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11
Geometry
The word geometry comes from the Greek word
geometria, which means land measuring. The principles
and ideas of geometry are evident in many aspects of our
lives. For example, geometry can be seen in the design of
buildings, bridges, roads and transport networks.
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
ustralian Curriculum
10
Shutterstock.com/Sergey Kelin
for the A
n Chapter outline
11-01 Angle sum of a polygon*
11-02 Exterior angle sum of a
polygon*
11-03 Congruent triangle
proofs*
11-04 Proving properties
of triangles and
quadrilaterals*
11-05 Similar figures
11-06 Finding unknown sides
in similar figures
11-07 Tests for similar
triangles*
*STAGE 5.2
n Wordbank
Proficiency strands
U F
R C
U
U
U
F
F
PS
PS
R
R
C
C
PS
9780170194655
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
SkillCheck
Worksheet
StartUp assignment 11
MAT10MGWK10077
b
w
117
74
Puzzle sheet
25
Finding angles
62
MAT10MGPS00026
38
Video tutorial
Geometry
MAT10MGVT00008
Skillsheet
3a
44
Starting Geometers
SketchPad
60
27
MAT10MGSS10013
b
101
c
26
76
58
p
35
81
f
p
68
37
80
p
114
368
2a
58
21
83
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10
W
Y
9780170194655
369
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Angle sum of
each triangle
Stage 5.2
NSW
Technology
GeoGebra: Naming
polygons
Alamy/Raymond Warren
MAT10MGTC00008
370
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
A polygon is any shape with straight sides. A polygon may be either convex or non-convex
(concave).
Convex polygon
10
Stage 5.2
Non-convex polygon
In a convex polygon, all vertices point outwards, all diagonals lie within the shape and all angles
are less than 180. In a non-convex polygon, some vertices point inwards, some diagonals lie
outside the shape and some angles are more than 180 (reflex angles).
A polygons name is determined by the number of sides that it has.
Name
Pentagon
Hexagon
Heptagon
Octagon
Nonagon
Decagon
Hendecagon
Dodecagon
Number of sides
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
heptagon
dodecagon
octagon
Summary
The angle sum of a polygon with n sides is given by the formula A 180(n 2).
This formula applies to both convex and non-convex polygons.
Example
Solution
Angle sum 18015 2
n 15
180 3 13
2340
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371
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Stage 5.2
Example
Find the number of sides in a polygon that has an angle sum of 1080.
Solution
180n 2 1080
180n 360 1080
180n 1440
1440
n
180
8
[ The polygon has 8 sides (octagon).
Regular polygons
A regular polygon has all its angles and sides equal.
For example, a regular hexagon has 6 equal angles and 6 equal sides.
A square is a regular polygon but a rhombus is not.
Summary
The size of each angle in a regular polygon with n sides
Example
Angle sum
Number of sides
180n 2
n
Solution
A pentagon has 5 sides (n 5).
1805 2
5
180 3 3
5
108
372
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
Stage 5.2
b regular?
What is the more common name for a regular triangle? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A isosceles
4
5
B scalene
C equilateral
See Example 1
d 20 sides
e 15 sides.
b
148
84
e
w
68
135
153
3a
131
117
79
w
128
f
114
w
w
137
81
97
97
x y
e
156
123
w h
76
4a
140
Find the number of sides in a polygon that has an angle sum of:
a 720
D acute
10
b 3420
c 1980
d 5040
See Example 2
e 1260.
b octagon
c hexagon
See Example 3
d dodecagon.
How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its angles is:
a 168?
9780170194655
b 156?
c 172?
d 165.6?
373
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Stage 5.2
C
D
B
374
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
4 Insert New Point on the produced side AE (in diagram shown as point G). Click Angle
and in a clockwise direction, measure the size of each of the angles outside the pentagon
(these are called the exterior angles). This is shown below as \GED 60.
10
Stage 5.2
5 Repeat step 3 to produce the remaining 4 sides of the pentagon. Use Angle to find the size
of each exterior angle. When completed, your diagram should look like the one shown
below, with 5 exterior angles.
6 Calculate the total sum of the five exterior angles. Write the answer in your book.
7 Copy and complete this table for the above pentagon.
No. of sides in polygon
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375
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Stage 5.2
NSW
Worksheet
Angles in polygons
MAT10MGWK10078
Summary
The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon is 360.
Example
Interior angle
Solution
a Sum of exterior angles 360
One exterior angle 360 4 8
45
b Each angle 180 45 (angles on a straight line)
135
OR :
376
1808 2
8
135
Each angle
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
Example
ustralian Curriculum
10
Stage 5.2
Solution
a Number of exterior angles 360 4 24
15
[ The regular polygon has 15 sides.
b Exterior angle 180 140 (angles on a straight line)
40
Sum of exterior angles 360
Number of exterior angles 360 4 40
9
[ The regular polygon has 9 sides.
180n 2
140
OR:
n
180n 2 140n
180n 360 140n
40n 360 0
40n 360
360
n
40
9
[ The regular polygon has 9 sides.
d hexagon.
b 20-sided polygon
c decagon
d 30-sided polygon.
Find the number of sides in a regular polygon if each exterior angle is:
a 15
c 18-sided polygon
b dodecagon
See Example 4
b 72
c 20
d 40
e 5
9780170194655
See Example 5
f 12.
f 150.
377
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Stage 5.2
Canberra is located 300 km south-west of Sydney and was designed by the American architect
Walter Burley Griffin. Construction of Australias capital city began in 1913. The centre of
Canberra is based on an equilateral triangle, bounded by the sides Commonwealth Avenue,
Kings Avenue and Constitution Avenue. The smaller Parliamentary triangle is bounded by
Commonwealth Avenue, Kings Avenue and King Edward Terrace. The axis of symmetry of
the triangle runs from Parliament House, across Lake Burley Griffin, directly along Anzac
Parade to the Australian War Memorial.
What other geometrical features can you see in Canberras design?
Worksheet
Congruent triangles
proofs
MAT10MGWK10079
Worksheet
Congruent triangles
MAT10MGWK00022
Video tutorial
Congruent triangles
proofs
MAT10MGVT10019
Worksheet
Congruent and similar
triangle proofs
MAT10MGWK10083
378
Two figures are congruent if they are identical in shape and size. For congruent figures:
There are four sets of conditions that can be used to determine if two triangles are congruent.
These are called the tests for congruent triangles or congruence tests.
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10
Stage 5.2
Summary
There are four tests for congruent triangles: SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS.
Two triangles are congruent if:
the three sides of one triangle
are respectively equal to the
three sides of the other triangle
(SSS rule)
two sides and the included
angle of one triangle are
respectively equal to two sides
and the included angle of the
other triangle (SAS rule)
two angles and one side of one
triangle are respectively equal to
two angles and the matching side
of the other triangle (AAS rule)
X
B
When using this notation, we must make sure that the vertices (angles) of the congruent figures
are written in matching order: nABC n XYZ means \ A \X, \B \ Y, \ C \Z.
To formally prove that two triangles are congruent, we need to use one of the four tests for
congruence SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Stage 5.2
Example
Q
N
R
Solution
In nPQR and n LMN:
QR MN
(given)
\P \ L
a
A
L
11 cm
5 cm
11 cm
11 cm
P
8 cm
5 cm
19 mm
24 mm
24 mm
R
16 mm
19 mm
86
86
T
380
16 mm
24 mm
16 mm
C
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
P
41
41
B
41
C
20
15 cm
25
15 cm
25
33 cm
d H
Stage 5.2
8 cm
6 cm
8 cm
8 cm
10
Q
15 cm
20
25
C
33 cm
T
N
See Example 6
Z
X
Y
G
D
E
F
H
B
D
N
M
X
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Stage 5.2
B
D
A
O
C
F
A
X
B
F
H
E
382
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
Stage 5.2
Worksheet
Quadrilaterals: True or
false?
MAT10MGWK00020
Technology
Properties of triangles and quadrilaterals can be proved using the congruence tests.
Example
10
GeoGebra: Making
quadrilaterals
MAT10MGTC00012
Worksheet
Proving properties of
quadrilaterals
MAT10MGWK10080
Animated example
Solution
a For n ABD and n ACD:
AB AC (given)
AD is common.
BD CD (D is the midpoint of BC)
[ The congruence test is SSS.
b \ B \C because they are matching angles of congruent
triangles.
c The angles opposite the equal sides of an isosceles
triangle are equal.
9780170194655
Geometric problems
and proofs
MAT10MGAE00008
Puzzle sheet
Geometrical proofs
order activity
MAT10MGPS10081
Worksheet
Congruent and similar
triangle proofs
MAT10MGWK10083
383
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Stage 5.2
Example
Solution
a In n PNT and n MLT:
PN ML (opposite sides of a rectangle)
\ PNT \ MLT (alternate angles, PN || ML)
\ PTN \ MTL (vertically opposite angles)
[ nPNT nMLT (AAS)
b [ PT MT and NT LT (matching sides of
congruent triangles)
[ T is the midpoint of the diagonals LN and MP.
[ The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
T
L
D
W
384
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10
Stage 5.2
d Is \ A \C? Why?
See Example 8
9780170194655
385
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Stage 5.2
E
D
Mental skills 11
386
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10
9780170194655
387
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
4 The lengths of the sides of the polygon are shown in the Algebra View, where segment a,
with length 4.54, is the side AB.
The lengths of the sides of the image are shown in the Algebra View. Is the ratio of
matching sides the same for all sides?
6 Measure the angles of the polygon and its image. (It may be necessary to delete the labels
on the sides of the polygon.)
388
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10
The angles of the polygon and its image are shown on the diagrams and in the Algebra view.
Are the matching angles equal?
b a quadrilateral.
Summary
Scale factor
image length
original length
9780170194655
389
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Example
45 mm
27 mm
15 mm
20 mm
20 mm
12 mm
Solution
15
20
3
a Scale factor
45
20
or
27
12
5
b Scale factor
Image length
Original length
Image length
Original length
Summary
If two figures are similar, then:
390
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
Example
ustralian Curriculum
10
10
Solution
a By rotating the figure KLMN, its shape can be matched with PQRT.
The pairs of matching sides are:
KN and QR
MN and PQ
ML and PT
LK and TR.
\K and \R
\N and \Q
\M and \ P
\L and \ T.
b \ K matches with \R, \ L matches with \T, \M matches with \ P, \N matches with \ Q.
[ KLMN ||| RTPQ
Example
11
b
30 mm
65
24 mm
65
20 mm
97
25 mm
15 mm
107
97
20 mm
16 mm
107
12 mm
26 mm
14 mm
10 mm
20 mm
Solution
a For the two quadrilaterals, matching angles
are equal and the ratios of matching sides
are equal.
[ The quadrilaterals are similar.
20 25 30 15 5
16 20 24 12 4
10 1
14
7
but
20 2
26 13
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
By measurement, find the scale factor for each pair of similar figures.
Copy each figure onto graph paper and draw its image using the given scale factor.
a Scale factor 2
c Scale factor
392
1
2
d Scale factor
2
3
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10
See Example 10
b
Z
M
C
X
R
V
K
Q
P W
C
See Example 11
b
12 mm
45 mm
20 mm
30 mm
35 mm
8 mm
27 mm
12 mm
21 mm
62
3
15
20 mm
10
10
9780170194655
393
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Skillsheet
Finding sides in similar
triangles
MAT10MGSS10014
Worksheet
Finding sides in similar
figures
MAT10MGWK10082
Puzzle sheet
Example
12
27 mm
k mm
42 mm
Similar triangles
28 mm
d mm
MAT10MGPS00025
44 mm
Solution
Since the triangles are similar, the ratios of matching sides are equal.
d
42
44 28
42
d
3 44
28
66
k
28
27 42
28
k
3 27
42
18
OR
Scale factor 28 2
42 3
2
d 44 4
3
k 27 3
18
66
Example
2
3
13
L
M
18
N
15
Solution
MP PN
LK KN
y
15
18 24
15
y
3 18
24
1
11
4
394
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10
See Example 12
16 mm
w mm
20 mm
m cm
15 cm
28 mm
18 cm
27 cm
p mm
x mm
45 cm
12 mm
h mm
25 mm
15 mm
35 mm
30 mm
12 mm
8 cm
20 cm
q cm
a cm
10 cm
27 cm
w cm
16 mm
16 mm
10 cm
g cm
16 cm
6 cm
20 mm
15 cm
12 mm
8 cm
8 cm
11 cm
5 cm
b mm
t cm
u cm
y mm
See Example 13
7
E
12
P
15
M
9780170194655
Y
16
x
N
395
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
10 cm
Shutterstock.com/clearviewstock
15 cm
15m
4.5m
W
10
15
E
Y
24
3.5 m
A M and N
9
396
B K and P
C M and P
D K and N
A 2 m high fence casts a shadow of 1.4 m. How long is the shadow cast by a pole that is 3.2 m
high at the same time?
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10
Stage 5.2
Worksheet
Congruent and similar
triangle proofs
MAT10SPWK10083
Summary
There are four tests for similar triangles.
Two triangles are similar if:
the three sides of one triangle are proportional to the three sides of the other triangle
(SSS)
F
10
2
A
two sides of one triangle are proportional to two sides of the other triangle, and the
included angles are equal (SAS)
F
50
C
5
E
30
two angles of one triangle are equal to two angles of the other triangle (AA or
equiangular)
C
F
equiangular means equal
angles
E
A
B
they are right-angled and the hypotenuse and a second side of one triangle
are proportional to the hypotenuse and a second side of the other triangle (RHS).
5
15
2
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397
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Stage 5.2
Example
14
Which test can be used to prove that each pair of triangles are similar?
24
61
105
15
61
44
44
105
d
12
8
12
7.5
18
11.25
15
5
6
Solution
a Two pairs of angles are equal, or equiangular (AA).
15 24 3
5
8
b Two pairs of matching sides are in the same ratio and the
included angles in both triangles are equal (SAS).
7:5 18 3
5
12 2
c Both have right angles, and the pairs of hypotenuses and second
sides are in the same ratio (RHS).
11:25
9
6 3
15
12 8 4
d All three pairs of matching sides are in the same ratio (SSS).
Which test can be used to prove that each pair of triangles are similar?
a
b
56 72
22
15.5
11
72
18
31
56
c
d
16
8
59
34
59 34
12
9
14.25
12
19
15
12
26
20.8
12
398
9780170194655
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A
16
14.4
67
67
ustralian Curriculum
10
Stage 5.2
27.5
18
22
20
10 23
26
10
30
81
18.2
81
13 13
21
a
47
B
12
24
C 9
12 47
47
14
18
20
47
16
5
7 A
8.5
7.5
17
14
10
10
C
14
D
11.5
10.5
32
24
A
31.5
36
16
20
28
18
Use the correct notation to write a similarity statement relating each pair of similar triangles.
b
U
10.5
10
13
52
52
20
15
10.4
Q
C
25
128
9780170194655
21
25
12.5
11
B
G
H
P
128
14
15.4
17.5
15
399
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Geometry
Power plus
1
12
P
24
Y
7
S
400
12
10
T y V
9780170194655
Chapter 11 review
n Language of maths
Puzzle sheet
Geometry crossword
AAS
angle sum
congruence test
congruent ()
convex polygon
enlargement
equiangular
exterior angle
hypotenuse
image
included angle
matching
original
polygon
proof
proportional
reduction
regular polygon
RHS
SAS
scale factor
similar (|||)
similarity test
SSS
MAT10MGPS10084
n Topic overview
Quiz
Geometry
Copy and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using pictures,
symbols and colour where needed. Ask you teacher to check your work.
MAT10MGQZ00008
Congruent triangle
proofs
Angle sum of a
polygon
GEOMETRY
Proving properties of
triangles and
quadrilaterals
Similar figures
Tests for similar
triangles
9780170194655
Finding unknown
sides in similar
figures
401
Chapter 11 revision
3 The angle sum of a polygon is 6120. How many sides does the polygon have?
4 Find the number of sides in a regular polygon if each exterior angle is:
a 10
b 24
c 45
d 15
5 Each angle of a regular polygon is 162. How many sides does the polygon have? Select the
correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 18
B 20
C 22
D 24
6 Which congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS) can be used to prove that each pair of
triangles are congruent?
Stage 5.2
b
8 5
78 60
8 cm
78
d 48 sides
8 cm
60
W
See Exercise 11-04
8 PNML is a rectangle.
a Which congruence test can be used to prove that
n PML n NLM?
b Hence explain why PM NL.
c What geometrical result about rectangles does this prove?
T
L
b
3 cm
50 mm
40 mm
5 cm
402
9780170194655
Chapter 11 revision
10 Test whether each pair of figures are similar.
b
10
15
22
16
20
27.5
18
27
11.25
15
12
9 cm
4 mm
7 cm
d mm
6 mm
9 mm
k cm
10 cm
d
7m
11 cm
6 cm
10 m
3 cm
ym
x cm
6m
7 cm
9 cm
5 cm
d cm
13 Which test can be used to prove that each pair of triangles are similar?
a
13.5
47
15
18
47
18
16 23
30
20
10
Stage 5.2
c
See Exercise 11-07
22
22
121
121
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