Automatic Braking System for Automobile

Abstract
In this world of mechatronics and automation, various systems have been developed just
to reduce the time and human error. The automated braking system is a part of
mechatronics. Presently the vehicle has alarm system for maintaining the safe distance
between moving vehicle. When the vehicle gets too close to the object, the alarm is
triggered this warns the driver about an object. But this feature has many problems and is
prone to human error. We have brought the facility by using the same sensor system but
with the automated breaking system which restricts the backward motion of the vehicle.
Our aim is to design the system which can avoid the accident in reversing the heavy
loaded vehicles like trucks, buses and all the vehicles consisting of pneumatic braking
system. For this purpose we have developed a model which consists of pneumatic
cylinder, solenoid valve, IR sensors, control unit etc. which serves as the complete
mechanism of automated braking system while reversing the vehicles.

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Index
Chapter No.

Title of the Chapter

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1.2 Objective
Literature Review
Construction & Working of Project
Design of the Project
Manufacturing process of the project
Advantages, Disadvantages and Application of project
Future Scope of the project
Conclusion
Reference

Chapter-1
Introduction:1.1

Introduction

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Stopping vehicle safely is one of the most important functions braking system can
perform. Failure of the brake system will almost invariably result in vehicle damage,
human injury, or may cause death. Consequently, a great importance has been given to
improving the brake system in trucks and passenger cars over the last nine decades.
According to Mr. Willie D. Jones in the IEEE SPECTRUM magazine (September 2001), a
person dies in a car crash every second... Automation of the driving control of vehicles is
one of the most vital needs of the hour. Various system or methods have been developed
and the improvement is still continuous for the safety of Driver, Passengers as well as
vehicle.
We are also come along with our new project Automatic Braking System. Our project is
also for the safety of Driver, Passengers, and vehicle as well as for the obstacle if it is any
human being or any important property. The whole body of our project consist of
Pneumatic cylinder for the purpose of braking, solenoid valve and IR sensor. It is
specially design for the heavy duty vehicle like Trucks, Busses etc. The purpose behind
the use of pneumatic cylinder for braking is that pneumatic braking can stop the moving
vehicle in 2 to 3 seconds moving at 50 KM. This braking system is fully automatic; hence
we name it as Automatic Braking System. It reduce all the human as well as
mechanical efforts since it is automated with changing demands on Physical input as the
degree of mechanization is increased.
Now the project mainly concentrates on designing a suitable operating system. To
maintain simplicity and economy in the design the locally fabricated unit has been used.
Our project achieves higher safety, reduces human effort, increases the efficiency,
reduces the work load, reduces the fatigue of workers and reduces maintenance cost.

1.2 Problem Statement

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Though many inventions have taken place to reduce the accidents while reversing
the vehicle like rear view cameras, parking sensor, but these are not able to stop the
accidents effectively.
Regarding the heavy loaded vehicle where parking sensor or rear view cameras
are unable to used efficiently due to formation of blind point at the centre and the height
of this vehicle is from ground is more than the other vehicles so the rear view cameras are
unable to show the image properly and it will not brake the vehicle automatically which
results in chances of accidents.
This concept is explored on Mumbai Local Train where to avoid accidents
between the local train they are using ultrasonic waves due to that the trains on the same
track start buzz ring when the distance between them is 300m and stop automatically
when the distance between them is 100m if any action does not taken by one of the driver
out of two trains.
1.2

Objective of the project

To understand the basic principal of the our project
Describe the construction and working of various parts of our project
Development of the working model of the our project

Chapter-2
Literature Review

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1) Rahul Khade, Harshad Mahajan, Nitin Kedar and Krushna Presented the world of
mechatronics and automation, various systems have been developed just to reduce the
time and human error. The automated braking system is a part of mechatronics. Presently
the vehicle has alarm system for maintaining the safe distance between moving vehicle.
When the vehicle gets too close to the object, the alarm is triggered this warns the driver
about an object. But this feature has many problems and is prone to human error. We have
brought the facility by using the same sensor system but with the automated breaking
system which restricts the backward motion of the vehicle. Our aim is to design the
system which can avoid the accident in reversing the heavy loaded vehicles like trucks,
buses and all the vehicles consisting of pneumatic braking system. For this purpose we
have developed a model which consists of pneumatic cylinder, solenoid valve, IR
sensors, control unit etc. which serves as the complete mechanism of automated braking
system while reversing the vehicles.
2) S.Mithun, S.Mariappa and Suresh Gayakwad, Presented the An air brake system is used
in heavy commercial vehicles for the purpose to stop or slow down the vehicle. The
effective braking depends mainly on the response time of the entire system. The brake
system layout configuration has to be designed in such a way that the response time
should meet the vehicle safety standard regulations. This paper describes the detailed
modeling of the individual brake system products, right from the actuating valves, control
valves, actuators and foundation brakes. Response time prediction for a typical 4X2
Heavy commercial vehicle has been done. Also a study on comparing the transient torque
generated by the existing drum brake and an equivalent disc brake model was carried out.
The layout was modeled in one of the commercially available multi-domain physical
modeling software employing bond graph technique and lumped system.
3) Saeed Abu and Alyazeed Albatlan Presented the The brake system is the primary system
in an automobile which ensures its safety on the road. The ideal brake system should
operate with the least effort from the driver and should stop the vehicle within the
minimum possible distance without loosing controllability. This paper deals with the air
brake system combination valve experimental performance. The work focuses on

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different parameters which would affect valve characteristics. Experimental investigation

of the valve characteristics under these parameters is performed and analyzed.
4) Lionel Belmon and Chen Liu Presented the Train pneumatic brakes are part of a train
safety system, and are thus critical components. This paper illustrates how modeling can
be applied to efficiently design such system, from requirement definition to HIL testing.
The valves modeling is discussed along with the system level model. Moreover, in order
to study the wheel-slide protection device, a model of the wheel-rail interface has been
developed.

The contact model, written in Modelica, has been validated against

measurement for different conditions of contact (dry, wet). The model is fully parametric and allows testing of various adherences.

Finally, the resulting system

composed of pneumatic valves, wheel-rail interface and rolling-stock is exported through

c-code for integration into a HIL system, providing an efficient test platform for the
electronic Brake Control Unit.
5) Tayade P. R., Sutar A. S., Mankar V. A., Jawale S. P., Prof. Londhe V. D. and Prof. Bhane
A. B. Presented the Todays life of common man is very fast, hectic & scurrying one.
According to the recent statistics, 14 lives are lost every hour due to road accidents in
India. Except for the Autobahn in Germany, almost all roads have specific speed limits.
And it is difficult for the driver to always look out for speed limits signs and adjust his
speed accordingly. In this project, Over speed indicator device is used that tells the driver
if he is exceeding the particular speed limit or not. To sense the over-speed, Governing
mechanism is installed. In order to maintain the vehicle speed & avoid accidents, a
solenoid operated pneumatic braking system is secured. With the over speed indicator in
your car you can be sure that you are not going get yourself booked for over speeding at
the same time it will guarantee against any road accidents due to over speeding of the
vehicle.
6) P.Balashanmugam, K.Balasubramaniyan, G.Balasubramaniyan and S.Vinoth, Presented
the As for the Indian road transport scenario is concerned, accidents are becoming a day
to day cause an attempt has been made in this project to reduce such mishaps. In our
project a high speed indication is given and automatic braking is applied by cutting off
the fuel supply to the engine when the setup speed is exceeded. In our project, we have

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used solenoid valve and an operational amplifier circuit using LM324IC. The alternations
to be made to implement this project in the vehicles are also discussed.

Chapter
Research Methodology
4. MAIN COMPONENT AND ITS DESCRIPTION
4.1 Solenoid Valve

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The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or
solenoid valve. This solenoid cut off valve is controlled by the emergency push button.
The solenoid valve consists of electromagnetic coil, plunger and spring. The air enters to
the pneumatic solenoid valve when the push button is in ON position. A plunger connects
the closure device to the control element of the actuator. The spring acting on the control
element forces the closure device down into the closed position on the valve seat. The
pilot supply overcomes the spring force to lift the control element into the open position.
These valves are mainly suitable for contaminated or extremely viscous process fluid. In
this project we are supplying the signal to solenoid valve through
4.2 Pneumatic Cylinder
Both single acting as well as double acting cylinder can be used, accordingly
solenoid valve vary. Generally 3/2 solenoid valve for the single acting cylinder and 5/2
solenoid valve for the double acting cylinder are use. The compressed air from the
compressor is passed through the regulator which is able to provide the required amount
of pressure by adjusting it. There is pressure gauge arrangement on the compressor which
is helpful for providing the required amount of pressure easily. This compressed and
pressure regulated air is then passed through the solenoid valve. If solenoid valve is 3/2
then there will be only one outlet and if it is 5/2 then there will be two outlets for single
inlet. This outlet from solenoid valve is/is directly connected to the pneumatic cylinder
with the help of hose.
4.3 Flow control valve
This valve controls the flow of pressurized air coming from compressor. This
valve is helpful for providing the required amount of air. Flow control valve also
maintain the constant flow of air which very necessary for free and uniform movement of
piston rod.
4.4 IR sensor unit
4.4.1 IR Transmitter
The IR transmitter circuit has a large importance now a day. The IR transmitter
sends 45 kHz (frequency can be adjusted) carrier under 555 timer control. IR Carriers at
around 45 kHz carrier frequencies are widely used in TV remote controlling and ICs for
receiving these signals are quite easily available.

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4.4.2 IR Receiver
The transmitted signal reflected by the obstacle and the IR receiver circuit
receives the signal and giving control signal to the control unit. The control unit activates
the pneumatic braking system, so that brakes are applied.
5. WORKING
While reversing the vehicle if there is any obstacle behind the vehicle, the sensor
senses the obstacle and electrical signal is send to the solenoid valve. Solenoid valve has
one inlet of compressed air and two outlets. In normal condition only one outlet of
solenoid valve is open and supply of compressed air is continue through it which holds
the pneumatic cylinder in backward direction and the wheel rotate in reverse direction. In
obstacle condition sensor sense the obstacle and electrical signal is sent to the solenoid
valve from control unit. As the input is given to the solenoid valve in the form of
electrical signal, a solenoid valve actuates allowing flow of pressurized air through it
from another outlet. Due to this the piston moves forward. The brake lever of rotating
wheel is just in front of piston, this brake lever is press due to forward motion of piston
due to flow of pressurized air from back side. The brake lever is directly connected to the
I cam in the drum brake. So the movement of lever causes the rotation of I cam
which stops the moving wheel and the brakes are applied

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1. Sensor
2. Wheel
3. Pneumatic Cylinder
4. Piston Cylinder
4. Piston rod
5. Brake lever
6. Belt lever
7. Motor
8. Polyurethane tube
9. Solenoid valve
10. Flow control Valve
11. Air Compressor
12. Supporting Frame

Chapter

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Expected outcomes
The whole system works only while reversing the vehicle. When the sensor senses any
obstacle behind the vehicle, it sends signal to the control unit (solenoid valve and flow
control valve) which allows the passage of air from the compressor to the pneumatic
cylinder which push the piston forward and results in stopping the running wheel. Thus
we have developed an Automated Braking System which helps in understanding, how
to obtain automation at minimum cost. The smooth operation can be achieved through
pneumatics.

Chapter
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Reference
A] Book Reference
1)
2)
3)
4)

R.S. Khurmi and Gupta, Machine Design 14th edition, S. Chand

V.B. Bhandari, Machine Design 3rd edition, Tata McGraw Hill
U. C. Jindal, Machine Design.2 reprint edition, Pearson Education India
Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett Mechanical Engineering Design 9th

edition, Tata McGraw Hill

5) Hall, Holowenko, Laughlin Theory and problems of Machine Design Reprint
2005 edition, McGraw Hill
6) PSG, Design Data Book 8th edition, PSG College of Technology Coimbatore
7) Robert C. Juvinall and Kurt M Marshek, Fundamentals of Machine Components
Design 3rd edition, Wiley India Edition
8) K. Ganesh Babu and K. Sridhar Design of machine elements Tata McGraw Hill
9) Theraja B. L, Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering S. Chand
and company LTD
10) K. Sawney, Electrical and Electronic Measuring Instruments, Dhanpat Rai and
sons.
11) Thomas Malvino, Electronic Principles, Tata McGraw hill Publishing Company
Ltd
12) V. K. Mehta, Principles of Electrical and Electronics Engineering S. Chand and
company Ltd.
13) R. Savan Kymar, K.V. Inoth Kumar and V. Jegathesan Basic Electrical and
Electronics Wiley Precise publisher
A] Journal Papers Reference
7) Rahul Khade, Harshad Mahajan, Nitin Kedar and Krushna Darwatkar,
Automated Braking System, International Journal For Engineering Applications
And Technology, ISSN: 2321-8134, pp [19-22]
8) S.Mithun, S.Mariappa and Suresh Gayakwad, Modeling and simulation of
pneumatic brake system used in heavy commercial vehicle IOSR Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Volume 11, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan. 2014), PP 0109
9) Saeed Abu and Alyazeed Albatlan , Air Brake Proportional to Load
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, Vol.2, Issue.4, July-Aug
2012 pp-1898-1902

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10) Lionel Belmon and Chen Liu High-speed train pneumatic braking system with
wheel-slide protection device : A modelling application from system design to
HIL testing Proceedings 8th Modelica Conference, Dresden, Germany, March
20-22, 2011
11) Tayade P. R., Sutar A. S., Mankar V. A., Jawale S. P., Prof. Londhe V. D. and
Prof. Bhane A. B. Mechanical based over speed indication and accident
prevention system pneumatic braking International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2015
12)

P.Balashanmugam,

K.Balasubramaniyan,

G.Balasubramaniyan

and

S.Vinoth, Fabrication of High Speed Indication and Automatic Pneumatic

Braking System International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology
(IJETT) Volume 5 number 1 Nov 2013 pp40-46

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