Steel and Timber Design

BFC43003

Timber Design of Axially

Loaded Members
Department of Structural and Materials Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Introduction
Axially loaded members or members in combined axial force and
bending:

Post/column

Vertical wall studs

Truss

Bracing elements

cross-bracing

Stud wall
construction

Introduction

Introduction
Design consideration of axially loaded members:
1. Slenderness ratio
Relates to positional restraint of ends, lateral restraint along the
length and cross-sectional dimensions of the member
2. Axial compression and bending stress
Permissible stresses for timber compression members are
governed by:
a) the particular condition of services,
b) duration of loading (K1),
c) load sharing (K2),
d) shape of element (K6), and
e) additional factor given in Cl.12.5 (K8).

Introduction
Behaviour of timber column

Capacity of timber column

Design Procedure

The effective length, Le of a column should be derived from

either:
i.

Table 9 in MS 544: Part 2: 2001, Cl.12.3

ii.

The deflection form of compression member affected by

any restraint and or fixing moments. The effective length
is considered as the distance between adjacent points of
zero bending moment which the member is in single
curvature.

Design Procedure

Pin-ended struts

Pin-ended columns

Design Procedure
Pin connected
column base

Fixed-ended column

Pin-fixed columns

Fixed or pin connected ?

Design Procedure

Slenderness ratio () (Clause 12.4 of MS 544: Part 2)

Slenderness ratio is calculated by using formula below:

Le
i

where;
L e = effective length
i = radius of gyradation = I A =
b = the least lateral dimension

bd

12 bd

= b

12

Design Procedure

The slenderness ratio should not exceed a value of;

a) 180
- Any compression members carrying dead and imposed
loads other than loads resulting from wind.
- any compression member, however loaded, which by its
deformation will adversely affect the stress in another
member carrying dead and imposed loads other than
wind.
b) 250
- Any member normally subjected to tension or combined
and bending arising from dead and imposed load, but
subjected to a reversal of axial stress solely from the effect
of wind
- any compression member carrying selfweight and wind
loads only

Design Procedure

Modification factor for compression members, K8

- Can be determined using Table 10 or calculated from the
equation:

K8

1 (1 + ) 2 E 1 (1 + ) 2 E
= +
+
3 2 c 2
3 2 c
2

1 .5 2 c

1/ 2

where;
c = permissible stress ( c ,|| K 1 )
E = min. modulus of elasticity, Emin
= slenderness ratio
= 0 . 005

Member subjected to axial load

Member subjected to axial compression only:

The axial compressive strength ( c , a ,|| )

c , a ,|| =

P
A

Axial compressive load

Cross-sectional area

Permissible compression stress ( c , adm ,|| )

For < 5 :

c , adm ,|| = c , g ,|| K 1 K 2

For 5 :

c , adm ,|| = c , g ,|| K 1 K 2 K 8

c , a ,|| c , adm ,||

Member subjected to axial load

Member subjected to axial compression and bending (Cl. 12.6):

Include compression members subject to eccentric loading,
where load acts through a point at a certain distance from the
centroid axis, which can be adequate to an axial compression
force and bending moment:

Member subjected to axial load

Members which re restrained at both ends in position but not
direction and subjected to bending and axial compression, should
be proportioned that:
m , a ,||
c , a ,||
+
1
1 . 5 c , a ,|| K 8 c , adm ,||
m , adm ,|| 1

where;
m ,a ,|| = applied bending stress = M Z
m , adm ,|| = permissible bending stress = m , g ,|| K 1 K 2 K 5 K 6
c , a ,|| = applied compression stress = P A
c ,adm ,|| = permissible compression stress =
c , g ,|| K 1 K 2 K 8
e = Euler critical stress
= 2E
, E = Emin Euler critical stress

(L e / i )2

Example 7.4: Timber column design

Example 7.4: Timber column design

Example 7.4: Timber column design

Example 7.4: Timber column design

Example 7.4: Timber column design

Example 7.4: Timber column design

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Example 7.4: Timber column design

Example 7.4: Timber column design

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Example 7.4: Timber column design

Example 7.5: Timber column design

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Example 7.5: Timber column design

Example 7.5: Timber column design

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Example 7.5: Timber column design

Example 7.5: Timber column design

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Example 7.6: Timber column design

Example 7.6: Timber column design

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Example 7.6: Timber column design

Example 7.6: Timber column design

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Example 7.6: Timber column design

Example 7.6: Timber column design

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Example 7.6: Timber column design

Example 7.6: Timber column design

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Example 7.6: Timber column design

Example 7.6: Timber column design

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Example 7.6: Timber column design

Example 7.6: Timber column design

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Example 7.6: Timber column design

Example 7.6: Timber column design

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Example 7.7: Timber column design

Example 7.7: Timber column design

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Example 7.7: Timber column design

Example 7.7: Timber column design

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Example 7.8: Timber column design

Example 7.7: Timber column design

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Example 7.7: Timber column design

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