Direct

QUOTATI
ON

QUOTED

Indirect Speech
Reported Speech

TELL

SA
Y

We need to Use to. We use say when we name

Only the speaker. He said that. (to me)

For greetings and farewells: He said hello,

facts and pieces

When we name
the speaker
and the
listener.

He told me
that..

For

He said hello to us. .

Of Information :
He our teacher every day. For giving
his age.

He told us

Yes No answer and stating polite phrases :

them a story.

You told

She said yes. They always say no. We say bless you after
someone sneezes.
Pronouns (+ Who/ whom)
CHANGES
REFERENCE
PossessiveTO
Adjectives
(Whose)

Time and Place

As the listener you must change so that the statement is logical
I need to learn my lesson, Paul said.
Paul said that he needs to learn his lesson.
TIME
I
haveAND
an English test tonight, Tina said. (Monday)

TUESDAY
SUNDAY

Tina said that she had an English test last night.

Tina said that she had.

That night.

My test is here at the CBA, Tina said

She said that her test was there at the CBA.

TIM
TODAY

that day / yesterday.

TOMORROW

the next day / the following day.

YESTERDAY

the day before.

NOW

then / at that moment / at that time.

PLA
HERE

there

THIS

that

THESE

VICEVERSA
those

VERB

NO CHANGES

If we are reporting facts or general truth. If theres immediate reporting. If the

reporting verb is in the simple present. Informal conversation.

SHIF

VERB
PRESENT FUTURE
PAST

PAST

PAST PERFECT

PAST PERFECT = PAST PERFECT( NOWHERE TO SHIFT)

present simple
I'm a teacher.

past simple
He said he was a teacher

present continuous
I'm having lunch with my parents.

past continuous.
He said he was having lunch with his
parents.

present perfect simple

I've been to France three times.

past perfect simple

He said he had been to France three
times.

present perfect continuous

I've been working very hard.

past perfect continuous

He said he had been working very hard.

past simple
I bought a new car.

past perfect
He said he had bought a new car.

past continuous
It was raining earlier.

past perfect continuous

He said it had been raining earlier.

past perfect
The play had started when I arrived.

past perfect
NO CHANGE POSSIBLE

past perfect continuous

I'd already been living in London for five
years.

past perfect continuous

NO CHANGE POSSIBLE

EXAMPLES
I will study hard she said she would study hard.
Im going to study hard she said she was going to study hard.
I study hard She said she studied hard.
I am studying hard she said she was studying hard.
I have studied hard she said she had studied hard.
I studied hard she said she had studied hard.
I was studying hard she said she had been studying hard.
I had studied hard she said she had studied hard.
I had been studying hard she said she had been studying hard.

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

Simple Present
Present Continuous

Simple Past
Past Continuous

Past Simple

Past Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Future (Going to)/ Future (will)

(Was/Were going to) (Would)

Conditionals