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Significados de la ciencia en
estudiantes universitarios.
Aproximaciones a las
representaciones sociales de la
ciencia, del cientfico y de la
actividad cientfica.Autor: Silvia
Do...
Book September 2012

CITATIONS

READS

100

1 author:
Silvia Dominguez-Gutierrez
University of Guadalajara
17 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE

Available from: Silvia Dominguez-Gutierrez

Retrieved on: 19 May 2016

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Serie Sociales y Humanidades

13

Silvia Domnguez Gutirrez

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306
DOM
Domnguez Gutirrez, Silvia
Significados de la ciencia en estudiantes universitarios: aproximaciones a las representaciones sociales de la ciencia, del cientfico y
de la actividad cientfica / Silvia Domnguez
Gutirrez.
1 ed.
Guadalajara, Jal.: Universidad de Guadalajara,
Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y
Humanidades, Coordinacin Editorial, 2012.
Coleccin: Graduados 2010
Serie: Sociales y Humanidades; Nm. 13
ISBN 978-607-450-576-4
1.- Cultura Difusin.
2.- Ciencia en Mxico Estudio de casos.
3.- Estudiantes universitarios Guadalajara,
Mxico.
4.- Percepcin social.
I.- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades.

Primera edicin, 2012

D.R. Universidad de Guadalajara
Centro Universitario
de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades
Coordinacin Editorial
Juan Manuel 130
Zona Centro
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mxico
ISBN Obra completa 978-607-450-377-7
ISBN E-book 978-607-450-576-4
Hecho en Mxico
Made in Mexico

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PIB
A precios
corrientes de 2006
3,179,120 6,891,033
3,848,218 7,224,834
4,600,488 7,506,535
5,497,736 7,997,618
5,811,776 7,984,182
6,267,474 8,052,928
6,895,357 8,160,522
7,713,796 8,503,992
8,366,205 8,742,101
9,155,490 9,155,490

INEGI,

Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de Mxico

Fuentes: SHCP, Cuenta de la Hacienda Pblica Federal, 1997-2006.

Millones de pesos
GFCyT
Ao
A precios
corrientes de 2006
1997
13,380
29,002
1998
17,789
33,398
1999
18,788
30,656
2000
22,923
33,346
2001
23,993
32,962
2002
24,364
31,305
2003
29,309
34,687
2004
27,952
30,815
2005
31,339
32,747
2006
32,791
32,791
GFCyT/
PIB
0.42
0.46
0.41
0.42
0.41
0.39
0.43
0.36
0.37
0.36

GPSPF
A precios
corrientes de 2006
528,124 1,144,757
600,583 1,127,564
711,228 1,160,499
855,286 1,244,194
937,214 1,287,539
1,078,861 1,386,202
1,241,853 1,469,710
1,326,952 1,462,884
1,477,368 1,543,747
1,603,861 1,603,861
2.53
2.96
2.64
2.68
2.56
2.26
2.36
2.11
2.12
2.04

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FBCFP
A precios
corrientes de 2006
98,255
212,977
107,540
201,900
138,004
225,179
197,155
286,803
209,571
287,907
265,757
341,465
312,981
370,407
358,011
394,685
359,101
375,236
398,757
398,757

13.62
16.54
13.61
11.63
11.45
9.17
9.36
7.81
8.73
8.22



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1994
37,028.5

50,16.0
10,693.0
12,771.4
315.0
169,270.0
4,519.9
26,517.1
11,343.7
75,287.2
1,831.4
21,765.1

1995
39,451.5

6,135.0
11,697.5
15,345.7
401.0
184,306.0
4,838.6
27,722.6
11,522.8
84,783.3
1,923.1
21,672.5
6,095.4

1996
39,902.3
1,642.9
6,574.0
11,749.2
14,613.2
400.0
197,801.9
5,182.9
27,783.8
12,100.8
85,469.6
2,066.0
22,260.1

* Cifras en millones de dlares corrientes de EU.

Fuentes: OECD. Main Science and Technology Indicators, 2003: 2.
RICyT. Principales Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnologa, 2002.
= dato no disponible

Millones de PPP corrientes

Pas
1993
Alemania

Argentina

Brasil*
38,97.0
Canad

Corea

Chile*
2,78.0
EU

Espaa

Francia

Italia

Japn

Mxico

Reino Unido

Suecia

1997
43,150.4
1,781.7

12,456.3
16,181.8
407.0
212,690.3
5,475.2
27,992.2
13,136.7
90,754.4
2,501.7
23,281.1
7,065.8

1998
44,996.7
1,807.1

13,483.1
14,446.0
396.0
226,767.1
6,347.1
28,675.4
14,204.7
90,507.6
2,920.1
23,913.7

1999
49,294.9
1,969.5
4,627.0
14,666.5
15,792.6
371.0
144,023.8
6,666.6
30,349.3
14,354.5
92,773.70
3,505.00
26,024.40
7,864.80

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53,542.7
1,959.7
6,264.0
16,193.4
18,939.6
395.0
265,194.0
7,564.5
32,857.1
15,475.3
98,320.20
3,321.18
27,175.00

2001
54,385.6
1,837.5

17,408.6
22,009.2
360.0
274,757.6
8,227.2
35,807.0

103,846.4
3,603.38
29,353.5
9,888.7

2002
55,054.9
1,560.2

17,340.2

277,099.9

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(2001)
6.7
1.2
2.2
0.6
1.4
2.1
23.6
0.9
0.6
50.1
10.6
0.0

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(2001)
54.6
1.9
2.4
12.2
3.6
1.6
3.9
4.5
3.3
7.4
4.5
0.1

3.7
18.2
3.9
2.0
5.0
0.9
2.7
25.5
4.8
1.0

Espaa
(1999)
30.6
1.9

SHCP, Cuenta de la Hacienda Pblica Federal, 2001.

Fuentes: OECD, Basic Science and Technology Statistics, 2001.

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2/Considera Transporte y Telecomunicaciones y Planeacin Urbana y Rural.

Notas: 1/Incluye Fomento a la Investigacin e Investigacin en Centros de Enseanza Superior.

Avance general del conocimiento1/

Exploracin y explotacin de la Tierra
y la atmsfera
Desarrollo de la agricultura, silvicultura y pesca
Promocin del desarrollo industrial
Produccin y uso racional de la energa
Desarrollo de la infraestructura 2/
Salud
Desarrollo social y servicios
Cuidado y control del medio ambiente 3/
Defensa
Espacio civil
Otros

Porcentaje
Objetivo socioeconmico

2.5
6.4
5.1
0.7
5.6
0.8
1.8
22.6
11.0
2.6

Francia
(2000)
40.4
0.6
4.4
1.4
0.5
3.8
14.7
2.7
2.5
34.2
2.3
0.5

Reino Unido
(1999)
31.5
1.4
2.1
15.5
4.5
0.3
6.8
3.5
2.5
0.9
8.7
0.0

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(2000)
53.7
1.6

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6.5
17.4
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3.7
0.9
0.8
4.0
5.4
1.5

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(2000)
47.7
1.6

5.3
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22.5
0.4
3.7
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51.8
4.6

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2WURFDPELRGHWHQGHQFLDHQHVWH~OWLPRDxRVHGLRHQWUHODVGLVFLSOLQDVFRQPHQRUSURGXFFLyQGHDUWtFXORVFLHQWtFRVUHYLUWLpQGRVHHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRQHJDWLYR
DOLQFUHPHQWDUVHHOQ~PHURGHDUWtFXORVSURGXFLGRVHQFRPSXWDFLyQHFRQRPtD\
HGXFDFLyQ$XQTXHVXSDUWLFLSDFLyQHVPtQLPDHOFUHFLPLHQWRUHJLVWUDGRHVWiSRU
HQFLPDGH(OLQFUHPHQWRHQODSURGXFFLyQGHDUWtFXORVDXPHQWyODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHQXHVWURSDtVHQVyORGRVFHQWpVLPDVGHSXQWRHQODSURGXFFLyQPXQGLDO



6,*1,),&$'26'(/$&,(1&,$
(1(678',$17(681,9(56,7$5,26

6,78$&,1'(/$&,(1&,$(10e;,&2

'(/2*/2%$/$/23$57,&8/$5



1993

76,340

4,702
964,800
43,367
314,170
74,434
641,083
14,103
135,000
29,252

1994

86,740

4,854

47,867
315,159
75,722
658,866
17,061
142,000

1995
231,128

49,702
88,330
100,456
4,983
987,700
47,342
318,384
75,536
673,421
19,434
146,673
333,665

= dato no disponible

RICyT. Principales Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnologa, 2002.

Fuentes: OECD. Main Science and Technology Indicators, 2003: 2.

Pas
Alemania
Argentina
Brasil
Canad
Corea
Chile
EU
Espaa
Francia
Italia
Japn
Mxico
Reino Unido
Suecia

1996
230,189

91,600
99,433
5,163

51,633
154,827
76,441
617,365
19,895
144,735

1997
235,793
19,472

93,440
102,660
5,278
1,159,908
53,883
154,742
65,694
625,442
21,418
145,641
36,878

1998
237,712
19,970

90,200
92,541
5,439

60,269
155,727
65,354
652,845
22,190
157,662

1999
25,4691
20,911

90,810
100,210
5,549
1,261,227
61,568
160,424
65,098
658,910
21,879

39,921

&XDGUR
7RWDOGHLQYHVWLJDGRUHVQ~PHURGHLQYHVWLJDGRUHVGHWLHPSRFRPSOHWR

2000
257,874
21,602
47,498

108,370
5,629

76,670
172,070
66,110
647,572
25,311

2001
264,384
20,894

136,337
5,712

80,081
177,372

675,898
25,751

45,995



(1(678',$17(681,9(56,7$5,26

6,*1,),&$'26'(/$&,(1&,$

1995
53,053
2,595
5,508
33,524
5,405
1,382
250,546
15,406
40,968
24,735
58,788
2,916
61,862
2,466

1996
55,470
3,056
6,053
33,300
6,445
1,469
246,174
16,778
42,103
26,428
61,491
3,282
63,850
3,218

)XHQWH,QVWLWXWHIRU6FLHQWLF,QIRUPDWLRQ

Pas
Alemania
Argentina
Brasil
Canad
Corea
Chile
EU
Espaa
Francia
Italia
Japn
Mxico
Reino Unido
Turqua

1997
58,443
3,461
6,747
31,976
7,841
1,548
244,183
18,148
43,464
27,061
62,166
3,587
62,464
3,545

1998
63,755
3,579
7,983
32,063
9,819
1,560
249,424
19,658
46,246
29,060
67,804
4,057
65,634
4,178

1999
64,242
3,979
9,021
33,124
11,245
1,746
250,308
20,915
47,009
29,636
69,535
4,531
67,262
4,865

2000
64,099
4,237
9,608
32,574
12,455
1,827
247,880
21,066
46,074
29,823
68,923
4,633
68,507
5,096

2001
65,827
4,352
10,622
32,610
14,843
2,033
254,548
22,427
47,247
31,759
71,421
4,999
68,732
6,163

2002
64,333
4,597
11,622
32,888
15,810
2,117
250,204
23,144
45,637
32,037
69,982
5,213
66,256
7,919

&XDGUR
1~PHURGHDUWtFXORVFLHQWtFRVSXEOLFDGRVDQXDOPHQWHSRUSDtV
2003
67,357
4,621
12,596
35,695
18,578
2,481
267,892
24,483
48,730
35,295
75,072
5,783
69,396
9,896

2004
63,663
4,364
13,328
35,364
19,217
2,302
256,374
24,761
45,125
34,385
68,568
5,885
67,010
9,959

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TXHKDFHXQLQYHVWLJDGRUHQXQDUWtFXORGHVXDXWRUtD'HOIDFWRUGHLPSDFWRVH
GHVSUHQGHHOLPSDFWRUHODWLYRIRHOFXDOVHDSOLFDSRUGLVFLSOLQDWpFQLFDPHQWH
HVHOFRFLHQWHGHOLPSDFWRGHXQDGLVFLSOLQDHQXQSDtVHQWUHHOLPSDFWRGHHVD
GLVFLSOLQDHQHOPXQGRGHQLpQGRVHHVWH~OWLPRFRPRHOFRFLHQWHGHOWRWDOGH
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(OGRFWRU5HQp'UXFNHUHQRWUDGHVXVP~OWLSOHVFRQIHUHQFLDVSXQWXDOL]yTXH
ODFLHQFLDUHTXLHUHGHFHUWLGXPEUH\ORTXHQRKD\HQQXHVWURVLVWHPD\PHQRV
HQHVWHJRELHUQRHVFHUWLGXPEUHFRQWDUFRQSUHVXSXHVWRVEDMRVQRD\XGDUiDXQ
DYDQFHHQGLUHFFLyQDGHFXDGDEl Financiero

(OSUREOHPDUDGLFDQRVyORHQORVPRQWRVTXHVHGLULJHQDODJHQHUDFLyQFRQVHUYDFLyQ\WUDQVPLVLyQGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtFR(VWHHV~QLFDPHQWHODSXQWDGHO
LFHEHUJUHSLWiPRVORHQUHDOLGDGH[LVWHXQDHVFDVDFXOWXUDVREUHTXpHVODFLHQFLD
\ORTXHKDFHQORVFLHQWtFRV/RVHVIXHU]RVUHDOL]DGRVHQHVWHVHQWLGRHQ0p[LFR
VRQUHFLHQWHVFRPSDUDGRVFRQODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVHIHFWXDGDVHQRWURVSDtVHVGHVGH
KDFHPiVGHDxRV\QRVDWUHYHPRVDGHFLUTXHHVWRVHVIXHU]RVPiVTXHXQD
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(1(678',$17(681,9(56,7$5,26

6,*1,),&$'26'(/$&,(1&,$

1993-1997
1,112,831
28,915
56,068
700,541
45,348
16,360
7,035,058
232,872
825,849
459,281
970,269
28,577
1,401,153
15,938

1994-1998
1,210,391
34,108
64,439
735,699
59,483
17,795
7,255,551
262,183
881,939
511,220
1,040,784
33,573
1,480,055
19,762

)XHQWH,QVWLWXWHIRU6FLHQWLF,QIRUPDWLRQ

Pas
Alemania
Argentina
Brasil
Canad
Corea
Chile
EU
Espaa
Francia
Italia
Japn
Mxico
Reino Unido
Turqua

1995-1999
1,307,757
39,167
75,253
763,600
76,631
21,246
7,467,429
294,823
938,436
555,197
1,111,117
39,832
1,557,987
24,433

1996-2000
1,399,780
44,696
83,886
784,759
95,958
22,709
7,518,694
332,940
979,700
597,256
1,179,691
44,957
1,617,018
28,470

1997-2001
1,515,305
52,177
98,838
813,511
123,259
26,299
7,770,935
375,613
1,045,580
653,172
1,282,134
52,503
1,734,319
34,399

&XDGUR
1~PHURGHFLWDVUHFLELGDVSRUSDtVHQDQiOLVLVTXLQTXHQDO
1998-2002
1,627,086
55,645
118,354
845,464
154,237
31,491
7,988,940
416,687
1,101,923
705,023
1,367,051
58,319
1,832,756
43,356

1999-2003
1,748,743
63,384
137,864
899,106
194,694
35,918
8,412,365
466,166
1,164,214
760,329
1,467,863
66,669
1,955,181
55,621

Cuadro 14
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Total de
miembros
del SNI
20
77
45
126
100
147
6
26
19
8
27
1
11
13
2
1
629

2010. La Coordinacin de Investigacin y Posgrado.

* Coordinacin de Investigacin y Posgrado, Coordinacin General Acadmica. Informacin actualizada mediante un correo recibido el 21 Mayo de

Numeralia de la Universidad de Guadalajara, consultado en el mes de mayo de 2010, http://www.udg.mx/contenido/descarga.php?id=25

Miembros del SNI y del SNCA por centro universitario, SUV, SEMS y AG*
Entidad
Miembros del SNCA por
Miembros del SNI por categora y nivel
Miembros del SNI
universitaria categora (todos hombres)
por gnero
Creador artstico Emrito Candidato Nivel I
Nivel II Nivel III Emrito
M
F
CUAAD
1
3
15
2
11
9
CUCBA
19
46
9
2
1
48
29
CUCEA
6
32
5
2
34
11
CUCEI
31
75
17
3
106
20
CUCS
13
73
10
3
1
41
59
CUCSH
1
19
98
24
6
83
64
CUALTOS
1
4
1
5
1
CUCINEGA
15
10
1
22
4
CUCOSTA
5
10
4
12
7
CUCOSTASUR
4
3
1
6
2
CULAGOS
11
16
19
8
CUNORTE
1
1
CUSUR
6
5
6
5
CUVALLES
5
7
1
9
4
SUV
2
1
1
SEMS
1
1
AG
TOTAL
1
1
140
396
75
16
2
404
225

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Esquema 1
Aspecto constituido

ENFOQUE PROCESUAL

RS hegemnicas

Permanentes
(aunque no estticas)

Contenidos de la
dinmica social
(procesos de interaccin
y de contexto de
carcter social)

Opiniones
Actitudes
Informaciones
Sentimientos
Creencias
Estereotipos. etc.

RS emancipadasy
RS polmicas

Que atienden
a su diversidad

Determinaciones sociales
(central y lateral)

Se sealan slo dos de los enfoques seguidos en el estudio de las RS por ser de los que ms adeptos tienen. Para mayores detalles
sobre las tendencias de finales del siglo pasado y de inicios del presente, se pueden consultar los trabajos de Banchs (2008, 2000),
Pereira de S (1998) y Spink (1993).

ENFOQUE
ESTRUCTURAL*

Dinmica: dialcticas de
intercambio (entendida en trminos
no ya de mecanismos cognitivos
solamente, sino ms bien como
modalidad de pensamiento social

Praxis, desde el punto

de vista del rol de la RS
(creacin y mantenimiento de
un orden social especfico)

Procesos de la dinmica
psquica
(cognitivos o mentales)

Mecnica, en
trminos de estructura

Proceso de la
informacin

Campo de la
representacin

Objetivacin/anclaje

Representaciones sociales como proceso y Representaciones sociales como producto

Aspecto constituyente

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(cuestionario de opciones multiples) (porcentajes)
70
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30
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65.62
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45.83
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0
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datos generales por carrera, semestre y gnero
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Tabla 4
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de tu preferencia en la UdeGRHQFXDOTXLHURWURODGR"SRUFHQWDMHV

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6t
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50
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70
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que trabajaras como asistente de investigacin, DFHSWDUtDV"
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Tiene que ver con el Departamento de Salud Pblica, tiene diferentes reas.
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Tuviste mala suerte....y a ti que te gusta investigar...



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Bien que te acuerdas de los nombres.
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Y hasta de las materias de seguro te has de acordar.
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alguien, mmmh, de estas dos profesoras o alguien ms, te dijera vente como asistente de
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Y, bueno, entonces esas maestras fueron como modelos.
6t
Pero como maestras, porque dices que ambas, bueno de la primera no s, de esta ltima
dices que...
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Ella es investigadora, pero te impact ms como que su forma de impartir las clases,
ms que como de investigadora.
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Bueno, me imagino que les ha de haber platicado de alguna de sus investigaciones o
de alguna colaboracin.
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El ao pasado, en el 2005.
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Pues ojal, es que si te encanta...
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Es el caminito.
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Oye, pues vas muy bien.
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Por excelencia, ningn extraordinario.
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La investigacin te llama y no quieres.
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30
25
20
15
10
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0

16

18

11

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Ultimos semestres
S

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80
70
60
50
40
30

72.72

44.44
27.27

33.33
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20
10
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0
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1
1
1
0
0
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6

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9

0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
3

7RWDO

Tabla 6
Determinaciones sociales mediadoras.
Fuentes de formacin e informacin (por carrera)
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5
1
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4
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5
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3
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1
3
1
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8
5
4
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25
22
12
4
63

0
2
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4
2
1
7

4
1
1
6

7
4
0
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2
2
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0
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17
11
2
30

1
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3
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2
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17
1
1
3
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Tabla 7
Determinaciones sociales mediadoras.
Fuentes de formacin e informacin (por gnero)*
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100





100

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17
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80
10
10
0
100

75
0
0
25
100

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3DUHFLHUDTXHFDVLODPLWDGGHORVLQIRUPDQWHVKXELHUDOHtGRFRQDQWHODFLyQOD
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6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

Mujeres

Hombres

30.00%

40.00%

Primer semestre

50.00%

60.00%

Ultimos semestres

3RFRDSR\RIHGHUDO$ODJHQWHHQJHQHUDOQROHLQWHUHVDODFLHQFLD
)DOWDGHLQWHUpVGHORVHPSUHVDULRV3RFRDSR\RHVWDWDO
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(VGHFLUORVDOXPQRVGHO CUCSDOFDQ]DQDSHUFLELUTXH0p[LFRHVWiPHMRUTXH
PXFKRVGHORVSDtVHVHQYtDVGHGHVDUUROORSHURSRUGHEDMRGHORVSDtVHVGHVDUUROODGRV/XHJRVXVRSLQLRQHVVHRULHQWDQPiVDTXHHVWDVLWXDFLyQVHGHEHDOSRFR
DSR\R IHGHUDO HQ SULPHU OXJDU \ HQ VHJXQGR SRUTXH D OD JHQWH QR OH LQWHUHVD OD
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(1(678',$17(681,9(56,7$5,26

6,*1,),&$'26'(/$&,(1&,$

56.3%
50.0%
71.9%
71.9%

Por
debajo
Mejor
Poco
,QVXFLHQWH

1. Comparando a Mxico con los pases desarrollados en el

Por
avance de la ciencia consideras que est
debajo
2. Comparando a Mxico con los pases en vas de desarrollo
en el avance de la ciencia consideras que est
Mejor
3. Qu tanto crees que el gobierno mexicano invierte en el
DSR\RDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtFD
Poco
4. El estado (Jalisco) da recursos econmicos para la
investigacin de manera
,QVXFLHQWH

CFD

79.2%

56.5%

58.3%

45.8%

7.4%

70.4%

63.0%

51.9%

Primer
Hombres semestre

6.9%

60.7%

44.8%

51.7%

ltimos
semestres

TOTAL

75.0%

65.5%

53.6%

51.8%

TOTAL

100.% 62.5% 70.0% 50.0% 90.0% 77.8% 75.0%

77.8% 62.5% 44.4% 80.0% 80.0% 44.4% 65.5%

55.6% 62.5% 40.0% 70.0% 40.0% 55.6% 53.6%

66.7% 75.0% 40.0% 40.0% 40.0% 55.6% 51.8%

Continuacin de la Tabla 12

1. Comparando a Mxico con los pases desarrollados en el

avance de la ciencia consideras que est
2. Comparando a Mxico con los pases en vas de desarrollo
en el avance de la ciencia consideras que est
3. Qu tanto crees que el gobierno mexicano invierte en el
DSR\RDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtFD
4. El estado (Jalisco) da recursos econmicos para la
investigacin de manera

Mujeres

Tabla 12
Posicin respecto a la ciencia en Mxico en diferentes mbitos (2)

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LQIRUPDGRVVREUHHOWHPDHQHVWHFDVRVREUHODVSROtWLFDVS~EOLFDVHQUHODFLyQFRQ
ODFLHQFLDDXQTXHVXVRSLQLRQHVFRLQFLGHQFRQORSRFRTXHVHGHVWLQDWDQWRDQLYHO
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7DPELpQHOTXHORVDOXPQRVKD\DHOHJLGRODVHJXQGDRSFLyQSRUTXHDODJHQWH
HQJHQHUDOQROHLQWHUHVDODFLHQFLDUHPLWHDODVSUR\HFFLRQHVPHQFLRQDGDVFRQ
DQWHODFLyQSHURWDPELpQSRUTXHQRVHKDQGDGRODVYtDVPiVDGHFXDGDVSDUDGLIXQGLUGLYXOJDU\SRSXODUL]DUODLPSRUWDQFLDTXHWLHQHHOGHVDUUROORFLHQWtFRHQ
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Tabla 13
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(porcentajes)
0XMHUHV

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50
50

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Continuacin Tabla 13 (porcentajes)

1R
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80
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70
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26.40
73.60
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No

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100.00
50.00
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26.70

26.10

12.50

37.90

73.30

73.90

87.50

62.10

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Primer
semestre

ltimo
semestre

Mujeres

No

6,*1,),&$'26'(/$&,(1&,$
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*UiFD
Conocimiento de centros o institutos de investigacin en el CUCS (2) (porcentajes)
150.00
100.00
50.00
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42.90

75.00

80.00

77.80

60.00

100.00

No

57.10

25.00

20.00

22.20

40.00

No

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