assinatura no papel. Para quebr-la por fora
bruta, necessrio um poder computacional inimaginvel, j
que os algoritmos de criptografia esto ficando cada vez mais
complexos e as chaves geradas pelos mesmos, cada vez maiores.
Acesso remoto e rede Wireless

Muito utilizadas ultimamente, as redes wireless esto
crescendo muito rapidamente e a consequncia disso a
substituio das redes cabeadas. Apesar de mais caras, mais
lentas e mais complicadas de configurar, so muito mais
prticas, j que voc pode se conectar em qualquer ponto
dentro da rea de cobertura, principalmente, para quem
usa, por exemplo, um computador com poder de mobilidade
como um notebook, netbook um palmtop, um IPad. iPod,
ou de um iPhone.
Alm disso, as redes wireless so a nica opo em casos
nos quais no vivel usar cabos. Imagine que voc precise
ligar dois escritrios situados em dois prdios vizinhos ou
se, por qualquer motivo (mesmo que por simples questo de
esttica), no seja possvel usar cabos.
CONCEITUANDO A REDE SEM FIO

Uma rede sem fio (em ingls wireless network) , como o
seu prprio nome indica, uma rede na qual pelo menos dois
terminais (computador porttil, PDA, etc.) podem comunicar sem ligao telegrfica.
Graas s redes sem fio, um usurio tem a possibilidade
de estar conectado mesmo deslocando-se num permetro
geogrfico mais ou menos vasto, a razo pela qual se ouve
s vezes falar de mobilidade.
As redes sem fio baseiam-se numa ligao que utiliza ondas radioeltricas (rdio e infravermelhas) em vez dos cabos
habituais. Existem vrias tecnologias que se distinguem por
um lado pela frequncia de emisso utilizada bem como o
dbito e o alcance das transmisses.
As redes sem fio permitem ligar muito facilmente

equipamentos distando de uma dezena de metros a alguns
quilmetros. Alm disso, a instalao de tais redes no exige pesados ordenamentos das infra-estruturas existentes,
como o caso das redes telegrficas (escavao de valas
para encaminhar os cabos, equipar as construes com
cabos, conectores), o que resultou num desenvolvimento
rpido deste tipo de tecnologia.
Por outro lado, coloca-se o problema do regulamento
relativo s transmisses radioeltricas. Com efeito, as
transmisses radioeltricas servem para um grande nmero
de aplicaes (militares, cientistas, amadores,), mas so
sensveis s interferncias, a razo pela qual um regulamento necessrio em cada pas, para definir os intervalos
de frequncia e as potncias nas quais possvel emitir para
cada categoria de utilizao.
Alm disso, difcil confinar as ondas hertzianas numa
superfcie geogrfica restrita, por isso fcil para um hacker
ouvir as redes e as informaes circularem s claras., por
conseguinte, necessrio aplicar as disposies necessrias de
maneira a assegurar uma confidencialidade dos dados que
circulam nas redes sem fios.
Em uma rede wireless, o hub substitudo pelo ponto
de acesso (access-point, em ingls). Ele tem basicamente a
mesma funo: retransmitir os pacotes de dados, de forma
que todos os micros da rede os recebam. Em geral os pontos
de acesso possuem uma sada para serem conectados em um
hub tradicional, permitindo que voc junte os micros da
rede com fios com os que esto acessando atravs da rede
wireless, formando uma nica rede.
Ao contrrio dos hubs, os pontos de acesso so dispositivos
inteligentes, que podem ser configurados atravs de uma interface de administrao, que voc acessa usando o navegador.
Voc se conecta em um endereo IP especfico (que muda de
aparelho para aparelho, mas pode ser encontrado facilmente no
manual), loga-se usando uma senha padro e altera as configuraes (e senhas!) de acordo com as necessidades da sua rede.
Existem trs padres diferentes de rede wireless em uso.
O primeiro o 802.11b, em que a rede opera a uma taxa terica de 11 megabits. Em seguida temos os padres 802.11a e
802.11g, em que a rede trabalha a 54 megabits.
Entre os dois, o 802.11a o padro mais antigo, que
utiliza a faixa de frequncia dos 5 GHz, ao invs dos 2.4 GHz
usados no 802.11b e g. O 802.11a um padro que acabou
no pegando, pois a frequncia mais alta torna o alcance menor e exige o uso de pontos de acesso compatveis. As placas
802.11 a, so relativamente raras e, como a maioria capaz
de operar nos dois padres, muitas delas acabam operando a
11 megabits, juntando-se a redes 802.11b j existentes.
O 802.11g o padro mais usado. Ele junta o melhor dos
dois mundos, operando a 54 megabits, como no 802.11a, e
trabalhando na mesma faixa de frequncia do 802.11b (2.4
GHz), o que mantm o alcance inicial. Para que a rede
funcione a 54 megabits, necessrio que tanto o ponto de
acesso, quanto todas as placas sejam 802.11g, caso contrrio
a rede inteira passa a operar a 11 megabits, a fim de manter
compatibilidade com as placas antigas.
As redes wireless tambm so redes Ethernet e tambm

usam o TCP/IP. Mas, alm da configurao dos endereos
IP, mscara, gateway, etc., feita da mesma forma que em uma
rede cabeada, temos um conjunto adicional de parmetros. A
configurao da rede wireless feita em duas etapas. Primeiro voc precisa se conectar ao ponto de acesso, fornecendo
o ESSID da rede, canal e (caso usada encriptao) a chave
WEP ou WPA que d acesso rede. Uma vez conectado ao
ponto de acesso, voc configura os endereos da rede, da
mesma forma que em uma rede cabeada.
O ESSID uma espcie de nome de rede. Dois pontos
de acesso, instalados na mesma rea, mas configurados com
dois ESSIDs diferentes, formam duas redes separadas, permitindo que a sua rede no interfira com a do vizinho, por
exemplo. Mesmo que existam vrias redes na mesma sala,
indicar o ESSID permite que voc se conecte rede correta.
Em seguida temos o canal, que, novamente, permite que
vrios pontos de acesso dentro da mesma rea trabalhem sem
interferir entre si. Temos um total de 16 canais (numerados de
1 a 16), mas a legislao de cada pas permite o uso de apenas
alguns deles. Nos EUA, por exemplo, permitido usar apenas
do 1 ao 11 e na Frana apenas do 10 ao 13. Esta configurao
de pas definida na configurao do ponto de acesso.
O ESSID serve mais como uma forma de permitir que
vrias redes diferentes operem na mesma rea do que como
uma configurao de segurana, pois muito fcil detectar
redes disponveis e se conectar a elas. Embora o alcance
normal de uma rede wireless, usando as antenas padro
das placas e pontos de acesso normalmente no passe de
20 a 50 metros em ambientes fechados, ou de 100 a 150 em
ambientes abertos, usando antenas maiores (de alto ganho)
e conseguindo uma rota sem obstculos, possvel captar o
sinal de muito longe, chegando a 2 ou at mesmo 5 KM, de
acordo com a potncia do seu ponto de acesso.
Como praticamente impossvel impedir que outras pessoas captem o sinal da sua rede, a melhor soluo encriptar
as informaes, de forma que ela no tenha utilidade fora
do crculo autorizado a acessar a rede. a que entram o
WEP e o WPA, os dois padres de encriptao disponveis.
Embora nenhum dos dois seja livre de falhas, elas so uma
camada essencial de proteo, o que evita que sua rede seja
um alvo fcil. como as portas de uma casa. Nenhuma porta
impossvel de arrombar, mas voc com certeza no gostaria
de morar em uma casa sem portas.
Ao usar WEP, voc define uma chave de 10 (WEP de
64 bits) ou 26 (WEP de 128 bits) caracteres em hexa, onde
podem ser usados nmeros de 0 a 9 e as letras A, B, C, D, E
e F. Tambm possvel usar caracteres ASCII (incluindo
acentuao e todo tipo de caracteres especiais); neste caso
as chaves tero respectivamente 5 e 13 caracteres. No WPA
voc define uma passphrase, uma senha longa, que pode
conter letras, nmeros e caracteres especiais.
A regra bsica que os micros precisam possuir a chave
correta para se associarem ao ponto de acesso e acessarem
a rede. Em geral os pontos de acesso permitem que voc
especifique vrias chaves, de forma que cada micro pode
usar uma diferente.
CONCEITOS BSICOS DE
HARDWARE E SOFTWARE
Software
A palavra software um termo ingls que significa a parte lgica do computador (soft = leve), a parte abstrata que
corresponde aos programas de computadores. Os softwares
so classificados como softwares aplicativos ou utilitrios.
Os softwares aplicativos so sistemas de computao destinados aos usurios que utilizam o computador como meio para
alcanar seus resultados. Um Analista ou um Profissional da
rea da sade pode no entender muito de computao, mas
pode ser especialista em trabalhar com algum software aplicativo da sua rea de conhecimento. Os softwares aplicativos
mais comuns so os editares de textos, planilhas eletrnicas,
Sistema de Informao Gerencial, dentre outros.
Os softwares utilitrios so programas que tratam o
computador como objetivo fim. Muitos utilitrios so utilizados com maior freqncia por profissionais da rea de
informtica, por terem como finalidade a organizao e a
manuteno do computador. Os softwares utilitrios mais
comuns so programas para compactar arquivos, efetuar
cpias de segurana (backups), programas para formatao
de discos, execuo de mdias, dentre outros.
Hardware
A palavra hardware um termo ingls que significa a parte
fsica do computador (hard = rgido), ou seja, a parte material
que pode ser tocada. Compreende o conjunto de componentes
eletrnicos, interligados por meio de circuitos digitais. A
Figura ilustra um computador e o conjunto de equipamentos.
Um computador. Perifricos de entrada, sada e entrada e

sada. A CPU conectada a todos os perifricos, responsvel pelo
processamento das informaes e a comunicao com os dispositivos para obteno dos dados (teclado, scanner), apresentao
(vdeo ou impressora) e/ou armazenamento (cmeras, PDA, discos). Os perifricos so conectados CPU por meio de interfaces.
A sigla CPU vem do ingls Central Processor Unit e significa Unidade Central de Processamento. Em portugus,
a sigla UCP. A CPU responsvel por processar clculos,
transformar dados em informaes e responder a todas as
requisies dos usurios. Os dispositivos ligados CPU so
classificados entre dispositivos de entrada, sada ou entrada e
sada. O processo da CPU ilustrado na Figura.
Fluxo do processo de entrada e sada dos dados no computador. O processo de transformao realizado pela CPU
O referencial de entrada, sada ou ambos a CPU. Para
que os dados entrem na CPU (para serem processados), os
mesmos devero ser digitados ou copiados de algum disco.
A CPU processar os dados e os apresentar ao usurio por
meio de dispositivos de sada, ou os armazenar em disco.
Os dispositivos utilizados pelo usurio para dar entrada na
instruo ou nos dados so considerados dispositivos de entrada. Por exemplo: o usurio utiliza o teclado para cadastrar
o seu nome em um formulrio a ser processado pela CPU, ou
o mouse para dar a instruo CPU de imprimir um arquivo.
Os dispositivos utilizados pelo usurio para obter informaes, de forma visual ou impressa so os dispositivos
de sada. O usurio obtm um relatrio do computador por
meio de uma impressora ou do monitor (display). A Figura
representa o processo de entrada e sada.
Fluxo do processo de entrada e sada dos dados no computador.
Os dados, para no serem perdidos, devem ser gravados em

dispositivos de armazenamento. Os mais comuns so pendrives
ou discos rgidos (HD, de hard disk) fixos na estrutura interna
do computador. Os dados podem ser armazenados em discos
rgidos, flexveis, pendrives, CDs ou DVDs. So perifricos
todos os equipamentos (dispositivos) que se conectam CPU
para agregar recursos e aumentar a quantidade de servios
(funcionalidades) que o computador poder prover.
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Denominam-se perifricos os dispositivos que esto
margem da CPU, conectados a ela por tecnologias com ou
sem fio.
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Os perifricos so classificados de acordo com o seu
propsito. A nica funo do teclado a entrada de dados
para a CPU, logo ele classificado como perifrico de entrada. A nica funo da impressora imprimir os dados
processados pela CPU (entrados pelo teclado), logo um

perifrico de sada. No entanto, h equipamentos que
possuem funcionalidades para atuar como dispositivos de
entrada e/ou sada.
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Perifricos de entrada
Teclado ............ pRGLVSRVLWLYRXWLOL]DGRSHORXVXiULRSDUDGDU

entrada nos dados. O texto digitado pelo
teclado, um nome cadastrado pelo teclado,
os nmeros a serem calculados so digitados
por meio de um teclado.
Mouse .............. pRGLVSRVLWLYRXWLOL]DGRSHORXVXiULRSDUDGDU
instrues para o computador. O clique em
um boto poder representar, dentre outras,
uma instruo para fechar um programa,
salvar um arquivo.
scanner ............ WHUPR LQJOrV SDUD GLJLWDOL]DGRU 2 VFDQQHU
p R HTXLSDPHQWR XWLOL]DGR SDUD GLJLWDOL]DU
imagens ou documentos. Uma foto impressa
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em arquivo, para ser tratada em softwares
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Perifricos, exclusivamente, de sada
Monitor ........... p R PHLR SHOR TXDO R XVXiULR YLVXDOL]D DV

informaes. Do ponto de vista da CPU, a
sadas
Impressora ....... p R GLVSRVLWLYR XWLOL]DGR SHOR XVXiULR SDUD
imprimir documentos de texto, fotos,
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documento eletrnico.
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Dispositivos de armazenamento...: todos os dispositivos

utilizados para gravar dados. Discos rgidos (HDs), os flexveis (disquetes), pendrives, cartes de memria, CDs e DVDs.
Cmera ............... : oX PiTXLQD IRWRJUiFD GLJLWDO p XP
dispositivo cujo objetivo principal
capturar imagens em um determinado
instante (foto). Este equipamento possui
uma interface para comunicao com
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na mquina podero ser transmitidas
para o computador. possvel transferir
fotos gravadas no computador para a
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funcionalidade, o dispositivo poder ser
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PDA ....................... : tambm conhecido como computador de mo.
Possui um tamanho pouco maior a um celular,
mas tem boa capacidade de processamento e
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eletrnica, editores, planilhas, conexo
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cabeada. Conecta-se a computadores para
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Celular ................ : os
telefones
celulares
modernos
possuem software que se comunicam
FRP R FRPSXWDGRU FRP D QDOLGDGH GH
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compromissos, alm de terem acoplados
cartes de memria, o qual atua como
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fotos. Alguns celulares tambm possuem
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so dispositivos de entrada.
Modem ............... : a palavra modem a juno das
palavras
modulador/demodulador.
um dispositivo eletrnico que modula
um sinal digital (dados) em uma linha
analgica (telefonia) e depois demodula
o sinal analgico para o formato digital.
Este equipamento necessrio para a
conexo com a Internet.
Os avanos tecnolgicos tm propiciado excees, tais omo:
Monitores touth screen.................... : usado, principalmente,
por Bancos, possvel
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por meio de teclados
virtuais, apresentados no
monitor e acionados por
meio do toque na tela.
Dispositivo Multifuncional ............. : equipamentos
que
acumulam funes de
impressora e scanner
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imagens). O scanner um
dispositivo de entrada, a
impressora de sada, como
as duas funes esto no
mesmo
equipamento,
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perifrico de entrada e
sada.
Tipos de Dispositivos de Armazenamento

H diversos dispositivos de armazenamento, variveis
em termos de praticidade, qualidade, de acordo com o propsito, e a capacidade de armazenamento.
Discos Rgidos (HD) ..: ........ possuem grande capacidade
GH DUPD]HQDPHQWR PDV VmR
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HD externo ........................... : possuem grande capacidade
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frgeis para manusear.
Pendrives.............................. : tambm conhecido como
disco removvel ou Memria
USB DVK GULYH, so prticos,
possuem capacidade mdia de
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de 1MB (os mais antigos) a
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portas USB.
CD-ROM (Compact Disk) ... : possui
capacidade
para
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(CD-R), outras regravveis
(CD-RW).
Recomendada
para gravar msicas e dados
que sero guardados para a
posteridade. A desvantagem
do uso que so sensveis a
risco e, uma mdia riscada tem
comprometida a leitura de todos
os dados gravados.
DVD (Digital Vdeo Disk) ... : possui
capacidade
de
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GB. Tem como benefcio em
relao ao CD-ROM a maior
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e a tecnologia usada para
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Blue-Ray............................... FDSDFLGDGH GH DWp *%
Corresponde ao estado da arte
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vdeos e msicas.
HD-DVD .............................. : (+LJK'HQLWLRQ'LJLWDO9LGHR
Disc) Disco de Vdeo Digital de
$OWD'HQLomR
Disquete ............................... : caiu em desuso devido baixa
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(mximo de 1.44MB).
Unidades de medida da Informao
A palavra Bit a simplificao do termo ingls BInary DigiT,
que significa dgito binrio. Um bit pode ser expresso apenas pelos dgitos 0 ou 1, e corresponde a menor unidade de informao
que o computador capaz de armazenar ou processar.
Um smbolo compreensvel leitura do homem, por
exemplo, os smbolos do alfabeto, os numerais, dentre outros,
so tambm definidos como caracteres. Para formar um caractere so necessrios 8 bits. Um caractere do tamanho de 1
byte. As unidades de medida esto disponveis no Quadro 1.1.
Quadro 1.1. Unidades de medida da informao

Unidade de Medida
8 bits
1 byte
20
1 byte
1 caractere
210
1024 bytes
1 kilobyte (KB)
220
1024 KB
1 Megabyte (MB)
230
1024 MB
1 Terabyte (TB)
240
1024 TB
1 Petabyte (PB)
250
1024 PB
1 Exabyte (EB)
260
1024 EB
1 Zeltabyte (ZB)
270
1024 ZB
1 Youtabyte (YB)
280
De acordo com o iDicionrio Aulete1, o bit

como se fosse um tijolinho de montar bytes.
O byte comporta 8 bits, ou seja, ele tem 8 espaos em que
entram os dgitos zero e um, assim: 00000000, 00000001,
00000010, 00000011, 00000100, 00000101 etc. So 256 combinaes possveis (que no sistema binrio de numerao
resultam em nmeros de 0 a 255), o que significa que num
sistema de bytes de 8 bits cada um esto disponveis 256 signos de significado (letras, algarismos, sinais, smbolos etc.)
que vo formar textos, frmulas, instrues etc. Nas instrues ao processador de um computador podem ser usadas
como unidade de informao conjuntos de at 64 bits.
O armazenamento de documentos de textos, dados,
fotos, vdeos ou qualquer outro tipo de dados deve ser feita
por meio de arquivos. Dependendo do tipo do arquivo e da
quantidade de informao que ele armazenar, impactar no
espao que ser gasto para armazen-lo. A fim de facilitar a
compreenso, a Figura ilustra documentos que constituem
tipos de arquivos.
ARQUITETURA DO COMPUTADOR
O termo arquitetura de computadores corresponde ao
modo como o conjunto de componentes eletrnicos esto
organizados, conectados e se comunicam, visando ao pleno
funcionamento da parte fsica do computador: o hardware.
A Figura abaixo apresenta a imagem de uma placa-me (motherboard), assim denominada, por ser a principal placa da mquina eletrnica chamada computador.
Todos os perifricos, tais como impressoras, unidades de
disco, monitor, dentre outros, para se comunicar com o
computador, devero estar conectados a placa-me. Nela,
h conexo para a fonte de energia, responsvel por alimentar todos os componentes eletrnicos (HD interno,
placas de vdeo e rede) e os barramentos para conexo.
1 AULETE C. KWWSDXOHWHXROFRPEUVLWHSKS"PGO DXOHWHBGLJLWDO RS ORDG
Verbete&pesquisa=1&palavra=bit. Acesso em Outubro 2010
O Processador
O computador uma mquina eletrnica, programada
para processar dados, transform-los em informaes e
armazen-las para consultas futuras. O componente eletrnico que processa os dados denominado processador.
O processador um circuito eletrnico, conectados
placa-me por meio de soquetes, responsvel por executar
tarefas de processamento e controle do computador. Os
processadores so caracterizados pela marca e capacidade
de processamento, ou seja, a velocidade do processador para
responder requisies. A Figura abaixo ilustra dois tipos de
processadores, de duas marcas fortemente conhecidas no
mercado.
(a)
(b)
Processadores (a) Processador AMD Phenom de 64MHz
(b) Processador Inter Core i
Quanto mais rpido for o processamento de dados em

informao, menor ser o tempo de resposta. A velocidade
do computador depende da capacidade de processamento
do processador, expressa em GHz e da quantidade de memria RAM.
Para facilitar a compreenso, imagine o usurio trabalhar
com um editor de texto para escrever seus relatrios, deixar
um programa utilitrio de antivrus monitorando a mquina contra ataques, imprimir, abrir um software de correio
eletrnico para receber mensagens enquanto escreve seus
relatrios, gravar o relatrio em disco, conectar-se Internet e
entrar em dois softwares de troca de mensagens instantneas,
tais como o Skype (que troca voz, vdeo e texto) e o MSN.
Adicionalmente, ainda deseja acessar um site da Internet e
ouvir msicas.
Para que o usurio possa desempenhar todas estas tarefas
simultaneamente, sem comprometer o desempenho do equipamento, necessrio ter um bom processador.
Os processadores so diferenciados entre marcas e

modelos pela capacidade de processamento, menor aquecimento e silencioso.
Devido ao aquecimento durante o processamento, se
a mquina permanecer em uso por muito tempo, para
evitar travamentos durante a execuo de uma tarefa,
uma ventoinha colocada sobre o processador, a fim de
resfri-lo.
Alm do processador principal, presente nos computadores um processador aritmtico. Este processador responsvel por executar tarefas especficas de clculos aritmticos.
Lembramos ainda que o ncleo do processador dividido
em duas unidades principais.
UC Unidade de Controle
ULA Unidade Lgica e Aritmtica
Overclock
Overclock o aumento da freqncia do processador
para que ele trabalhe mais rapidamente.
A freqncia de operao dos computadores domsticos
determinada por dois fatores:
A velocidade de operao da placa-me, conhecida tambm como velocidade de barramento, que nos computadores
Pentium pode ser de 50, 60 e 66 MHz.
O multiplicador de clock, criado a partir dos 486 que
permite ao processador trabalhar internamente a uma velocidade maior que a da placa-me. Vale lembrar que os outros
perifricos do computador (memria RAM, cache L2, placa
de vdeo, etc.) continuam trabalhando na velocidade de
barramento.
Como exemplo, um computador Pentium 166 trabalha
com velocidade de barramento de 66 MHz e multiplicador
de 2,5x Fazendo o clculo, 66 x 2,5 = 166, ou seja, o processador trabalha a 166 MHz, mas se comunica com os demais
componentes do micro 66 MHz.
Tendo um processador Pentium 166 (como o do exemplo
acima), pode-se faz-lo trabalhar a 200 MHz, simplesmente
aumentando o multiplicador de clock de 2,5x para 3x. Caso
a placa-me permita, pode-se usar um barramento de 75 ou
at mesmo 83 MHz (algumas placas mais modernas suportam essa velocidade de barramento). Neste caso, mantendo
o multiplicador de clock de 2,5x, o Pentium 166 poderia
trabalhar a 187 MHz (2,5 x 75) ou a 208 MHz (2,5 x 83).
As freqncias de barramento e do multiplicador podem ser
alteradas simplesmente atravs de jumpers de configurao
da placa-me, o que torna indispensvel o manual da mesma.
O aumento da velocidade de barramento da placa-me pode
criar problemas caso algum perifrico (como memria RAM,
cache L2, etc.) no suporte essa velocidade.
Quando se faz um overclock, o processador passa a
trabalhar a uma velocidade maior do que ele foi projetado, fazendo com que haja um maior aquecimento do
mesmo. Com isto, reduz-se a vida til do processador
de cerca de 20 para 10 anos (o que no chega a ser um
problema j que os processadores rapidamente se tornam
obsoletos). Esse aquecimento excessivo pode causar
tambm freqentes "crashes" (travamento) do sistema
operacional durante o seu uso, obrigando o usurio a
reiniciar a mquina.
Ao fazer o overclock, indispensvel a utilizao de um

cooler (ventilador que fica sobre o processador para reduzir
seu aquecimento) de qualidade e, em alguns casos, uma pasta
trmica especial que passada diretamente sobre a superfcie
do processador.
Barramentos (ou slots)

O barramento um meio para comunicar ao processador memrias e placas adaptadoras de dispositivos. Os
dispositivos podem ser placas adaptadoras de vdeo, redes,
som, memrias, dentre outros. Os adaptadores so pequenos
circuitos integrados, projetados em uma placa, compatvel
com um dos barramentos disponveis na placa-me, para
comunicar-se com o processador.
Os barramentos so conhecidos como barramentos de
expanso, pois permitem conectar dispositivos adicionais,
que no acompanham a arquitetura bsica do computador.
Um usurio poder desejar visualizar a imagem do computador em duas sadas de vdeo. Para isto, basta conectar
dois adaptadores de vdeo e poder conectar dois monitores
simultaneamente.
A placa-me da Figura acima apresenta dois, dos tipos
de barramentos existentes. A seguir, uma breve descrio de
cada tipo de barramento.
Barramentos ISA: um barramento com capacidade
de 8 bits para transferncia de dados, adaptado para 16 bits.
Opera com clock de 8MHz. teis para conectar placas de
vdeo e disco rgido. ISA acrnomo de Industry Standard
Architecture.
Foto de um Barramento ISA
Barramentos EISA: um barramento compatvel com o

barramento ISA, com clock de 8MHz, mas com capacidade
de 32 bits para transferncia de dados. EISA acrnomo de
Extended Industry Standard Architecture.
Barramento EISA
Barramentos VESA Local Bus: um barramento com

capacidade de 32 bits para transferncia de dados, projetado
inicialmente para melhorar o desempenho dos adaptadores
de vdeo, foi desenvolvido pela Vdeo Eletronics Standards
Association. Os adaptadores ligados a este barramento so

divididos em duas partes, sendo uma igual ao barramento
ISA e uma parte adicional. compatvel com os barramentos anteriores, o EISA e ISA.
Barramentos PCI: um barramento com capacidade de
32 ou 64 bits para transferncia de dados, com freqncia de
33MHz a 133MHz. PCI acrnomo de Peripheral Components Interconnect. presente nas arquiteturas modernas de
computadores.
Barramento USB: acrnomo de Universal Serial
Bus, um conector padronizado, capaz de conectar
CPU vrios tipos de aparelhos, tais como impressoras,
celulares, scanners, aparelhos musicais, leitoras de cartes, HDs externos, mouses, teclados, MP3-players, cmeras digitais, dentre outros. A tecnologia USB tornou
simples o processo de adicionar novos equipamentos ao
computador. Cita-se a seguir algumas das principais
caractersticas do padro USB: oferece alimentao de
energia, facilidade de instalao, plug and play, ou seja,
conectar e usar, compatibilidade com vrios dispositivos
eletrnicos.
Cabeamentos
Os cabos ilustrados na Figura abaixo servem para conectar HD e unidades de discos placa-me. Cada cabo possui
uma quantidade especfica de pinos. O cabo que conecta a
unidade de CD placa-me possui 40 pinos. O cabo que conecta a unidade de disco flexvel (disquete) possui 20 pinos.
H cabos de 12 pinos, h outros de energia e para interligar
portas USB, serial, porta paralela, dentre outras especficas
para ligar dispositivos.
Tipos de cabos
Placas de Rede
As placas de redes so adaptadores que se comunicam
com o processador por intermdio dos barramentos e tm
por objetivo propiciar e controlar a comunicao entre os
computadores interligados.
H dois tipos de placas de rede, as que conectam os
computadores rede por meio de cabos e as que conectam
computadores por meio de rede sem fio (wireless). A Figura
abaixo ilustra ambas, respectivamente. Diferenciadas no
mercado pela taxa de transmisso, tipo de barramento utilizado e cabos de redes suportados.
(a)
(b)
Placas de rede.
(a) placa de rede com conector RJ45. (b) placa de rede sem fio.
Placa de Som
As placas adaptadoras de som so circuitos integrados
capazes de controlar sons com alta qualidade. Possuem
entradas para microfone e caixas acsticas.
Paca de som
Placa de Vdeo
Para que a imagem produzida seja refletida na tela do
monitor ou de uma TV com entrada RGB, importante
conectar placa-me uma placa de vdeo. Ela possui uma
entrada com 14 pinos fmea. O cabo de vdeo transforma as
cores vermelho, verde e azul (RGB, de Red, Green e Blue,
respectivamente).
Placa de vdeo
Memrias
Memria ROM, de Random Access Memory uma
memria voltil, acessvel pelo computador.
Memria RAM, DIMM barramento de 32 bits
Fonte de Alimentao
Fonte de alimentao de 12 Volts.

Os cabos da fonte vm fixos e h conexes especficas na placa-me.
O lado correto preto com lado preto, caso contrrio, dar curto.
Impressoras
As tecnologias de impressoras tm modernizado muito
e, com preos cada vez mais baixos e a qualidade cada vez
maior, as impressoras a laser e os equipamentos multifuncionais tm ganhado a preferncia dos usurios domsticos
e corporativos.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a) Impressora jato de tinta; (b) impressora a laser;

(c) impressora matricial; (d) multifuncional com funo de impressora.
HD ou Winchester
Os discos rgidos podem ser internos, ligados por um
flat-cable de 40 pinos conectado diretamente placa-me,
ou externos, conectados por meio de portas USB. Os discos
rgidos (HDs) possuem alta capacidade de armazenamento.
(a)
(b)
Figura 2.12. Discos rgidos. (a) HD interno.
(b) HD externo
Unidades de Disco
Os discos rgidos podem ser internos, ligados por um
flat-cable de 40 pinos diretamente placa-me, ou externos,
conectados por meio de portas USB. Os discos rgidos (HDs)
possuem alta capacidade de armazenamento.
Unidades de CD/DVD, disquete 1.44 MB
Placa de Fax Modem

A juno das palavras modulador e demodulador originou a palavra modem. um circuito integrado capaz de
converter sinais digitais para analgicos e vice-versa, estabelecendo assim a transmisso de dados por meio de canais
de telefonia.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Placa de fax-modem. (a) onboard. (b) offboard.

(c) modem para celular. (d) modem para banda-larga
Swicth
(a)
(b)
(a)Esquema de montagem de Rede . (b) Swicth.
%,26
Utilizado para dar o boot no computador, ou seja inici-lo e reconhecer seu hardware cada placa-me possui sua
bios no funcionando em outra.
6(783
Ele nos fornece acesso para configurar opes de hardware instalado, alm de desempenho do sistema , senhas etc..
uma m configurao do setup pode tornar seu computador
uma carroa. Neste curso voc aprender a maneira mais
fcil e rpida de configur-lo tornando sua mquina mais
rpida tanto para iniciar quanto para trabalhar.
&026
Utilizado para armazenar os dados configurados no
setup para no perd-los, o cmos contm aproximadamente
128 bytes de memria ram embutido no cartucho da bios,
alimentado por uma bateria que evita a perda dos dados com
a mquina desligada.
3267
uma parte da Memria que tem a finalidade de checar
o hardware durante o processo de inicializao, caso for encontrado alguma inconformidade o computador trava antes
de chegar na inicializao do sistema.
BATERIA DE TESTES
$RDEULUXPGRFXPHQWRQR:RUGHPVXDFRQJXUDomRSDGUmR XPD VpULH GH OLQKDV RQGXODGDV YHUGHV H
YHUPHOKDVTXHQmRID]HPSDUWHGDIRUPDWDomRGRWH[WR
GHQLGD SHOR XVXiULR IRUDP DSUHVHQWDGDV DXWRPDWLFDmente pelo Word embaixo de algumas palavras e trechos
do texto. As linhas onduladas vermelhas indicam:
a) Possveis erros gramaticais.
b) 3RVVtYHLVHUURVRUWRJUiFRV
c) Existncia de comentrios.
d) Pontos de reviso aceitos.
e) 4XHDIRQWHXWLOL]DGDQRWH[WRp$ULDO
2. Os atalhos do teclado facilitam o trabalho de digitao do
Word. Quando pretendemos salvar o documento devemos pressionar simultaneamente as teclas:
a) &WUO6
b) &WUO7
c) &WUO%
d) &WUO$
e) &WUO1
3. Qualquer aplicao aberta no Windows pode ser fechada
QRERWmRIHFKDURXXWLOL]DQGRDFRPELQDomRGHWHFODV
a) &UWO)
b) 6KLIW)
c) $OW;
d) $OW)
e) $OW(VF
1R06:RUGDRSHUDomRTXHSHUPLWHDOLQKDUXP
texto simultaneamente s margens esquerda e direita de
XPSDUiJUDIRVHOHFLRQDGRpGHQRPLQDGD
a) Alinhar Texto Direita.
b) Alinhar Texto Esquerda.
c) &HQWUDOL]DU
d) Espaar Linha.
e) -XVWLFDU
5. Assinale a alternativa que indica corretamente o nome do
JUXSR GR 06:RUG HP VXD FRQJXUDomR SDGUmR
TXHFRQWpPRFRPDQGR0DUFD'iJXD
a) &RQJXUDU3iJLQD
b) Layout da Pgina.
c) Ilustraes.
d) Estilo.
e) Plano de Fundo da Pgina.
6. Assinale a alternativa que apresenta o valor numrico
REWLGRQDFpOXOD%GDSODQLOKDPRVWUDGDDEDL[RTXHHVWi
VHQGRHODERUDGDFRPRDX[tOLRGRSURJUDPD([FHOHPVXD
FRQJXUDomRSDGUmRVDEHQGRTXHDH[SUHVVmRPDWHPitica =SE(B2>A3;MAIOR(B1:B3;1);MENOR(A1:A3;2))
foi digita na clula.
a) 2
b) 3
c)
d) 7
e) 11
7. Qual o valor obtido na clula B7 caso seja digitada a fu
no:=SOMASE(A1:A5;"<0";B1:B5) Executado no MS([FHOHPVXDFRQJXUDomRSDGUmRFRQIRUPHJXUD
abaixo:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e) 9
8. Observe a planilha abaixo:
1D JXUD DFLPD GH XPD SODQLOKD ([FHO 6H QD FpOXOD &
for inserida a frmula =A1-B1, em C2 =SOMA(A2:B2) e em
C3 =SOMA(C1:C2), os resultados obtidos em C1, C2 e C3,
respectivamente, sero:
a) H
b) H
c) H
d) H
e) H
(PXPDSODQLOKDGR0LFURVRIW([FHOQDVXDFRQJXUDomR
SDGUmRWHPVHQDFpOXOD&DIyUPXOD $%$RVHU
FRSLDGDSDUDREORFR&'DFpOXOD
a) 'FDUiFRPDIyUPXOD %%
b) 'FDUiFRPDIyUPXOD $'
c) &FDUiFRPDIyUPXOD $%
d) &FDUiFRPDIyUPXOD $%
e) &FDUiFRPDIyUPXOD $%
$YDOLHDVFpOXODVDSUHVHQWDGDV$ $ &DVD$
$ RUHVXOWDGRGDIXQomR 620$$$p
a) .#VALOR!
b)
c)
d) #REF!
e) #NOME?
1R 063RZHU3RLQW HP VXD FRQJXUDomR SDGUmR
H[LVWHPDVRSHUDo}HVDJUXSDUHGHVDJUXSDUREMHWRVFRQIRUPHPRVWUDDJXUDDVHJXLU
$VVLQDOHDDOWHUQDWLYDTXHGHQHFRUUHWDPHQWHDIXQomR
da operao Agrupar.
a) Permite unir dois ou mais objetos selecionados para que
sejam tratados como um nico objeto.
b) Permite unir dois ou mais slides selecionados para que se
tornem um nico slide.
c) Permite separar objetos em grupos diferentes.
d) Permite formar grupos de slides selecionados.
e) Permite unir dois objetos distintos que no podero mais
ser desagrupados.
1D IHUUDPHQWD 0LFURVRIW 2IFH 3RZHU3RLQW FRQJXUDomR SDGUmR HVWmR GLVSRQtYHLV LQ~PHURV UHFXUVRV
para a produo de apresentaes. Um recurso muito
XWLOL]DGRpD7UDQVLomRSDUDHVWH6OLGHTXHVmRHIHLWRV
TXHRFRUUHPQRPRGRGHH[LELomRDSUHVHQWDomRGHVOLGHV
quando se move de um slide para o prximo. Este recurso
HVWiGLVSRQtYHOQDJXLD
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Animaes
Design
Transies
Apresentao de Slides
Exibio
13- Assinale a alternativa que contm o arquivo cujo tipo

indica ser uma Apresentao de Slides do Microsoft PoZHU3RLQWHPVXDFRQJXUDomRSDGUmR
a)
Apresentao.pwp
b)
TCC.docx
c)
Vagas.mdb
d)
Judicirio.ppsx
e)
Escola.docx
2EVHUYHDWHQWDPHQWHDHODERUDomRGHXPHPDLOXWLOL]DQGRR062XWORRNHPVXDFRQJXUDomRSDGUmR
CoPEDVHQDJXUDDFLPDDQDOLVHDVDUPDWLYDVVHJXLQWHV
I 2UHPHWHQWHGRHPDLOpLGHQWLFDGRSRUWUDIHJR#LEJH
gov.br.
II O corpo do e-mail possui texto sem formatao.
III Os arquivos comput.gif, logo.gif, pixel.gif e relat1.gif
so imagens anexas ao e-mail.
(VWimRFRUUHWDV$3(1$6DVDUPDWLYDV
a) I.
b) II.
c) III.
d) I e II.
e) II e III.
15.
'H DFRUGR FRP DV LQIRUPDo}HV DFLPD SRGHVH DUPDU

corretamente que:
a) o e-mail ser enviado para todos os contatos de Sandra.
b) a cpia oculta do e-mail ser direcionada a Marina.
c) somente Joo Carlos receber o e-mail.
d) Joo Carlos receber o e-mail somente quando Marina o ler.
e) Sandra receber o e-mail sem que Joo Carlos e Marina
saibam.
16. Paulo deseja enviar uma mensagem de correio eletrnico

SDUD-RVpH0DWKHXV-XQWRjPHQVDJHPGHYHUiVHJXLUXP
DUTXLYR [OV[ GR ([FHO $OpP GLVVR 3DXOR QmR TXHU
que Jos saiba que ele (Paulo) enviou a mensagem para
0DWKHXV3DUDDWHQGHUjVVXDVQHFHVVLGDGHV3DXORGHYH
a) LQVHULU R DUTXLYR [OV[ QR FDPSR DVVXQWR FRORFDU R
HQGHUHoRGH-RVpQRFDPSRSDUDHRGH0DWKHXVQR
FDPSR&F
b) LQVHULU R DUTXLYR [OV[ QR FDPSR DVVXQWR FRORFDU R
HQGHUHoR GH -RVp QR FDPSR &F H R GH 0DWKHXV QR
FDPSRSDUD
c) anexar o arquivo xlsx mensagem, colocar o endereo de
-RVpQRFDPSRSDUDHRGH0DWKHXVQRFDPSR&F
d) anexar o arquivo xlsx mensagem, colocar o endereo de
-RVpQRFDPSRSDUDHRGH0DWKHXVQRFDPSR&FR
e) anexar o arquivo xlsx mensagem, colocar o endereo
GH-RVpQRFDPSR&FRHRGH0DWKHXVQRFDPSR&F
$VVLQDOHDDOWHUQDWLYDFRUUHWDTXHFRQWpPRDWDOKRXWLOL]DGRQR062XWORRNHPVXDFRQJXUDomRSDGUmR
para criar um novo e-mail.
a) &75/3
b) &75/1
c) &75/%
d) &75/$
e) &75/(
3RU SDGUmR DV PHQVDJHQV UHFHELGDV FRP SULRULGDGH
DOWD SHODV IHUUDPHQWDV GH &RUUHLR (OHWU{QLFR FRPR R
0LFURVRIW2XWORRNHPVXDFRQJXUDomRSDGUmRVmR
DUPD]HQDGDVQDSDVWD
a) Caixa de Sada
b) Caixa de Entrada.
c) Itens Enviados
d) Rascunhos.
e) Tarefas.
2VRIWZDUHGHHPDLO7KXQGHUELUG0R]LOODSRVVXLDIXQcionalidade de:
a)DUPD]HQDUPHQVDJHQVHQYLDGDVSDUDDLQWHUQHWQDSDVWD
&RUUHLRSRUGHIDXOW
b)DUPD]HQDUPHQVDJHQVUHFHELGDVGDLQWHUQHWQDSDVWD(QWUDGDSRUGHIDXOW
c)JXDUGDURVHQGHUHoRVGHHPDLOQRFDWiORJRLGHQWLFDGR
no software, por imagem-022.jpg
d) permitir anexar arquivos de tamanho superior a 1GBytes
a e-mails transmitidos.
e) permitir o envio de mensagens como cpias ocultas, por
meio da referncia Cc:.
2VRIWZDUH7KXQGHUELUG0R]LOODSRVVXLDVHJXLQWHIXQFLRnalidade:
a) fornece uma viso geral das tarefas do dia, por meio do
recurso "Caixa de Entrada"
b) XWLOL]DRERWmR3DUDSDUDDRHQYLDUXPHPDLODQH[DU
arquivos.
c) abre a janela do catlogo de endereos por meio do ataOKRGHWHFODGR&WUO6KLIW%
d) envia de e-mails somente para endereos cadastrados no
catlogo de endereos.
e) permite anexar a um e-mail somente arquivos no formato for ".DOCX"
21. O uso do correio eletrnico passou a ser comum para a
FRPXQLFDomRHQWUHSHVVRDVHPVXEVWLWXLomRjVFDUWDVHDRV
WHOHJUDPDVFRQYHQFLRQDLV9iULRVDSOLFDWLYRVSHUPLWHPDHVcrita e a leitura de mensagens eletrnicas em computadores
com sistema operacional Windows. Assinale a alternativa
que apresenta o nome de um aplicativo de correio eletrnico.
a) Internet Explorer
b) Windows Explorer
c) Microsoft Word
d)0R]LOOD7KXQGHUELUG
e) WordPad
3DUDRFRUUHWRHQYLRGHPHQVDJHQVSHOR0R]LOOD7KXQGHUELUGH[LVWHDQHFHVVLGDGHGHFRQJXUDomRGRSURWRFROR
a) IMAP
b) DNS
c) SMTP
d) POP3
e) TCP/IP
4XDOSURWRFRORGHUHFHELPHQWRGHPHQVDJHQVID]RGRZQload das mensagens para o seu computador:
a) IMAP
b) DNS
c) SMTP
d) POP3
e) TCP/IP
GABARITO
1-B
2-C
3-D
4-E
5-E
6-C
7-D
8-E
9-E
10 - C
11 - A
12 - C
13 - D
14 - C
15 - E
16 - D
17 - B
18 - B
21 - D
22 - C
23 - D
19 - B
20 - C
ANOTAES


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3ROtFLD

Leitura e interpretao de diversos tipos de textos (literrios e no literrios)................................ 01

Entendemos por texto, um conjunto de ideias expressas

O texto literrio expressa a opinio pessoal do autor que

O texto de Luiz Carlos Lisboa um texto no literrio,

1) Segundo o texto, os jovens:

cado equivalente; de outra feita, utiliza-se de expresses,

6) "... dbil, indefinida e acovardada do adulto diante

1 Atitude dbil (= louca) indefinida, acovardada equivale a

a) maluco, incoerente, medroso.

O autor, no primeiro bloco de ideias, torna equivalente a

Para compreendermos o texto preciso descobrir sua

(Manuel Bandeira. Estrela da vida inteira.

Toda a narrativa tem um narrador: aquele que conta a

Leia este trecho de um texto narrativo:

3) NARRADOR (PONTO DE VISTA)

A escrava pegou a filhinha

Geralmente, classifica-se em:

(Oswald de Andrade. Poesias Reunidas.

o procedimento do narrador ao reproduzir as falas ou o

Entende-se por ordem o registro de um fato ou detalhe de

H trs tipos de discurso:

Discurso direto: caracterizado pela reproduo fiel da

No primeiro pargrafo, o narrador j conta o que aconteceu personagem.

A fala nos quadrinhos normalmente apresentada de

2) O narrador faz referncia a um fato anterior, que o leitor

O detento disse que (ele) no confiava mais na Justia.

Agora (Fabiano) queria entender-se com Sinh Vitria a

A palavra fico vem do latim fictio, que deriva do verbo

Leia este trecho descritivo de Guimares Rosa:

Alice no Pas das Maravilhas

H duas maneiras bsicas de descrever: objetiva ou subjetivamente.

Na descrio objetiva, a realidade retratada com a

O apartamento que comprei tem trs dormitrios sendo

O senhor sabe: serto onde manda quem forte, com

A descrio um verdadeiro retrato com palavras. Na

Leia este trecho de um texto dissertativo:

O texto expe um ponto de vista (a finalidade da vida

b) Do geral para o particular

A ESTRUTURA DO TEXTO DISSERTATIVO

Eu no tinha este rosto de hoje

Eu no dei por esta mudana,

(Ceclia Meireles - Obra potica.

Veja como est estruturado o texto que segue:

Na descrio tcnica procura-se transmitir a imagem do

Observe como a autora organizou o texto dedutivamente:

Leia o texto seguinte:

O primeiro olhar da janela de manh

Particular: dados da pesquisa feita pelo CBIA.

(Bertolt Brecht. Poemas e canes. Coimbra, 1975)

Como foi organizado esse poema? Qual a sequncia de

Geral: os ndices de violncia continuam aumentando apesar

O texto apresentado possui:

4) Indique a alternativa que possui o discurso indireto-livre:

b) No quero discutir com a senhora. Mas tambm no

(Gregrio de Matos. Poemas escolhidos. So Paulo, Cultrix)

O texto apresenta uma enumerao de definies de

c) Ela se referia a uma misteriosa casa na Avenida Joo

d) Que que tem trazer uma flor para casa?

Seriam onze horas da manh.

O texto acima possui predominncia:

5) O texto a seguir apresenta: