In partial fulfillment of requirements of the prescribed course for

the award of

Bachelor of Technology
At

E-10B EXCHANGE
Period of Training: June 24, 2008 to Aug.04, 2008
Submitted By:Ishan jain
R.NO. - 6970408027
B.TECH. II Year, ECE
S.P.C.E.T, Lalru

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I find myself in immense pleasure in penning down these lines to
express my sincere thanks to our Director Mr. S.K Prabhakar , Mrs
Anita arora (H.O.D, ECE Deptt.) and to my training and placement
officer Mr. T.P Tulsi , S.P.C.E.T, who gave me this opportunity of
industrial training of six weeks to enhance my professional practice
and to get the preliminary industrial exposure in the concerned
discipline.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to members of B.S.N.L for giving
me knowledge about the E-10B exchange which enhanced my
knowledge to a great extent.
The six weeks at B.S.N.L gave me intense understanding of working
of E-10B Exchange apart from it gave me a practical outlook of the
functioning involving both technical and personal communication skills
thus enriching my knowledge in various aspects.
My deepest gratitude is to my teachers & all the members of
S.P.C.E.T, for always boosting my morale & providing me encouraging
environment.
Last but not the least, I thank my parents for giving me life in the first
place, for educating me with aspects from both arts and sciences, for
unconditional support and encouragement to pursue my interests,
even when the interests went beyond boundaries of language, field
and geography without grace of whom nothing was possible.
(Ishan jain)

PREFACE

Practical training constitutes an integral of engineering studies; the

training gives an opportunity to the students to expose them selves to
the industrial environment which is quite different from the classroom
teaching. The training enables the student to work in the future. It
enables the student to under go those experiences which help later
when they join an organization.
The training report presented here in manifestation of as six week
training. I under went in partial fulfillment of the Engineering Degree of
Punjab University, Punjab. As the time was limited and the field of
study was quite vast, I tried my best to get more and more information
about the industry. Although it is very difficult to reproduce everything
which I learned during the training but still in the following pages a
comprehensive attempt has been made to present details about the
working. In future it will prove beneficial for the company as well.

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is India's leading
telecommunications provider and the country's largest public-sector
firm. BSNL provides local-exchange access and domestic longdistance services through a network of more than 45 million access

lines covering most of India. It also offers wireless communications,

data and Internet services, as well as business voice and data
services. The company is still controlled by the government, as is one
of India's other large phone companies, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
Limited (MTNL). Plans to merge the two companies have been
discussed but seem to be on hold.

HIGHLIGHTS
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited has a vast reservoir of highly
skilled and experienced work force of about 3, 57,000 personnel.
We believe that our staff, which is one of the best trained
manpower in the telecom sector, is our biggest asset.
To meet the technological challenges, employees are trained for
technology up-gradation, modernization, computerization etc in
BSNL's training Centers spread across Country.
To apex training centers of BSNL i.e. Advance level Telecom
Training Center (ALTTC) at Ghaziabad and Bharat Ratna Bhimrao
Telecom Training Center at Jabalpur are comparable to any world
class Telecom Training Center. Moreover, 43 zonal training centers
and a National Academy of Telecom Finance and Management have
been running for several years now.
Different curriculum run in these centers to impart technology
based training, training for attitudinal change, basic educational and
skill development program etc.
PARTICULARS OF THE ORGANISATION

Date of
Incorporation

Incorporated on 15.9.2000, vide Registration No. 55107739, dated the 15 th September, 2000 and became
entitled to commence business with effect from 19 th
September, 2000.
The Company (BSNL) took over the .business of providing
telecom services and network management throughout the
country except the metro cities of Delhi and Mumbai of the
erstwhile service providing departments of the Govt. of
India, i.e., the Departments of Telecom Services and
Telecom Operations w.e.f. 1.10.2000 pursuant to a MoU
signed between the BSNL and the Govt. of India.

Type of
Company

Government Company under Section 617 of the Companies

Act, 1956.

Administrative
Ministry

Govt. of India, Ministry of Communication and Information

Technology, Department of Telecommunications.

The entire share capital of the Company is held by the

Details of
Disinvestments Govt. of India

Shareholding
pattern

Government of India is holding 100% of the share capital of

the Company

Listing with
Stock
Exchanges

Not applicable, as the BSNL is an unlisted company

Share Capital

Authorized Capital Rs.17,500 crores, divided into

1,000,00,00,000[One Thousand Crores] Equity Shares of
Rs.10/- each; and 750,00,00,000 [Seven Hundred and Fifty
Crores] Preference Shares of Rs.10/- each
Paid Up Share Capital - Rs.5,000/- crores of Equity Shares
and Rs.7,500/- crores of Preference Share Capital

VISION

To become the largest telecom Service Provider in South East Asia.

MISSION
- To provide world class State-of-art technology telecom services on
demand at affordable price.
- To provide world class telecom infrastructure to develop country's
economy.

PROFILE OF THE COMPANYS BUSINESS

A. GLIMPSES OF MAIN SERVICES OFFERED
1. BASIC AND LIMITED MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES

BSNL is the leading service provider in the country in the Basic

Telephone Services. As of now more than 35 million Direct Exchange
Lines & more than 2.2.Million telephones in the Limited Mobile
telephone Services are existing.
2. CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES
BSNLs GSM Technology based Cellular Mobile Network has reached
a long way, covering more than 6400 towns, with a subscriber base of
over 1.54 crore as on 31st Jan. 2006 out of which 1.16 Crore cellular
telephones are in the prepaid segment.
3. INTERNET SERVICES
BSNL offers Dialup Internet services to the customers by Post-paid
service with the brand name Netone, and pre-paid service with the
brand name Sancharnet. The post-paid service is a CLI based
access service, currently operational in 100 cities. Sancharnet is
available on local call basis throughout India to ISDN and PSTN
subscribers. The Internet Dhaba scheme of the Company aims to
promote Internet usage in rural areas.
To keep pace with the latest and varied value added services to its
customers, BSNL uses IP/MPLS based core to offer world class IP
VPN services. MPLS based VPNs is a very useful service for
Corporate, as it reduces the cost involved as well as the complexity in
setting up VPNs for customers networking.
4. INTELLIGENT NETWORK
Intelligent Network Services is a service that incorporates several
value added facilities, thoroughly designed to save time and money,
and enhance productivity. At present, your company offers Free Phone
(FPH), Premium Rate Service (PRM), India Telephone Card (ITC),
Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Universal

Access Number (UAN) and Tele voting IN services. With the

commissioning of five numbers of new technology IN Platforms (Four
General purpose and One Mass Calling) at Kolkata, Bangalore,
Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, the India Telephone Card facility and
new value added services are being provided throughout the country.
Activation of these new IN platforms had increased the sale of ITC
Cards taking the figure to Rs.265 crores in 2004-05 alone.

5. BROADBAND SERVICES
BSNL has launched its Broadband Services under the brand name
Data One on 14/1/2005. This offers services like High Speed Internet
Access with speed ranging from 256 Kbps to 8 Mbps. Other services
like streaming video, Video on Demand, Bandwidth on demand etc.,
have also been planned. As on 31.12.2005, there were more than
356000 broad band connection provided by the BSNL. There are
plans to give 2 million and 3 million connections in 2006 and 2007
respectively.

B. DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TELECOM NETWORK

1. Rural DELs
As on 31.03.2005, in BSNLs network, a total of 1.356 crore rural
telephone connections were working. As on 31.1.2006, there are
1.425 crore rural telephones working in BSNL network.

2(a) Village Public Telephones (VPTs) & RCPs:BSNL, in its unstinted efforts to make the slogan Connecting India, a
reality, had provided VPTs in 5, 18,992 villages up to 31.03.2005. The
Company entered into an agreement with USO Fund for expansion of
rural telecom network by November 2007, by providing VPTs in
66,822 undisputed, undisturbed, accessible and inhabited villages
having population more than 100 as per Census, 1991 in the country.
BSNL provided VPTs in 5, 28,886 villages up to 31.01.2006. There are
plans to replace all MARR VPTs in the country. As of now total 123194
MARR VPTs already replaced in the country by BSNL. BSNL also
committed to provide the Rural Community Phones as per the USO
Fund agreement. As of now around 13713 RCPs already provided by
BSNL.

2(b) Public Telephones:There are more than 2 million PCOs working in the BSNL Network out
of which around 1 million PCOs are having STD/ISD.

C. NETWORK MANAGEMENT
BSNL is committed to provide a robust state of the art infrastructure that
will provide stable and superior services to its customers. Accordingly,
the MLLN network covering more than 200 cities was made operational
in May 2004. Since then, about 22000 circuits have been provided on
this network. This has provided high level of stability to the leased

circuits and capability to offer N X 64 Kbps circuits. Keeping in view the

growing demand of leased circuits, the network is being expanded to
cover about 50 more locations and additional capacity at many existing
locations is also being provided.
BSNL has more than 4.7 Lakhs Route Kilometers of optical fiber
network in the country & has installed capacity more than 6.4 million
lines for the TAX meant for the STD/ISD network.

D. Setting up KU Band VSAT network

As regards the KU Band VSAT network equipment, the hub of this
network is being set up at Bangalore, The equipment has been installed
and expected to be commissioned shortly. This will help your Company,
to become a service provider with all types of media equipment i.e.
OFC, Microwave and satellite for provision of bandwidth, this will also
enable the Company to offer composite solutions to its customers.

E. Policy on transmission network maintenance

Telecom Circles have large transmission networks. To improve the
maintenance of transmission network, guidelines for route parties and
vehicles have been formalized. Telecom Territorial Circles are also
being connected with computerized network for booking of transmission
system faults, with a view to improve follow up and faster restoration of
faults.

F. Annual Maintenance Contracts for S/W System & WLL

Comprehensive AMC, which includes hardware and software
maintenance and upgrade, has been arranged with the respective
equipment suppliers. Initial feedback suggests that, as a result of

preventive and corrective maintenance support, the performance of

switches is improving. Difficulties in entering into AMC with rural WLL
equipments suppliers have been resolved and procedures streamlined
so that adequate maintenance support becomes available. As a result,
the performance of WLL network is improving. AMC arrangements have
also been made with suppliers of FWTs and hand held terminals.

G. COMPUTERISATION
Implementation of Inter Operator Billing and Accounting system
(IOBAS) has been completed. Your Company plans to provide CDR
based Customer Care and Convergent Billing system. This will help
Company in providing effective and efficient billing & customer care
solutions for its fixed line subscribers. It envisages building of country
wide intranet to reduce the cost of operation, increase realization, stop
leakage of revenue and minimize frauds, besides providing round the
clock best customer care services to the Companys subscribers.

G. OBLIGATIONS
1. Towards customers and dealers
To provide prompt, courteous and efficient service and quality of
products/services at fair and reasonable services.
2. Towards employees
Develop their capability and advancement through appropriate
training and career planning
Expeditious redress of grievances
Fair dealings with recognized representatives in pursuance of
healthy trade union practices and sound personnel policies

3.Towards SocietyCorporate Social Responsibilities

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
BSNL is committed to provide quality Telecom Services to the citizens
of the remotest part of the country & is making all effort to ensure the
objectives of the new Telecom Policy 1999.
Access to telecommunications is of utmost importance for
achievement of the country's social and economic goals. Availability of
affordable and effective communications for the citizens is at the core
of the vision and goal of the new Telecom policy 1999.
Strive to provide a balance between the provisions of universal service
to all uncovered areas, including the rural areas, and the provision of
high-level services capable of meeting the needs of the country's
economy encourage development of telecommunication facilities in
remote, hilly and tribal areas of the country

INTRODUCTION:
The E-10B system is the culmination of a massive R&D effort in
the field of switching system over many years in FRANCE. It
has evolved from the E-10B system which was commissioned in
the France network in early seventies. The first E-10B system
was commissioned in June 81 at BREST in FRANCE. Since

then, this system has been in operational use in several

countries. The E-10B was imported from the manufacturer M/s
CIT ALCATEL of FRANCE. These equipments have been
installed at 23 stations. The first system (model) was
commissioned at ALTTC1 Ghaziabad in July 84 & first
commercial E-10B local exchange of 10,000 lines capacity was
commissioned at BOMBAY in April 85.
A factor of ITI, with an annual production capacity of 500,000
E-10B local lines has been set up at MANKAPUR in GONDA
district of U.P. which is in collaboration with ALCATEL.
The version supplied to India is the 384-pcm versions. At
present in Ambala SSA total 171 Exchanges are working with a
capacity of 221484 lines. The total working lines are 170252
lines.

APPLICATIONS OF E-10B SYSTEM

E-10B system can be used for the following applications:
(a) LOCAL EXCHANGES:
These exchanges are used for handling only the local
calls, means only local calls can be made by this
exchange.
(b) TAX:
When used as tax, the system provides for the termination
of the long distance circuits.
(c) LOCAL-CUM-TAX:
It is possible to combine the functions of local and transit
or TAX exchanges in an E-10B system.
(d) LOCAL, TRANSIT OR TANDEM EXCHANGES:
E-10B system can be used to carry pure transit traffic. In
this case, subscriber line terminating equipments will not
be provided, only equipments needed for connecting the
junctions will be provided.

FUNCTIONS OF EXCHANGE:
(1) SUBSCRIBER RECORD:
The exchange keeps the record of each subscribers
facilities i.e. S.T.D, I.S.D, fast dialing & meter reading.
(2)

METER READING:
It keeps the record of calls charges of each subscriber.
Besides local calls, the detail bill of S.T.D calls is
provided by exchange.

(3)

LINKING between TELEPHONES:

The exchange provides the medium of linkage between
the subscribers. The call switching occurs in xage only.
(4)

ANNOUNCEMENT FACILITY:

The announcements like pulse Polio immunization,

Independence Day, republic day, changed numbers of
area etc. are given on the telephone.

FACILITIES & SERVICES TO SUBSCRIBERS

E-10B system offers many custom calling services to its

subscribers. Some of its popular services are:
a. Follow me service (call forwarding).
b. Conference calls.
c. Detailed billing of S.T.D & I.S.D calls.
d. Automatic alarm call.
e. Hotline facility.
f.

Last number redial: The E-10B is easily expandable to

meet increased demands. New services can be easily
introduced by modification of software, in most of cases.

g. Short Code Dial.

h. Identification of malicious calls.
i. Call waiting indication.
j. Barred Access.
k. Absent subscriber service.
l. Free phone line.
m. Subscriber home meter.
n. Outgoing only subscriber.
o. Incoming only subscriber.
p. Ring back facility.

BASIC PRINCIPLES AND FEATURES:

The system is based on the following salient features:

-

Stored program control.

TDM digital switching.
PCM principles and techniques.
Segregation of switching and maintenance function.
Distributed control using dedicated microprocessor.
Centralized management for a group of E-10B
Exchanges.

STORAGE PROGRAM CONTROL:

The control functions relating to call processing are carried out
by execution of a program instructions stored in memories of
computers. In electro- mechanical systems, these functions are
hardware based while in electronics systems are mostly realized
as software such as E-10B.

TDM DIGITAL SWITCHING:

The system switching signals are in the digital form. Analog
signals are converted to time division multiplexer digital signals
prior to switching.
PCM PRINCIPLES:
The system has been developed for 30 channels PCM
corresponding to relevant CCITT recommendations.

SEGREGATION B/W SWITCHING & MGNT. FUNCTION:

Switching functions like reception of dialed digits, their storage
analysis, routing of the call, etc are performed by a separate
minicomputer located at centralized Operation and Maintenance
center. OMC is common for a number of exchanges. The
switching center and OMC are interconnected by 6 PCM links.
DISRIBUTED CONTROL:
The various call processing functions like scanning of various
subscriber lines, detection of loop status, reception & storage of
digits, analysis and routing, metering etc are distributed over
various functional units. Dedicated microprocessor ELS-48
handles these functions.
CENTRALISED MANAGEMENT:
The operation and maintenance for a group of E-10B
exchanges (maximum 6 exchanges or 80,000 lines) are carried
out by a single OMC, which is connected to the various
exchanges by PCM links.

E-10B EXCHANGE ARCHITECTURE:

The E-10B exchange consists of three blocks of subsystems:

(1) Connection unit.

(2) Switching network.
(3) Control units.
CONNECTION UNITS:
The connection units of the E-10 B system provide the required
interface between the subscribers/trunks and the central units.
There are four parts of connection units. These are (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

URA- Subscribers connection unit. This is also known

as CSE-Electronics space division concentrator.
URM- Multiplex connection unit.
ETA- Frequency sender/Receiver unit.
BDA- Auxiliary equipment rack.

SUBSCRIBERS CONTROL UNIT URA (OR CSE):

The CSE has a maximum capacity to connect 1024 subscribers.
It concentrates the traffic of 1024 subscribers onto a maximum
of 4 PCM links.

CSE in the main exchange is called Local Subscribers

connection unit and designated as CSEL or URAL. The CSE
can also be located remotely from the exchange to economize
on outdoor plant investment. Then it is called as Distant
Subscribers Connection Unit and is designated as URAD or
CSED. The CSED is a remote line unit (RLU) and is connected
to the parent (main) E-10 B exchange by PCM links.

THE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF CSE ARE:

Power feeding for subscriber lines.
Detection of line event or line loop status (off hook/on
hook)

Off hook-When we lift the receiver, the hook comes out &
loop it created. This is detected by CSE.
On hook-When the receiver is put on the hook, the loop is
opened. This is also detected by CSE.
Transmission to home (subscriber premises) Metering
pulses, battery reversal, ringing current etc. towards
subscriber lines.
(Battery reversal) - When we dial to a person, the reverse
current pulse comes which tells about the metering.
Concentration of 1024 subscribers on to 120 time slots i.e.
Digital channels.
A/D conversion: Crossbar call is analog. Suppose a
person dials from crossbar to a person of E-10B. Then
CSE will cause the call to change from analog to digital
bcaz E10B is a digital xchnge & will only accept digital s/g.
Routine subscriber line test under the control of operation
and maintenance center (OMC).
CSE is divided into two subsystems(1) Speech Path Subsystem
(2) Control Logic Subsystem
(1) SPEECH PATH SYSTEM:

This system has three components

(a) Signaling equipments
(b) Concentration network
(c) Transmission equipment
(a)

The signaling equipment- is the subscriber line card called

XEJ. The purpose of this card is
To feed power to telephone sets
Detect line status (off-hook/on-hook)
To send the ringing current
To subject the line or equipment to various tests
To send battery reversal or send remote metering pulses
for energizing the meters in subscribers premises.

(b) Concentration network- concentrates 1024 subscriber lines on

to120 connection paths. The concentration is achieved by
using CMOS matrices.
There are 2 types of XET printed card boards. The card in
which 16 ordinary subscribers are accommodated is known
as XEJ-16. The facility of having meters in their own
premises (home-metering) can also be provided to the
subscribers such subscriber are accommodated in another
PCB known as XEJ-8.

(c) The transmission equipment- section of the speech path

subsystem of the CSE handles analogue to digital conversion
& comprises 4 PCM modules.

(2) CONTROL LOGIC SYSTEM:

The control logic system manages the speech path subsystem

& also ensures exchange of messages with central units of the
E-10B exchange. The logic system is duplicated & is provided
by Intel 8085 microprocessors, along with their memories. One
of the logic systems (Intel 8085) is on-line and the other is hotStandby mode. Either of the two logic units can be the active
logic has access to the speech path at any point of time, while
the other logic carries out tests and updates the memories.

Equipment Number (NE):

Each number has an NE and ND. The number can be known

from either its NE or ND. Each CSE rack has 2 columns & 4
rows. This means there are 8 blocks numbered from 0 to 7.
Each CSE rack is also given a UR number. Each block contains
128 numbers. Out of 1024 only 1000 are provided and 24 are
kept free.
Suppose UR number is 2, so NE will be
For block
For block
For block
For block
For block

0
1
2
3
4

2-0-0
2-1-0
2-2-0
2-3-0
2-4-0

to
to
to
to
to

2 - 0 - 127
2 - 1 - 127
2 - 2 - 127
2 - 3 - 127
2 - 4 - 127

RLU (REMOTE LINE UNIT)

After the introduction of E-10B it was possible to connect the
remote area subscriber to an E-10B exchange. For this, a unit
called Remote Line Unit or RLU is provided at remote areas
and the subscriber lines are terminated on this unit. This remote
line unit is connected to the parent (main) E-10B exchange by
PCM links. The subscriber connection unit and designated
CSED or URAD. There can be maximum 4 PCMs from one
CSED and minimum 2 PCMs to the main exchange. These
PCM systems terminate at Multiplex connection unit (URM) of
the parent exchange.
Functions Carried Out At RLU:

1) Activities related to fault repair service

(a)

Booking of complaints from subscribers.

(b)

Testing of subscriber lines and instruments.

(c)

Analysis of test results.

(d)

Coordination with various units.

(e)

Maintenance of all the related records.

2) Carrying out jumpering at MDF opening & closing of

subscriber lines, telex lines, non-exchange lines etc.
3) Maintenance of cable records and termination details at
Distribution frames.
4) Replacement of faulty PCBs in CSED racks.
5) Maintenance of environmental conditions, Power plant,
Batteries, Engine, alternators, Duty charts.

MULTIPLEX CONNECTION UNIT (URM):

The multiplex connection unit is the PCM connection interface

between E-10B exchange & distant subs connection unit
(CSED)/other exchanges. A URM can terminate up to 32
channels PCMs i.e. 960 junctions or circuits can be terminated.
A URM contains 8 modules. Each module terminates 4 PCMs
(i.e.) 120 channels.
In case the URM is connected to PCM links incoming from
electro mechanical exchanges, analogue to digital conversion is
necessary and in same cases signaling conversion is also
required. TNE is used A/D conversion and vice versa. GAS
converts DC loop signaling into E & M (digital) signaling and
vice versa.
Suppose URM number is [URM 96], URM rack has 8 modules.
Each module has 4 indicators giving indication of the four
PCMs.

FREQUENCY SENDER & RECEIVER UNIT (ETA):

The functions of ETA are:

(a) Generations of tones and MF s/g & circuit
frequencies.
(b) Reception of MF Push Button Telephone
Frequencies, MF frequencies etc.

test

(DTMF)

(c) Providing conference call facility.

ARCHITECTURE OF ETA:
An ETA rack is connected to switching n/w, markers, multiregisters and the monitoring unit (OC). Fully equipped ETA rack
consist of
(a) Three tone generator units GT 1, GT 2, and GT 3.
(b) Two frequency receiver units RF 1 and RF 2.
(c) Two conference call circuits CCF-1 and CCF-2, each
capable of handling 8 conference calls.
(d) A microprocessor- based control logic for controlling.
An E-10B exchange is equipped with a minimum of two and a
maximum of 16 ETAs.

AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT RACK (BDA):

It is not involved in call processing. The BDA has the following
functions:
1) Detection of all alarm conditions & forwarding them to OMC.
2) Distribution of recorded announcement given out by the
recorded announcement equipment provided in the (BDA)
rack.
3) Displaying the alarm conditions on the General Display Panel
(PGV) by visual lamp indications.
There is only one BDA rack in an E-10B exchange.

SWITCHING NETWORKS

In E-10B the switching network is connected to the connection

units, to the markers and to the monitoring unit OC.
Major Functions of Cx:
- The cx (1) interconnects calling and called timeslots and
enables transfer of speech samples between them.
- It transmits tones; R2 frequency and circuit test frequencies
from ETA and recorded announcements from BDA towards
connection units for onward transmission to subscribers/circuits.
- It directs DTME (Dual Tone Multi Frequency i.e. Push button)
frequencies from subscribers and R2 (2 out of 5MF) frequencies
from circuits towards ERA, for decoding into digits appropriate
signals.
- It transmits signaling to connection units relating to
subscribers or circuits. E.g. Order to send ringing current to
called subscriber, seizure signal on the circuits etc.
- It receivers positioning commands from OC (i.e. changing of
unit status commands) and also sends faults messages to OC
for transmission to OMC.
CONTROL UNITS

Control units carry out various operations relating to call

processing. Some of these operations are:
Reception and storage of dialed digits, analysis of the digits,
control over the transmission of tones, path finding via the
switching network, metering the call etc. There are six control
units. These are
1) Marker
2) Multi register
3) Translator
4) Charging Unit
5) Stand by charge recording unit
6) Monitoring unit.
The call processing and control functions are distributed over
these six control units. These functions are carried out by
individual dedicated processor called ELS-48 i.e. Standard
Logic Equipment-48 provided in control units.

Marker (MQ):
The marker acts as a message distributor and routes the
messages associated will calls from one unit to another.
It also finds a path through the switching network for
establishment of the speech path. A marker is seized by

Connection units in case of a new call or on hook

condition (i.e. release) of a subscriber.
Multi register (1) for free/busy check of subscriber
(URA)/cct (URM)/frequency receiver (ETA).
For connection as well as release of connections in
switching network.

Two markers are provided in an E-10B system. These two

operate in load sharing mode. Each marker occupies a rack
which also houses the switching network control unit (UGCX).
UGCX controls the operation of the switching network on the
basis of messages received from control units like marker,
multi register, charging unit etc.

Multi register (MR):

The multi register is the heart of the system and performs
overall command and control functions for call set up and
release. It has access to all other control units and to all
connection units.
An exchange is provided with 2 to 6 multi registers according
to traffic requirements. These multi registers operate on load
sharing basis. Each MR can handle 254 calls simultaneously.
The multi register
(a) Accepts seizure requests and on/off hook conditions
from subscribers and circuits detected by connection
units.
(b) Stores dialed digits.
(c)

Orders connection between time slots of calling and

called parties in the switching network.

(d) Orders transmissions of tones, frequencies and

circuits.
(e) Orders release of calls.

Translator (TR):

The translator supplies data relating to the subscribers i.e.

category class of services and other characteristics required
by multi register during call processing. Similar data relating
to circuits are also stored in the translator. These data are
organized in the data memory of the translator in the form of
files. Translator data can be written, erased or modified by
man-machine commands from the OMC depending on the
operational requirements. Even subscribers can modify
some data.(e.g. Data relating to additional services). There
are two translators which work on load-sharing basis.
Charging Unit (TX):
There are two charging units, which operate in load sharing
mode. Both the charging units update each other for certain
jobs. A charging unit can handle charging of 2000 calls
simultaneously. It also store charge accounts of all
subscribers, transmits the detailed billing data for the
subscribers entitled for the facility and transmits traffic
measurement results to operation and maintenance center
(OMC) via monitoring unit (OC). One TX can handle 2000
calls. In E-10B there are 2 TX. The meter charged according
to the day, time. The TX keeps records of day, time. e.g.
Day (206) , Time (11-05-01)/(hour-day of week-month)
Standby Charge Recording Unit (DSF):

DSF does not do call processing. It is not duplicated. It is

provided with a magnetic tape drive unit.
The DSF has two main Functions
(a) Data Save.
(b) Regeneration.
Data Save This takes place in the following contingencies:
Exchange- OMC link failure.
Monitoring unit in exchange blocked.
Magnetic tape drive unit in OMC faulty.
Data like detailed billing and traffic observations will be stored
on DSF magnetic tape.
In normal course this data is stored on magnetic tapes
mounted in OMC. After restoration of the normal conditions,
the data stored on the DSF magnetic tape can be transferred
to the OMC magnetic tape by man-machine command. It is to
be noted that the DSF has not directly store the charge
accounts.Regeneration - Auxiliary memories (RAMs) of
marker, translator and charging unit can be regenerated i.e.
reloaded from DSF. A tape containing the copy of data of these
control unit memories is loaded on DSF for this purpose.

Monitoring Unit (OC):

It is the interface between exchange and OMC. It controls the

transfer of messages b/t the OMC and various units of the
exchange. A number of traffic counters are located in the OC.

Miscellaneous Units:
The following miscellaneous units are also available in an E-10B
exchange. These are not directly involved in call processing
functions of the exchange
Time base unit
General visual display unit (PGV)
Power distribution column (MDE)

SETTING UP A LOCAL CALL IN AN E-10B EXCHANGE

In an E-10b exchange a number of calls processing functions
are to be performed by the different units of the
exchange for the establishment of a call. These
functions are performed by the execution of programs
stored in the program memories of ELS-48 processors /
microprocessors of the various control units and
connection units.

Units Involved:
The units of E-10B exchange involved in the establishment of a
local call are
Subscriber connection unit (CSEL/URAL)
Switching network (CX)
Control unit for switching network (UGCX)
Marker (MQ)
Multi register (MR)
Translator (TR)
Charging unit (TX)
Frequency sender/Receiver (ETA)
The associated links.

MAIN STAGES IN A LOCAL CALL:

There are three main stages in the setting up of local call.
These are 1) Pre selection
2) Selection
3) Call connection and charging.
PRE SELECTION:
There are four operation involved in the pre selection stage.
1.1) Detection of calling subscribers off-hook condition by
scanning
(a)

The caller is connected to a local CSE control logic

(b)

Detects the call origination i.e. off-hook condition of

calling party.

(c)

Stores the calling partys equipment number

(d)

Searches for free time slots in one of the 4LR,s

connecting the CSE to the CX

(e)

Searches for a free path via the concentration

network

(f)

Sets up connection between the subscriber and timeslot via the concentration matrices

1.2) Prepare a New call message to be sent to the MR via the

MQ. This message contains (PCM, allotted time slot
number, equipment number and no of slot remaining free).
The loop status signal is sent to the multiregister via the LT
link. The new call message is transmitted to the marker via
the LU link.
1.3) Marker receives the new call message. It adds additional
information from its memory. This message is sent to MR
chosen by the marker. This message is stored in a register.
2) Getting the class of service of the calling party (i.e. Type of
line, type of equipment etc.)
The marker should know whether the call is from a local
subscriber or from incoming circuit. The marker prepares
class of service request message and sends it to translator.
In this step marker and multi register, it checks for the COS
of a calling party.
3) Initiation of traffic observation
The marker indicates that a call has been initiated then the
charging unit notes the call as SUNDRY` call as till now it is
not known that call is local /STD/ISD.

SELECTION:
Selection is the second main stage in the local call set up and
commences with subscriber.
Digit reception - as soon as MR detects first interruption of the
loop it disconnects the dial tone. The MR starts receiving the
dialed digit. The loop status and the number dialed are stored in
the register of MR.
Preliminary analysis as soon as the second digit is received, a
request for preliminary analysis is send to the translator .the
international /special services. After pre analysis, the translator
sends a reply to the MR about the type of the call.
Registration of type of call by the charging unit ask now it is
exactly known after translation that the call is `local`. The
marker inform the charging unit that the call is a `local call .the
call is know registered by charging unit as a local call.
Called party loop testing the test message is sent to CSE via
MQ to find the subscribers line status (free/ busy/ pg) .if the
called line is free; the CSE looks for free channel out of the four
LRs connected to it. The called CSE connects this channel to
the subscribers line and answer message is sent by called
subscribers CSE to MQ containing following information:
- Subscribers free channel free.
- Equipment number of the called party.
- Number of free channels available.

CONNECTION AND CHARGING

This is the third main stage in the local call set up and consists
of following steps:
(a) Sending of ringing current to the called party and ring
back tone to the calling party.
(b)

Called subscriber answer (off-hook).

(c)

Termination of ringing current and ring back tone.

(d)

Connection of calling party and called party time slots.

(e)

Release of telephone called register.

These operation are discussed in the following paragraphs

The marker sends a tone connection command to UGCX. The
UGCX in turn sends a marking message to CX, which
result in extending the ring back tone from ETA to the
caller. Similarly, CX sends an order to the called CSE
over LVS links to send ringing current to the called party.
When the called party lifts his receiver, the off-hook condition is
detected by the concerned by CSE and sends to marker.
The ring back tone and ringing current are disconnected under
the control of the Multi register.
Once the connection is set up, the multi register prepares and
sends a calling party metering request message to the
charging unit. The charging unit initiates the charging
process. In the case of a local call charged on flat rate
basis, one unit is incremented in the subscribers meter
located in the auxiliary memory of the charging unit
(MATX).The MR now releases the register handling the
call. Thus the call set up procedure is completed.

MDF & DDF IN E-10B EXCHANGE

E-10B switching system is a digital switching system and
accepts both analog and digital signals. The signals from
subscribers are analog where as the trunk signals are
digital (if coming from analog source. These are
converted into digital 30 channel PCM signals and then
feed to switch room). The analog signals are received by
CSE and digital signals by URM in E-10B system. For
these types of two signals we use two types of
distribution frames in E-10B. One is called Main
Distribution Frame (MDF) & the others one is Digital
Distribution Frame (DDF).

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (MDF):

Here all the lines coming from the subscribers, non-exchange,
telex lines and analog junction lines are terminated. These are
terminated on 100 pair krone type tag blocks in which gas
discharge tube type protective devices are provided to tackle
voltage and current surges. These tag blocks are located on
one side of the MDF called line side. On the other side of the
MDF called exchange side tag blocks are provided for
terminating the cables from CSE for subscriber lines and from
transmission room for analog junction lines. These tag blocks
are of 128 pair size and facility for wedging is also available
for isolating the lines.The interconnection between line side
and exchange side is done through 0.4 mm jumper wires.

DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME (DDF):

This frame also used two types of tag blocks. One type of tag
block used for digital signals and has capacity of 32 pairs. The
digital signals fed to E-10B are 30 channel PCM and goes to
URM. Each PCM requires two pairs, one for trans direction
and the other for receive direction. Also one URM can have
maximum 32 PCMs connected to it. Therefore for one URM
we require two 32 pair tag blocks.
One tag block connected with trans pairs with respect to URM
and other one connected to receive pairs. The other side of
the tag block is connected to transmission terminal equipment
tag block.
The other type of tag block is used for interconnecting trunk
lines to transmission equipment, which converts analog signal
to digital signals and multiplexes these channels to form 30
channels PCM system acceptable to E-10B. In DDF the
protective devices are not provided.

OPERATION & MAINTAINENCE CENTRE (OMC)

Man-Machine Communication:
The functions of a telephone switching system can be divided
into two main categories:
Call processing (Control and Switching) functions, which
are automatically carried out by the exchanges.
And the Exchange Management Functions, which
involve certain operation to meet requirement of
Telecom Authority.
The management functions are absolutely essential for
operation and maintenance of the switching system. The
management of an exchange covers a wide range of tasks
(e.g.)
Connecting new subscribers, opening new routes.
Reading the charging meters of the subscribers
connected to the exchange.
Traffic and load measurements.
Monitoring the correct working of the exchange.
Detecting the subscribers line PG conditions.
Subscriber and trunk testing.
Detecting of any abnormal condition and taking
corrective action etc.

FUNCTIONS OF OMC:

- Subscriber management
- Trunk group management
- Routing and analysis management
- Call charging management
- Semi permanent connection management
- Processing of permanent line (PG) lock out conditions
- Subscriber line and telephone set testing
- Trunk testing
- Traffic and load measurement
- Fault message processing
- Alarm message processing
- Unit positioning
- Fault tracing
- Fault clearing

ORGANISATION OF OMC:

The OMC is organized around the MITRA 225 computers to

which the following peripherals are connected: Service terminal
Called MAE, use to interact directly with load for the tasks like
start up, system loading etc.
Dialogue terminal
Such as Teletype writer (TTY) and video display unit use to give
commands and receive information for management of
exchanges.
Data storage peripherals
One 50/80 Mbytes disk unit for storage of master copies of
subscriber and office data, subscriber charging data, application
program, fault tracing program etc and four magnetic tape units
for storage of detailed billing data, an memory back up etc.
The OMC is linked to all the exchanges in its service area
through a unit called message transmission equipment (ETM)
for the Interchange of data between OMC and exchanges.
POWER PLANT IN E-10B EXCHANGE
Power without interruption is very necessary for the whole
system. The power plant is a very vital organ of main and RLU
exchanges. The main E-10B exchange power plant requires all

the units of regular power plant used in other exchanges for - 48

volt DC supply and in peripheral devices. The provision of
Engine Alternator is a must at main and RLU exchanges and it
should be capable of taking combined load of exchange
equipment an AC plant. Three types of p/w are fed through
different cabinet in main E-10B. These are DC p/w source
cabinet, mains AC distribution cabinet and noninterruptible
supply of AC distribution cabinet.
Arrangement at Main Exchange:
At main exchange the first supply is 48V DC for switch room
and the second one is 220V AC supply for OMC room,
exploitation room and switch room mainly for computer
peripheral devices. The 48V DC supply requirement is met by
a power plant having rectifiers on load sharing basis, two battery
sets and a switching cubicle.
The requirement of 220V AC is taken from the mains and
inverts, which converts 48 Volts DC supply into 220 Volts AC.
The 48V DC power is taken from rectifiers (or battery in case
of mains failure) and fed to invertors which convert supply to
220V AC. The invertors are used for uninterrupted power supply
due to battery available as stand by and secondly, availability of
stabilized power supply, free from variations in voltages and
currents.
Arrangement at RLU:
Equipments at RLU are CSEDs, TTY or PCs, Test desk and
transmission terminal equipments. Except TTY/PC all other
equipments require 48v Dc supply. TTY/PC requires 220v Ac

which is given from mains and no invertors. The 48v Dc is

supplied from regular power plant consisting of rectifiers,
switching cubicle and batteries.
Environmental Requirements of E-10B system
On account of the use of miniaturized components, like
integrated circuit chips, the heat dissipation needs are rather
more pronounced. More over humidity and dust are to be
controlled because of use of computers, TTY, microprocessors
etc.
The items of work, which are to be executed before the
commencement of equipment installation, are
- False flooring
- False ceiling
- Air- conditioning for the racks and for the rooms
- Electrical installations (lighting, power points etc.)
- Fire detectors
- Stand by arrangements for air-conditioning
- Stand by arrangements for power supply.

O & M PROCEDURES FOR E-10B EXCHANGE:

To perform the O & M functions of E-10B exchange, commands
are input through Teletypewriters or video display units. On
accepting the command, the computer may send a message to

the concerned exchange on the management data link. When

the requested function is executed the computer outputs a reply
on terminal.
The various commands are:
ABOIN, CTIN, ABESL etc.
Operator commands comprise:
Command line
One or more data parameter lines
Command Line- Comprising parameters separated by commas.
Data Line- Comprising parameter separated by commas.
For management purposes, an ordinary subscriber line are
identified by equipment number (NE), and a designation number
(ND).

CLASS OF SERVICE
Class of service (COS) information provides the characteristic
of subscriber lines either with reference to equipment no. or
directory no. This information is constituted by types (TY),
categories (CAT), and marks (MAR).

Types (TY):
Information associated with and referenced by the equipment
no. (NE) e.g. Push button telephone set, only I/C line, STD
barring etc.
Categories (CAT):
Information associated with directory number (ND) e.g.
Entitlement to abbreviated dialing, entitlement to morning alarm,
entitlement to follow me call forwarding etc.
Marks (MAR):
Information associated with the equipment number (NE) or
designation number (ND) indicating the status of a service or
facility. E.g. The activated condition of calls waiting or wake me
service facility. A mark is set by the system itself and controlled
by operator commands.

Interrogation of line characteristics:

ABOIN:
CEN =
ND =
ND =
NE =
TAX =
TY =

1/88-05-12/10 Subscriber characteristics interogtn

310002 Processing TGLAIN ACC
310002
003-00-003
00000589
KLA (fast dialing)

CAT = RVT+AEN
AEN = Last number redial

Various circuit Status :

HS: Out of service
BlOM: Manually blocked, busied
BlOJ: JF condition, fault from inside.
BLOS: Blocked by the exchange system automatically (due
to wrong parameter).
BLOF: Blocked due to transmission (PCM) fault.
ENG: Engaged or busy in conversation.
LIBR: Free, idle.
INDL: Idle but not allowed handling the traffic
DFAU: Faulty.
To interrogate the status of circuit
@ CTIN:
@ AFCT= 104-3-15<20,
To modify the status of circuit or circuits
@ CTMO:
@ AFCT = 104-3-19, STATUS = BLOM;
SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF E-10B

EXCHANGE
-

Number of switch able PCM links: 384.

Processing capacity: 190,000 BHCA.
Traffic handling capacity: 4,000 Erlangs.
Subscriber Exchange: 45,000 lines & 5,000 circuits.

SYSTEM:

- Time division switching.

- Pulse code modulation (PCM) to CCITT standards.
2 Mbytes PCM link.
30 telephone channels per PCM link.
8 Bits per telephone channel.
- Stored program control (SPC).
- Dedicated processors for operation of switching functions.
Non-dedicated processors for operation functions.

SUBSCRIBER LINE:
- Dial or push button VF telephone (CCITT standards).
- Maximum loop resistance inclusive of telephone set: 2400
ohms.
- Ringing currents: 80V, 25 and 50 Hz.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:
- Exchange:
Ambient temperature of air drawn into racks: 18 to 20 o C.
Relative humidity: 30 to 70%
- Satellite exchange:
Ambient temperature: 5 to 35o C.
Relative humidity: 20 to 80%
- OMC:
Air conditioned environment.
Temperature: 15 to 18o C.
FLOOR AREA

MECHANICAL DATA

Rack dimensions

45,000 lines subscriber

Exchange=154 sq m
Height: 2.00 m
Width : 0.75 m
Depth : 0.50 m

11,000 circuit transit

Exchange = 90 sq m
Distributed floor loading:

Less than 500 kg/m 2.

POWER SUPPLY
- Exchange and satellite exchange: - 48V.
- OMC: 220V, 50 Hz.
- Power supply current on line: 23-60 mA.
- Loop resistance: 1500 to 2400 ohms.
NB
1990 ohms maximum for ordinary lines.
2400 ohms maximum for lines with long line equipment.

ABBREVIATIONS

URA: SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION UNIT.

LR: SWITCHING NETWORK LINE.
LRE: INCOMING NETWORK LINE.
LRS: OUTGOING NETWORK LINE
CSE: ELECTONIC SPATIAL CONCENTRATOR
URAL: LOCAL SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION UNIT
URAD: REMOTE SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION UNIT
URM: MULTIPLEX CONNECTION UNIT
TNE: DIGITAL TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
GAS: SIGNALLING ADAPTOR GROUP
MRM: MULTIPLEX CONNECTION UNIT

MRS: SATELLITE CONNECTION MODULE

ETA: FREQUENCY RECEIVER/SENDER UNIT
RF: FREQUENCY RECEIVER
GT: TONE GENERATOR
CCF: CONFERENCE CIRCUIT
BDA: AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT RACK
GUR: CONNECTION UNIT GROUP
UR: CONNECTION UNIT
RCX: SWITCHING NETWORK
CX: SWITCHING NETWORK RACK
TST: TIME SPACE TIME
CTE:INPUT TIME SWITCH
CS: SPACE SWITCH
CTS:OUTPUT TIME SWITCH