KCE/DEPT.

OF EEE

UNIT-I
DRIVE CHARACTERISTICS
1.1 Electrical Drives:
Systems employed for motion control are called as Drives.
It may employ any of the prime movers (Diesel engines, steam turbines and
electric motors) for supplying mechanical energy for motion control.
Drives employing electric motors are called as Electrical Drives.
In other words, A Drive is a combination of various systems combined
together for the purpose of motion control.
Basic components of electric drive system:
The electric drive system has five main functional blocks namely a power
source, Power modulator (Converter), a motor, a mechanical load and a
controller (which incorporates sensing unit and control unit).

Power modulators:
Power modulators regulate the power flow from source to the motor to enable
the motor to develop the torque speed characteristics required by the load. The
common function of the power modulator is,
They contain and control the source and motor currents with in permissible
limits during the transient operations such as starting, braking, speed reversal
etc.
They convert the input electrical energy into the form as required by the
motors.
Adjusts the mode of operation of the motor that is motoring, braking are
regenerative.
Power modulators may be classified as,
Converters uses power devices to convert uncontrolled valued to controllable
output.
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Switching circuits switch mode of operation

Variable impedance

Converters
They provide adjustable voltage/current/frequency to control speed, torque
output power of the motor. The various type of converters are,
AC to DC rectifiers
DC to DC choppers
AC to AC choppers
AC to AC AC voltage controllers (voltage level is controlled)
Cyclo converter (Frequency is controlled)
DC to AC inverters
Switching circuits
Switching circuits are needed to achieve any one of the following.
Changing motor connection to change its quadrant of operation.
Changing motor circuits parameters in discrete steps for automatic starting
and braking
Control.
For operating motors and drives according to a predetermine sequence
To provide inter locking their by preventing maloperation
Disconnect under up normal condition
Eg: electromagnetic contacters, PLC in sequencing and inter locking
operation, solid state
relays etc.
Electrical Sources
Very low power drives are generally fed from single phase sources. Rest of the
drives is powered from a 3-phase source. Low and medium power motors are
fed from a 400v supply. For higher ratings, motors may be rated at 3.3KV, 6.6KV
and 11 KV. Some drives are powered from battery.
Sensing Unit
Speed Sensing (From Motor)
Torque Sensing
Position Sensing
Current sensing and Voltage Sensing from Lines or from motor terminals From
Load
Torque sensing
Temperature Sensing
Control Unit
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Control unit for a power modulator are provided in the control unit. It matches
the motor and power converter to meet the load requirements.
Classification of Electrical Drives
Another main classification of electric drive is
DC drive, AC drive

Comparison between DC and AC drives

The power source provides the required energy to the electric drive system.
The converter interfaces the motor with the power source and provides the
motor with adjustable voltage, current and frequency.
The controller monitors the operation of the entire system and ensures the
overall system performance and stability. The ratings of mechanical load and
type of power source are not in our decision.
The mechanical loads are determined by the nature of the industrial
operation and the power source is determined by what is available at the site.
But we can select the other components like electric motor, converter and
controller.
The function of converters is to convert the electric waveform of the power
source to a waveform that the motor can use. For example the available power
source is AC and the motor is DC series motor, then the converter converts ac
into dc. In other words a rectifier circuit is placed in the system.
The motor for the particular application is selected by considering various
factors like cost, meeting the power level and performance required by the load
during steady state and dynamic operations.
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Advantages of Electrical Drives:

Do not pollute the environment.
Unlike other prime movers there is no need to refuel or warm-up the motor.
They are available with wide range of torque, speed and power.
Now days AC motors also used in variable speed drives due to development
of semiconductor converters.

Application (Traction motors):

One of the major applications of electric drives is Electric Traction. i.e. to
transport men and materials from one place to another. Various types of Electric
Traction are
(i) Electric trains
(ii) Electric buses
(iii) Trams (tramways) & trolleys
(iii)Battery driven solar-powered vehicles
In India, 25kV, 50Hz single phase supply is used for traction.
Classification of Electrical Drives:
Generally electrical drives are classified as follows:
1. Individual Drive
2. Group drive
3. Multi motor drive
1. Individual Drive

In individual drive an electric motor used for transmitting motion to various

parts or mechanism belonging to single equipment. For example, such drive is
used to rotate the spindle, moves the feed and with the help of gears imparts
motion to lubricating and cooling pumps in lathe. In application, individual drive
consists of motor which is specifically designed to form an integral part of the
machine.

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In individual drive, the energy is transmitted to different parts of same

mechanism by means of mechanical parts like gear, pulley, etc. hence occurs
some power loss.
Advantages:
Machines can be located at convenient places.
Continuity in the production of the processing industry is ensured to a high
level of
reliability.
If there is a fault in one motor, the effect on the production or output of the
industry will
not be appreciable.
Disadvantages:
Initial cost is very high.

2. Group drive

It consists of single machine which actuates several machines or mechanism

by means of one or more line shaft. Hence this is also called "line shaft drive".
This line shafts are connected to multi stepped pulleys and belts that connect
this pulley and shaft of the driven machine, serves to vary their speed.
Group drive is economical in consideration for the cost of motor and control
gear. A single motor of large capacity costs less than that of the total cost of
number of small motors for same total capacity namely, a single motor of
100KW costs less than that of ten motors of 10KW each. Since all the motors
may not operate on full load at the same time, the KW rating of motor of group
drive is often less than the aggregate KW output rating of the individual motor
and further cause reduction in cost.
Advantages:

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Group drive is most economical because, the rating of the motor used may
be comparatively
less than the aggregate of the individual motors required to drive each
equipment, because all of they may not be working simultaneously.
Group drive reduces the initial cost of installing a particular industry.
Cost is less because of investment in one motor which is lesser in HP rating.
Disadvantages:
The use of this kind of drive is restricted due to the following reasons:
It is not possible to install any machine as per our wish. so, flexibility of lay
out is lost.
The possibility of installation of additional machines in an existing industry is
limited.
In case of any fault to the main driving motor, all the other motors will be
stopped immediately.
so, all systems will remain idle and is not advisable for any industry.
Level of noise produced at the site is high.
Because of the restrictions in placing other motors, this kind of drive will
result in untidy appearance, and it is also less safe to operate.
Since all the motors has to be connected through belts and pulleys, large
amount of energy is wasted in transmitting mechanisms. Therefore, power
loss is high.
3. Multi motor drive

The

multimotor drive consists of several individual motor which serve to one

of many motions or mechanism in some production unit. For example, in
travelling crane, there are three motors used. One for hoisting, other for long
travel motion and third for cross travel motion. Such a drive is essential in
complicated metal cutting machine, paper making machine, rolling mills, rotary
printing machine, etc. The use of multimotor drive is expanding in modern
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industries due to their advantage outweighs increase in capital cost compared

to the group drive.

Choice (or) Selection of Electrical Drives:

Choice of an electric drive depends on a number of factors. Some of the
important factors are.
Steady State Operating conditions requirements:
Nature of speed torque characteristics, speed regulation, speed range,
efficiency, duty
cycle, quadrants of operation, speed fluctuations if any, ratings etc.
Transient operation requirements:
Values of acceleration, deceleration, starting, braking and reversing
performance.
Requirements related to the source:
Types of source and its capacity, magnitude of voltage, voltage
fluctuations, power factor,
harmonics and their effect on other loads, ability to accept regenerative
power.
Capital and running cost, maintenance needs life.
Space and weight restriction if any.
Environment and location.
Reliability.

1.2 Equations governing motor load dynamics

Fundamental torque equations
When an electric motor rotates, it is usually connected to a load which has a
rotational or translational motion. The speed of the motor may be different from
that of the load. To analyze the relation among the drives and loads, the
concept of dynamics of electrical drives is introduced.

J = Moment of inertia of motor load system referred to the motor shaft kg / m2

m = Instantaneous angular velocity of motor shaft, rad/sec.
T = Instantaneous value of developed motor torque, N-m
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Tl = Instantaneous value of load torque, referred to the motor shaft N-m

Load torque includes friction and wind age torque of motor. Motor-load system
shown in figure can be described by the following fundamental torque equation.
Equation (1) is applicable to variable inertia drives such as mine winders, reel
drives, Industrial robots.
For drives with constant inertia, dJ/dt =0

Equation (2) shows that torque developed by motor.

1.3 Steady state stability

The drive is said to be in equilibrium if the torque developed by the motor is
exactly equal to the load torque.
If the drive comes out of the state of equilibrium due to some disturbance, it
comes back to steady state for stable equilibrium but for unstable equilibrium
the speed of the drive increases uncontrollably or decreases to zero. When the
drive coming out of the state of equilibrium preserves it steady state at different
speed (lying in small range), it is said to be in neutral range.
The stability of the motor load combination is defined as the capacity of the
system which enables it to develop forces of such a nature as to restore
equilibrium after any small departure therefore.
Equilibrium state of the drive mainly disturbs because of the following two
types of disturbances,
1. Changes from the state of equilibrium takes place slowly and the effect of
either the inertia or the inductance is insignificant Steady state stability.
2. Sudden and fast changes from the equilibrium state so effect of both inertia
and inductance cannot be neglected- Dynamic or transient stability.
Criteria for steady state stability:Let the equilibrium of the torques and speed is TM, TL and and the small
deviations are Tm, TL and . After the displacement from the equilibrium
state the torque equation becomes,

Considering the small deviation, changes can be expressed as a linear

function of change in speed,

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From the torque equation, where all quantities are expressed in terms of their
deviations from the equilibrium,

Solution is,

Where, ()0 is the initial value of the deviation in speed. For the stable
system the exponent must be negative, so speed increment will disappear with
time. The exponent will always be negative if,
Criteria for the steady state stability is for a decrease in the speed the motor
torque must exceeds the load torque and for increase in speed the motor torque
must be less than the load torque.

Load torque TL results in a stable equilibrium point, and the load torque TL
results in an unstable situation.
To check the stability at an operating point of the motor, if an increase in
speed brings greater increase in load torque than the motor torque, the speed
will tend to decrease and return to its original value, so operating point will be a
stable point else operating point will be an unstable point.

Cases (a), (b) and (c) represents stable

operation of drive.

Cases (d), (e) and (f) represent unstable

operation of drive.

Case
(g)
represents
indeterminate
condition
Various Speed and Torque Curves of Motor and Load

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1.4 Multi quadrant dynamics

The speed is assumed to be positive if the direction of rotation is
anticlockwise or in such a way to cause an upward or forward motion of the
drive. For reversible drive positive direction of the speed can be assumed
arbitrarily either clockwise or anticlockwise.
The motor torque is positive if it produces increase in speed in the positive
sense. The load torque is assigned the positive sign when it is directed against
the motor torque.
Plot of speed torque characteristics of the load/ motor for all four quadrant of
operation is known as quadrant diagram.

In the I quadrant power developed is positive and the machine is working as

a motor supplying mechanical energy. The I (first) quadrant operation is
called Forward Motoring. II (second) quadrant operation is known
as Braking. In this quadrant the direction of rotation is positive, and the torque
is negative, and thus, the machine operates as a generator developing a
negative torque, which opposes the motion.
The kinetic energy of the rotating parts is available as electrical energy which
may be supplied back to the mains. In dynamic braking dissipated the energy is
dissipated in the resistance. The III (third) quadrant operation is known as
the reverse motoring. The motor works, in the reverse direction. Both the
speed and the torque have negative values while the power is positive.
In the IV (fourth) quadrant, the torque is positive, and the speed is
negative.
This
quadrant
corresponds
to
braking
in
the reverse
motoring mode.
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Operation of hoist in four quadrants

Direction of motor & load torques and direction of speed are marked by
arrows.
A hoist consists of a rope wound on a drum coupled to a motor shaft. One end
of a rope is tied to a cage which is used for transporting material. Other end of
the rope has a counter weight.
Weight of the counter weight chosen higher than the weight of an empty case
but lower than a fully loaded cage.
Load torque TL2 in quadrants I & IV represent speed torque characteristics of
the loaded hoist. This torque is the diff. of torques due to loaded hoist & counter
weight.
Load torque TL2 in quadrants II & III is the speed-torque characteristics of an
empty hoist. This torque is due to the diff in torque of counter weight & empty
hoist. This is ve because the counter weight is always higher than the empty
cage.
The quadrant I operation hoist requires the movement of the cage upward,
which corresponds to the +ve motor speed which is in CCW (counter clockwise)
direction. It will be obtained if motor produce +ve torque in CCW direction equal
to TL. Since developed power is +ve, this is forward motoring operation.
Quadrant IV operation is obtained when a loaded cage is lowered. Since the
weight of the loaded cage is > the counter weight. In order to limit the speed of
the cage within a safe value, motor must produce a +ve torque T = TL2 in anti
clockwise direction. Both power & speed are ve, drive is in reverse braking.
Quadrant II is obtained when an empty cage is moved up since a counter
weight is heavier than a empty cage, it is able to pull it up. In order to limit the
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speed to safety value, motor must produce braking torque = TL2 in clockwise
direction. Since speed is +ve, developed power is, -ve. It is forward breaking
operation.
Quadrant III empty cage is lowered since empty cage weight is < counter
weight motor produce a torque in clockwise direction. Since speed is ve &
developed power is +ve, this is reverse motoring operation.
Applications of Four Quadrant Operation
Compressor, pump and fan type load requires operation in the I quadrant
only. As their operation is unidirectional, they are called one quadrant drive
systems.
Transportation drives require operation in both directions.
If regeneration is necessary, application in all four quadrants may be
required. If not, then the operation is restricted to quadrants I and III, and thus
dynamic braking or mechanical braking may be required.
In hoist drives, a four-quadrant operation is needed.
1.5 Mode of operation of electric drives
An electrical drive operates in three modes:
Steady state
Acceleration including Starting
Deceleration including Stopping
We know that T Tl J (dm/dt)
According to the above expression the steady state operation takes place
when motor torque equals the load torque. The steady state operation for a
given speed is realized by adjustment of steady state motor speed torque curve
such that the motor and load torques are equal at this speed. Change in speed
is achieved by varying the steady state motor speed torque curve so that motor
torque equals the load torque at the new desired speed. In the figure shown
below when the motor parameters are adjusted to provide speed torque curve
1, drive runs at the desired speed. Speed is changed to when the motor
parameters are adjusted to provide speed torque curve 2. When load torque
opposes motion, the motor works as a motor operating in quadrant I or III
depending on the direction of rotation.
When the load is active it can reverse its sign and act to assist the motion.
Steady state operation for such a case can be obtained by adding a mechanical
brake which will produce a torque in a direction to oppose the motion. The
steady state operation is obtained at a speed for which braking torque equal the
load torque. Drive operates in quadrant II or IV depending upon the rotation.

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Acceleration and Deceleration modes are transient modes. Drive operates

in acceleration mode whenever an increase in its speed is required. For this
motor speed torque curve must be changed so that motor torque exceeds the
load torque. Time taken for a given change in speed depends on inertia of
motor load system and the amount by which motor torque exceeds the load
torque. Increase in motor torque is accompanied by an increase in motor
current. Care must be taken to restrict the motor current within a value which is
safe for both motor and power modulator. In applications involving acceleration
periods of long duration, current must not be allowed to exceed the rated value.
When acceleration periods are of short duration a current higher than the rated
value is allowed during acceleration. In closed loop drives requiring fast
response, motor current may be intentionally forced to the maximum value in
order to achieve high acceleration.
Figure shown below shows the transition from operating point A at speed
point B at a higher speed m2 , when the motor torque is held constant during
acceleration. The path consists of AD1E1B. In the figure below, 1 to 5 are motor
speed torque curves. Starting is a special case of acceleration where a speed
change from 0 to a desired speed takes place. All points mentioned in relation
to acceleration are applicable to starting. The maximum current allowed should
not only be safe for motor and power modulator but drop in source voltage
caused due to it should also be in acceptable limits. In some applications the
motor should accelerate smoothly, without any jerk. This is achieved when the
starting torque can be increased steplessly from its zero value. Such a start is
known as soft start.
Motor operation in deceleration mode is required when a decrease in its
speed is required. According to the equation T = Tl J (dm/dt), deceleration
occurs when load torque exceeds the motor torque. In those applications where
load torque is always present with substantial magnitude, enough deceleration
can be achieved by simply reducing the motor torque to zero. In those
applications where load torque may not always have substantial amount or
where simply reducing the motor torque to zero does not provide enough
deceleration, mechanical brakes may be used to produce the required
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magnitude of deceleration. Alternatively, electric braking may be employed.

Now both motor and the load torque oppose the motion, thus producing larger
deceleration. During electric braking motor current tends to exceed the safe
limit. Appropriate changes are made to ensure that the current is restricted
within the safe limit.

1.6 Classification of Load Torques

1. Active Load torques
2. Passive Load torques
Active Load Torques:
Load torque which has the potential to drive the motor under equilibrium
conditions are called active load torques.
Load torques usually retains sign when the drive rotation is changed.
Passive Torque:
Load torque which always oppose the motion and change their sign on the
reversal of motion are called passive load torques.
Components of load torques:
1. Friction Torque (TF)
The friction torque (TF) is the equivalent value of various friction torques
referred to the motor shaft.
2. Windage Torque (Tw)
When a motor runs, the wind generates a torque opposing the motion. This is
known as the winding torque.
3. Torque required doing useful mechanical work (Tm)
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Nature of the torque depends of type of load.

It may be constant and independent of speed, some function of speed, may
be time invariant or time variant.
The nature of the torque may change with the change in the loads mode of
operation.
Characteristics of different types of load:
In electric drives the driving equipment is an electric motor.
Selection of particular type of motor driving is the matching of speed-torque
characteristics of the driven unit and that of the motor.
Different types of loads exhibit different speed torque characteristics.
Most of the industrial loads can be classified into the following 4 general
categories:
1. Constant torque type load.
2. Torque proportional to speed (generator type load)
3. Torque proportional to square of the speed (fan type load)
4. Torque inversely proportional to speed (constant power type load)
1. Constant Torque Characteristic:

The speed torque characteristic of this type of load is given by T=K.

Working motor have each mechanical nature of work like shaping , cutting,
grinding or sharing, require constant torque irrespective of speed. Similarly
cranes during the hoisting. Similarly cranes during the hoisting and conveyors
handling constant weight of material/unit, time also exhibit this type of
characteristics.
2. Torque proportional to speed:
Separately excited dc generators connected to a constant resistance
load, eddy current brakes and calendaring have a speed torque characteristics
have a speed torque characteristics given by T= Kw.

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3. Torque propositional to square of the speed:

The speed torque characteristics of this type of load is given by

Example: Fans, Rotary pumps, compressors, ship propellers.

4. Torque inversely propositional to speed:

In such types of loads, torque is inversely proportional to speed or load

power remains constant.

Eq: Lathes, boring milling, steel mill and electric traction load.

This type of characteristics is given by Most of the load requires extra

effort at the time of starting to overcome static friction. In power application it is
known as brake away torque and load control engineers call it stiction.
Because of stiction, the speed torque characteristics of the load are modified
near to zero speed.

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HEATING AND COOLING CURVES:

A machine can be considered as a homogeneous body developing heat
internally at uniform rate and dissipating heat proportionately to its
temperature rise,
RELATION SHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE RISE AND TIME
Let, P =heat developed, joules/sec or watts
G =weight of active parts of machine, kg
h =specific heat per kg per deg cell
S = cooling surface, m2
= specific heat dissipation (or) emissivity, J per sec per m 2 of Surface per deg
cell difference between surface and ambient cooling medium
= temperature rise, deg cell
m=final steady temperature rise, deg cell
t =time, sec
=heating time constant, seconds
=cooling time constant, seconds
Assume that a machine attains a temperature rise after the lapse of time t
seconds. In an element of time dt a small temperature rise d takes place.
Then, Heat developed = p.dt
Heat developed = Gh.d
Heat dissipated = S .dt
Therefore, total heat developed=heat stored + heat dissipated

This is a differential equation and solution of this equation is,

Where k is a constant of integration determined by initial conditions. Let the

initial
temperature rise to be zero at t=0.

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Equation 1 can be written as

Where is called as heating time constant and it has the dimensions of time.
Heating time constant
Heating time constant is defined as the time taken by the machine to attain
0.623 of its final steady temperature rise.
When t= ,

The heating time constant of the machine is the index of time taken by the
machine to attain its final steady temperature rise.
We know that =(Gh/S) , therefore, the time constant is inversely
proportional to has a larger value for ventilated machines and thus the value
of their heating time constant is small.
The value of heating time constant is larger for poorly ventilated machines
with large or totally enclosed machines, the heating time constant may reach
several hours or even days.
When a hot body is cooling due to reduction of the losses developed in it, the
temperature time curve is again an exponential function.

Where, f =final temperature drop (the temperature at which whatever heat

is generated is dissipated)
(p/ S) where, is rate of heat dissipation while cooling
i= the temperature rise above ambient in the body at time t=0
If motor where disconnected from supply during cooling, there would be no
losses taking place and hence, final temperature reached will be the ambient
temperature.
Therefore, f =0 and hence equation (4) becomes

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Cooling time constant

Cooling time constant is, therefore, defined as the time required cooling the
machine down to 0.368 times the initial temperature rise above ambient
temperature.

Heating and cooling time curves

CLASSES OF MOTOR DUTY

Various load time variations encountered into eight classes as
(i) Continuous duty
(ii) Short time duty
(iii) Intermittent periodic duty
(iv) Intermittent periodic duty with starting
(v) Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
(vi) Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
(vii) Continuous duty with starting & braking
(viii) Continuous duty with periodic speed changes.
1. Continuous duty:
This type drive is operated continuously for a duration which is long enough
to reach its steady state value of temperature.
This duty is characterized by constant motor torque and constant motor loss
operation. Depicted in fig.1 (a) & (b).
This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction
motors and DC shunt motors.
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Examples: Paper mill drives, Compressors Conveyors, Centrifugal pumps

and Fans.

2. Short time duty:

In this type drive operation, Time of operation is less than heating time
constant and motor is allowed to cool off to room temperature before it is
operated again.
Here the motor can be overloaded until the motor temperature reaches its
permissible limit. Depicted in fig.2 (a) & (b).
This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction
motors and DC shunt motors, DC series motors, universal motors.
Examples: Crane drives, Drives for house hold appliances turning bridges
Sluice gate drives Valve drives and Machine tool drives.

3. Intermittent periodic duty:

In this type drive operation, It consists of a different periods of duty cycles
I.e. a period of rest and a period of running, a period of starting, a period of
braking.
Both a running period is not enough to reach its steady state temperature
and a rest period is not enough to cool off the machine to ambient
temperature.
In this type drive operation, heating due to starting and braking is negligible.
Depicted in fig.3 (a) & (b).
This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction
motors and DC shunt motors, universal motors.
Examples: Pressing Cutting Drilling machine drives.

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4. Intermittent periodic duty with starting:

This is intermittent periodic duty where heating
Due to starting cant be ignored.
It consists of a starting period; a running period, a braking period & a rest
period are being
too short to reach their steady state value.
In this type of drive operation, heating due to braking is negligible.
Depicted in fig.4 (a) & (b).
This type of duty can be accomplished by three phase induction motors and
DC series motors, DC compound motors, universal motors.
Examples: Metal cutting, drilling tool drives, Drives for forklift trucks, mine
hoist etc.

5. Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking:

This is an intermittent periodic duty where heating during starting & braking
cant be ignored.
It consists of a starting period, a running period; a braking period & a rest
period are being too short to reach their steady state temperature value.
Depicted in fig.5 (a) & (b).
This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction
motors and DC shunt motors, DC series motors, DC compound motors,
universal motors.
Examples: Billet mill drive, Manipulator drive, Ingot buggy drive, Screw down
mechanism of blooming mill, several machine tool drives, Drives for electric
suburban trains and Mine hoist.

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6. Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading:

This type of drive operation consists a period of running at constant load and
a period of running at no load with normal voltage to the excitation winding in
separately excited machines.
Again the load and no load periods are not enough to reach their respective
temperature limits.
This duty is distinguished from intermittent periodic duty by running at no
load instead of rest period.
This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction
motors and DC compound motors, universal motors. .
Examples: Pressing Cutting Shearing and Drilling machine drives.
7. Continuous duty with starting & braking:
It consists a period of starting, a period of running & a period of electrical
braking.
Here period of rest is negligible.
This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction
motors.
Examples: The main drive of a blooming mill.
8. Continuous duty with periodic speed changes:
It consists a period of running in a load with a particular speed and a period of
running at different load with different speed which are not enough to reach
their respective steady state temperatures.
Further here is no period of rest.
This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction
motors and DC series motor in traction.
Examples: All variable speed drives.

SELECTION OF POWER RATING OF MOTORS

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From the point of view of motor rating for various duty cycles in section 1.6
can be broadly classified as:
Continuous duty and constant load
Continuous duty and variable load
Short time rating
Continuous duty and constant load
If the motor has load torque of T N-m and it is running at
radians/seconds, if efficiency in , then power rating of the motor is

Power rating is calculated and then a motor with next higher power rating
from commercially available rating is selected.
Obviously, motor speed should also match loads speed requirement .It is
also necessary to check whether the motor can fulfill starting torque
requirement also.
Continuous duty and variable load
The operating temperature of a motor should never exceed the maximum
permissible temperature, because it will result in deterioration and breakdown
of insulation and will shorten the service life of motors.
It is general practice to base the motor power ratings on a standard value of
temperature, say 350c.
Accordingly, the power given on the name plate of a motor corresponds to the
power which the motor is capable of delivering without overheating at an
ambient temperature of 350c. the duty cycle is closely related to temperature
and is generally taken to include the environmental factors also.
The rating of a machine can be determined from heating considerations.
However the motor so selected should be checked for its overload capacity
and starting torque.
This is because, the motor selected purely on the basis of heating may not be
able to meet the mechanical requirements of the basis of heating may not be
able to meet the mechanical requirements of the load to be driven by it.
The majority of electric machines used in drives operate continuously at a
constant or only slightly variable load.
The selection of the motor capacity for these applications is fairly simple in
case the approximate constant power input is known
In many applications, the power input required for a motor is not known
before hand and therefore certain difficulties arise in such cases.
For the determination of ratings of machines whose load characteristics have
not been thoroughly studied, it becomes necessary to determine the load
diagram i.e., diagram shown the variation of power output versus time.
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The temperature of the motor changes continuously when the load is

variable. On account of this, it becomes difficult to select the motor rating as
per heating.
The analytical study of heating becomes highly complicated if the load
diagram is irregular in shape or when it has a large number of steps.
Therefore it becomes extremely difficult to select the motor capacity through
analysis of the load diagram due to select the motor capacity through
analysis of the load diagram due to lack of accuracy of this method.
On the other hand it is not correct to select the motor according to the
lowest or highest load because the motor would be overloaded in the first case
and under loaded in the second case. Therefore it becomes necessary to adopt
suitable methods for the determination of motor ratings.
Solved Problem:
Problem 1:

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Problem 2:

Problem 3:

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