2013 3 97116

1 2

Implicit Association Test, IAT IAT 36

IAT
IAT IAT
IAT 30

Galvanic Skin Response, GSR IAT

IAT GSR r
.48 .53 GSR r = -.24 n.s
GSR r = -.32IAT
IAT

1.
2.
3.
2011.10.072012.01.10
Emailfachung1014@gmail.com
70

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Psychological Testing

March 2013, Vol. 60 No. 1, pp. 97-116

Development of Implicit Association

Test for Flight Stress toward Pilots

Abstract
This study aims to develop the flight stress Implicit Association TestIATby
taking the general stress IAT as reference. In Experiment 1, 36 pilots were randomly assigned to the stress group and the non-stress group. Ten aircraft accident pictures were
shown to the pilots in the stress group to induce their stress state, and ten neutral pictures were shown to the pilots in the non-stress group. Afterward, the flight stress IAT and
the general stress IAT were performed. The results showed that the score of IAT for the
pilots in the stress group was higher than those in the non-stress group. In Experiment
2, 30 pilots were required to watch the same stress pictures as those in Experiment 1,
and their Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) were measured at the same time. In addition,
the flight stress IAT and the general stress IAT were performed, and the explicit self-repot flight stress and general stress statuses were measured. The results revealed that two
IATs and GSR were significantly related (r = .48 and .53, accordingly), the correlation
between the explicit general stress measurement and GRS was not significant (r = .24),
and the correlation between the explicit flight stress measurement and GRS was not significant either (r = -.32). The results indicated that the flight stress IAT has criterion-related validity. In sum, the flight stress IAT edited in this study is proven to be a valid instrument which can measure pilots implicit stress sate.
Keywords: flight stress, Galvanic Skin Response, Implicit Association Test, stress
1. Fa-Chung Chiu, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Social Work, National Defense University
2. Chih-Chun Hsu, Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Teaching and Learning Development,
National Taiwan Normal University
3. Hsueh-Chih Chen, Professor, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling,
National Taiwan Normal University
Received: 2011.10.07; Accepted: 2012.01.10
Corresponding Author: Fa-Chung Chiu; Email: fachung1014@gmail.com
Address: 70, Section 2, Zhongyang N. Road, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
Department of Psychology and Social Work, National Defense University

stress
burnoutDoyle & Hind, 1998Beehr, 1995
Theorell & Karasek, 1996
employee withdrawalBeehr, 1995

60%42.5%
Pflanz, 2001

Farmer & Mclntyre, 2000

Ahmadi Alireza2007 89
33.7%48.5%
13.5%
life stressorganizational stress
flight environmental stresstask-based stress
Ahmadi Alireza
temperatureaccelerationnoise communication decompression sickness
vibration hypoxia exhaust fumes
Ohrui 2008F-15
Carlisle, 2001; Farmer &
Mclntyre, 2000; Lee & Liu, 2003; McGrath, 1984; Sheriden & Laurence, 1996; Veltman & Gaillard, 1996; Wiggins & OHare, 2003

AlkovGaynor Borowsky1985
Bowles
Ursin Picano2000

 60 1

self-report Cohen,
Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983; French, Lenton, Walters, & Eyles, 2000; Johnson &
Cooper, 2003
introspective limitssocial desirability
Perugini & Banse, 2007
awareness
Kihlstrom, 1987; Mandler, 1975Wicker1969 31

10%
evaluation apprehensionRosenberg, 1969faking
Cronbach, 1990conscious distortionViswesvaran & Ones, 1999
Holden, Wood, & Tomashewski, 2001

Implicit Association Test

IATGreenwaldMcGhee Schwartz1998 IAT

Clerkin & Teachman, 2010; Stieger,

Gritz, & Burger, 2010Frost et al., 2010Goethem,
Scholte, & Wiers, 2010Ames, Grenard, Sussman, & Wiers, 2007;
Houben, Nosek, & Wiers, 2010; McCarthy & Thompsen, 2006Turner & Crisp, 2010 Roccato & Zogmaister, 2010
Grumm, Hein, & Fingerle, 2011
IAT computer-administered
categorization tasksIAT
combined discrimination tasksconcepts
strengths of associations
WHITEBLACK IAT

initial target-con

cept discrimination

associated attribute discrimination task

initial combined task vs.

vs.

reversed target-concept discrimination task

reversed combined task

Greenwald 1998

300 3,000
300 3,000
20%
IAT D D
Greenwald 1998 IAT 2003
IAT
IAT

10,000
A
B AB
IAT D GreenwaldNosek Banaji2003

IAT operate automaticallyDevine, Plant, Amodio, Harmon-Jones, & Vance, 2002

IAT Banse, Seise, &

Zerbes, 2001

 60 1

IAT
Egloff & Schmukle, 2002IAT
Asendorpf, Banse, & Mcke, 2002; Chou, Chiu, Chen, Hsu, & Cho, 2009; Friese, Bluemke, & Wnke, 2007; Houben & Wiers, 2008; Nock et al., 2010
IAT
IAT
IAT
IAT

IAT
IAT
IAT target
IAT
IAT

IAT IAT IAT

IAT
IAT IAT
IAT

36 M-2000F-16IDF
E-2TOH-58F-5EC-130H UH1H

1.
IAT

IAT IAT
American Psychiatric Association, APADiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. DSM-IV
Cohen 1983Perceived Stress Scale, PSS El-Gilany 2010

Likert
IAT
M =
8.67SD = .57 IAT
33 Likert

M = 1.56SD = .21
15
focus group

30

M = 7.05SD = .44
IAT IAT

 60 1

IAT Greenwald 2003

IAT

IAT

20
10 10

20

vs. vs.

20

40

20

20

40

IAT Greenwald et al., 2003

IAT 10,000
300 10%

600

A
B AB IAT D
IAT
IAT
2.

19 Likert
M = 5.00SD = .94 3.50

t(18)= 3.31p = .02

IAT
IAT

IAT IAT

t-test IAT
IAT M = .01SD = .58

 60 1

M = -.17SD = .34t(34) = 1.09p

= .28effect sizeCohen's d = .38 IAT
IAT M = -.05SD = .46
M = -.30SD = .33t(34) = 1.90p =
.03 Cohen's d = .62
IAT IAT
IAT IAT

measurement of physiological signals

Galvanic Skin Response, GSR IAT
Criterion-related validityGSR
Boucsein, 1992 GSR sympathetic nervous
system, SNSactivationBacks Boucsein2000
GSR physiological indicator
arousal Fahrenberg Wientjes2000
empirical studyChou
2009 GSR
Mackersie Cones2011
(1)(2)
(3)

GSR GSR

IAT
GSR GSR IAT
IAT
GSR

30 F-16IDFE2T
OH58F-5EC130H UH1H

1.
IAT
2.

3.
Greenwald Farnham2000 IAT
explicit IAT

.95
4.
Greenwald Farnham2000 IAT

13

.83

 60 1

5.
Thought Technology Ltd.
2011
script

GSR

IAT
GSR

baseline phase
stress phase
recover
phase GSR

IAT IAT

GSR
GSR
t(29) = 2.62p = .01
IAT GSR
1 IAT IAT
GSR r =
.53p = .003r = .48p = .008 IAT
GSR
IAT

SD

1. IAT

.01

.44

2. IAT

.36

.44

3.

7.72

4.
5.

1.00
.72*

1.00

1.09

-.05

-.16

1.27

.89

.30

.33

.97

.41

.53**

.48**

1.00
.41*
-.24

1.00
-.32

**p < .01; *p < .05

GSR r
-.24-.32p > .05 IAT

IAT
IAT explicit
implicit

F-16 AH1W
IAT

IAT
IAT
IAT M = .01SD = .30
M = .02SD = .53t(28) =
.02p = .98 IAT
IAT M = .51SD = .17M = .25
SD = .55t(28) = 1.69p = .05

IAT
IAT
IAT

 60 1

IAT
IAT IAT (1)
IAT IAT
(2)state IAT
GSR GSR (3)
IAT (4) IAT

IAT
12 4 IAT IAT
IAT IAT

IATdomain-specific
IAT GSR r
.48 .53effect size
Cohen, 1988

GSR IAT
MODE motivation opportunity as determinants model
attitudespontaneous
deliberative

Fazio & Olson, 2003 MODE

Asendorpf et al., 2002
GSR IAT
IAT GSR

Banse et al., 2001; Cunningham, Preacher,

& Banaji, 2001

Banse et al.,
2001; Cunningham et al., 2001; Greenwald & Nosek, 2001

(1)
(2)
Hofmann, Gawronski, Gschwendner, Le, & Schmitt, 2005

IAT
IAT IAT GSR

IAT fakeKim2003
IAT
noncompatible task BLACK/good-WHITE/
badcompatible taskWHITE/
good-BLACK/bad IAT IAT
IAT

IAT

 60 1

IAT
IAT

IAT IAT
IAT IAT
IAT IAT IAT
IAT
IAT

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