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CHEMICAL BONDING

What is a molecule?
The smallest particle of an element or compound that is capable of an
independent existence and shows all the properties of the substance
is called a molecule.
Q2
What is a chemical bond?
Ans
When atoms of elements combine to form molecules a force of
attraction is developed between the combining atoms which holds
them together .This force is called chemical bond.
Q3
What are the different types of molecules? Give one example
of each.
Ans Molecules of an element:
Molecules of an element is composed of atoms of the same kind.
Eg: A molecule of hydrogen consists of two atoms of hydrogen
Molecules of compound:
Atoms of different elements combine together definite proportions to
form molecules of compound.
Eg: hydrogen chloride is a compound whose molecules are made up
of one atom of hydrogen and one atom of chlorine.
Q4
Why do atoms form bonds?
Ans Atoms form bonds to become energetically favourable and lead to a
minimum energy .
Q5
What is octet?
Ans Eight electrons in the outermost shell is called octet of an electrons.
Q6
What is duplet?
Ans Two electrons in the outermost shell of helium is called is called
duplet.
Q7
State Octet rule.
Ans The principle of attaining eight electrons in the valence shell of atoms
is called octet rule.
Q8
What is electronic theory of valency?
Ans According to Electronic theory of valency, atoms combine to acquire
the nearest noble gas electronic configuration by losing, gaining or
sharing electrons .This lead to the formation of chemical bonds
between the combining atoms.
Q9
Explain why Argon atom is stable?
Ans The electronic configuration of Argon atom is 2,8,8. Since its
outermost shell has eight electrons, this atom is stable.
Q.10 Why is hydrogen molecule generally diatomic and not
monoatomic? 2000
Ans: The atomic no. of hydrogen is 1.Therefore, its electronic
configuration is 1. It is required 1 electron more to get stable
configuration or duplet. The only means is to combine two
hydrogen atoms.Hence, hydrogen is diatomic in nature.
Q11 Why is the element with atomic numbers 10 stable?
Ans The electronic configuration of the element is 2, 8.Thus, this element
attain its octet and become stable.
Page

Q1
Ans

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Why do elements other than noble gas combine to form

molecules? What type of chemical bonding is expected when
atom of hydrogen combines with an atom of chlorine?
Ans
Because these elements combine with other atom so as to get stable
configuration of its nearest inert gas.
When an atom of hydrogen combines with an atom of chlorine, the
type of chemical bond expected is covalent or electrovalent
bonding
Q13 How do atoms combine together to form molecules?
Ans All atoms other than noble gases have less than eight electrons in
their outermost shells. So, the outermost shells of atoms of these
elements do not have stable configurations. Therefore, they combine
with each other or with other atoms to acquire stable nearest noble
gas electronic configuration
Q14 What are the ways by which an atom acquires the electronic
configuration of the nearest inert elements.
Or How can an atom of an element acquire stable electronic
configuration?
Or write the conditions for the formation chemical bond.
Ans The two ways by which an atom acquires the electronic configurations
of the inert gas are given below:
a) By transference of valence electron or electrons from an atom to
another enabling in the formation of electrovalent or ionic bond.
E.g: NaCl
b) By sharing of electrons between the bonded atoms or sharing of
valence electrons of atom with other atoms resulting in the
formation of covalent bonds. E.g: H2
ELECTROVALENT OR IONIC BOND
Q15 What is electrovalent or ionic bond?
Ans
The type of combination between atoms which depend upon the
transfer of electrons and in which oppositely charge ions are held
together by electrostatic force of attraction is called electrovalent or
ionic bond.
Q16 What is electrovalency of atom?
Ans The number of electrons lost or gained by an atom to attain the stable
electronic configuration is known as the electrovalency of the atom.
Q17 What is an electrovalent compound?
Ans A compound which contains electrovalent bond formed by transfer of
one or more electrons is known as an electrovalent compound.
Q18 Give any three characteristics of Ionic or electrovalent
compounds.
Ans The characteristic properties are as follows:
a. Ionic compounds are generally crystalline in nature
b. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
c. They conduct electricity in molten state and in their aqueous
solution.
Page

Q 12

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Q19 How is an electrovalent bond or ionic formed?

Ans An ionic or electrovalent bond is formed by the transfer of one or
more electrons from one atom to another to attain the stable noble
gas configuration.
Q20 Describe the formation of NaCl molecule from its elements.
Ans When sodium and chlorine react together, the outer electron of the
sodium atom is transferred to the chlorine atom to produce sodium
ion Na+ and chloride ion Cl-. The two ions (Na+, Cl-), being oppositely
charged, are now held together by the electrostatic forces of
attraction. Since both sorts of atoms attain a very stable inert gas
configuration, the process is energetically favourable and sodium
chloride, Na+Cl- is formed.
.Q21 ( 2014)
Sodium atom loses an electron to form sodium ion.
Identify the compound form by sodium ion with another ion
having the same number of electrons. Predict the solubility of
the compound. 2 marks
Ans:
Ionic compound (i.e.Sodium chloride). The ionic compounds are
soluble in water and other polar solvents .
Q22 Explain the formation of MgCl from its elements.
Ans The electronic configuration of Mg ( at. No. ) is 2,8,2.It has 2 electrons
in its outermost shell. Thus the Mg atom transfers its two valence
electrons to two Cl atoms and changes into a stable magnesium ion
(Mg2+), with a stable octet of electrons in its outer shell.The positively
charged magnesium ion (Mg2+) and negatively charged chloride ions
(Cl-) are now held together by the electrostatic force of attraction.
Dot and cross: Page 26
Q23 Desribe the formation of CaO from its elements.
Ans The atomic number of Ca and O are 20 and 18 respectively. So, , their
electronic configuration are 2,8,8,2 and 2,6, respectively, so that ,Ca
atom has two valence electrons whereas the O atom has 6.When the
atoms combine , the two valence electrons of Ca are transferred to
the valence shell of oxygen. So, calcium as well as oxygen atom,
achieve a stable octet of electrons and thus attain stable noble gas
configuration.
Dot and cross: Page 27
Q24
How is molecule of calcium oxide formed? (2002)
Ans
Same as Q17
CHARACTERISTIC S OF ELECTROVALENT COMPOUNDS
Q25 Write three Characteristics of Ionic compound.
Ans the three characteristics of ionic compounds are as follows:
a. They are crystalline in nature.
b. They have high melting and boiling points.
c They conduct electricity in molten state and in their aqueous
solution.
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Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. Give

reason why?
Or, why do ionic compounds possess considerably high
melting and boiling points?
Ans This is due to the strong electrostatic force of attraction between the
oppositely charged ions. As a result of this, large amount of energy is
needed to break the bond and hence melting and boiling points are
high.
Q27 Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity in fused
state or aqueous solution.Give reason why
Ans Solid ionic compounds do not conduct electricity as the ions are fixed
at particular positions and are not free to move. However, when these
are melted or dissolved in water, the ions become fee and, therefore,
conduct electricity.
Q28 Why is sodium soluble in water but not in an organic solvent
like benzene?
Ans Since sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound; hence it is soluble
in polar solvent like water and insoluble in non polar solvent like
benzene. That is why NaCl is soluble in water but not soluble in
benzene.
Q29 Draw the crystalline structure of NaCl and label the ions.
2014 2 mark
Page

Q26

COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Q30 What is the limitation of ionic bond?
Ans The formation of ionic bond cannot explain the chemical combination
between identical atoms or atoms of similar chemical nature to form
molecules. Thus it cannot account for the formation of molecules like
H2,O2,Cl2,Co2 and also for the organic molecules like methane etc.
Q31 What is covalent bond?
Ans The bond formed by mutual sharing of electrons between the
combining atoms is called covalent bond.
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Ans:

Q33
Ans

Q34
Ans
Q35
Ans
Q36
Ans

Q37

How is a covalent bond formed ? Why are the covalent

compounds non-conducting and low melting /boiling point ? 3
marks (2013)
Covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between
the combining atoms.
The covalent compounds are non-conducting because they are
made up of neutral molecule.
The covalent compounds have low melting and boiling point because
the force between the molecules is weak; a comparatively small
amount of heat energy is required to overcome these forces.
What are covalent compounds?
The type of combination between atoms which results from the
mutual sharing of pair of electrons between the combining atoms is
called covalent bond and the compounds formed are called covalent
compounds.
What is covalency?
The number of electrons contributed by an atom for sharing in the
formation of a covalent molecule is known as covalency.
What are the different types of covalent bond?
The different types of covalent bond are single bond, double bond and
triple bond.
Explain the formation of Chlorine molecule (Cl2) from two
atoms of Chlorine.
The electronic configuration of Chlorine atom 3, 8, 7.The two
combining atoms of chlorine gives one of its electrons to be shared
between them and constitute a shared pair of electons.The two
shared electrons are counted for both the atoms .Thus, each Cl atom
in a chlorine molecule (Cl2) acquires a stable configuration.
Page

Q32

Give the electron dot representation of

molecule.What covalency of chlorine in HCl. (2012)

chlorine

Ans:
The covalency of chlorine in HCl is one.
Q 38
Ans

Explain the formation of hydrogen Chloride molecule .Draw

the electronic structure.
Hydrogen atom has only one electron and chlorine atom has seven
electrons in its valence shell. Hence by mutual sharing of electron pair
between them both the atoms acquire nearest noble gas
configuration.

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Q39 Explain why Methane ( CH4) Molecule has four pairs of shared
electron?
Ans
In a molecule of methane, the carbon atom and each of the four H
atoms acquire the stable configurations of the neon and helium
respectively.
In methane, we have four carbon-hydrogen (C-H)
single bonds. Thus, methane has four pairs of shared electrons.
Dot and cross: Page 30
H2
Q40 Explain how water
O molecule.
Ans

A molecule of water is made up of one oxygen atom and two

hydrogen atoms. An oxygen atom is two electrons short and hydrogen
atoms are one electron short of a noble gas structure. Thus one atom
of oxygen shares two of its electrons with two hydrogen atoms thus
attaining a stable configuration.
Dot and cross: Page 31
Q41 Describe the formation of ammonia (NH3) molecule.
A ns A molecule of ammonia is formed by the combination of one atom of
nitrogen with three atoms of hydrogen .Therefore five electrons in the
valence shell of nitrogen atom. So, it has three electrons short of to
complete its octet and to be stable .When it shares three of its
electrons with three H atoms, the stable electronic configuration of
neon is achieved. The three H atoms acquire the stable configuration
of helium
Dot and cross: Page 31
Q42 How many lone pairs and bonding pairs are represent in NH3
molecule.
Ans One lone pair and three bonding pairs are present in NH3 molecule.
Q43
Covalent compound are generally insoluble in water, but
ammonia is soluble in water, Give reasons.
Ans Ammonia NH3 readily dissolves in water H 2O because it reacts with
water to ions.
MULTIPLE COVALENT BONDING
Q44 What is a bonding pair of electrons or bond pair?
Ans
The pair of electrons which take part in bonding are called bonding
pair of electrons.
Q45 What are lone pairs?
Ans The pair of electrons which do not take part in bonding are called lone
pairs.
Q46 What is single covalent bond?
Ans If the two atoms share one electrons pair, the bond is known as single
covalent bond and is represented by one dash (
).
Q47 What is double covalent bond?
Ans if the two atoms share two electron pairs ,bond is known as double
covalent bond and is represent by two dashes (
).
Q48 What is triple bond?
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Q49
Ans

Q50
Ans

Q51
Ans

Q52
Ans

if the two atoms share three electron pairs ,bond is known as triple
covalent bond and is represent by two dashes (
).
What do you mean by
lone pairs of electrons? How many
lone pairs and bonding pairs are present in H 2O ,NH3 and CH4
molecules.
Pairs of electrons which do not take part in bonding are called lone
pairs.
In H2O molecule, there are two lone pairs and two bonding pairs .
In NH3 molecules , there are three bonding pairs and one lone pairs.
In CH4 molecules, there are only four bonding pairs and no lone pair.
Write the configuration of a water molecule and thereafter,
mention the number of lone pairs it possesses.
In the electronic configuration, the central atom is surrounded by four
electron pairs two of which are bonding pairs and two of which are
lone pairs.
The number of lone pairs is two.
Explain the formation of double bond in Oxygen atom.
Two oxygen atoms combine to form an oxygen molecule (O 2) by
sharing two electron pairs. Each oxygen atom has six electrons in the
valence shell and requires two electrons to complete the octet.
Therefore, in the formation of oxygen molecule, both the atoms
contribute two electrons each for sharing resulting in two electrons
pairs. Hence there is double bond between the two oxygen atoms.
Using dot(.) and Cross(x)
to represent valence electrons
,explain the formation of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) molecule.
A molecule of carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) is formed when an atom of
carbon combines with two atoms of oxygen. The C atom has dour
electrons in its valence shell and thus requires four more electrons
to complete its octet while oxygen atom requires two electrons to
complete its octet. This is achieved when the carbon atom shares its
four electrons with two oxygen atoms to form a carbon dioxide ( CO 2 )
molecule.
Dot and cross: Page 32
Page

Ans

Q53 Explain the formation of Nitrogen molecule (N2).

Ans In the formation of nitrogen molecule, each of the two nitrogen atoms
having five valence electrons provides three electrons pairs for
sharing. Thus a triple bond is formed between the two atoms.
Dot and cross: Page 32
COORDINATE OR DATIVE BOND
Q54 What are Coordinate covalent bonds? Why is it called dative
or semi polar bond ?
Ans A coordinate covalent bonds or dative bond is a covalent bond in
which both the electrons of the shared pair came originally from one
atom and none from the other.
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Q55
Ans
Q56
Ans
Q57
Ans

Q58
Ans

Q59

Page

Since co-ordinate bond has some polar character ,it is also called as
dative or semi polar bond.
What is a DONOR ?
The atom which contributes the electrons pair is called the DONOR
What is a ACCEPTOR ?
The atom which only shares the electron pair is known the ACCEPTOR
Explain the formation of ozone (O3) molecule?
In O2 molecule, each oxygen atom has two pairs of unused valence
electrons. If an atom of oxygen having six valence electrons comes
close to O2 molecule, the new atom may share a lone pair of electrons
of one of the oxygen atoms of O2 molecule. It gives rise to the
formation of a coordinate covalent bond.
Dot and cross: Page 33
Describe the formation of hydronium ion (H3O+) . Draw the
electronic structure.
Water , H2O has lone pair of electron s on oxygen atom while
hydrogen ion (H+) has empty K- shell thereby can accommodate two
electrons. Thus, oxygen in H2O can easily provide two electrons while
H+ ion can accept these electrons to form a coordinate bond between
them.
Dot and cross: Page 34
NH

Draw the electronic structure of ammonium ion +

.

Ans Dot and cross: Page 34

CHARACTERISTICS OF COVALENT BOND
Q60
Why do covalent compounds exist as liquids or gases at
room temperature?
Ans The covalent compounds do not exist as ions but they exist as
molecules. There are weak inter molecular forces between the
molecules. Hence they usually exist as liquids or gases at room
temperature.
Q61
Give reason why covalent compounds generally have low
melting and boiling points?
Ans
Since the forces between the molecules are weak, a comparatively
small amount of heat energy is required to overcome these forces.
Hence covalent compounds generally have low melting and boiling
points.
Q62 Covalent compound cannot conduct electricity. Give reason,
why?
Ans Because they are made up of neutral molecules, not ions.
Q63 Write three properties of covalent compound.
Ans Three properties of covalent compound are as follows:
a. They have low melting and boiling points
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b. They are soluble in polar solvents like water but insoluble in

polar solvents like benzene.
c. They do not conduct electricity.
Q64 Why is a hydrogen atom molecule generally diatomic and not
mono-atomic?
Ans
Hydrogen atom cannot exist as mono-atomic because H-atom has
one electron in its outermost shell, so it is unstable and possess high
energy.
One hydrogen atom can combine with another hydrogen atom
by sharing an electron pair and duplet is achieved. Hence, hydrogen
molecules are diatomic.
DO COVALENT BONDS SHOWS IONIC CHARACTER ?
Q65 Defined the term the electro negativity of the atom.
Ans The relative tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when
combined in a compound is called the electro negativity of the atom.
Q66 Give two conditions under which polar covalent bonds formed.
(2000)
Ans: Conditions form polar covalent bonds are as follows:
(i)
Atoms should be different
(ii)
The bond pairs should be shared unequally to atoms.
Q67 Why do shared pair of electrons in H2 molecule is situated in
between the identical nuclei?
Ans Because the shared pair of electrons is equally attracted by the two
atoms.
Q68
If the atoms forming bonds are different, the electron
attracting tendency of the two atoms may differ. Explain why?
Ans As a result of the difference in electro negativity, the shared electron
pair will be displaced towards the atom with more electron attracting
tendency or electro negativity.
Q69 Why does the molecule HCl have a dipolar character? (2000)
Ans Same as Q70
Q70 Why does the molecule HCl have a dipolar character?
Ans Because the shared electron pair will be more attracted towards the
chlorine end of the molecule. So the chlorine end of the molecule will
be slightly negative and the hydrogen end slightly positive. Thus, the
HCl have a dipolar character.
Q71 What are polar covalent compounds? Give a condition under
which such bonds are formed.
Ans
All covalent bonds between unlike atoms are partially polar. The
shared electron pair will be displaced towards the atom with more
electron attracting tendency or electro negativity.
Thus, they are called polar covalent compounds.
Condition: A polar covalent bond is formed between different atoms.
Q72 What do you mean by partially polar?
Ans Those molecules which develop a partial ionic character even though
it is a covalent molecule are said to be partially polar.
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10

Ans

Explain why HF is considered to be a polar covalent

compounds. (2015) 1 mark
Fluorine (F) has more electro negativity that of Hydrogen (H) .The
shared electron pair would be attracted more towards the Fluorine
end of the molecule. So the Chlorine end of the molecule will be
slightly negative and the hydrogen end slightly positive, these are

+
represented as
charges.

Page

Q73

H
H
Q74 Why is water a polar covalent compound?
Ans
Water is a polar covalent compound because the shared electron pair
is unequally attracted by hydrogen and oxygen atom i.e. the shared
electron pair is more attracted towards the oxygen atom developing

+
charges
.

Diagram : page 35
Q75 Why is water molecule V- shaped?
Ans The water(H2O) molecule contains two covalent bonds between the
oxygen and hydrogen atoms. These two bonds are not symmetrically
arranged, and H2O molecule is V-shaped.
Q76 Why is water a polar solvent?
Ans The water (H2O) molecule contains two covalent bonds between the
oxygen and hydrogen atoms. These two bonds are not symmetrically
arranged, and H2O molecule is V-shaped. This result in the polar
character of water .Hence water is a polar solvent.
Q.
What is the type of bonding in water? Write down the
electronic structure of it Why is water molecule polar?
Ans: Try yourself
BONDING IN METAL
Q77 What is Metallic bonding?
Ans The simultaneously force of attraction between the positively charged
kernel and the mobile electrons which binds the metal atoms together
is called metallic bonding.
Q78 Who proposed the electron sea model?
Ans Lorentz
Q79 Define electron sea model?
Ans According to model, a metal lattice consist of positively charged
kernels arranged in a regular way surrounded by loosely held valence
electrons.
Q80 What are kernels? Why is it called electron sea model?
Ans Kernels are metal nuclei and other electrons except valence electrons.
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11

It is called electron sea model there is a sea of valence electrons in

which positively charged kernels are immersed.
Q81 Draw a neat diagram of electron sea model of metallic
bonding and label the kernels and valence electron. 2 marks
2013
.Ans For Diagram see on page 36
TEXTUAL QUESTIONS (page 28)
Ans1 Electronic configuration having eight electrons in their outermost
shells (two in case of there is K-shell) favours inert or noble behavior
of element.
Ans2 The outermost shells of the atoms of all elements other than noble
gases do not have stable configurations. Therefore, they combine with
each other or with other atoms to acquire stable nearest noble gas
electronic configurations. Thus, Most of the elements form atom.
Ans3 Electropositive elements can form cations.
E.g: (i)
Na
Na+ + e2,8,1
2,8
(ii)
Ca
Ca2++2e2,8,8,2
2,8,8
Ans4 Electronegative elements can form anions.
E.g (i)
Cl + eCl2,8,7
2,8,8
(ii)
O+e2O22,6
2,8
Ans5 The electronic configuration of Sodium atom is 2,8,1, so the atom can
lose one electron from its outermost shell to attain the nearest inert
gas configuration. Whereas, the electronic configuration of sodium ion
is 2, 8 and get its octet. Thus sodium atom reacts vigorously with
water, but sodium ion does not.
Ans6 The type of combination between atoms which depend
upon the
transfer of electrons and in which oppositely charge ions are held
together by electrostatic force of attraction is called electrovalent or
ionic bond.
The three conditions for its formation
(i)
When electropositive element can lose one or more valence
electron to attain nearest inert gas configuration.
(ii)
When electronegative element can accept one or more valence
electrons to attain nearest inert gas configuration.
(iii) When the electrostatic force of attraction develop between the
oppositely charged ion i. e cations and anions.
PAGE 36
Ans 2
Since carbon tetrachloride is a neutral molecules, there is no free
electron to move.
Hence, it cannot conduct electricity.
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12

A normal covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of electron pair

between the atoms of two similar or dissimilar elements to attain the
stable configuration of the nearest inert gas configuration. Whereas,
in co-ordinate bond an electron pair bond is formed in which both the
electrons of the shared pair came originally from one atom and none
from the other.
Ans4 In the formation of hydrogen molecule, H2, the two hydrogen atoms
approach each other, the single electron of both the atoms forma
shared pair. This electron pair revolves around the two nuclei of Hatoms and it is contained in the electron shells of both the atoms and
each hydrogen atom attains the electronic configuration of the
nearest inert gas helium. Thus, H2
exist. Whereas, Helium (He)
has two electrons in the k- shell to get its duplet and become stable.
Thus ,He2 does not exist.
Page

Ans3

Ans5 The shared electron pair would be attracted more towards the
Fluorine end of the molecule. So the Chlorine end of the molecule will
be slightly negative and the hydrogen end slightly positive, these are

+
represented as
charges.

+ H
H
Thus, HF is polar.
While H2 and F2 molecules, the shared pair of electrons is
equally attracted by the two atoms. That is why they are not polar.
PAGE -37
Ans1 The outermost shell of an atom of an element is called Valence shell.
The number of electrons present in the outermost shell of the atom is
called valence electrons.
Ans2 Elements combine chemically because the element other than noble
gases have less than eight electron in their outermost shells .So,
these element combine with each other or with other atoms to
decrease there energy to a minimum level and acquire stable
nearest noble gas configuration .
Ans3
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
(i) This is formed due to the strong
(i) This is formed due to the weak
electrostatic
force
of
intermolecular forces between
attraction.
the molecules.
(ii)
These are formed when an This is formed by mutual sharing
electropositive
element of
electrons
between
the
combines with electropositive combining atoms.
element.
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Example from text book.

13

CHEMICAL BONDING

Page

IMPORTANT PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS

(5 Marks )
Q 1 Explain how an electrovalent bond is formed. What type of chemical
bond is present in sodium oxide ? Show the type of bond formed by
using dot(.) and Cross(X) to represent electrons of different atoms.
3+1+1=5 (1995)
Q2
What is an electrovalent compound Give two properties of an
electrovalent compound.Using dot (.) and cross (x) to represent
electronic different atoms, write the formation sodium chloride
molecules.
Q3 How is an ionic bond formed Write any three characteristics properties of
ionic compound. Using dot(.) and cross(X) to represent electrons of
different atoms draw the electronic structure of calcium oxide.
1+3+1=5 1996
Q4 What are the types of bonding in water and calcium oxide Write down
the electronic structure of water and calcium oxide. Why is water molecule
V shape?
Q5 How is covalent bond formed? Using dot(.) and Cross(x) to represent
electrons, describe the formation of the bond that holds two oxygen
atoms together in an oxygen molecule.
State two characteristics
properties of covalent compound. 1+2+2=5 .
Q6 An element X(atomic no. 15) combines with another element Y( atomic
no. 1) .What will
be the nature of the bond formed? Using dot(.) and
cross(x) to denote valence electrons
give the electronic structure of the
compound and suggest any two properties of the compound .1+1+1+2=5
Q7 Two elements A and B have the atomic number 15 and 17 respectively.
What type of bonding will be formed when A and B combine and what
will be the formula of the compound ? 1+1+3=4

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