Lecture-4

Prepared by:
Abdul Hasib
Lecturer, IICT
BUET
Date: 7th Jan, 2003

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Learning objectives
Multiplexing
Digital Carrier Systems
Switching

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Why multiplexing

Multiplexing provides a mechanism to share the use of a common

channel or circuit by two or more devices.
Multiplexing minimizes number of transmission lines.

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Type of multiplexer
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplex)
TDM (Time Division Multiplex)
WDM (Wave Length division Multiplex)
CDM (Code division Multiplex)

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Frequency Division Multiplex

FDM is a broadband analog transmission technique.

Each data signal is modulated onto a carrier with a different
frequency
All signal travel simultaneously over a channel.
Data Communication and Computer Networks

Time Division Multiplex

TDM is a base-band technique.

Individuals circuit are identified by their position in a stream.
Analog inputs are digitized using PCM
Digitized information are insert into the pre-allocated, fixed timing
called timed slot.
Data Communication and Computer Networks

Statistical Time Division Multiplex

In TDM, each time slot is allocated even there is no data transfer.

Statistical TDM, also known as asynchronous TDM dynamically allocate
time slots on demand.
The statistical multiplexer does not send empty slots if there are any other
data to send.
Used for General packet radio switching (GPRS)
Data Communication and Computer Networks

Wave Length division Multiplex

Used for photonic communication.
Realised by laser modulation of different wave length.
Superposition of optical signals of different channels on one fibre

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Code division Multiplex

Each channel uses a different code sequence for modulation
Codes are mutually orthogonal
Spread spectrum technique
Multiplexing is acheived by superposition of the products of
the signal with their code.

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Digital Carrier Systems

T-carrier
North America,Japan
E-carrier
Europe,South America
SONET/SDH
world-wide new standard

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E1-frame
30 voice channels+2 control channels

E1 bit rate :(32x8 bit)/125 microsec =2.048Mbps

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Simple switching network

end node
Network node
-- provide routing

Purpose:
- provide interconnection between all the nodes on a network without
the need for single connections between each pair of nodes
Data Communication and Computer Networks

Transfer Modes
The type of switching depends on connection nature.
Transfer modes:
-Circuit Switching (CS)
-Packet switching

Problem:
- Collisions: when more than one inputs are destined for the same output.

- Blocking: when the progress of one message through the network is stopped
by a message that is not destined for the same output.

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Circuit Switching (CS)

Communication in which a dedicated communications path is
established between two devices through one or more intermediate
switching nodes
Dominant in both voice and data communications today (PSTN is
a circuit-switched network)
Relatively inefficient (100% dedication even without 100%
utilization)
Three stages:
Circuit establishment
Transfer of information
Circuit disconnect
Data Communication and Computer Networks

Circuit-Switching Stages
Circuit establishment
Based on routing information
Transfer of information
Point-to-point from endpoints to node
Internal switching among nodes
Usually a full-duplex connection throughout
Circuit disconnect
Signal initiated by one of the stations and propagated
to used nodes to de-allocate the dedicated resources

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Public switched telephone network (PSTN)

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Example: space division switch

The interconnection of network
consists of a rectangular matrix
of cross-points

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Example: Time slot interchange (TSI)

Line is logically partitioned, with respect to time, into regular time slots.
Users on each side of the TSI switch are allocated a time slot.
For two users, one on each side of the switch to communicate requires only
that as the slot passes through the switch, its time slot is interchanged with
that of the use on the other side.
The size of this kind of switching element is limited by the memory access
speed of the hardware.
Data Communication and Computer Networks

Alternate Routing

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Packet-Switching
Data is broken into packets, each of which can be routed separately
Datagram
Connectionless service
Individual packets can follow different routes
Packets can arrive out of sequence and are reassembled on the destination
host.

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Packet Switching
Virtual Circuit
Establishes an end-to-end circuit between the sender and receiver
All packets for that transmission take the same route over the virtual
circuit
Similar to circuit switching, but the circuit is not dedicated

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Packet-Switching Networks:Pros and Cons

Advantages:
Better line efficiency,
Signals can always be routed
Prioritization option

Disadvantages:
Transmission delay in nodes,
Variable delays can cause jitter
Extra overhead for packet addresses

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Example: Virtual Connection

Data Communication and Computer Networks

Thank you

Data Communication and Computer Networks