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CHAPTER 10
IDEAL GAS
Competences Standard
Basic Competences
A. Analyze the state of gas due to temperature pressure, and volume
changes.
B. Apply and understand the basics concepts and the general equations
of ideal gases expressed by Boyle-Gay Lussac law in daily life.
C. Analyze the properties of monoatomic and diatomic ideal.
When a can of soda water is pouried out into a glass,
bubbles of gas are visible in the glass. The bubbles of
gas are moving up. During their motion, the sze of the
bubbles is increasing, their volumes even become almost
twice of their initial volumes when they reach the surface.
The bubbles of gas in a soft drink contain carbon dioxide
(CO2), a kind of gas produced by fermentation process. A
bubble of gas develops its volume and moves quickly .
Why does this happen that way?
A.
1.
m, and then total mass of the gas is Nm, while its mass density is
Nm
V
There by, the mass density of gas can be reduced by decreasing the number of
particles or by transferring the gas into a bigger container (increasing V).
The result of experiment shows that at a small enough density, all gases tend
to show a simple relation ship of pressure, volume, and temperature. This fact guides
us to a concept of Ideal gas, which is gas with relatively small inter-molecule interaction
so it can be neglected.
199
2.
M
NA
10.1
where:
M = atomic mass ( molecular mass or mole) in kg/ mole
NA = Avogadros number = 6.002 x 1023 atoms/mole or molecules/ mole
mo = mass of particle in the atom
The number of mole of gas (n) could be calculated by using the following formula:
n
m
Mr
10.2
N
NA
10.3
or
where:
m = mass of substance
Mr = relative mass of molecule
200
Boyles Law
Boyle investigated the relationship between pressure (P) and volume (V)
variabel when the gas is in costant temperature, If the temperature of gas in the
container is maintained constant, the gas pressure is inversely proportional to its
volume. The above statement was contained by Robert Boyle and called Boyles law.
In general, Boyles law is written as follows:
P V = constant or
10.4
P1V1 P2V2
volume (V) of gas is proportional to its absolute temperature (T). The above statement
was made by Charles and Gay Lussac, and called Charles- Gay Lussac law.
In general, the law of Charles - Gay Lussac is written as follows:
V/T
constant
or
V1 V2
T1 T2
10.5
P1V1
PV
2 2
T1
T2
10.6
10.5
no leakage), in a way that mass of gas with canging mass. What about gas that leaks
or gas with change mass? To answer this question, we need a gas equation that gives
solution when conditions of the three variables (pressure, volume, and temperature)
are changing.
The laws of Boyle, Charles, and Gay Lussac were obtained by maintaining
one variabel constant. These laws could be combined in a way that we get the relation
of three variabel P, V, and T.
Based on research, the relation of pressure (P), volume (V), and temperature
(T) of gas is:
201
PV=
N
. R. T
NA
PV=
N
. R. T
NA
P V = N.
R
.T
NA
The number of gas particles (N) is the product of the number of gas mole (n) and
Avogadros number (NA) following the equation
n=
N
NA
10.7
Where n = the number of mole of gas, R = the universal gas constant whose value is
8.314 J/ (mol.K) or 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K.
Equation 10.7 is called general equation of ideal gas
In a form that includes quantity of the number of gas particles (N), the general
equantion of ideal gas can be written as
N.k.T
10.8
where k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K.
Example 10.1
1. A rubber balloon with volume of 20 liters is filled with oxygen at pressure of
135 atm and temperature of 27 o C. Determine the oxygen mass given that R
= R = 8,314 J/(mol.K)
Answer:
T = 27 o C = 300 K
R = 8,314 J/(mol.K) = 0,0821 liter. Atm/(mol.K)
V = 20 liter
P = 135 atm
The number of mole of the O2 is
n
PV
RT
0.0832
135atm 20 L
202
B.
walls of the container. All these collisions are perfectly elastic. This means, the
molecules are considered to be perfectly spherical in shape, and elastic in
nature.
6. Except during collisions, the interactions among molecules are negligible. (That
203
where the bar denotes an average over the N particles. Since the assumption is that
the particles move in random directions, we will have to conclude that if we divide the
velocity vectors of all particles in three mutually perpendicular directions, the average
value along each direction must be same. (This does not mean that each particle
always travel in degrees to the coordinate axes.)
.
We can rewrite the force as
This force is exerted on an area L2. Therefore the pressure of the gas is
2 N 1
2
mv
3 V 2
The term
E k ,average
Ek
Ek
N
2
Ek
3
204
Example 10.2
The kinetic energy of 2 mole monatomic gas in a container with volume of 2.5 L, with
Ek is 1.01 x 10-20 J. Determine the gas pressure in the container.
Answer:
n = 2 mol
V = 2.5 L
Ek = 1.01 x x 10-20 J
PV
C.
2
Ek
3
2 E k 2 1.01x10 20
2.69 x10 21 J / L
3 2.5L
3V
Summary
constant or
P1V1
PV
2 2
T1
T2
b.
c.
d.
e.
5. According to the kinetic theory of gas, the pressure is caused by the collisions
between the gas particles and the containers wall following the equation.
PV
2
E k . where E k = kinectic energy of the gas particle.
3
205
6. The effective speed (veff) is the root mean square of the speed (vrms).
7. The relation between pressure (P) and the average kinetic energy is
PV
2
N
E k , aV
3
V
D. Evaluation
1.
2.
3.
4.