RST*

Reservoir
Saturation
Tool

Schlumberger

RST*
Reservoir
Saturation Tool

 Schlumberger 1993
Schlumberger Wireline & Testing
P.O. Box 2175
Houston, Texas 77252-2175
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and recording,
without prior written permission of the publisher.
SMP-9250
An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to
denote a mark of Schlumberger.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tool description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tool specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tool features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dual-detector system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Neutron generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compact high-speed electronics . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inelastic-capture mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capture-sigma mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sigma mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1
3
4
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9

Processing the spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Carbon/oxygen ratio interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Alpha processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Sigma processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Logging speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
RST operation through tubing
with the well flowing and shut in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Reservoir monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Detecting injection water breakthrough . . . . . . . 21
Monitoring fluid contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
References and recommended reading . . . . . . . . . 24
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Log and plot mnemonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

RST Reservoir
Saturation Tool

Introduction
Reservoir evaluation and saturation monitoring
through casing are generally performed in two
ways. One measures the decay of thermal neutron
populations (TDT* Thermal Decay Time principle), and the other determines the relative amounts
of carbon and oxygen in the formation by inelastic
gamma ray spectrometry, as used in the GST*
Induced Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool. Because
chlorine has a large neutron capture cross section,
the TDT technique provides good results in areas
with highly saline formation waters. When the formation water is not sufficiently saline or when its
salinity is unknown, the carbon-oxygen method
usually provides a more reliable answer, and the

TDT data may not be interpretable. A combination

of the two methods may sometimes provide the
best results and yield additional information.
For carbon-oxygen measurements, a gamma ray
spectrometer measures the energy spectrum of
gamma rays produced by neutrons from a pulsed
neutron source. Responses of carbon and oxygen
are obtained from analysis of gamma ray spectra
produced during a short burst of high-energy neutrons that are scattered inelastically by formation
and borehole elements. Figure 1 compares the fast
neutron inelastic scattering process with the capture process that occurs predominantly after the
neutrons have been slowed to thermal energies.

Neutron Capture

Inelastic Scattering
Excited
nucleus

Slow
neutron

Nucleus

Excited
nucleus
Fast
neutron

Nucleus

g-ray
g -ray

Figure 1. Neutron capture reactions are the basis for sigma measurements. Inelastic scattering reactions
are used for the carbon-oxygen measurement.

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

Large tool sizes, slow logging speeds and significant sensitivity to the borehole fluid limit the
application of existing carbon-oxygen (C/O) tools.
To accommodate the large tool and to provide a
known borehole fluid, it is usually necessary to kill
the well and pull the production tubing.
The new smaller-size RST Reservoir Saturation
Tools (11116- and 2 12-in. diameters) allow logging
below tubing, eliminating the need to kill the well
and pull tubing. Dual detectors bring improvements in measurement precision and, in the case
of the 2 12-in. RST tool, provide the means to compensate the measurement for borehole fluid composition. With the 2 12-in. tool, it is now possible
to measure formation oil saturation with the well
flowing and to simultaneously determine the borehole oil/water fraction, or holdup.

Introduction

The dual-detector system and a new interpretation model with a superior characterization data
base can provide a more precise answer in less
time than existing C/O tools.
Since the RST tool also measures the thermal
neutron decay time with techniques similar to
those used with the Dual-Burst* TDT tooland
can be combined with production logging sensorsa complete reservoir monitoring operation
can be performed during one trip in the well. The
MAXIS 500* wellsite unit provides total control
of the field operationfrom downhole tool functions to acquisition and data processing.

Applications
The RST tool provides a vastly improved carbonoxygen measurement. The dual detector measurement can provide new answers, and the precision
of the measurement exceeds the precision achieved
with previous tools. The tool is also capable of
measuring formation capture cross section with
better accuracy and precision than the TDT tool.
The carbon-oxygen and sigma measurements can
be made during the same trip in the well.
RST tools can be run on small-diameter coaxial cables and are combinable with production
logging sensors for a complete reservoir monitoring program with only one trip in the well. The
carbon-oxygen measurements are extremely useful
in medium- to high-porosity oil reservoirs under
the following conditions:
Formation waters of any salinity
This is the basic application for inelastic spectrometry tools since water salinity does not
affect carbon-oxygen measurements. Thermal
neutron capture cross sections of fresh water
and oil are so similar that the two fluids cannot
be distinguished with TDT-type logs. C/O tools
should be used in this case.

Variable or unknown formation

water salinity
When the formation water salinity changes
between reservoirs crossed by the same well,
analysis of TDT-type logs is difficult. If the
salinity is unknown, changes in oil saturation
cannot be directly inferred from changes in the
sigma measurement. Combining carbon-oxygen
and sigma measurements is useful in this case.
Horizontal wells
Due to the detector configuration, the 2 12-in.
RST tool provides values of oil holdup even in
horizontal wells where standard production logging differential pressure sensors do not work.
In lower-porosity reservoirs, carbon-oxygen
measurements can be used for monitoring gas-oil
and oil-water contact movement but not for saturation evaluation.

Injection fluid of different salinity than the

formation water
When water of different salinity is injected into
the reservoirthrough surface-fed injection
wells or by dump floodingthe analysis
of TDT-type logs becomes complex, and the
results may be misleading. A combination
of carbon-oxygen and sigma measurements
provides the best solution since both the oil
saturation and the formation water salinity
can be quantified.

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

Tool description
The new RST tool overcomes the tool-size limitation of existing large-diameter carbon-oxygen
tools with a 11116-in. version for induced gamma
ray spectrometry and TDT logging below 2 38-in.
tubing, and a 2 12-in. version for operations below
312-in. tubing. These sizes eliminate the need to
kill the well and pull tubingsaving time and
reducing lost production. Both tools use dual
detectors, giving improved precision with the
11116-in. tool and allowing compensation of the
measured response for borehole fluid composition
with the 2 12-in. tool.
Figure 2 shows the major components of the
two RST tools. Optionally, a gamma ray and
production logging sensors can be included in
the tool string.
Telemetry cartridge
Both the 11116- and 2 12-in. RST versions use the
same telemetry cartridge. This cartridge is the
interface between the logging cable and the
tool, and includes a casing collar locator.
Acquisition cartridge
Both tools use the same acquisition cartridge
but with different pressure housings. This cartridge acquires gamma ray spectral and time
information from the detectors in the sonde.

212-in. RST Tool

11116-in. RST Tool

Gamma ray
(optional)

Telemetry,
casing collar locator
(CCL)

Acquisition
cartridge

Sonde

Accelerator
cartridge

Figure 2. The RST tool string.

Tool description

11116 -in.
RST Sonde

Dual-detector sonde
As shown in Fig. 3, both sondes have two
detectors. The actual detectors are the same in
both versions of the RST tool, but the physical
arrangement of the detectors is different in each
version. The arrangement in the 11116-in. tool
resembles that of the Dual-Burst TDT tool.
Both detectors are on the tool axis, separated
by neutron and gamma ray shielding. With this
arrangement, borehole-to-formation contrast is
insufficient in most cases to allow simultaneous
determination of borehole fluid and formation
fluid compositions. Since the near detector
is also sensitive to the formation fluid, it contributes significantly to reducing the statistical
variations of the measurement.
Accelerator control cartridge
The accelerator control cartridges of both
tools are identicalcontaining the power
supplies and control circuitry for the pulsed
neutron generator.
In the 2 12-in. tool, the detectors are offset from
the tool axis. The near detector faces the borehole
and is shielded from the formation. The far detector faces the formation and is shielded from the
borehole. A bow spring must be used with this
sonde in order to orient the detectors properly. The
strong signal contrast provided by this arrangement facilitates simultaneous determination of the
borehole fluid and formation fluid compositions.
Contrast is improved, however, at the expense of
logging speed. The logging speed of the 2 12-in.
RST tool is typically less than 50 percent of the
speed of the 11116-in. tool.

2 12-in.
RST Sonde
Electronics
Photomultiplier
tube
GSO detector
(far)
Electronics
Photomultiplier
tube
GSO detector
(near)
Shielding

Neutron
generator

Far

Near

Figure 3. RST detector configuration and shielding.

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

Tool specifications

good energy resolution

Table 1 lists RST tool specifications.

high density for improved gamma ray detection

sensitivity, particularly at high energies

Tool features

fast decay constant for a significantly higher

instantaneous counting rate during the highintensity neutron burst than other types of
detector

Dual-detector system
A key feature of the Reservoir Saturation Tool
is the dual-detector spectroscopy system that
includes a new type of scintillation crystal and a
new photomultiplier tube. The detector crystal is
cerium-doped gadolinium oxy-ortho silicate
(GSO). Several properties make this material
attractive for use in carbon-oxygen logging:

RST tool

11116 in.

2 12 in.

Pressure rating

15 kpsi

15 kpsi

Temperature rating

300F [150C]

300F [150C]

Maximum tool diameter

1.710 in.

2.505 in.

Minimum tubing size

2 38-in. API

3 12-in. API

Minimum restriction

1.813 in.

2.625 in.

Maximum recommended casing size

7 58-in. API

9 58-in. API

Maximum recommended borehole size

10 in.

12 14 in.

Tool length

33.6 ft

32.7 ft

Tool weight

143 lbm

250 lbm

Table 1. RST tool specifications.

performs well at temperatures up to 150C

and therefore does not require a Dewar flask
for temperature stabilization (no limit to the
logging time at rated temperatures).

Tool description

Neutron generator
An improved neutron generator provides a stable
and controlled neutron burst. The almost perfectly
square burst shape (Fig. 4) improves separation of
the carbon and oxygen gamma rays produced during the neutron burst from capture gamma rays
produced during and after each burst.
Compact high-speed electronics
New compact high-speed gamma ray pulse processing techniques significantly boost the counting
rate for increased precision and logging speed.

NaI

BGO

GSO

Relative light output

100

13

20

Energy resolution
(at 662 keV for a 1-cm3 crystal)

6.5%

9.3%

8.0%

Density (g/cm3)

3.67

7.13

6.71

Effective atomic number

51

75

59

Primary decay constant (nsec)

230

300

56

Fragile?

Yes

No

Slightly

Hygroscopic?

Yes

No

No

Dewar system required?

No

Yes

No

Table 2. Properties of different scintillation crystals.

Counts

Table 2 shows a comparison of properties of

GSO with sodium iodide (NaI) and bismuth germanate (BGO). The new, highly sensitive photomultiplier tube helps compensate for the lower
light output of the GSO crystal.

Crystal

10

20

30

40

50

60

Time (sec)

Figure 4. RST neutron burst profile taken with a fast neutron

monitor showing the nearly square shape.

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

Data acquisition
The RST tool has three software-selectable
logging modes: inelastic-capture mode, capturesigma mode and sigma mode. Each uses an optimum timing sequence for pulsing neutrons and
acquiring the resulting gamma ray energy spectra
and counting rates as a function of time. Spectra
are recorded with 256 channels covering the
energy range from 0.1 to 8 MeV.

Time (sec)
Burst

100

80
C

Inelastic-capture mode
This mode records gamma ray spectra produced
by inelastic neutron scattering from formation and
borehole elements. Analysis of these spectra provides the carbon and oxygen yields used to determine formation oil saturation and borehole oil
fraction.
In addition, thermal neutron capture gamma
ray spectra are recorded after the neutron burst.
Element yields from these spectra provide lithology, porosity and apparent water salinity
information.
The tool timing is shown in Fig. 5. Timing
gate A records inelastic spectra during the neutron
burst. Timing gates B and C record capture gamma
ray spectra after the neutron burst. A fraction of
gate B spectrum is subtracted from gate A spectrum to remove capture background, resulting in
the net inelastic spectrum.
To obtain sufficient precision, several passes
over the region of interest are usually required.

Data acquisition

60

Net inelastic =
A bB

40
Net Inelastic
B

20
Burst

A
0

Figure 5. RST timing for inelastic-capture mode. The net

inelastic spectrum is formed by subtracting a fraction
of spectrum B from spectrum A acquired during the
neutron burst.

Capture-sigma mode
The capture-sigma mode simultaneously records
capture gamma ray spectra and thermal neutron
decay time distributions. Elemental yields from the
capture spectra provide lithology, porosity and
apparent water salinity information as in the
inelastic-capture mode. Decay time distributions
are used to determine the formation thermal neutron capture cross section (sigma).
The timing sequence is similar to that of the
Dual-Burst TDT tool with a short neutron burst
followed by a longer burst (Fig. 6). It produces
time-decay distributions optimized for the determination of both borehole and formation sigma with

Short burst

low statistical variations. The count rate spectrum

is recorded in 126 time gates of varying width,
covering the entire sequence, including the burst
and the burst-off background.

Sigma mode
The sigma mode provides capture cross-section
data in a fast logging pass. This mode uses timing
identical to the capture-sigma mode but records
only the time-decay data, burst-off background
gamma ray spectra and associated quality curves.

Long burst

Counts

Figure 6. RST timing

for capture-sigma and
sigma modes.

500

1000

1500

Time (sec)

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

Processing the spectra

Each element has a characteristic gamma ray
energy spectrum; therefore, particular elements
can be identified by their signature within the total
spectrum. In addition, the magnitude of the gamma
ray contribution is related to the amount of the
element in the formation or borehole.
A large number of laboratory measurements
characterize the tool response by systematically
exploring different downhole conditions. The main
parameters of interest are

Each point characterized consists of four sets of

data. The large data base covers more than 100
different downhole situations and consists of at
least 500 laboratory measurements for each tool.
Gamma ray spectra recorded by the near and far
detectors are analyzed with a full-spectrum procedure based on a least-squares fitting technique.
The procedure uses a set of standard elemental
response spectra to determine the contribution of
each element to the measured spectrum.
Elements from the formation and borehole fluid
contributing to spectra measured during the neutron burst period include carbon, oxygen, silicon,
calcium and iron. Figure 7 shows the standard
spectra of these elements and the tool background
for the far detector of the 2 12-in. tool.

formation fluid
borehole fluid
formation porosity
lithology
borehole size
casing size
casing weight.

Oxygen
Silicon
Tool background

Calcium
Iron
Carbon

Figure 7. Standard
spectra for the far
detector of the 2 12-in.
RST tool.

Energy (MeV)

10

Processing the spectra

Figure 8 displays typical spectra obtained during the neutron burst with the far detector in a
water and an oil tank. The carbon signature in the
oil spectrum and the oxygen signature in the water
spectrum are easily identified.
The spectrum analysis procedure provides a
correction of the recorded spectra for slight gain
and offset shifts and changes in detector energy
resolution. After subtraction of the capture background component, a net inelastic spectrum is
obtained to determine the elemental contributionsexpressed as elemental yieldsand their
associated statistical errors.

The dual-detector RST interpretation model is

an extension of the single-detector model used for
GST interpretations. With the dual-detector system
of the 2 12-in. tool, both the formation carbon/
oxygen ratio and the borehole water fraction, or
holdup, can be determined. The model includes
the environmental response plus the partitioning of
the formation response and borehole response. A
fan chart shows the response of the tool by plotting
the ratio of carbon and oxygen yields versus porosity for So = 1 (100 percent) and So = 0. Figure 9
shows fan charts for the 2 12-in. tool in limestone
formations for carbon/oxygen ratio processing.
The charts are for 5-in., 18-lbm/ft casing set in a
6-in. borehole. Data for oil- and water-filled boreholes are given. Figure 10 shows the fan charts for
the 11116-in. tool for the same conditions.

Carbon/oxygen ratio interpretation

In addition to inelastic-capture data, carbonoxygen interpretation requires information on
lithology, porosity, borehole diameter, casing size,
casing weight and downhole fluid carbon density.

Counts

Hydrogen

Figure 8. Comparison of the

inelastic burst spectra
obtained with the far detector
of the 2 12-in RST tool in tanks
of oil and water.

Carbon

Oxygen

Energy (MeV)

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

11

Oil in borehole

Figure 9. Fan charts for

carbon/oxygen ratio processing
for the 2 12-in. RST near and
far detectors in a limestone formation with a 6-in. borehole,
5-in., 18-lbm/ft casing, with oil
and water in the borehole.

Carbon/oxygen ratio

0.6

Near Carbon/Oxygen Ratio

Water in borehole

So = 1

0.4

So = 0

0.2

So = 1
So = 0

0.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Porosity (%)
0.8

Oil in borehole
Water in borehole

Far Carbon/Oxygen Ratio

So = 1

Carbon/oxygen ratio

0.6

So = 1
0.4

So = 0

0.2

So = 0
0.0
0

10

20

30

Porosity (%)

12

Processing the spectra

40

50

60

0.9

0.8

Oil in borehole

Near Carbon/Oxygen Ratio

Water in borehole

0.7

So = 1

0.5

0.4

So = 0

0.3

So = 1

0.2

So = 0

0.1

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Porosity (%)
1.0

Oil in borehole
Water in borehole

0.8

Carbon/oxygen ratio

Figure 10. Fan charts for

carbon/oxygen ratio processing
for the 11116-in. RST near and
far detectors in a limestone formation with a 6-in. borehole,
5-in., 18-lbm/ft casing, with oil
and water in the borehole.

Carbon/oxygen ratio

0.6

Far Carbon/Oxygen Ratio

So = 1

0.6

So = 1
0.4

So = 0
0.2

So = 0
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Porosity (%)

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

13

1.2
1

o-o

at
io
n

oil

re

Bo

o-w

0.4

Fo
rm

le
ho

oi
l

0.8

Far
carbon/
oxygen 0.6
ratio
w-o
0.2

w-w

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Near carbon/oxygen ratio

1.2

Dual Detector COR Model

for 21 2-in. RST Tool

1
0.8

Far
carbon/
oxygen 0.6
ratio

ole
oreh

o-o

oil

oi

io
at

yo

rm

0.4

w-o

So

Fo

The interpretation process ensures that the

measured data are consistent with the interpretation model. Known formation and borehole data
are used to compute the expected values of carbon/oxygen ratio for each detector using water
saturation and borehole holdup values ranging
from 0 to 1. Figure 11 shows a plot for a 43-p.u.
limestone formation with an 8 12-in. borehole and
7-in. casing. All data should fall statistically within
the bounded region. After transforming the C/O
data to oil saturation and borehole holdup, the data
are plotted for each level with porosity, > 10
p.u., on a template. Ideally, the data should lie
within the box bounded by the limits on So and yo.
The RST data base provides a method for
determining the sensitivity of oil saturation and oil
holdup to changes in the borehole and formation
parameters. For example, Table 3 lists the change
in each model parameter to produce an increase of
10 s.u. in So, or an increase in oil holdup yo of 0.10
for the 2 12-in. RST tool. This tabulation is for a
standard condition of 7-in., 23-lbm/ft casing centered and cemented in an 8 12-in. diameter borehole. The formation is a 30-p.u. limestone with an
oil density of 0.85 g/cm3 and So = 50 s.u. These
data can be used to decide how to reconcile data
falling outside normal limits on the crossplot.

Dual Detector COR Model

for 11116-in. RST Tool

0.2

o-w
w-w

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Near carbon/oxygen ratio

w-w:
o-w:
o-o:
w-o:

water in borehole
oil in borehole
oil in borehole
water in borehole

water in formation
water in formation
oil in formation
oil in formation

Figure 11. Plots used for RST interpretation. Each pair of

near-far C/O ratios represents a formation oil saturation
and borehole oil holdup. These plots are also used to check
that the measured data are consistent with the interpretation
model.

14

Processing the spectra

Parameter change needed

Parameter
Formation

Borehole

Formation and
borehole

So = +0.10

yo = +0.10

Porosity

+3.5 p.u.

15 p.u.

Volume (lime)

0.10

0.50

Volume (sand)

+0.10

+0.50

Borehole diameter

0.5 in.

< 1.5 in.

Casing OD

0.5 in.

n.a.

Casing ID

0.4 in.

0.3 in.

Casing center moved

closer to formation

0.5 in.

> 0.75 in.

Oil density

+0.09 g/cm3

+0.09 g/cm3

Table 3. Effects of parameter changes for the 2 12-in. RST tool in 30-p.u. limestone, with
So = 0.50, 7-in., 23-lbm/ft casing, and 8 12-in. borehole.

Alpha processing
Results show that the spectral deconvolution technique may give large statistical uncertainties on the
spectral yields. A technique that produces a significantly lower statistical uncertainty consists of setting windows on broad regions of the spectrum
that contain the main contributions from carbon
and oxygen. Figure 8 shows a typical set of carbon
and oxygen windows for the inelastic spectra.
The windows technique is appealing because of
its simplicity and statistical robustness. However,
even in the simplest case with the tool surrounded
by water, the carbon window contains signals that
are largely due to oxygen. In a real environment,
additional contributions come from other surrounding elements. Therefore, the ratios are dependent on environmental effectsespecially porosity
and near-wellbore effects such as washouts and
cement quality. The use of windows can yield a
precise, repeatable answer, but the technique is
prone to large systematic errors or inaccuracies.
Alpha processing combines the advantages of
both methodsthe accuracy of the COR model
and the precision of the windows approach. This

method calculates the volume of oil (VUOI = So)

from both COR and windows. Typically, the
volume of oil from the windows shows the correct
structure over a limited depth range, although its
absolute value may not be correct. Therefore,
determining a linear relationship between the two
VUOIs requires averaging or fitting over a large
depth interval (normally 10.5 ft):
VUOIavg (COR) = 0 + 1 VUOIavg (windows).
Coefficients 0 and 1 allow the determination of
VUOI from the windows ratio:
VUOI (alpha) = 0 + 1 VUOI (windows).
This approach results in a VUOI precision that is
very close to the windows precision, and an accuracy that matches VUOI from COR. The present
model uses 0 only; 1 is set to 1.

Sigma processing
A new interpretation model provides an analysis
of the decay of a burst of fast neutrons. This technique provides improved accuracy over existing
TDT-type tools with faster operating times.

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

15

Logging speed
Table 4 gives a comparison of logging speeds for
the GST and RST tools in various formations and
conditions. Despite the much smaller size of the
11116-in. RST tool, its logging speed exceeds the
speed of the GST tool by factors varying from
1.5 to 4.
The logging speeds are for a 10-s.u. statistical
uncertainty (1 standard deviation, or 67 percent
confidence) in the computed oil or water saturation. A 95 percent confidence (2 standard

Lithology

Porosity (p.u.)

deviations) reduces the logging speed by a factor

of 4. The 2 12-in. RST tool column shows logging
speeds for flowing (or unknown) borehole fluid
conditions.
Very slow logging speeds are difficult to attain
(< 60 ft/hr) and require multiple log passes. For
example, 4 passes at 120 ft/hr provide an effective
logging speed of 30 ft/hr.

Logging speed (ft/hr)

11116-in. RST tool
(shut in)

2 12-in. RST tool

(flowing)

3 58-in. GST tool

(shut in)

Sand

16

30

18

Sand

33

250

110

160

Lime

16

30

10

11

Lime

41

250

70

60

Table 4. Summary of logging speeds to achieve 10-s.u. precision for So and Sw in a 10-in. borehole with 7-in., 23-lbm/ft casing, at 100C. Computations for the RST tool use a 21-level (10.5-ft)
alpha processing and a 5-level (2.5-ft) filter.

16

Logging speed

Examples
RST operation through tubing
with the well flowing and shut in
The well in this example produces from a carbonate reservoir with porosity varying from 5 to
30 p.u. Production is from a 6-in. diameter openhole completion. The well is vertical, and when
flowing it produces oil with a water cut of about
20 percent. The objective was to determine the
oil saturation in the reservoir and to identify the
producing intervals. Data include seven logging
passes in inelastic-capture mode with the well
shut in, and five passes with the well flowing.
The carbon/oxygen ratio curves shown in
Fig. 12 are the average of all logging passes, with
the width of the line showing 1 standard deviation from the average. The sharp increase in both
the near and far detector ratios at X851 ft, with the
well shut in, indicates an oil-water interface in the
borehole. The shut-in and flowing data overlay
below that depth, indicating no oil production from
that interval. Above X850 ft, the carbon/oxygen
ratios from both detectors increase steadily, showing the depths at which oil is produced.
Figure 13 shows a crossplot of the near and far
carbon-oxygen data compared with the laboratory
data for limestone saturated with either water or oil
having a density of 0.85 g/cm3. The outer bounded
area shows the dynamic range for 43-p.u. limestone, and the inner bound area is for 17-p.u. limestone. Data recorded with the well shut in match
the dynamic range for the near detector and are
consistent with the data recorded with the well
flowing. Some of the points fall outside the boundaries because of statistical variations, a borehole
slightly larger than 6 in. in diameter, and a low oil
density of 0.715 g/cm3 at reservoir conditions.
Figure 14 shows the result of processing the
data using the dual-detector interpretation model.
The porosity information came from an ELAN*
Elemental Log Analysis of openhole logs. The
plot includes all limestone and dolomite points
with porosity greater than 10 p.u. The model
matches the log data.

Figure 12. Comparison of near and far detector carbon/

oxygen ratio logs with the well shut in and flowing.

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

17

0.8

0.7
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0.6

0.5

0.4

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Flowing

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Figure 13. Crossplot of near

and far detector carbon/
oxygen ratio logs from Fig. 12
with the well shut in and flowing compared to laboratory
data.

Lab data 43 p.u.

0.1

Lab data 17 p.u.

0
-0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Carbon/oxygen ratio (near)

120
D

[
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100

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80

Oil saturation (%)

D
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60

40

20

-20

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Figure 14. Crossplot of model

output data for formation oil
saturation and borehole oil
fraction in Fig. 12.

[[
[

Shut in
Flowing

[[
[

-20

20

40

60

80

Borehole oil holdup (%)

18

[[[
[[

Examples

100

120

The final interpretation presentation (Fig. 15)

shows the borehole holdup in the left-hand track
for the well shut in and flowing. The separations of
the saturation curves in the central track, through
the interval from X770 to X850 ft, indicate that oil
from the borehole reinvaded the formation while
the well was shut in. During the subsequent flowing period, the formation water flushed out the
oilas shown by the increased water saturation

and verified by the flowing borehole holdup. The

volumetric analysis, presented in the right-hand
track, uses formation lithology from the openhole
ELAN interpretation. The green shading indicates
substantial oil saturation in the upper half of the
reservoir. The log of borehole holdup indicates
that most of the oil is produced from the interval
from X728 to X750 ft.

Figure 15. Final interpretation shows the borehole holdup in the left track,
the flowing and shut-in saturations in the center track, and the volumetric
analysis in the right track.

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

19

Reservoir monitoring
Figure 16 shows the 1 16-in. RST log results
combined with openhole log data from a well with
4 12-in., 9.5-lbm/ft casing set in a 6 12-in. borehole.
The interval shown, logged with the well shut in,
consists of a clean limestone reservoir with a shaly
limestone and sandstone section below.
11

The near and far COR curves, displayed on the

left, read between 0.16 and 0.3 in the limestone
section but drop rapidly when the tool is in the
shale or sand zones. The fluid analysis in the center track shows some depletion in the limestone
reservoir from X290 to X350 ft. This example
confirms that the interpretation handles the mixed
and changing lithology without exhibiting a bias
in the saturation answers.

Figure 16. RST log results

from the inelastic-capture
operating mode, combined
with openhole data, in a
reservoir monitoring project.

20

Examples

Detecting injection water breakthrough

Figure 17 presents the RST log result from
carbon-oxygen and sigma analysis, combined with
openhole data, to monitor the progress of a flood
project. The high formation water salinity, compared with the fresher injection water, provides a
good contrast.
The first track shows the fluid analysis. With
porosity from openhole logs, oil saturation from
carbon-oxygen measurements, and a known formation water salinity, the sigma measurements and
the salinity indicator from capture yields provide
sufficient information for determining volumes of
both injection and formation water. Track 2
displays the uncorrected sigma from the RST

dual-burst sigma mode and a salinity indicator

ratio (Cl/Cl+H) curve. Track 3 displays the bulk
volume analysis.
The log results indicate that the sweep of injection water has virtually depleted the oil in the zone
from X320 to X375 ft. The interval above X320 ft
shows little change in oil saturation but some
replacement of formation water with injection
water.
This full diagnosis would not be possible with
either carbon-oxygen measurements or thermal
decay time measurements alone. The RST tool,
however, can make both measurements with only
one trip in the well.

Figure 17. RST presentation

of carbon-oxygen and sigma
analysis, combined with
openhole data, to determine
injection water breakthrough.

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

21

Monitoring fluid contacts

Figure 18 displays both the GST and RST log
results in a cased monitor well in a sandstone
formation. The well has 5-in., 18-lbm/ft casing set
in a 6 12-in. borehole. The fluid analysis from the
GST log appears in the second track and the
results from the RST measurements in the third
track. Both logs show the oil-water contact at
X560 ft, but the improved precision with the RST
tool is evident.

The original interpretation from openhole

logs appears in the fourth track. The change in the
depth of the gas-oil contactbetween the time of
the openhole logs and the RST monitor logis
obvious.
The left track shows the CNL neutron porosity
and the near-far inelastic count rate ratio (CRRA)
from the RST measurement. The CRRA curve
tracks a recent NPHI curve and provides an excellent gas indicator. The acquisition of CRRA and
C/O data on one trip in the well makes additional
logging runs to locate the gas cap unnecessary.

Figure 18. Comparison of a GST and an RST log in a sandstone reservoir.

The oil-water contact and the gas cap are clearly visible from the fluid
analysis and from the CRRA curve.

22

Examples

Summary
The new through-tubing RST tool uses a dualdetector spectrometry system to record carbonoxygen measurements for simultaneous evaluation
of the oil saturation in the formation and, with the
2 12-in. tool, the oil/water fraction in the borehole.
This evaluation is particularly important in cased
wells where the formation water salinity is very
low or unknownconditions where TDT interpretation methods are unreliable. The measurement is
also very useful for monitoring reservoirs in waterfloods of contrasting salinity, measuring residual
oil saturation and monitoring the success of
enhanced recovery methods.
The slim RST tool size eliminates the need to
kill the well and pull tubing, minimizing the associated risks and lost production. The interpretation
is more reliable because the effect of invasion by
the kill fluids is eliminated, reducing the need for
special monitoring wells.
Two RST tool sizes are available for inelasticcapture and sigma measurementsa 11116-in. version for logging below 2 38-in. tubing and a 2 12-in.
tool for operations below 3 12-in. and larger tubing.
The larger tool has special detector shielding that
permits its use not only in static but also in flowing
wells. Wells can be logged under dynamic conditions, reducing the production lost during the
operation.
The RST tools can be run on small-diameter
coaxial cables and are combinable with production
logging sensors for a complete reservoir
monitoring program with only one trip in the well.
These capabilities result in time savings, minimum
lost production, reduced operational risks and
better, more extensive answers.

New GSO gamma ray detectors, together

with new photomultiplier tube technology and
advanced processing techniques, allow logging
speeds comparable to or better than those of
large-diameter carbon-oxygen tools that cannot
run through tubing. The detector system does not
require a Dewar flask, so there is no limit to the
logging time up to rated temperatures. With the
2 12-in. tool, the dual detectors are arranged to
allow compensation for borehole fluid, which
eliminates the need for an independent measurement of borehole fluid composition.
An improved neutron generator provides a
stable and controlled neutron burst. Its almost
perfectly square output improves separation of the
carbon and oxygen gamma rays produced during
the neutron burst from capture gamma rays produced after each burst. New compact, high-speed
electronics significantly improve the counting rate
capabilities for increased precision.
Gamma ray spectra recorded by the near and far
detectors are processed with a full-spectrum analysis procedure based on a least-squares technique.
Standard response spectra are used to determine
the contribution of each element to the measured
spectrum. The dual-detector system and interpretation model of the RST tooltogether with the
very large characterization data baseprovide a
more accurate answer than can be obtained with
any other carbon-oxygen logging tool.

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

23

References and recommended reading

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

24

McGuire JA, Rogers LT and Watson JT:

Improved Lithology and Hydrocarbon
Saturation Determination Using the Gamma
Spectrometry Log, paper SPE 14465, presented at the 60th SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas,
Nevada, September 2225, 1985.
Hull RL: The Muldoon Field: An Evaluation
of Behind-Casing Pay Zones in a Freshwater
Environment, paper SPE 14464, presented at
the 60th SPE Annual Technical Conference
and Exhibition, Las Vegas, Nevada,
September 2225, 1985.
Morgan WD and Hertzog RC: The
Application of Induced Gamma-Ray
Spectroscopy in Cased Hole Formation
Evaluation in Sumatra, Indonesia, presented
at the 12th Annual Convention of the
Indonesian Petroleum Association, June 78,
1983.
Cased Hole Reservoir Evaluation,
Schlumberger Well Evaluation Conference
Nigeria 1985, Paris, France: Schlumberger
(1985): 215230.
Woodhouse R and Kerr SA: The Evaluation
of Oil Saturation Through Casing Using
Carbon/Oxygen Logs, paper SPE 17610,
presented at the SPE International Meeting
on Petroleum Engineering, Tianjin, China,
November 1 4, 1988.
Westaway P, Hertzog R and Plasek RE:
The Gamma Spectrometer Tool Inelastic
and Capture Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy for
Reservoir Analysis, paper SPE 9461, presented at the 55th SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas,
September 2124, 1980.

References and recommended reading

7. Hertzog RC: Laboratory and Field

Evaluation of an Inelastic-Neutron-Scattering
and Capture Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Tool,
SPE Journal 20 (October 1980): 327333.
8. Freeman DW and Fenn CJ: An Evaluation
of Various Logging Methods for the
Determination of Remaining Oil Saturation
in a Mixed Salinity Environment, paper SPE
17976, presented at the SPE Middle East Oil
Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Manama, Bahrain, March 1114, 1989.
9. Johnston J and Hook P: The Gamma to
Sigma of Saturation, Middle East Well
Evaluation Review 6 (1989): 2433.
10. Gilchrist WA Jr, Rogers LT and Watson JT:
Carbon/Oxygen InterpretationA
Theoretical Model, Transactions of the
SPWLA 24th Annual Logging Symposium,
Calgary, Alberta, June 2730, 1983, paper FF.
11. Cannon DE and LaVigne JA: ThroughCasing Reservoir Evaluation, SPE Formation
Evaluation 2 (June 1987): 201208.
12. Felder RD and Hoyer WA: The Use of
Well Logs to Monitor a Surfactant Flood Pilot
Test, Journal of Petroleum Technology 36
(August 1984): 13791391.
13. Neuman CH and Oden AL: Cased-Hole
Measurement of Residual OilSan Joaquin
Valley, California, paper SPE 9918, presented at the SPE California Regional Meeting,
Bakersfield, California, March 2526, 1981.
14. Roscoe BA, Stoller C, Adolph RA, Boutemy
Y, Cheeseborough JC III, Hall JS, McKeon
DC, Pittman D, Seeman B and Thomas SR:
A New Through-Tubing Oil-Saturation
Measurement System, paper SPE 21413,
presented at the SPE Middle East Oil Show,
Bahrain, November 1619, 1991.

15. Melcher CL, Schweitzer JS, Manente RA

and Peterson CA: Applicability of GSO
Scintillators for Well Logging, IEEE
Transactions on Nuclear Science 38, no. 2
(April 1991): 506509.
16. Roscoe BA, Grau JA and Wraight PD:
Statistical Precision of the Neutron-Induced
Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Measurements,
Transactions of the SPWLA 27th Annual
Logging Symposium, Houston, Texas,
June 913, 1986, paper CC.
17. Roscoe BA and Grau JA: Response of the
Carbon/Oxygen Measurement for an Inelastic
Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Tool, SPE
Formation Evaluation 3 (March 1988):
7680.
18. Scott HD, Stoller C, Roscoe BA, Plasek
RE and Adolph RA: A New Compensated
Through-Tubing Carbon/Oxygen Tool for
Use in Flowing Wells, Transactions of the
SPWLA 32nd Annual Logging Symposium,
Midland, Texas, June 1619, 1991,
paper MM.

19. Steinman DK, Adolph RA, Mahdavi M,

Marienbach E, Preeg WE and Wraight PD:
Dual-Burst Thermal Decay Time Logging
Principles, paper 15437, presented at the
61st SPE Annual Technical Conference
and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana,
October 58, 1986.
20. Olesen J-R, Mahdavi M, Steinman DK and
Yver J-P: Dual-Burst Thermal Decay Time
Logging Overview and Examples, paper
15716, presented at the 5th SPE Middle East
Oil Show, Manama, Bahrain, March 710,
1987.
21. Stoller C, Scott HD, Plasek RE, Lucas AJ
and Adolph RA: Field Tests of a Slim
Carbon/Oxygen Tool for Reservoir Saturation
Monitoring, paper 25375, presented at the
SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and
Exhibition, Singapore, February 810, 1993.
22. Audah T and Chardac J-L: Reservoir Fluid
Monitoring Using Through-Tubing CarbonOxygen Tools, Transactions of the SPWLA
34th Annual Logging Symposium, Calgary,
Alberta, June 1316, 1993, paper LL.

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

25

Nomenclature
BGO

bismuth germanate

MeV

million electron volts

cm

centimeter

NaI

sodium iodide

cubic centimeter

nsec

nanosecond

foot

porosity

gram

p.u.

porosity unit

gram per cubic centimeter

So

oil saturation

GSO

gadolinium oxy-ortho silicate

s.u.

saturation unit

in.

inch

yo

oil holdup

KeV

thousand electron volts

yw

water holdup

lbm

pound (mass)

sec

microsecond

cm

ft
g
g/cm

26

Nomenclature

Log and plot mnemonics

BHOF borehole fluid

NPHI

neutron porosity

CALI

PM

photomultiplier

CALU casing collar locator

PU

porosity unit

CGRS gamma ray sonde

RSC

tool control cartridge

COR

carbon/oxygen ratio

RSCH cartridge housing with eccentralizer

CPLC

telemetry cartridge

RSS

detector system sonde

CRRA near-far inelastic count rate

RSSH

sonde housing

CU

capture unit

RSX

accelerator control cartridge

FBEF

effective beam current

RSXH accelerator housing

ILE

in-line eccentralizer

SBHN sigma borehole from near detector

INEL

inelastic

SFFD

sigma formation from far detector

INFD

inelastic burst count rate from far detector

SIR

salinity indicator ratio

caliper

RST Reservoir Saturation Tool

27