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198

CHAPTER 10

IDEAL GAS

Competences Standard

Describe the properties of monatomic ideal gas

Analyzing changes in the state by applying the ideal gas law of


thermodynamics

Basic Competences
A. Analyze the state of gas due to temperature pressure, and volume
changes.
B. Apply and understand the basics concepts and the general equations
of ideal gases expressed by Boyle-Gay Lussac law in daily life.
C. Analyze the properties of monoatomic and diatomic ideal.
When a can of soda water is pouried out into a glass,
bubbles of gas are visible in the glass. The bubbles of
gas are moving up. During their motion, the sze of the
bubbles is increasing, their volumes even become almost
twice of their initial volumes when they reach the surface.
The bubbles of gas in a soft drink contain carbon dioxide
(CO2), a kind of gas produced by fermentation process. A
bubble of gas develops its volume and moves quickly .
Why does this happen that way?

A.

Model of Ideal Gas

1.

The Characteristic of Ideal Gas


If a container of volume V contains N particles of gas, each has molecular mass

m, and then total mass of the gas is Nm, while its mass density is

Nm
V

There by, the mass density of gas can be reduced by decreasing the number of
particles or by transferring the gas into a bigger container (increasing V).
The result of experiment shows that at a small enough density, all gases tend
to show a simple relation ship of pressure, volume, and temperature. This fact guides
us to a concept of Ideal gas, which is gas with relatively small inter-molecule interaction
so it can be neglected.

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2.

The General Equation of Ideal Gas


Before discussing about ideal gas equation and the physics laws concerning it,

we need to discuss the mol concept and Avogadross number.


Mol Concept and Avogadros Number

The mol number of a substance is usually signified by n. In SI, mol (mole) is


defined as the most abundant carbon isotope in the universe, wichh is carbon -12
isotope or simply written as C-12. the following is the definition.
A mol of substance is the amount of substance containing elementary entities as much
as the number of atoms in 12 gram of C-12 isotope.
Elementary entities in the definition above are moleculer that contain either more than
one atom such as water (H2O) or the single atom (such as carbon atom (C) and helium
atom (He).
Exsperiment has proven that the number of atom in one mol C-12 isotope is:
6,022 x 1023, that number is called Avogadro (NA). The relative mass of molecule (Mr) of
a subtance is the molecule mass in 1 mol substance. The relative mass of atom (A r) of
a substance is the mass atom in 1 mol substance.
Mass of a particle in atom is the ratio between the atomic mass and the
Avogadros number,
m0

M
NA

10.1

where:
M = atomic mass ( molecular mass or mole) in kg/ mole
NA = Avogadros number = 6.002 x 1023 atoms/mole or molecules/ mole
mo = mass of particle in the atom
The number of mole of gas (n) could be calculated by using the following formula:
n

m
Mr

10.2

N
NA

10.3

or

where:
m = mass of substance
Mr = relative mass of molecule

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N = the amount of gas particle


NA = Avogadros number

Boyles Law
Boyle investigated the relationship between pressure (P) and volume (V)

variabel when the gas is in costant temperature, If the temperature of gas in the
container is maintained constant, the gas pressure is inversely proportional to its
volume. The above statement was contained by Robert Boyle and called Boyles law.
In general, Boyles law is written as follows:
P V = constant or

10.4

P1V1 P2V2

Charles Gay Lussacs Law


If the pressure of gas in a enclosed container is maintained constant, the

volume (V) of gas is proportional to its absolute temperature (T). The above statement
was made by Charles and Gay Lussac, and called Charles- Gay Lussac law.
In general, the law of Charles - Gay Lussac is written as follows:
V/T

constant

or

V1 V2

T1 T2

10.5

Boyle - Gay Lussacs Law

If equations 10.4 and


Lussacs law, which is

are combined, the result is Boyle - Gay

P1V1
PV
2 2
T1
T2

10.6

10.5

The General Equation of Ideal Gas


Equation 10.4 - 10.6 hold only on gas in an enclosed container (with

no leakage), in a way that mass of gas with canging mass. What about gas that leaks
or gas with change mass? To answer this question, we need a gas equation that gives
solution when conditions of the three variables (pressure, volume, and temperature)
are changing.
The laws of Boyle, Charles, and Gay Lussac were obtained by maintaining
one variabel constant. These laws could be combined in a way that we get the relation
of three variabel P, V, and T.
Based on research, the relation of pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature
(T) of gas is:

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PV=

N
. R. T
NA

PV=

N
. R. T
NA

P V = N.

R
.T
NA

The number of gas particles (N) is the product of the number of gas mole (n) and
Avogadros number (NA) following the equation
n=

N
NA

The above proposionality can be changed into equation:


PV=nRT

10.7
Where n = the number of mole of gas, R = the universal gas constant whose value is
8.314 J/ (mol.K) or 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K.
Equation 10.7 is called general equation of ideal gas
In a form that includes quantity of the number of gas particles (N), the general
equantion of ideal gas can be written as

N.k.T

10.8
where k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K.

Example 10.1
1. A rubber balloon with volume of 20 liters is filled with oxygen at pressure of
135 atm and temperature of 27 o C. Determine the oxygen mass given that R
= R = 8,314 J/(mol.K)
Answer:
T = 27 o C = 300 K
R = 8,314 J/(mol.K) = 0,0821 liter. Atm/(mol.K)
V = 20 liter
P = 135 atm
The number of mole of the O2 is
n

PV
RT

0.0832

135atm 20 L

L.atm / mol.K 300 K

109.6 110 mol

The mass of oxygen in the balloon is


m = n Mr = 110 mol x 32 g/mol = 3,520 gram

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B.

Kinetic Teori of Gas

In general, kinetic theory of gas is developed based on several assumptions as follows.


1. The gas consists of very small particles. This smallness of their size is such that

the total volume of the individual gas molecules added up is negligible


compared to the volume of the container. This is equivalent to stating that the
average distance separating the gas particles is large compared to their size.
2. These particles have the same mass.
3. The number of molecules is so large that statistical treatment can be applied.
4. These molecules are in constant, random and rapid motion.
5. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide among themselves and with the

walls of the container. All these collisions are perfectly elastic. This means, the
molecules are considered to be perfectly spherical in shape, and elastic in
nature.
6. Except during collisions, the interactions among molecules are negligible. (That

is, they exert no forces on one another.)


7. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles depends only on the

temperature of the system.


8. The time during collision of molecule with the container's wall is negligible as

compared to the time between successive collisions.


Pressure is explained by kinetic theory as arising from the force exerted by
molecules or atoms impacting on the walls of a container. Consider a gas of N
molecules, each of mass m, enclosed in a cubical container of volume V=L3. When a
gas molecule collides with the wall of the container perpendicular to the x coordinate
axis and bounces off in the opposite direction with the same speed (an elastic
collision), then the momentum lost by the particle and gained by the wall is:
P pi , x p f , y 2mv x

where vx is the x-component of the initial velocity of the particle.


The particle impacts one specific side wall once every

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(where L is the distance between opposite walls).


The force due to this particle is:

The total force on the wall is

where the bar denotes an average over the N particles. Since the assumption is that
the particles move in random directions, we will have to conclude that if we divide the
velocity vectors of all particles in three mutually perpendicular directions, the average
value along each direction must be same. (This does not mean that each particle
always travel in degrees to the coordinate axes.)

.
We can rewrite the force as

This force is exerted on an area L2. Therefore the pressure of the gas is

2 N 1
2

mv
3 V 2

mv 2 is none orther than the average kinetic energy


2

The term

E k ,average

Ek
Ek
N

And so, we get the equation


PV

2
Ek
3

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Example 10.2
The kinetic energy of 2 mole monatomic gas in a container with volume of 2.5 L, with
Ek is 1.01 x 10-20 J. Determine the gas pressure in the container.
Answer:
n = 2 mol
V = 2.5 L
Ek = 1.01 x x 10-20 J
PV

C.

2
Ek
3

2 E k 2 1.01x10 20

2.69 x10 21 J / L
3 2.5L
3V

Summary

1. Ideal gas is gas whose inter-particle interactions can be neglected.


2. At certain low pressure. all of the real gases follow the ideal gas equation.
P V = n R T or P V = Nk T
3. Boyle-Gay Lussac law can be written in the form of
PV
T

constant or

P1V1
PV
2 2
T1
T2

4. Kinetic theory of gas is based on the following assumptions.


a.

Gas consists of many particles

b.

The particles of gas always move in any directions and


obey the Newton,s law of motion.

c.

These particles of gas distributed uniformly throughout


container.

d.

The gas particles act as point particles which arerelatively


small compared to its inter-particle average distance and the size of its
container.

e.

The inter-particle interaction is small enough that at can


be neglected, except during collision.

5. According to the kinetic theory of gas, the pressure is caused by the collisions
between the gas particles and the containers wall following the equation.
PV

2
E k . where E k = kinectic energy of the gas particle.
3

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6. The effective speed (veff) is the root mean square of the speed (vrms).
7. The relation between pressure (P) and the average kinetic energy is
PV

2
N
E k , aV

3
V

D. Evaluation
1.

A cylindrical pump contains oxygen gas at temperature of 273 K and


pressure of 20 atm. At certain time, the piston is pushed down in a way that its
volume becomes 50 liters. As aresult, the temperature of the gas increases to
300 K. What is the current pressure given that the volume of cylinder is 100
liter?

2.

Oxygen gas at temperature 27oC and pressure of 105 Pa has volume of


30 liter. Determine the volume of the oxygen given that the pressure become
2.5 x 10 5 Pa and the temperature becomes 1270C.

3.

Oxgen gas is kept in container at temperature 273 oC. Calculate the


average kinetic energy as well as the magnitude of the effective velocity.

4.

Calculate the kinetic energy of each molecule of 2.5 mole monoatomic


gas that has volume of 32 L and pressure of 95 kPa.

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