Jack Welch

For other people named Jack Welch, see Jack Welch reaucracy he observed at GE. Welch was persuaded to
(disambiguation).
remain at GE by Reuben Guto, an executive at the company, who promised him that he would help create the
[9]
John Francis "Jack" Welch, Jr. (born November 19, small-company atmosphere Welch desired. In 1963, an
explosion at the factory which was under his management
1935) is a retired American business executive, author,
of the facilities, and he was almost red
and chemical engineer. He was chairman and CEO of blew o the roof[10]
for that episode.
General Electric between 1981 and 2001. During his
tenure at GE, the companys value rose 4,000%.[2] In By 1968, Welch became the vice president and head
2006, Welchs net worth was estimated at $720 million.[1] of GEs plastics division, which at the time was a $26
When he retired from GE he received a severance pay- million operation for GE.[6] Welch oversaw production
ment of $417 million, the largest such payment in as well as the marketing for the GE-developed plastics
history.[3]
Lexan and Noryl. Not long after, in 1971, Welch also became the vice president of GEs metallurgical and chemical divisions.[6] By 1973, Welch was named the head of
strategic planning for GE and he held that position until
1 Early life and education
1979, which involved him now working from the corporate headquarters, exposing him to many of the big sh
Jack Welch was born in Peabody, Massachusetts, the son he would one day be among.[11] Not long after his proof Grace (Andrews), a homemaker, and John Francis motion to head of strategic planning, Welch was named
Welch, Senior, a Boston & Maine Railroad conductor.[4] senior vice president and head of Consumer Products and
Jack is Irish American. His paternal and maternal grand- Services Division in 1977, a position he held until 1979
parents were Irish.[5]
when he became the vice chairman of GE.[6]
Throughout his early life in middle school and high In 1981, Welch became GEs youngest chairman and
school, Jack found work in the summers as a golf caddie, CEO, succeeding Reginald H. Jones. By 1982, Welch
newspaper delivery boy, shoe salesman, and drill press had dismantled much of the earlier management put tooperator.[5] Welch attended Salem High School, where gether by Jones with aggressive simplication and conhe participated in baseball, football, and captained the solidation. One of his primary leadership directives was
hockey team.[5]
that GE had to be No. 1 or No. 2 in the industries it
participated in.[12]

Late in his senior year, Welch was accepted to University

of Massachusetts Amherst, where he studied chemical
engineering. Welch worked in chemical engineering at Sunoco and PPG Industries during his college
summers.[5] In his sophomore year, he became a member
of the Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.[5] Welch graduated in
1957 with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering, turning down oers from several companies
in order to attend graduate school at the University of
Illinois.[5][6] He graduated from the University of Illinois
in 1960 with a Masters degree and a PhD in chemical
engineering.[7][8]

2.1 CEO
Through the 1980s, Welch sought to streamline GE. In
1981, he made a speech in New York City called Growing fast in a slow-growth economy.[13] Under Welchs
leadership, GE increased market value from $12 billion
in 1981 to $280 billion, making 600 acquisitions while
shifting into emerging markets. Welch pioneered a policy of informality at the work place, allowing all employees to have a small business experience at a large
corporation.[9] Welch worked to eradicate perceived inefciency by trimming inventories and dismantling the bureaucracy that had almost led him to leave GE in the past.
He closed factories, reduced pay rolls and cut lackluster
units.[14] Welchs public philosophy was that a company
should be either No. 1 or No. 2 in a particular industry,
or else leave it completely.

General Electric

Welch joined General Electric in 1960. He worked as a

junior chemical engineer in Pittseld, Massachusetts, at
a salary of $10,500. In 1961, Welch planned to quit his
job as junior engineer because he was dissatised with
the raise oered to him and was unhappy with the bu- Welch valued surprise and made unexpected visits to
1

2
GEs plants and oces.[9] Welch popularized so-called
"rank and yank" policies used now by other corporate
entities. Each year, Welch would re the bottom 10%
of his managers, regardless of absolute performance.[15]
He earned a reputation for brutal candor. He rewarded
those in the top 20% with bonuses and stock options. He
also broadened the stock options program at GE, extending availability from top executives to nearly one third of
all employees. Welch is also known for abolishing the
nine-layer management hierarchy and bringing a sense of
informality to the company.[16]

LATER LIFE

Kidder, Peabody & Co. bond-trading scheme in the early

1990s.[9]
Welch has received criticism for a lack of compassion for
the middle class and working class. By his actions during acquisitions and wholesale shutdowns of GE business
units Welch proved that keeping only the good units of a
company can maximize ROI in the short term.[22] Welch
has stated that he is not concerned with the discrepancy
between the salaries of top-paid CEOs and those of average workers. When asked about the issue of excessive
CEO pay, Welch has said that such allegations are outrageous and has vehemently opposed proposed SEC regulations aecting executive compensation. Countering
the public uproar over excessive executive pay (including
backdating stock options, golden parachutes for nonperformance, and extravagant retirement packages), Welch
stated that CEO compensation should continue to be dictated by the free market, without interference from government or other outside parties.[23]

During the early 1980s he was dubbed Neutron Jack (in

reference to the neutron bomb) for eliminating employees
while leaving buildings intact.[17] In Jack: Straight From
The Gut, Welch states that GE had 411,000 employees
at the end of 1980, and 299,000 at the end of 1985. Of
the 112,000 who left the payroll, 37,000 were in businesses that GE sold, and 81,000 were reduced in continuing businesses. In return, GE had increased its market
capital tremendously. Welch reduced basic research, and Welchs income and assets came under scrutiny during
closed or sold o businesses that were under-performing. his divorce from his second wife, Jane, in 2001, after she
In 1986, GE acquired RCA.[18] RCAs corporate head- included details in divorce papers of what she said he requarters were located in Rockefeller Center; Welch sub- ceived as benets from GE. Welchs contracts with GE
sequently took up an oce in the now GE Building at 30 were subsequently investigated by the Securities and ExRockefeller Plaza. The RCA acquisition resulted in GE change Commission.[24][25] The retention package, worth
selling o RCA properties to other companies and keep- $2.5 million, was agreed upon by Welch and GE in 1996
ing NBC as part of the GE portfolio of businesses. Dur- and promised him continued access after his retirement
ing the 1990s, Welch shifted GEs business from manu- to benets he received as CEO including an apartment
facturing to nancial services through numerous acquisi- in New York, baseball tickets and the use of a private
tions.
jet and chaueured car.[24][26] The benets were agreed
Welch adopted Motorolas Six Sigma quality program upon in lieu of a more traditional stock package because,
in late 1995. In 1980, the year before Welch became according to Welch, he did not want more money, preferCEO, GE recorded revenues of roughly $26.8 billion. By ring instead to retain the lifestyle he had enjoyed as CEO
1999 he was named Manager of the Century by Fortune once he retired. According to an interview with Welch in
2009, the agreement was led with the SEC. As a result
magazine.[19]
of the media attention and accusations of being greedy,
There was a lengthy and publicized succession planning Welch chose to renounce the benets.[26]
saga prior to his retirement among James McNerney,
Robert Nardelli, and Jerey Immelt, with Immelt eventually selected to succeed Welch as chairman and CEO.
Nardelli became the CEO of Home Depot until his resig- 3 Later life
nation in early 2007, and until recently, was the CEO of
Chrysler, while McNerney became CEO of 3M until he Following Welchs retirement from General Electric, he
left that post to serve in the same capacity at Boeing.
became an adviser to private equity rm Clayton, DuRice and to the chief executive of IAC, Barry
Welchs walk-away package from GE was not valued at bilier &
[27][28]
In addition to his consulting and advisory
Diller.
the time of his retirement, but GMI Ratings estimates its
roles,
Welch
has
been active on the public speaking circuit
[20]
worth at $420 million.
and co-wrote a popular column for BusinessWeek with his
He served as Chairman of The Business Council in 1991 wife, Suzy, for four years until November 2009. The coland 1992.[21]
umn was syndicated by The New York Times.[28][29]
In September 2004, the Central Intelligence Agency published a parody of Jack Welch applying his manage2.2 Criticism
ment skills while serving as imagined Deputy Director
[30]
According to BusinessWeek, critics of Welch have ques- of Intelligence.
tioned whether the pressure he placed on employees may In 2005, he published Winning, a book about managehave led them to cut corners, which may have con- ment co-written with Suzy Welch, which reached No. 1
tributed to controversies over defense-contracting, or the on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list,[31] and appeared

3
on New York Times Best Seller list.[27][28]

April 1989, and they divorced in 2003. While Welch

On January 25, 2006, Welch gave his name to Sacred had crafted a prenuptial agreement, Beasley insisted on
Heart University's College of Business, which will be a ten-year time limit to its applicability, and thus she was
the marriage reportedly with around $180
known as the John F. Welch College of Business.[32] able to leave
[43]
million.
Since September 2006, Welch has been teaching a class
at the MIT Sloan School of Management to a hand-picked Welchs third wife, Suzy Wetlaufer (ne Spring), cogroup of 30 MBA students with a demonstrated career in- authored his 2005 book Winning as Suzy Welch. She
terest in leadership.[33]
served briey as the editor-in-chief of the Harvard Business Review. Welchs wife at the time, Jane Beasley,
found out about an aair between Wetlaufer and Welch.
3.1 Jack Welch Management Institute
Beasley informed the review and Wetlaufer was forced
to resign in early 2002 after admitting to the aair with
In 2009, Welch founded the Jack Welch Management Welch while preparing an interview with him for the
Institute (JWMI), a program at Chancellor University magazine.[44]
that oered an online executive MBA. The institute was
wrote a biacquired by Strayer University in 2011.[34] Welch has Since January 2012, Welch and Suzy Welch
[45][46]
weekly
column
for
Reuters
and
Fortune,
which they
been very actively involved with the curriculum, faculty
both
left
on
October
9,
2012,
after
an
article
critical of
[35][36]
and students since the beginning of the institution.
[47]
Welch
and
his
GE
career
was
published
by
Fortune.
JWMIs MBA program was recently named the number one most inuential education brand on Linkedin[37]
and one of the top business schools to watch in 2016.[38]
While JWMI is not ranked by U.S. News & World Report, the school has been recognized in the online educa- 5 Personal opinions
tion community as reputable.[39] Its goal is not to make
money, but to build over time focusing on the quality of
Jack Welch identies politically as a Republican.[48] He
the program and increasing the number of students enhas stated that the idea of global warming is the attack
rolled year after year.[40]
on capitalism that socialism couldn't bring, and that it is
At GE, Welch became known for his teaching and grow- a form of mass neurosis.[49] Yet, he has said that every
ing leaders. He has taught at MITs Sloan School of business must embrace green products and green ways of
Management and teaches seminars to CEOs all over the doing business, whether you believe in global warming
globe. More than 35 CEOs at todays top companies or not...because the world wants these products.[50]
[are] trained under Jack Welch.[41] He demonstrates his
Regarding shareholder value, Welch said in a Financial
passion for the institute by being highly involved with the
Times interview on the global nancial crisis of 2008
students, faculty, and the development of the curriculum.
2009, On the face of it, shareholder value is the dumbJWMI students have direct access to Jack Welch, and he
est idea in the world. Shareholder value is a result, not
hosts quarterly video conferences with his students.[41]
a strategy...your main constituencies are your employees,
It is known that along with his video conferences, Welch your customers and your products.[51]
creates many video responses to messages on bulletin
Welch has been publicly criticized for his opinions on
boards and answers individual emails. His investment in
job numbers from September 2012.[52] After the Bureau
the university is also reected in his interest in the inof Labor Statistics released employment data stating
stitutes Net Promoter score (NPS). He administers surthat the U.S. unemployment rate had dropped from
veys on satisfaction regularly and scrutinizes the results
8.1% to 7.8%, Welch tweeted, Unbelievable jobs numto nd scores that need improvement. In an interview
bers...these Chicago guys will do anything...can't debate
with Wired Academic, Welch explained the overall status
so change numbers.[53] Welch has stood by his tweet
of his MBA program, stating that the persistence rate of
stating if he could write the tweet again, he would add
students continuing on to a second year had grown from
question marks at the end to make it clear that his in90% to 95%, and that JWMI turns away very few students
tention was to raise a question over the legitimacy of the
in the admissions process. He also said that he would like
job numbers.[54] A subsequent report on the gures sugbetter leadership training for MBA students.[42]
gested manipulation of the gures but did not prove political manipulation.[55][56] In a Wall Street Journal opinion piece, Welch wrote that the debate has led to people
4 Personal life
looking at unemployment data more carefully and skeptically. Referencing his original tweet, he stated Thank
Welch had four children with his rst wife, Carolyn. God I did, in a Squawk Box appearance,[54] and also
They divorced amicably in April 1987 after 28 years of wrote, The coming election is too important to be demarriage. His second wife, Jane Beasley, was a former cided on a number. Especially when that number seems
mergers-and-acquisitions lawyer. She married Welch in so wrong.[57]

Legacy

REFERENCES

[6] Borjas, Thomas. Jack Welch 1935. Retrieved 2 October 2014.

Jack Welch instilled an organizational behavior that he [7] John F. Welch, Microscopic Study of Dropwise Condencalled boundaryless. He called such a company, a
sation, PhD Thesis, University of Illinois, 1961
boundaryless company. He dened it as, removing the
barriers between traditional functions, and nding great [8] Past Leaders. Retrieved 2014-05-14.Past Leaders.
Retrieved 2014-05-14.
ideas, anywhere within the organization, or from outside
the organization, and sharing them with everyone in the [9] How Jack Welch Runs GE. Businessweek.com. May
company.[58][59][60][61] General Electric under CEO Je
28, 1998. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
Immelt has realigned itself becoming more specialized,
cutting o ties with older businesses, and is now more [10] Failure 101: A class students could use. New York City:
MSNBC. November 5, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
focused on services in nance, health care, and aircraft
engines.[61]
[11] Welch, Jack; Byrne, John. A. (2001). Jack: Straight from
the gut. New York: Warner. ISBN 0446690686.
An article from the New York Times highlights the fact
that General Electric after the era of Jack Welch is more [12] Jack Welch - Manager of the Century. Anti Essays. Refocused on core businesses after a spin-o of its North
trieved 29 September 2014.
America retail nance business. After selling a fraction
of its business, Immelt planned to use the proceeds to [13] Betsy Morris, 'Tearing up the Jack Welch playbook'
(11.7.2006) Fortune at CNNmoney.com
build the capital as a standalone company, resulting in
[62]
a boost for shareholders.
[14] Jack Welchs Encore. Businessweek.com. June 14,
1997. Archived from the original on January 1, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-12.

Popular culture

On March 11, 2010, Welch cameoed as himself in

the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, appearing in the season four
episode 'Future Husband'. In the episode, Welch confronts Alec Baldwin's character, Jack Donaghy, to conrm the sale of NBC Universal to a ctional Philadelphiabased cable company called Kabletown. The sale is a
satirical reference to the real-world acquisition of NBCUniversal from General Electric by Comcast in November
2009.

See also
General Electric
Vitality curve
Jack Welch Management Institute

References

[1] Storrs, Francis (March 2006). The 50 Wealthiest Bostonians. Boston Magazine. Retrieved 2008-10-03.

[15] Cohan, Peter. Why Stack Ranking Worked Better at GE

Than Microsoft. Forbes. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
[16] Jack Welch (PDF). Advanced Business English.
[17] Neutron Jack. Business Week. Retrieved 2 October
2014.
[18] Richter, Paul. General Electric Will Buy RCA for $6.28
Billion. LA Times. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
[19] FORTUNE GEs Jack Welch Named Manager of the
Century November 01, 1999. Timewarner.com. April
26, 1999. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
[20] Twenty-One U.S. CEOs with Golden Parachutes of More
Than $100 Million| GMI| January 2012 |By Paul Hodgson, Senior Research Associate, and Greg Ruel, Research
Associate
[21] The Business Council, Ocial website, Background
Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
[22] O'Boyle, Thomas F. (1998). At any cost : Jack Welch,
General Electric, and the pursuit of prot (1. ed.). New
York: Knopf. p. 456. ISBN 0-679-42132-7.
[23] "'Hardball with Chris Matthews for July 12, 2006.
MSNBC. July 13, 2006. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
[24] Gow, David (September 17, 2002). SEC inquiry as Jack
Welch gives up freebies. The Guardian. London.

[2] Jack Welch: 'I Fell In Love'". CBS News.

[3] Green, Je (June 6, 2013). Jumbo Severance Packages
for Top CEOs Are Growing. Business Week. Retrieved
2014-07-10.
[4] CNN Library (December 27, 2012). Jack Welch Fast
Facts - CNN.com. CNN.
[5] Jack: Straight From The Gut, (ISBN 0-446-69068-6)

[25] Mark Lewis (September 16, 2002). Welch Walks Away

From Perks. Forbes. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
[26] Rebecca Leung. Jack Welch: 'I Fell In Love'". February
11, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
[27] Rachel Layne; John Lauerman (August 4, 2009). Former
GE Chief Jack Welch Expects Full Recovery From Discitis. Bloomberg. Retrieved May 23, 2012.

[28] Landon Thomas Jr. (November 2, 2006). On the Road

With Jack and Suzy. New York Times. Retrieved May
23, 2012.

[46] John F. Welch. Women in the Economy: An Executive

Task Force. The Wall Street Journal. April 30 May 2,
2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.

[29] Keith J. Kelly (November 13, 2009). Jack Welch ends

BusinessWeek column. New York Post. Retrieved May
23, 2012.

[47] Tim Sprinkle (October 9, 2012). Jack Welch Takes His

Column and Goes Home. Yahoo News. Retrieved October 9, 2012.

[30] Zefram Cochran (September 2004). When Jack Welch

Was Deputy Director for Intelligence: Remembering an
Imagined DDI. Retrieved May 31, 2013.

[48] kimball, Joe. Former GE Chairman Jack Welch on CNN

says he likes Pawlenty. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
[49] MSNBC: Morning Joe. July 2, 2008.

[31] Jack Welch. WSJ.com. Retrieved May 25, 2012.

[32] Sacred Heart University Names College of Business for
Legendary GE Chairman Jack Welch. Sacredheart.edu.
Retrieved 2010-07-12.
[33] Jack Welch on the executive MBA he created in his own
image. Mitsloan.mit.edu. March 9, 2006. Retrieved
2010-07-12.
[34] Melissa Korn (November 11, 2011). Welch to Move
School Out of Chancellor University. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
[35] Geo Gloeckler (June 22, 2009). Jack Welch Launches
Online MBA. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved
March 15, 2012.
[36] Jacks Involvement in the Jack Welch MBA. Jack Welch
Management Institute. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
[37] Haden, Je. Jack Welch Reveals the 1 Quality Every
Great Leader Possesses. INC.com. INC.com. Retrieved
12 August 2016.
[38] SCHMITT, JEFF. 10 Business Schools To Watch In
2016. Poets and Quants. Poets and Quants. Retrieved
12 August 2016.
[39] Byrne, John. Kelly Tops New Online MBA Ranking.
Beat the GMAT. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
[40] Gloeckler, Geo. Jack Welch Launches Online MBA.
Bloomberg Businessweeek. Education Business. Retrieved
24 September 2014.
[41] Jack Welch Online MBA Program. Strayer University.
Strayer University. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
[42] Glader, Paul. Exclusive: Management Guru Jack Welch
Talks About Digital Education, Online MBAs & Modern
CEOs With WA.. wiredacademic. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
[43] Bertaccini, Donna (November 8, 2004). Lovers seek
lawyers as divorce booms. BBC News. Retrieved 201007-12.
[44] Kolhatkar, Sheelah (19 April 2004). Suzy Wetlaufer
Preparing To Be 'Neutron Jackie'". Retrieved 8 November 2014.
[45] Jon Bershad (January 27, 2012). Jack Welch: The GOP
Needs To Be Nice To Ron Paul When He Drops Out Because They Need His Followers. Mediaite. Retrieved
May 23, 2012.

[50] Fresh Dialogues Interview with Alison van Diggelen,

May 2009. Freshdialogues.com. May 12, 2009. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
[51] Guerrera, Francesco (March 12, 2009). Welch rues
short-term prot 'obsession'". Financial Times. Retrieved
2009-03-12.
[52] Schlesinger, Jill (October 9, 2012). Is Neutron Jack
Welch not so tough after all?". CBSNews. Retrieved 25
September 2014.
[53] Malone, Scott. Jack Welch sets Twitter ablaze with
Obama job jab. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October
6, 2012.
[54] Welch, Jack (11 October 2014). I Was Right About That
Strange Jobs Report. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
[55] Je Cox (November 19, 2013). Was Jack Welch right?
Jobs numbers under re. CNBC.
[56] Was Jack Welch right? Jobs numbers under re. Yahoo
Finance. November 20, 2013.
[57] Bradford, Harry. Jack Welch On CNBC: 'Thank God'
I Questioned The Jobs Numbers (VIDEO)". Hungton
Post. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
[58] Winning-Jack Welch Pg 185
[59] The New Boundaries of the Boundaryless Company.
Harvard Business Review.
[60] Jack-Jack Welch
[61] Bhasin, Kim. GE is Abandoning Jack Welchs Old Management Philosophy. Business Insider. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
[62] Currie, Antony. General Electric Finally Gets Past the
Jack Welch Era. The New York Times. Retrieved 14
September 2014.

10 Further reading
Jack: Straight From The Gut, by Jack Welch
- Warner Business Books (2001)(ISBN 0-44669068-6)
Winning by Jack and Suzy Welch HarperCollins
(April 2005), (ISBN 0-06-075394-3)

11
Winning: The Answers by Jack and Suzy Welch
Harper (2006) (ISBN 0-00725264-1)
Jack Welch and the GE way : management insights and leadership secrets of the legendary CEO
by Robert Slater - McGraw-Hill (1988) (ISBN
0070581045)
The New GE: How Jack Welch Revived an American
Institution, by Robert Slater - McGraw-Hill (1992)
(ISBN 1-55623-670-0)
Jacked Up: The Inside Story of how Jack Welch
Talked GE into Becoming the Worlds Greatest Company by Bill Lane McGraw Hill (2008), (ISBN
978-0-07-154410-8)
At Any Cost: Jack Welch, General Electric, and the
Pursuit of Prot, Thomas F. O'Boyle, - Vintage
(1999) (ISBN 0-375-70567-8)
Control Your Destiny or Someone Else Will: How
Jack Welch is Making General Electric the Worlds
Most Competitive Company by Noel Tichy and
Strat Sherman - Doubleday (1993)(ISBN 0-38524883-0)

11

External links

jackwelch.strayer.edu, ocial website of the Jack

Welch Management Institute
Jack Welch at the Internet Movie Database
Works by or about Jack Welch in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
Appearances on C-SPAN

EXTERNAL LINKS

12
12.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Jack Welch Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Welch?oldid=749961121 Contributors: Eloquence, AdamRetchless, Edward,

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Acerbicattrition, Mollskman, Carolannt, Maximiliankleinoclc, BarkingNigel, VIAFbot, Freddyyun8, Venki80, Faizan, Tentinator, Mlevinsonbos, AustinBuchanan, Paul2520, Wphwph, Mishamayfair, Springjulius22, JaconaFrere, IHaveAMastersDegree, Truthfulnessisimportant, Shashomar1, Monkbot, SovalValtos, Tatafornowalligator, Delilah Grams, Mzw3, Kateheinle, The Da Crook, Sjoo446, GeneralizationsAreBad, KasparBot, Akashkoshy, Darkwingduckley, Bizmaveric, InternetArchiveBot, GreenC bot, Zhunt111, Rectk and Anonymous:
340

12.2

Images

File:Increase2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur

12.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0