Course Code: MME 2132

Course Name: Manufacturing Engineering

Lab II
Experiment: Heat Conduction
Name: Yazan Mustafa Wajeh
Matric Number: 1223495
Date of Experiment: 12/11/2015
Date of Submission: 19/11/2015

Objectives
1- To understand what conduction is, how it happens, and
its different types.
2- To analyze and understand how different materials
conduct heat differently under varying parameters.
3- To study Fouriers Law on linear and radial conduction
heat transfer.
4- To learn how each type of conduction is measured.

Equipment
1- Heat conduction Study Bench Model FF105

Introduction
Heat transfer occurs between two points of different
temperature in the direction of the lower temperature.
The rate of heat transfer is directly related to the
difference in temperature the bigger the difference the
faster the transfer. Heat transfer can be classified into
three general categories namely conduction, convection,
and radiation. Our current experiment is concerned with
conduction which is the heat transfer in a solid or fluid
due to the presence of a temperature gradient. It is due
to the motion of the hot particles colliding with the cooler
particles and transferring energy to them, thus, causing a
transfer
in heat. Conduction can be further
divided to linear
conduction and
radial
conduction. Simply put,
linear
conduction is conduction of
heat in a
linear manner along a rod or
a bar from the hotter end to the cooler one.

to the

On the other hand, radial

conduction is conduction in a
radial manner from the hot center
cooler circumference hence
the name radial.

Method and Procedure

Linear Conduction
1. The power cable for the cylindrical test unit was
connected to the display unit.
2. The first specimen (25 mm diameter brass) was
placed into its position and clamped tightly.
3. The thermocouples (1 to 8) were inserted into their
respective positions.
4. The equipment was turned on by turning the main
power knob in the clockwise direction.
5. The water flow was set to 1.4L using the lever.
6. The ESC and F1 buttons were pressed to display the
results of the cylindrical test unit.
7. The heater was switched on and set to 10W.
8. The heater was left to achieve steady state.
9. All information was recorded properly.
10. The heater was switched off before unclamping and
changing the specimen.

11. Steps from 2 to 10 were repeated for the two other

specimens (13 mm brass and 25 mm stainless steel).

Radial Conduction
1. The power cable of the radial test unit was connected
to the display unit.
2. The thermocouples were inserted to their respective
slots.
3. The equipment was turned on by turning the main
power knob in the clockwise direction.
4. The water flow was set to 1.4L using the lever.
5. The ESC and F2 buttons were pressed to display the
results of the radial test unit.
6. The heater was switched on and set to 10W.
7. The heater was left to achieve steady state.
8. All information was recorded properly.

Results and Observations

Linear Conduction
25 mm diameter brass
I = 1.00 A
V = 10.17 V
Q = 10.17 W
Thermal Conductivity =
A = (3.14) r2 = 3.14 (12.5)2 = 4.909 x 10-4 m2
T5 - T4 / dx = (23.6 27.5) / 0.015 = -260
Q = -KA x (T5 T4 /dx)
K = Q/A (dx / T5 T4) = 10.17 / 4.909x10-4 x 1 / 260 =
79.68 W/mK

13 mm diameter brass
I = 0.99 A
V = 10.17 V
Q = 10.06 W
Thermal Conductivity =
A = (3.14) r2 = 3.14 (6.5)2 = 1.33 x 10-4 m2
T5 - T4 / dx = (29.4 30.0) / 0.015 = -40
Q = -KA x (T5 T4 /dx)
K = Q/A (dx / T5 T4) = 10.06 / 1.33x10-4 x 1 / 40 =
1890.98 W/mK

25 mm diameter stainless steel

I = 0.99 A
V = 10.17 V
Q = 10.06 W
Thermal Conductivity =
A = (3.14) r2 = 3.14 (12.5)2 = 4.909 x 10-4 m2
T5 - T4 / dx = (29.5 37.4) / 0.015 = -526.67
Q = -KA x (T5 T4 /dx)
K = Q/A (dx / T5 T4) = 10.06 / 4.909x10-4 x 1 / 526.67 =
38.9 W/mK

Power (W)
Specimen

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8

10
13 mm
diameter
brass

10
25 mm
diameter
brass

51.2
49.7
48.4
32.6
27.7
26.5
25.2
24.6

48.4
47.1
45.3
34.6
30.7
28.5
27.0
25.8

(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)
(oC)

Radial Conduction
I = 1.37 A
V = 7.40 V
Q = 10.13 W
Inner radius = 0.012 m
Outer radius = 0.06 m
Thermal conductivity (K) =
Ti = T1 = 32.0 oC
T1 = To = 22.5 oC
L = 3.22 mm = 0.00322 m

10
25 mm
diameter
stainless
steel
50.4
48.7
47.1
38.7
29.5
27.0
24.9
25.1

Q = 2 (3.14) K L (Ti To) / Ln(ro / ri)

10.13 = 2 (3.14) (3.22 x 10-3 ) (32 22.5) K / Ln(0.06 /
0.012)
K = 10.13 / 0.11942 = 84.8 W/mK

Power (W)
T1 (oC)
T2 (oC)
T3 (oC)
T4 (oC)
T5 (oC)
T6 (oC)

10
32.3
29.7
28.5
27.2
23.8
22.8

Discussion
To start off, it can be seen that the temperatures
measured by the probes 1 to 8 in the linear specimen and
the probes 1 to 6 in the radial specimen for all the
specimens show that as the distance from the heat
source increases, temperature decreases. This can also
be due to that the water is acting as a heat sink at the
farther end from the heat source to allow for continuous
heat transfer lest a steady state wont be reached. Also,
we can compare the two 25 mm brass and stainless steel
temperatures and see that the stainless steel
temperatures are higher in each probe relative to the

brass which indicates that it conducts heat in a better

manner, thus, gaining temperature faster. On the other
hand, the 13 mm brasss smaller size with similar 10 W
feed allowed it to gain heat faster than the other two
samples. It can also be realized that the temperature
drops in the linear sample for all three specimens (25 mm
diameter brass, 25 mm diameter stainless steel, and 13
mm diameter brass) dropped to the half at the 8th probe
compared to the 1st probe while in the radial specimen,
temperature barely dropped by about 30% at the 6th
probe compared to the 1st probe.
Comparing the errors:
Linear conduction
25 mm diameter brass
% Error = (79.68 77.6 / 79.68) x 100 = 2.6%
13 mm diameter brass
% Error = (1890.98 307.4 / 1890.98) x 100 = 83.74%
25 mm diameter stainless steel
% Error = (38.9 39.4 / 38.9) x 100 = 1.28%
Radial conduction
% Error = (84.8 99.4 / 84.8) x 100 = 17.2%

Conclusion

In this experiment, we came to understand what is

conduction, how it occurs, and its different types
namely linear and radial conduction. Also, we analyzed
how different materials with different sizes possess
different thermal conductivities and behave differently
under varying parameters. We then learned how to apply
Fouriers Law on linear and radial conduction heat
transfer. There were slight errors but mostly the
experimental results were close enough to the theoretical
ones. And finally, we came to observe how conduction
happens at different distances from the heat source.

Recommendation
1- Ensure the intermediate specimen is clamped in the
correct position for conduction to properly take place.
2- Ensure you turn off the machine before each specimen
change.
3- Ensure the probes are placed in their correct positions
to prevent wrong temperature readings.

References
1. Lab Manual
2. Heat Transfer (Hallman)