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Introduction:
A bed sheet is a rectangular piece of cloth used as bedding, being placed immediately
below or above bed occupants. Bed sheets can generally be divided into two categories: "top"
and "bottom" sheets. A bottom sheet is laid above the mattress and bed occupants lie on it. It may
be either a flat sheet (extra fabric is usually tucked under the mattress), or a fitted sheet, which is
sewn in a pocket-like shape to go down over the corners of the mattress, and has an elastic band
around the edges of the sheet to prevent the sheet from slipping.
Bottom sheets are standard in developed countries. They are more easily washable than a
mattress, and when used properly can protect the longevity of the mattress and provide better
sanitation for bed occupants.
A top sheet is a flat sheet immediately under which bed occupants lie. Blankets, quilts,
duvets or comforters and other bed covers are laid over the top sheet, but because of the top sheet
they do not directly touch the bed occupant.
Top sheets are standard in the U.S., but much of Europe prefers to use duvet covers. A
duvet cover consists of two rectangles sewn together on all but one side to create a sleeve for the
duvet, which can be taken off and washed. When no other blankets are laid atop the covered
duvet, it can provide several advantages over a top sheet. First, respecting sanitation, with a top
sheet the bed occupant could accidentally in the night remove the barrier between himself and
the duvet (which is less washable); with a duvet cover this is impossible. Second, for households
with children, a bed with a covered duvet is easier to make: the child need only tug the corners of
the duvet back towards the corners of the bed. Tucking in a top sheet before arranging the duvet
is an extra step. Third, switching a duvet cover is a cheaper way to change color schemes than

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buying a new comforter. However, a top sheet has its own advantages. First, a tucked-in top
sheet can provide a comfortable feeling of snugness that duvets cannot, as duvets are not usually
large enough to tuck under the mattress. Second, top sheets allow a wider range of blanket
choices besides duvets, such as quilts.
In some Asian countries, such as China, top sheets are not used. Flat sheets are often used
in place of fitted sheets or together with them as bottom sheets. Most families prefer to use duvet
covers to cover the quilts.

Review of Related Literature:

The discovery of dyed flax fibers in a cave in Georgia dated to thirty-six thousand years
ago suggests that ancient people used wild flax fibers to create linen-like fabrics from an early
date.
In ancient Mesopotamia, flax was domesticated and linen was first produced. It was used
mainly by the wealthier class of the society, including priests. The Sumerian poem of the
courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi (Tammuz), translated by Samuel Noah Kramer and Diane
Wolkstein and published in 1983, mentions flax and linen. It opens with briefly listing the steps
of preparing linen from flax, in a form of questions and answers between Inanna and her
brother Utu.
In ancient Egypt, linen was used for mummification and for burial shrouds. It was also
worn as clothing on a daily basis; white linen was worn because of the extreme heat. The use of
linen for priestly vestments was not confined to the Israelites; Plutarch wrote that the priests
of Isis also wore linen because of its purity.

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Linen fabric has been used for table coverings, bed coverings and clothing for centuries.
The significant cost of linen derives not only from the difficulty of working with the thread, but
also because the flax plant itself requires a great deal of attention. In addition flax thread is not
elastic, and therefore it is difficult to weave without breaking threads. Thus linen is considerably
more expensive to manufacture than cotton.
There is a long history of the production of linen in Ireland. The Living Linen Project
was set up in 1995 as an oral archive of the knowledge of the Irish linen industry, which was at
that time still available within a nucleus of people who formerly worked in the industry in Ulster.
Linen fabric feels cool to the touch, a phenomenon which indicates its higher
conductivity (the same principle that makes metals feel "cold" to touch). It is smooth, making the
finished fabric lint-free, and gets softer the more it is washed. However, constant creasing in the
same place in sharp folds will tend to break the linen threads. This wear can show up in collars,
hems, and any area that is iron creased during laundering. Linen has poor elasticity and does not
spring back readily, explaining why it wrinkles so easily.
Linen fabrics have a high natural luster; their natural color ranges between shades of
ivory, ecru, tan, or grey. Pure white linen is created by heavy bleaching. Linen fabric typically
varies somewhat in thickness and is crisp and textured, but it can in some cases feel stiff and
rough, and in other cases feel soft and smooth. When properly prepared, linen fabric has the
ability to absorb and lose water rapidly. Linen can absorb a fair amount of moisture without
feeling unpleasantly damp to the skin, unlike cotton.
Linen is a very durable, strong fabric, and one of the few that are stronger wet than dry.
The fibers do not stretch, and are resistant to damage from abrasion. However, because linen

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fibers have a very low elasticity, the fabric eventually breaks if it is folded and ironed at the same
place repeatedly over time.
Mildew, perspiration, and bleach can also damage the fabric, but it is resistant
to moths and carpet beetles. Linen is relatively easy to take care of, since it resists dirt and stains,
has no lint or pilling tendency, and can be dry-cleaned, machine-washed or steamed. It can
withstand high temperatures, and has only moderate initial shrinkage.
Linen should not be dried too much by tumble drying, and it is much easier to iron when
damp. Linen wrinkles very easily, and thus some more formal garments require ironing often, in
order to maintain perfect smoothness. Nevertheless, the tendency to wrinkle is often considered
part of linen's particular "charm", and many modern linen garments are designed to be air-dried
on a good clothes hanger and worn without the necessity of ironing.
A characteristic often associated with linen yarn is the presence of "slubs", or small knots
which occur randomly along its length. In the past, slubs were traditionally considered to be
defects, and were associated with low quality linen. However, in the case of many present-day
linen fabrics, particularly in the decorative furnishing industry, slubs are considered as part of the
aesthetic appeal of an expensive natural product. In addition, slubs do not compromise the
integrity of the fabric, and therefore they are not viewed as a defect. However, the very finest
linen has very consistent diameter threads, with no slubs at all.

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Bed Sheets:
Bed sheets come in two main varieties: flat and fitted. A flat sheet is simply a rectangular
sheet of cloth, while a fitted sheet has its four corners, and sometimes two or four sides, fitted
with elastic, to be used only as a bottom sheet. The fitted sheet may also be secured using a
drawstring instead of elastic. The purpose of a fitted bottom sheet is to keep it from slipping off
the mattress while the bed is in use. A particular way of folding and tucking while making the
bed, known as "hospital corners," is sometimes used when the bottom sheet is flat rather than
fitted.
Usually a flat bed sheet is over locked around the edges to form four seams. One of the
seams is wider than the other three and helps with orienting the sheet correctly on the mattress.
The wider seam goes at the head end of the mattress. Sometimes the sides do not have seams, but
are finished with the selvedge only. When placing a flat sheet on a bed, the manufacturer has
designed the printed side to be softer, and thus it should be placed on the bed printed side
"down". When folding back the covers, this also allows the printed side to show, for aesthetic
purposes. When one makes a bed, the patterned or monogrammed side of the top sheet is placed
facing down and then the top edge is folded towards the foot of the bed, exposing the design.
In the US and Canada, sheets are often sold in a four-piece set consisting of a fitted sheet, a flat
sheet and two pillowcases. In China, a four-piece set consists of a duvet cover, two pillowcases
and either a fitted or flat sheet.

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Types of Bed Sheet and Bedding Fabrics:

If you are trying to shop for bedding for the first time, then you will probably get
overwhelmed by the number of choice available in the market. There are so much more materials
being used today than there were years ago. While having more choices is good for the
consumer, the dizzying array could become quite confusing. People must become savvy and do a
greater amount of research in order to find the perfect fit for them.

Cotton
Cotton is the most popular fabric used to make sheets and other bedding, and for good
reason. Its durable, breathable, soft, easy to care for, and generally quite affordable. Youll find
several different types of cotton, however. Here are some of the most common.
1.

Egyptian cotton is the most luxurious variety. This is what youll want if youre
shopping for super-soft, high-quality bed sheets. Grown in the warm, dry climates of North
Africa, Egyptian cotton has extra-long fibers that create the softest, smoothest fabric.

2.

Pima cotton is also known for its softness and natural sheen. It has medium to extra-long
fibers that are ideal for bed sheets. This cotton is primarily grown in the southwest of the United
States, along with a few other locations.
3. pland cotton is native to the Americas, but is now the most commonly grown cotton in
the world. Its fibers are not as long as Pima or Egyptian cotton, so its not as soft as those
varieties. Most cotton sheets, unless they specify otherwise, are made of Upland cotton,
especially if they are bargain priced.

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4. Supima is a trademarked name for fibers and materials woven from 100% American
Pima cotton.
5. MicroCotton is a trademarked brand of extremely fine cotton thread developed in India.
This durable cotton, made from long-staple cotton fibers, is very soft and absorbent.

Flannel
A staple for cold winter nights, flannel is cotton thats been combed to fluff up the fibers.
The result is very soft fabric with a nap that traps body heat, thus giving flannel its snugglywarm qualities. Unlike other types of bedding materials, flannels quality is measured in ounces
per square yard, rather than thread count.

Tencel
Tencel is a brand name for fabric made out of eucalyptus tree wood pulp. Its soft, very
durable, and naturally antimicrobial. Tencel is generally considered an environmentally friendly
fabric, as its production requires less water, energy and chemicals than cotton does.
Silk
Silk is a luxurious, soft fiber produced by silkworms. For sheer indulgence, its hard to
beat real silk sheets theyre cool, silky and sensuous, making them a must for the romantic or
sexy bedroom. Silk is also naturally hypoallergenic. The downside to silk, of course, is its cost,
which is high, and its care, which is delicate.

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Polyester
Polyester is a manmade fiber produced from the same polymers used to make plastic
drink bottles. While polyester is inexpensive, its quite stiff and scratchy when used on its own.
Generally, youll find polyester mixed with another thread, often cotton, in inexpensive sheet
sets.
Bamboo
While bamboo can be made into fabric, its typically rather stiff and rough. Most often,
what you find labelled as bamboo sheets are actually rayon. This means the bamboo pulp went
through a chemical process to dissolve the pulp, re-solidify it, and then spin it into thread. This
process involves harmful chemicals and is potentially hard on the environment, making bamboo
sheets less environmentally friendly than its manufacturers claim. It does produce a very soft,
durable and silky fabric, however.
Blends
There are lots of blended fabrics available, most including some form of cotton.
Cotton/polyester is the most common, but youll also find cotton/bamboo and cotton/rayon.
Blended fabrics are usually inexpensive, durable and wrinkle-resistant, making them a good
choice for childrens bedding.

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Different Types of Bedding:

There's a reason why the bedding section in the department store is so large; there are
dozens of different types of pillows, sheets and bedding items. It can be a bit confusing learning
all of these different terms, but knowing the definitions will help you shop and find the right item
for your bed. Whether it's linens, bed coverings, pillows or the insert you use with a duvet cover,
this list will help you create the perfect bed.

Top Sheet
Commonly used in North America, but uncommon in Europe, a top sheet, also known as a flat
sheet, is the sheet that separates you from your comforter, blanket or quilt. In Europe (and very
slowly catching on in the United States), the duvet cover takes the place of the top sheet.

Bottom Sheet
A bottom sheet, or fitted sheet, is the sheet with the elastic edge that fits over your mattress-hence the name bottom or fitted sheet. As today's mattresses have grown much thicker, it's

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important to check the measurements before buying a fitted sheet to make sure it will stretch all
the way over your mattress.

Coverlet
A coverlet is a decorative fabric covering that does not touch the floor and normally does not
cover the pillows. Woven coverlets and quilts fall into this category.

Bedspread
A bedspread is similar to a coverlet--a thin, decorative covering--but it normally covers the entire
bed and touches the floor. Cotton, chenille, wool or polyester are common bedspread materials.

Blanket
Blankets are used to add warmth. While some people use a blanket on its own, many others
prefer to top the blanket with a more attractive quilt, comforter or duvet. Blankets are most
commonly made of wool, cotton, polyester, microfiber plush or a blend of fibers.

Comforter
A comforter is a bed cover stuffed with fibers or down for warmth, and then sewn together on all
four sides. Probably the most common bed topper in North America, comforters are available in
a nearly endless range of colors, patterns and styles, and are a major decorative accent in the
bedroom. Most are made of either cotton or polyester.

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Duvet
A duvet is similar to a comforter except it requires the use of a duvet cover, where a comforter
does not. Typically, a duvet is solid white, and stuffed with down or a down alternative.

Duvet Cover
A duvet cover covers and protects a duvet. Like an envelope, it has an opening where the
comforter or duvet is inserted. Once placed inside, the opening is closed with buttons, or
occasionally a zipper. Duvet covers are generally very decorative and are available in a nearly
endless selection of colors and styles. The duvet cover takes the place of a top sheet in Europe,
and some people in the U.S. also use it this way.

Euro or Continental Pillow

A Euro or Continental pillow--a large square pillow--is a decorative pillow that sits back against
the headboard. The cover is removable for washing.

Sleeping Pillow
A sleeping pillow is the rectangular pillow that you lay your head on when sleeping. Sleeping
pillows have three sizes --standard, queen, or king--to fit your bed or sleeping habits. There are
many styles of sleeping pillows.

Decorative Pillow
A decorative pillow, also referred to as an accent or throw pillow, is a small pillow that comes in
many shapes, sizes and colors to add decoration to a bed.

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Bolster Pillow
A bolster pillow is a tubular pillow used for lumbar support while sitting up to read in bed, but
more often, its used as a decorative pillow or accent pillow. These pillows range in size from
very small to spanning the entire width of the bed.

Pillowcase
A pillowcase is used to cover a sleeping pillow, and sometimes decorative or bolster pillows. Its
normally a rectangular shape with an opening on one end where you insert the pillow. Change
your pillowcase at least twice per week to protect your facial skin from breakouts or skin
irritation.

Pillow Sham
A pillow sham is similar to a pillowcase but it does not open on one side. Instead, it has a flange,
which is an extra piece of fabric that extends from where the pillow sham is sewn on each edge.
Pillow shams are often more decorative than pillowcases and more likely to have elaborate
embellishes. Add a couple of pillow shams to your bed for extra style.

Bed Skirt

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A bed skirt is a decorative piece of fabric placed between the mattress and box springs. It extends
to the floor at the mattress's sides and bottom. Its main function is to hide the box spring, but bed
skirts also add a touch of softness, color and decor to the room.

Throw Blanket
Smaller than a regular blanket, a throw, or toss blanket, is used to add extra warmth at the foot of
the bed, or when wrapped around your shoulders. They are another good way to add a touch of
color to your bed.

How to Make Bed:

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Acknowledgement:
I would like to thank my family who help me and support me to finish this research paper
about Philippine Eagles, this is such a very nice experience to me to study and make a research
about the life of extinction of the Philippine Eagle.
I would also want to say thank you to my classmates who guides me in doing this
research, for their help to fix my research format, such as my grammars, spelling, etc...
And lastly to our almighty God for without His immeasurable blessings, divine guidance
and heavenly supervision; this piece could not have been doable.