LAFFOON A N D CALVERT

582

Journal . . . E .

of the flux were determined for several different parts of

the magnetic circuit, as shown in the following figures:

FLOOD CONTROL AND HYDRO

ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT

a. Fig. 16 shows the flux distribution in a portion of

the air-gap with the field winding excited to give
normal voltage, but with no current in the armature
windings.

The appalling loss of life and property in the valley

of the Mississippi and along its lower tributaries
brings to the front the urgent necessity of remedial
measures which will effectively and permanently put
an end to this recurring scourge. For half a century
at least the problem of controlling the floods of the
Mississippi has been before the nation, but the awfulness of the present visitation shows how ineffectual
the remedy has been. Civilization has greatly added to
rather than subtracted from the danger of such floods,
because roads, sewers, houses and the cutting down of
forests hasten the run-off to the river. It is therefore
obligatory in engineers to find a solution to the problem
whose seriousness has thus been increased manyfold
by civilization itself, and toward that solution the elec
trical industry can contribute.

b.

For Fig. 17 see the original paper.

c
Figs. 18 and 19 show the flux distribution in the
air-gap when the generator is delivering 100 per cent
kv-a. at 100 per cent voltage and power factor.

RELATIVE VALUES OF MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE

oo fv> >

-
>

d. Fig. 20 shows the flux distribution in the air

space between the end bells and the machine at the
centerline of the poles for 100 per cent kv-a., 100 per

RELATIVE DISTANCE FROM STRAIGHT PART OF COIL

FIG.
VIEW.

25END

WINDING

THREE-PHASE,

RENTS IN T w o

54

MAGNETOMOTIVE

SLOTS, PITCH

1-17.

FORCES,

SIDE

EQUAL

CUR

P H A S E S ; Z E R O IN THE T H I R D

cent voltage and zero per cent power factor. The

instantaneous values of the currents in the three
phases of the armature winding were 0, 86.6, and
086.6 per cent, respectively, of the maximum value at
full load.
e. Figs. 24 and 25 show the magnetomotive force
diagram due to the end connections of the armature
winding of a 3600-r. p! m. turbine generator, for
specific instantaneous values of current. In obtaining
these diagrams, it was assumed that the magnetomotive
force acts at right angles to the end winding surface
determined by the end connections. The results which
have already been obtained from preliminary experi
mental and analytical investigations indicate that this
method should be satisfactory for determining the
necessary data and constants for calculating the losses
of electric machines which cannot be calculated or
measured directly.

T o mitigate damage from floods in a major stream

like the Mississippi some control at the sources of its
tributaries is essential. The erection of dams on these
streams will suffice to hold the tributary waters in check
and will also enable electricity to be generated in sta
tions at or near the dams. Inasmuch as the water may
also be used for irrigation, the outlay for hydroelectric
development will be only a fraction of the total ex
penditure. Thus the electrical industry, which has
already reduced the terrors of flood somewhat in the
stricken area b y keeping its circuits in condition to
supply light, may also contribute to the harnessing and
complete utilization of water for the service and not
the destruction of mankind. The floods of the Missis
sippi can and must be checked. That job is for en
gineers, and engineers, if a chance be given them, will
curb the Mississippi as they did the Miami, and render
New Orleans and the other cities along the Father of
Waters as secure from flood as they did Dayton, Ohio
overwhelmed fourteen years ago.Electrical World.

POWER SYSTEMS AID MANY FLOOD

TOWNS
The great Mississippi River flood has demonstrated
that the modern method of connecting up many cities
and towns into systems in the distribution of electric
power is one means of meeting emergencies. Through
out Arkansas and the other lower Mississippi states
many a half-submerged community has electric light
in its occupied houses for the reason that there was no
local power plant "down b y the river" to be drowned
out b y high water. Electricity continued available
because it came in b y way of a pole line that was a
part of a wire system connecting several power plants
in various parts of the country with many cities and
towns.