NAME

: GITA SETYANI PUTRI

CLASS
NUMBER

: LT 3E
: 12

TRANSISTOR
DEFINITION
A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a
switch or gate for electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a
semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a current.
FUNCTION
Transistor can be used as an amplifier, high-speed switch (electronics
switching), Oscillators, signal modulation, and some types of transistors
can also be arranged as a series of logic gates
MATERIALS
Transistor is an electronics component that has three terminals,
namely Base, Collector and Emitter. Transistor was categorized in
semiconductor active component because it does need current for doing
the function. Transistor can be made of Silicon, Germanium, or Gallium
Arsenide base materials. While packing of transistors usually made of
plastic, metal, surface mount, and also some types of transistors packed
into a container that called IC (integrated circuit).
Transistors are built by stacking three different layers of
semiconductor material together. Some of those layers have extra
electrons added to them (is called an n-type ), and others have electrons
removed (is called a p-type ). Transistors are created by either stacking
an n on top of a p on top of an n, or p over n over p.

TYPES AND SYMBOLS

Symbol

Name

Description

NPN Bipolar
Transistor

Allows current flow when high potential at

base (middle)

PNP Bipolar
Transistor

Allows current flow when low potential at

base (middle)

Darlington
Transistor

Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total

gain of the product of each gain.

JFET-N Transistor

N-channel field effect transistor

JFET-P Transistor

P-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor

N-channel MOSFET transistor

PMOS Transistor

P-channel MOSFET transistor

CHARACTERISTIC

The characteristics of each transistor work area can be seen as follows :

A. Cut-off area
When emitter diode given reverse bias. Consequently does not occur
the movement of electrons, so that the base current, I B = 0. Similarly,
the current collector, IC = 0, or so-called ICEO (Flow Collector to emitter
at current prices Base is 0).
B. Saturation area
When emitter diode given forward bias. Collectors also given a diode
forward bias. As a result the collector current I C will reach the maximum
price, but does not depend on base current I B and dc. This causes the
transistors into components that can not be controlled.
C. Active area
When emitter diode given forward bias. Collector diode bias given
reverse bias. Resulting properties desired transistor, which transistors
can be controlled.

D. Breakdown area
When collectors given diode reverse bias voltage exceeds its
breakdown, so the collector current IC will exceed the specifications are
allowed. This can cause damage transistors.
APPLICATIONS OF BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
Transistor as a Switch
For switching applications transistor is biased to operate in the saturation
or cutoff region. Transistor in cutoff region will act as an open switching
whereas in saturation will act as a closed switch.
Open Switch

In the cutoff region (both junctions are reversed biased) the voltage across
the CE junction is very high. The input voltage is zero so both base and
collector currents are zero, hence the resistance offered by the BJT us very
high (ideally infinite).
Closed Switch

In saturation (both junctions are forward biased) a high input voltage is

applied to the base. The value of base resistance is adjusted such that a
large base current flows. There is a small voltage drop across the collector
emitter junction of the order of 0.05 to 0.2 V and collector current is very

large. A very small voltage drop takes place across the BJT and it can be
said to be equivalent to a closed switch.

DEFINITION
FUNCTION
MATERIALS
TYPES AND SYMBOLS
CHARACTERISTIC
APPLICATIONS OF BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

Symbol

Name
NPN Bipolar
Transistor

PNP Bipolar
Transistor

Darlington Transistor

JFET-N Transistor

JFET-P Transistor

NMOS Transistor

PMOS Transistor

Open Switch

Closed Switch